Theo bao chf Viet Nam, dam phan va ky ket Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong la con dudng ngan nhat de day manh quan he thuong mai-dau tu Viet-Mỵ
Vl phfa Viet Nam, khi hiep dinh thuong mai dugc thuc hien, Viet Nam se dugc hudng NTR vdi miic thue suát trung binh cho san phsim giam tir 40% xudng cdn 4%. Ngoai tac dung md rong dudng vao thi trudng My cho hang hoa Viet Nam, hiep dinh cdn kfch thfch dau tu nude ngoai vao Viet nam. Mot sd nha kinh te lac quan cdn du doan khi hiep dinh thuang mai Viet-My cd hieu lire cd thi tao nen "mot lan sdng dau tu mdi vao Viet Nam", dac biet la cac nganh can nhilu lao dong de gia cong hang boa xuat khau sang Mỵ Hiep dinh nay ciing giiip Viet Nam dam phan thuan Igi de gia nhap WTỌ Ngoai ra, hiep dinh cdn mang lai Igi fch lau dai đi vdi Viet Nam nhu: co hgi tiep can edng nghe-ky thuat tien tien, kinh nghiem va phuang thiic quan lỵ.. la nhiing ngudn Igi to Idn khong the tfnh het dugc.
Ve phfa My, hiep dinh thuang mai song phuong cung dem lai Igi fch kinh te khong nhd. La dat nude vdi tren 80 trieu dan, Viet Nam la thi trudng tieu thu rong Idn đi vdi hang hoa My ciing nhu la ngudn cung cap nhan cong gia re va rat đi dao cho eac doanh nghiep Mỵ Them vao đ, tren ban đ dia ly, Viet Nam lai ed vi trf chien luge vi nam d trung tam ASEAN.
Chfnh vi nhiing Igi fch ndi tren nen mac du cd nhiing khac biet rat Idn vl trinh do phat triln, vl luat phap, ca che van hanh, hai nude da quyet tam di den ky ket Hiep dinh thuang mai song phuang vao ngay 13/7/2000 sau 11 vdng dam phan trong gan 5 nam ke
tir thang 11/1995. Theo ong Vu Khoan, viec ky ket hiep dinh da "dua quan he hai nude
phat trien toan dien" (TCTM sd 14/2000, tr. 2).
Ong Nguyin Dinh Luong, trg ly Bg trudng Bg Thuang Mai, trudng doan dam phan Viet Nam cho biet, ngoai nhiing dilm khac biet giiia hai nude, qua trinh dam phan
lau dai cdn do noi dung cua Hiep dinh rat rong va cu thẹ Khong ehi bao gdm cac quy dinh dieu chinh boat dong thuong mai hang boa, noi dung Hiep djnh cdn bao gdm nhirng quy dinh trong ITnh vuc dau tu, sd hiiu tri tue, thuong mai dich vu giua hai nudẹ Ngoai phSn noi dung chfnh, hiep dinh cdn bao gdm phan phu luc quy djnh ro danh muc cac nganh nghi Viet Nam se md cira va 16 trinh md cira eua Viet Nam. Nhan xet vl quy mo cua hiep dinh nay, cuu Bg trudng Bg Thuong Mai Truong Dinh TuyIn da phai thdt len:
"Day la hiep djnh thuang mai song phuang quy md nhat ma Viet Nam timg soan thao tir trudc tdi nay". Ngudi ke nhiem ong, Bg Trudng Vu Khoan cQng ndi rang Viet
Nam da ky Hiep dinh thuong mai vdi tren 100 qude gia tren the gidi nhung "chua cd
hiep djnh nao do so nhu vay".
Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet-My, dugc ky ket vao 13/7/2000 va ciing da vugt qua su xem xet khat khe cua Qude hgi My, da dugc phe chuan ngay 26/7/2001 va ngay 10/12/2001 vira qua da dugc Qude hgi Viet Nam thong quạ Trong chuyen tham Vift Nam hi 16-19/11/2000, Tong thdng My B. Clinton da cam ket hd trg 6 trieu USD trong 3 nam vao viec trg giup ky thuat thuc hien hiep dinh cho Viet Nam. Day la nhiing thuan Igi budc dau trong viec thuc thi Hiep dinh. Tuy nhien, bao chf Viet Nam cho rang cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khong dl dang xam nhap thi trudng Mỵ Hg cdn rat non ndt tren thuang trudng quoc te, khong trudng vdn, kha nang canh tranh eua san pham thap, them vao đ hieu biet vl nude My va thong le kinh doanh cdn ngheo nan. 6 thi trudng trong nude, tuy Hiep dinh quy dinh Ig trinh thuc hien cac cam ket đi vdi phfa Viet Nam la sau tii 3-10 nam tii khi hiep dinh cd hieu lire, nhung nhilu san pham ciia Viet Nam cd kha nang thua ngay tren san nha nhu: ngan hang, bao hilm, viln thong, san bay, ben cang, cac mat hang ndng san (xem "Through the looking glass" ~ Qua mat kinh — VET, 9/2001). Bg Trudng Vii Khoan cung khang dinh rang "Cd hiep dinh la dilu can nhung chua diị Dilu quyet dinh nhat la chu dong tich cue nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep..."
Vay dau la giai phap de cac doanh nghiep VN cd the tan dung hiep dinh naỷ Bai "Through the looking glass" (Qua mat kinh) cho rang doanh nghiep VN can lam tdt cong tac chuan bi bao gdm: nang cao tfnh canh tranh cua san pham; tim hieu ky thi trudng My, luat phap My; va hgc hdi kinh nghiem cua eae nude da lam an vdi Mỵ Bai bao cdn luu y rang khong nen phiic tap boa, chfnh tri hoa cac bat đng cd the xay ra; can kheo leo giai quyet nhirng van dl do qua khii dl laị
Cac doanh nghiep tien phong vao thi trudng My lai cd Idi khuyen cu thi rang cSn phai dau tu nang cao chat lugng, gia cao van dugc chap nhan neu chat lugng tdt; cac doanh nghiep trong nude cd ciing mat hang phai hgp siic vdi nhau bdi don dat hang cua My thudng rat Idn trong khi đ thdi gian giao hang đi hdi rat nhanh. Ddi vdi cac doanh
nghiep chua tiing lam an vdi My thi manh dan dau tu cho boat dong tiep thi qua sach bao, triln lam va cac kenh phan phdi san pham true tiep hoac gian tiep qua cac dai ly va qua Internet. ("Budc vao thi trudng My", TBKTVN, 18/8/1999, tr. 6). Ong Nguyin Xuan Phong, tdng lanh sir Viet Nam tai San Fransisco cd sang kien rat hay la tan dung the manh cua 1,3 trieu Viet Kilu, hg se la he thdng phan phdi tdt cho san pham.
Cac nha kinh te My va Viet Nam dIu du doan rang neu biet dilu chinh kheo leo, den nam 2005 kim ngach xuát khau vao thi trudng My cua Viet Nam dat tir 3 ty USD se khdng cdn la chuyen qua xa vdi va My se vugt qua Nhat Ban va EU trd thanh thi trudng xuat khau Idn nhat cua Viet Nam, chiem khoang 25% tdng kim ngach xuat khau cua ea nudẹ
Ke tir khi Viet Nam va Hoa Ky chinh thiic binh thudng hoa quan he, kinh té- thuong mai da trd thanh trgng tam trong mdi quan he giira hai nudẹ Hai nude da di den nhilu cam ket thuan Igi hoa mdi quan he nay trong đ cd Hiep dinh thuang mai song
phuang. Hiep dinh nay la co sd phap ly co gia tri cao nhat, tao dilu kien thuan Igi nhat
cho quan he kinh te-thuong mai nhung cung la thoa thuan khd thdng nhat va tieu ton nhilu thdi gian nhát cho hai nudẹ Nguyen nhan la do noi dung ciia hiep dinh bao gdm rát nhilu linh vuc trong khi đ d hau het cac linh vuc dIu bgc Ig su chenh lech rat Idn vl trinh do phat trien giiia hai nudẹ Kl tu* ngay 12/12/2001, Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet-My da chfnh thiic cd hieu luc. Cac nha kinh te cho rang hiep dinh nay cd kha nang lam tang rat nhanh dau tu vao Viet Nam va quan he kinh te thuang mai giira hai nudẹ Tuy nhien miic do hien thuc hoa nhu the nao phu thugc rat nhilu vao viec cai thien moi trudng dau tu ciia Chfnh phii Viet Nam va nd lire nang cao tfnh canh tranh san pham cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam.
Bao chi da danh mot khdi lugng rat Idn tin, bai viet ve quan he Viet-My va ván dl hiep dinh thuang mai song phuang. Tir nhiing bai tdng quan quan he kinh te thuong mai hai nude, bai thdi sir vl eae vdng dam phan hiep dinh, bai gidi thieu dac diem thi trudng My, doanh nghiep Viet Nam vdi thi trudng My, doanh nghiep My-Viet ndi vl hiep dinh, cac mdc quan he hai nude; trien vgng va thach thiic ciia quan he thuong mai trong tuong laị.. Ndi chung khong thay khfa canh, gdc do nao quan trgng trong quan he Viet-My ma chua dugc cac nha bao khai thac. Cac bai viet xuat hien rat thudng xuyen, bam rat sat tinh hinh thdi sir trong sudt qua trinh binh thudng hoa va dam phan Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong. Dilu nay the hien ro net nhat d td VIR: VIR dudng nhu da khong bd qua mot vdng dam phan nao, mot sir kien nao dii la nhd trong quan he hai nudẹ
Viet vl quan he Viet Nam-Hoa Ky, cac bao da xay dung kha nhilu chuyen di,
tdt, viia dam bao tfnh thdi sir viia khai thac sau, viet dung va triing đng thdi dang tai nhilu y kien ciia doanh nghiep lam cho sd bao mang dam chat sdng thuc va tfnh dan chu, khach quan. Vf du, trong sd 29/7/1999 ed 4 trang viet vl Hiep dinh thi 3 trang dang y kien ciia cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam va My ndi vl Hiep dinh. TBKTVN va TCTM rat chii y tdi viec hudng dan doanh nghiep con dudng xam nhap thj trudng My vdi nhilu bai viet nhu: TBKTVN: "Budc vao thi tudng My", "Can than trgng tirng budc" (18/8/1999); "Giao thuang vdi My" (15/9/2000); TCTM cung cd nhiing chuyen dl kha toan dien, dac biet TCTM cdn trfch dang noi dung chfnh cua Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet-My tren 5 sd bao vdi do dai la 14 trang - day la nhiing thong tin cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam rat quan tam tuy nhien chua td bao nao dap ling dugc.
Ben canh nhiing uu diem ndi tren, d mang dl tai nay, bao chf bgc Ig hai khiem khuyet Idn, đ la: dua ra nhan dinh, ket luan voi vang va thong tin triing lap giiia cac baị
Vf du, bai "Nam 1997: canh cira vao thi trudng My se md" (TBKTSG, 30/1/1997) cua Phan Ngge da du doan rát chac chan rang hiep dinh thuong mai giiia hai nude se dugc ky vao cudi 1997, trong khi đ phai cho tdi giiia nam 2000 dilu nay mdi xay rạ VIR sd 15-25/7/1999, ciing gan nhu vay: ngay d tft bai "All is set for ninth and final round of US trade talks", (Mgi thii da dugc dinh doat cho vdng dam phan thii 9 vdi My ~ vdng dam phan cudi eiing), tac gia da khang dinh vdng dam phan thii 9 la vdng dam phan cudi ciing, the nhung thue te phai den het vdng dam phan thii 11 Hiep dinh mdi dugc ky ket. Sir voi vang, thieu chdc chan nay phan nao the hien sir thieu kinh nghiem lam bao va sir le thugc rat nhieu vao nguon tin cua ngudi viet.
Trong sd cac bai viet vl di tai quan he Viet-My, khong ft bai viet cua cung mot td
bao bi trung lap thong tin (su triing lap giiia cac bao rat nhilu, xin phep khdng kl ra d day). Ba bai bao gan nhu d ba sd bao hin nhau cua VIR dIu lap lai y: Neu hiep dinh thuang mai dugc ky ket se lam xuat khau Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky dat 800 trieu USD trong khi kim ngach xuat khau ciia nam 1998 la 470 trieu USD. Dd la d ba bai "Deal could provide a huge instant trade boost" (Hiep dinh se nhanh chdng lam thuong mai tang vgt - sd 2-8/8/1999); "All is set for ninth and final round of US trade talks" (15- 25/7/1999) va "US Ambassador: Trade accord possible within months" (12-18/7/1999).
TCTM cung mac Idi nay, mot sd bai cd noi dung gan gidng nhau la: "Nhiing thong tin can thiet khi mudn quan he mau dich vdi My" (12/1999); "Nhiing dac diem cua
thi trudng My" (17/2000), va "Thi trudng My c6 net khac biet ma doanh nghiep Viet
nam c^n chii y" (sd 18 /2000).
0 TCTM, khong chi eac bai bao trong cac sd bao khac nhau ma ca cac bai trong
nhap hang vao My" (tr. 20) va bai "Thu tue nhap hang va kilm soat xuat khau cua My" (tr. 25) vdi 2/3 noi dung trung lap nhaụ Tmh trang triing lap vl noi dung xay ra la do sai sdt trong cong tac bien tap.
Chiing toi cho rang de tranh tinh trang nay can ed su bao quat va quy vl mdt mdi trong cong tac bien tap. Mdi mang dl tai can cd mot bien tap vien chuyen trach. Trong mot sd chuyen dl, neu nhilu ngudi cung bien tap mot mang dl tai, can cd ngudi dgc lai, bao quat toan bg chuyen dl.
Khai quat lai, thong tin bao chf vl quan he thuong mai Viet-My da dam bao tfnh thdi su, thudng xuyen, toan dien, sau sac, tuy nhien cd nhung nhugc dilm co ban la
thong tin thieu chfnh xac, trung lap. Giai phap de cai thien han nua chat lugng thong
tin ve de tai nay la nang cao trinh do, kinh nghiem va tinh than trach nhiem cho cac nha baọ
Ciing vdi nhiing thang Igi cua boat dong ngoai giao theo hudng da dang hoa, da phuong hoa cac quan he qude te, cac quan he kinh te song phuong ciia Viet Nam ciing dugc chii trgng phat triln va thu dugc nhirng thanh tuu dang khfeh lẹ Viet Nam da tao dung dugc mdi quan he kinh te tdt dep vdi eac qude gia đng thdi ciing la nhiing trung tam kinh te Idn tren the gidi nhu: Nhat Ban, EU, Trung Qudẹ.. Day la nhiing thi trudng nhilu triln vgng đi vdi hang hoa Viet Nam tuy nhien Viet Nam chua tan dung dugc thuan Igi naỵ De lam dugc dilu đ, dilu quan trgng hon ca la cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can tang cudng ban nira kha nang canh tranh cua san pham va daiy manh boat dong tiep thị
Hoat dong thdng tin bao chf vl dl tai hgi nhap thuong mai song phuang cd uu
dilm la bam sat đng thdi sir, tang cudng thong tin phan hoi, thong tin van de, giam
thong tin le tan tuy nhien miic do phan anh chua thudng xuyen, deu dan, sd lugng bai viet chua nhieụ Cac td bao thudng chi dl cap tdi nhiing van dl eua mdi quan he
song phuang nao đ khi tren thuc te cd mot sir kien quan trgng lien quan xay rạ Sau su kien đ, cac van dl thudng md nhat di va bao chf ft trd lai tim tdi,phan anh. O gdc do nao
đ, each lam nay the hien tinh thuc dung va sir kem sang tao, tim tdi, phat hien eua
bao chf Viet Nam. Theo chiing toi, bao chf nen cd su phan anh thudng xuyen vl eac hien
tugng, van di quan trgng de ed the dem den cho ngudi dgc nhirng thdng tin lien tue dIu
dan, tao thdi quen tiep nhan thudng xuyen cho dgc giạ
Pham vi phan anh cua bao chf trong mang de tai nay cdn chua toan dien. Su
thieu toan dien bgc Ig trong pham vi cua tirng mdi quan he thuang mai giiia Viet Nam vdi LB Nga, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban (trii vdi EU va My) đng thdi bgc Ig trong pham vi tong the cac mdi quan he thuong mai song phuong. Thuc te cho thay, Singapore trong
nhiing nam giiia thap ky 1990 da tirng la đi tac XNK Idn nhat cua Viet Nam va hien nay dang la đi tac Idn thii hai chi sau Nhat Ban (nam 2000 kim ngach buon ban Viet Nam- Singapore la: 3,6 ty USD) tuy nhien bao chi cd rat ft bai viet vl quan he kinh te-thuong Viet Nam-Singaporẹ Trong khi đ, kim ngach mau dich Viet Nam-LB Nga, Viet Nam- Hoa Ky dIu chua vugt qua 1 ty USD nhung sd lugng bai viet lai nhilu hon gap bgi dac biet d mdi quan he Viet-Mỵ Phai chang nhiing ngudi lam bao Viet Nam coi trgng thi trudng tilm nang hon thi trudng thuc tẻ Phai chang eac nha bao viet bao kinh te nhung bi chi phdi qua nhilu bdi tinh hinh chfnh trỉ Chfnh tri va kinh te la hai Iinh vuc cd mdi quan he hiiu co khong thi tach rdi, hien thuc va tuong lai cung cd mdi quan he nhan quạ Tat ca cac pham tru tren dIu quan trgng nhung vdi cac nha bao kinh te phai cd kha nang tham dinh, danh gia dgc lap va cd each nhin su kien, hien tugng, van dl mot each hgp ly
hon, can chu dong va khach quan trong phan anh hien thuc, tranh tinh trang qua mai