N e u thien chi ciia ta va am m u u xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap: " C h i i n g ta m u o h hoa binh, c h i i n g ta phai nhan nhupng. C h i i n g ta cang nhan n h u p n g , thyc dan
Phap cang Ian t o i v i c h i i n g quye't tam cuop nuoc ta mpt Ian nua".
N o i len s u quye't tarn ciia quan dan ta trong cupc khang chien chong Phap:
"Khong! C h i i n g ta tha hi sinh tat ca, c h u nhat d i n h k h o n g chju m a t nuoc, nhat • djnh khong chju l a m no le".
The h i ^ n cupc khang chien ciia ta la cupc khang chien toan dan: " H e la n g u o i V i f t N a m thi phai d u n g len danh thuc dan Phap de c u u To quoc".
Khang d j n h cupc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta la cupc chien tranh nhan dan: " A i CO Sling d u n g siing, ai c6 g u o m d u n g g u o m , khong c6 g u o m thi d i i n g cuoc, thuong, gay gpc".
104
- Y nghia: Day la l o i hieu trieu, la ngpn c6 dan dat toan quan, toan dan ta thuc
j^j^n cupc khang chien chong Phap xam lupc.
Mgay 21 - 12 - 1946, C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h g u i t h u den nhan dan Vi$t N a m , j j i a n dan Phap va nhan dan cac nuoc D o n g m i n h .
Tir thang 3 -1947, T o n g Bi t h u Dang Cong san D o n g D u o n g T r u o n g C h i n h viet pi^t loat bai bao giai thich cu the ve d u o n g loi khang chien, den thang 9 - 1947, i n
thanh tac pham Khang chien nhal dinh thang lai.
2. D t f o n g l o i k h a n g chien chong Phap ciia D a n g ta
D u o n g l o i khang chien chong thuc dan Phap ciia D a n g ta dupe the hi?n trong cac van k i ? n : N g h i quye't H p i nghj Ban T h u o n g v u T r u n g u o n g D a n g ngay 18
19 _ 12 - 1946); L o i keu gpi toan quoc khang chien ciia C h i i tich H o C h i M i n h dem 19 - 12 -1946; T h u ciia H o C h i M i n h ngay 21 - 12 - 1946 va tac p h a m K h a n g chien nhat d i n h thang Ipi ciia T r u o n g C h i n h vao 3 - 1 9 4 7 .
N p i d u n g CO ban ciia d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan dan, toan d i ^ n , lau dai va t u
luc canh sinh.
Khang chien toan dan:
Toan dan khang chien, toan dan danh giac theo khau h i ^ u " M o i n g u o i dan la
mpt chien sT, m o i lang xa la mpt phao dai". N e u khong d p n g vien dupe toan dan
tiiam gia khang chien t h i k h o n g the khang chien lau dai.
Cach mang la s y nghiep ciia quan chiing, d o quan c h i i n g nhan dan quye't djnh sy thanh bai ciia each mang.
KMng chien toan dim:
M u o n h u y d p n g d u p e toan dan tham gia khang chien phai thuc hi?n cupc khang chien tren tat ca eac mat tran k i n h te) chinh tri, quan su, van hoa... Co vay,
nhan dan ta mod phat h u y dupe kha nang ciia m i n h trong khang chien.
Khang chien lau dai:
Khang chien lau dai de phat h u y truyen thong danh giac g i i i nuoc ciia dan tpc ta, do la "Lay yeu danh manh, lay it dich nhieu". K h a n g chien lau dai de c h i i n g ta
tranh thii dupe s y d o n g tinh l i n g hp ciia nhan dan tieh bp the'gioi, v i cupc khang
chien ciia ta la cupc khang chien chinh nghla. Khang chien lau dai de danh bai am
JTiuu "Danh nhanh thSng nhanh ciia Phap". ^ ^
Khang chien tie htc canh sinh: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Ta rat coi trpng sy g i i i p d o ciia cac nuoc n h u n g van l u o n d a m bao p h u o n g cham khang chien hr luc canh sinh. V i c6 no lye chii quan m o i phat h u y he't sue nianh ciia m i n h . N e u k h o n g d y a vao sue lye eua m i n h thi se k h o n g the khang chien lau dai dupe.
i
Duong loi khdng chieh cua Dang la dung dan, sang tao, ngdy cdng duac hodn thien VQ
phdt trien trong cuoc khdng chieh chong thuc dan Phdp, Id ngon ca dan ddt todn dan, dCnu^ vien dugc site mqnh cua ca dan toe. Ld dnh sang soi duang cho cuoc chieh dd'u vd chiC't, thdng cua nhdn dan ta.
3. Cupc chien dau a cac do thi a. Nguyen nhdn: a. Nguyen nhdn:
Sau khi Hi^p dinh So bp (6 - 3) va Tarn uoc (14 - 9) dugc ki ket, thuc dan Phap
ngang nhien xe bo Hiep djnh va Tarn uoc thuc hi^n am muu "danh nhanh thang nhanh", de thuc hien am muu do, Phap da mo cac cuoc tan cong truoc tien vao cac do thj nham danh lip co quan dau nao khang chieh cua ta tai Ha Npi, tieu diet luc lugng vij trang cua ta 6 do thj.
Ta thuc hien cupc chieh dau 6 cac do thj de tieu hao sinh lyc djch, giam chan djch trong thanh pho^ dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang chieh ciia Dang va Chinh phii riit ve can cu each mang an toan.
Do thj la trung tarn kinh te va chinh tri, ta chieh dau 6 cac do thj chii yeu la giam chan djch, thuc hien "vuon khong nha trong".
b. Dim bien
* Cuoc chieh dau a thu do Ha Noi
Trua ngay 19 - 12 - 1946, Trung uong Dang Cong san Dong Duong da chi thj cho cac mat tran trong ca nuoc "Chi trong vong 24 gio la cung, giac Phap se no Sling. Tat ca hay san sang!"
Khoang 20 gio ngay 19 - 12 - 1946, cong nhan nha may difn Yen Phu (Ha Noi) pha may, ca thanh pho' tat di^n, cuoc chieh dau bat dau. V f quoc quan, cong an xung phong, tu ve chieh dau dong loat tien cong cac vj tri quan Phap.
T u 19 - 12 den 29 - 12 - 1946, nhung cuoc chien dau ac liet da dien ra d npi thanh, hai ben gianh nhau timg khu nha, goc pho'nhu 6 Bac bo phii, Buu difn Bo Ho, dau cau Long Bien, san bay Bach Mai, ga Hang Co, 6 cac pho' Kham Thien, Hang Dau, Hang Bong, Hang Da, Hang Trong...
Tir ngay 30 - 2 - 1946 den ngay 17 - 2 - 1947, djch phan cong ta phai thu h?p p h ^ vi chieh dau, chuyen luc luong ve Lien khu L Trong qua trinh chieh dau,
Trung dodn thu do chinh thuc thanh lap.
Cuoc chieh dau 6 Ha Noi da danh bai am muu va ke'hoach "danh up" ca quan dau nao ciia ta tai Ha Npi va tieu diet luc lupng vO trang cua ta 6 do thj.
Qua cupc chieh dau nay ta da tieu hao mot bp phan sinh luc djch, giu chan djch va chan dung am muu danh nhanh, thMng r\hanh cua Phap, tao dieu ki^n cho ca nuoc vao cupc chieh dau lau dai.
1
* Cuoc chien dau a cac do thi khdc
C> thanh pho Nam Dinh, quan dan ta bao vay djch tu ngay 19 -12 -1946 den
12 - 3-1947, loai khoi vong chieh dau hon400 ten.
O thanh pho Vinh, ngay tu dau cupc chien dau, quan dan ta da bupc djch dau hang. dau hang.
6 thanh pho Hue^ trong 50 ngay dem quan dan ta bao vay, co lap san bay danh liii nhieu cupc chien tranh pha vay ciia djch.
6 thanh pho Da Ning, quan ta tien cong bao vay, co lap san bay va danh lui nhieu dpt tien cong pha vay ciia djch.
c. Tdc dung cua CUQC chien dau a cac do thi:
Kim chan djch lai, khong cho chiing mo rpng dja ban chie'm dong. Chan dung am muu danh nhanh, thang nhanh ciia Phap.
Tao dieu kien cho ca nuoc chuyen vao thoi ki khang chieh lau dai. 4. Tich cue chuan bi cho cupc khang chien lau dai
a. Nguyen nhdn:
Djch thuc hien am muu "danh nhanh, thang nhanh", de pha san am muu do, ta phai danh lau dai. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
So sanh luc lupng giua ta va djch liic dau chenh lech: djch manh hon ta ca ve quan su, kinh te.
Cupc khang chieh ciia nhan dan ta la cupc chuyen hoa lye lupng lam cho djch yeu dan, ta cang danh cang manh.
Cupc khang chieh ciia nhan dan ta la cupc khang chieh chinh nghla, nen danh lau dai de tranh thii su dong tinh ling hp ciia cac nuoc tren the'gioi.
a. Thuc hien cuoc khdng chieh Idu dai:
- Cong tdc di chuyen, thuc hien di chuyen, "Tieu tho khdng chien": Hon hai thang
sau khi riit khoi Ha Npi, cac co quan Dang, Chinh phu. Mat tran, cac doan the... len tai Vi^t BSc. Nhan dan 6 cac do thj nhanh chong tan cu ra cac viing hau
phuang va tien hanh pha hoai nha cua, duang sk, cau cong, khong cho djch su dung voi nhung khau hi^u "Vuan khdng nha trong". Tan cu ding Id khang chiim", ,, "Pha hoqi de khdng chieh" v.v...
- Xdy dimg hec hfong moi mat:
Ve chinh tri, Chinh phii quye't djnh chia ca nuoc thanh 14 khu hanh chinh. Cac liy ban hanh chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khdng chien hanh chinh de thuc hien nhiem
vu khang chieh va kien quoc. Mat tran dan toe thong nhat dupe mo rpng, thanh lap Hpi Lien Hi?p quoc dan Vi?t Nam (Lien Viet).
Vekinh te, Chinh phii de ra cac chinh sach nhSm duy tri va phat trien san xuat,
truoc he't la san xuat luong thyc.
107
Vequan su, Chi'nh phu quy djnh mpi nguoi dan tu 18 den 45 tuoi dxxqc tuyen
chpn tham gia cac luc lugng chieh dau. Luc lugng vu trang cac cap khong ngung tang len ve so lugng va trang bj. tang len ve so lugng va trang bj.
Ve van hod, phong trao binh dan hoc vu tie'p tuc dugc duy tri va phat trien. Truong pho thong cac cap dugc xay dyng. Vi^c cham soc sue khoe cho nhan dan Truong pho thong cac cap dugc xay dyng. Vi^c cham soc sue khoe cho nhan dan dugc chu trgng.
5. Chien dich Vi?t B3c thu - dong 1947
Thang 4 - 1947, Chinh phii Phap cu Bolaec sang lam Cao uy Phap 6 Dong Duong, thay Dacgianglio. Bolaec vach ra kehoach tieh cong Vi?t Bac nham: Danh Duong, thay Dacgianglio. Bolaec vach ra kehoach tieh cong Vi?t Bac nham: Danh pha can cu dja, tieu di#t co quan dau nao khang chieh va quan chu luc cua ta. Triet duong lien lac quoc te'ciia ta. Gianh thang Igi quan su, tieh toi thanh lap chinh phii bu nhin, nhanh chong ket thiic chieh tranh.
Thuc dan Phap huy dong 12000 quan va hau het may bay 6 Dong Duong tieh
cong Vi?t Bk Hi ngay 7 -10 -1947.
Khi vua tieh cong Vi^t Bac, Dang ta da c6 chi thj "Phdi phd tan cuoc Hen cdng miia dong cm giac Phdp". Tren khap cac mat tran, quan dan ta da anh dijng chieh dau, dong cm giac Phdp". Tren khap cac mat tran, quan dan ta da anh dijng chieh dau, timg buoc day liii cupc tieh cong cua djch.
6 Bac Kan, quan ta chu dong bao vay va tieh cong djch 6 Chg Moi, Chg Don, Chg Ra, Ngan Son, Bach Thong...bugc Phap phai rut lui khoi Chg Don, Chg Ra Chg Ra, Ngan Son, Bach Thong...bugc Phap phai rut lui khoi Chg Don, Chg Ra cuoi thang 11 -1947.
6 mat tran huong dong, quan ta phuc kich chan danh djch tren Duong so' 4, tieu bieu la tran phuc kich 6 deo Bong Lau (30 -10 -1947). tieu bieu la tran phuc kich 6 deo Bong Lau (30 -10 -1947).
6 mat tran huong tay, quan ta chan danh djch nhieu tran tren song L6. Mot doan tau chieh djch gom 5 chie'c, c6 may bay yem trg, di tit Tuyen Quang den doan tau chieh djch gom 5 chie'c, c6 may bay yem trg, di tit Tuyen Quang den Doan Hung thi roi vao tran dja phuc kich. Ngay 10 - 11 - 1947, doan tau tu Chiem Hoa ve Tuyen Quang lai bi quan ta phuc kich d Khe Lau (nga ba song Gam - song L6).
Nhu vay, hai gong kim Dong va Tay cua djch da bi be gay, khong khep kin l^i dugc. l^i dugc.
Cugc chieh dau hon hai thang giCra ta va djch da ket thiic bang cugc rut chgy cua dai doi quan Phap khoi Viet Bac ngay 19 -12 -1947. Co quan dau nao chgy cua dai doi quan Phap khoi Viet Bac ngay 19 -12 -1947. Co quan dau nao khang chien dugc bao toan. Bo dpi chii luc cua ta da truong thanh.
Quan dan ta da loai khoi vong chieh dau hon 6000 dich, ban roi 16 may bay, ban chim 11 tau chien, ca no, pha hiiy nhieu phuong tien chien tranh. ban chim 11 tau chien, ca no, pha hiiy nhieu phuong tien chien tranh.
Phap tuy van con chiem dong mgt so vj tri tren duong so 3, so 4; nhung
khong thyc hi^n dugc y do "ddnh nhanh, thing nhanh".
V&i chieh thang Viet Bac, cugc khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phdp xam lucre chuyen sang giai doan mai. lucre chuyen sang giai doan mai. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
6. Day manh khang chien toan di?n
a. Am tnttu cua Phdp sau thai bai a Vi^t Bac
Sau that bai d Vi^t Bac, phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Phap doi giam bot ngan sach quan su, doi cham dut chien tranh xam luge 6 Dong Duong bot ngan sach quan su, doi cham dut chien tranh xam luge 6 Dong Duong
ngay cang len cao. ^ Truoc tinh hinh do, Phap bugc phai thay doi chieh luge chieh tranh Dong Truoc tinh hinh do, Phap bugc phai thay doi chieh luge chieh tranh Dong
Ipuong, tu "danh nhanh, thang nhanh" sang "danh lau dai", thyc hi?n chinh
feach "diing nguoi Vi^t danh nguoi Vi?t, lay chien tranh nuoi chien tranh".
b. CuQC khang chien cua ta sau thang lai a Viet Bac
Thyc hifn phuong cham chien luge "ddnh lau dai" pha am muu moi ciia
jch. Dang va Chinh phii ta chii truong tang cuong sue manh va hi^u lyc cua
linh quyen dan chii nhan dan tu trung uong den co so, tang cuong lyc lugng
lyu trang nhan dan, day manh cugc khang chieh kieh quoc.
Dau nam 1949, Chinh phu quyet djnh to chuc bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan va
Idfy ban khang chieh hdnh chinh cac cap.
Thang 6 - 1949, Mat tr|n Vi?t Minh va Hgi Lien Vi^t quyet dinh tieh toi
jkjfltohg nha't hai to chuc.
Tren mat tran quan su: Dang va Chinh phu chu truong dgng vien nhan dan Jjijttiyc hien via trang toan dan, phat trien chieh tranh du kich, tieh hanh du kich chieh Jjijttiyc hien via trang toan dan, phat trien chieh tranh du kich, tieh hanh du kich chieh
chinh, van dgng chieh la phu, roi tu du kich den tieh dan len van dgng chieh.
Tren mat tran kink te: Chinh phu ra cac sac lenh giam to 25%, giam tuc, hoan
xoa ng, chia lai rugng dat cong, tam cap rugng da't vang chti, rugng dat cap
tay de quoc, bgn phan dgng. Cong nghiep va thii cong nghifp phat trien quy mo nho va phan tan, chu trgng cong nghifp dja phuong va cong quy mo nho va phan tan, chu trgng cong nghifp dja phuong va cong
;hi?p quoc phong, dap ung nhu cau can thiet yeu cua doi song va chieh dau.
iJren mat tran vein hod, gido due: Nam 1948, tai Hgi nghj van hoa toan quoc,
Bi thu Truong Chinh dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc vd van de van hod Viet
I, neu ro nen van hoa moi each mang Vi?t Nam dugc xay dyng theo muong cham: Dan tgc - Khoa hgc - Dai chiing.