1. Thoi ki tu- nam 1954 den nam 1960: Mien Nam dau tranh chong che dp MI -pi^m, giu gin va phat trien luc lupng each mang, tie'n toi phong trao "Dong khoi" pi^m, giu gin va phat trien luc lupng each mang, tie'n toi phong trao "Dong khoi"
a. Daii tranh chong che do Mi - Diem, giii gin vd phat trien luc luqtng each inang (1954 -1960). inang (1954 -1960).
Ngay tu thang 7 - 1954, nhan ro de quoc MT la tro luc chinh ngan can viec l^p lai hoa binh 6 Dong Duong va dang tro thanh ke thu chinh, true tie'p ciia nhan dan Dong Duong. Trung uong Dang de ra cho each mang mien Nam nhiem vu chuyen cupc dau tranh vu trang chong Phap truoc do sang dau tranh chinh tri cho'ng MT - Diem, doi chung thi hanh Hiep djnh Gionevo 1654 ve Dong Duong, giO gin va phat trien each mang. »" '
Mo dau la "phong trao hoa binh" cua tri thuc va cua tang lop nhan dan Sai
Gon - Cho Lon thang 8-1954. fJwi,
|||; Thang 11 - 1954, MT - Diem tie'n hanh khiing bo, dan ap, lung bat cac nha lanh dao phong trao. Nhung phong trao dau tranh vi muc tieu hoa binh cua cac tang lop nhan dan tie'p tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuon hang trieu nguoi tham gia, gom tat ca cac tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it nguoi... hinh thanh nen mat tran chong MT - Diem.
* Muc tieu phong trao: '"
Dau tranh vua doi MT - Diem thi hanh Hiep dinh Gionevo, doi hiep thuong
tong tuyen cir do thong nhat dat nuoc. ^
Chong cai gpi la "tnmg can dan i/" cua Diem, cho'ng MT - Diem khung bo',
dan ap, chong chie'n djch "to cong," diet cong" ciia chiing, doi cac quyen tu do, dan sinh, dan chii.
* H'lnh thi'fc: Dau tranh giii gin chinh trj, hoa binh chuyen sang dau tranh vu
trang tu ve, roi dung bao luc each mang.
b. Phong trao "Dong kh&i" (1959 - 1960) ii!;
* Nguyen nhan bung no
Trong nhirng nam 1957 - 1959, each mang mien Nam gap muon van kho khan. Ngo Dinh Diem ban hanh dao luat dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat. Luat 10/59 (thang 5 - 1959) cho phep tay sai Diem th^ng tay gie't hai bat cu nguoi yeu nuoc nao hoac bat cii ai co bieu hien chong lai chiing, lam cho hang Van can bp, dang vien bj gie't hai, hang chuc van dong bao yeu nuoc bj tu day. ^Cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta o mien Nam doi hoi co mpt bi^n phap quyet
iiet de dua each mang vupt qua kho khan thir thach. • -' ' ''''''
I Thang 1 - 1959, Hpi nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quyet djnh !<le nhan dan mien Nam sir dyng bao luc each mang danh do chinh quyen Mi -
Ah . . . . 1/11
D i f m , va nhan manh; ngoai con duong diing bao luc each mang, nhan dan mien N a m khong c6 con duang nao khac.
Dugc Nghj quye't 15 cua Trung uong soi sang, phong trao noi day t u cho U.
te 6 tung dia phuong Ian rong khap mien N a m thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cugc " D o n g k h o i " a Ben Tre.
* Dien bien
Cupc noi day a VTnh Thanh (Binh Djnh), Bac A i (Ninh Thuan) thang 2-1959.
6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra k h l p mien N a m thanh cao
trao each mang, tieu bieu voi cuoe "Dong khai" 6 Ben Tre.
Tai Ben Tre, ngay 17 - 1 -1960, cuoe "Dong khoi" no ra 6 ba xa diem la Djnh Thuy, Binh Khanh va Phuac Hiep thupc huyen M o Cay roi nhanh chong Ian ra cac huyen Ian can.
Hoa nhip voi cuoe "Dong khoi" 6 Ben Tre, nhan dan cac tinh Tay N i n h , M l Tho, Tan A n , Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, ca M a u , Chau Doc, Long Xuyen, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien Tuong... dong loat noi day, lam chii 2/3 xa ap. Tir giira nam 1960 tro di, phong trao "Dong khoi" Ian ra khap cac tinh tu Ca M a u cac tinh ven bien mien Trung va Tay Nguyen.
* m qua
T h i n g Igi cua p h o n g trao "Dong k h o i " m o ra v u n g giai p h o n g rpng Ion,
lien hoan. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Thang Ipi ciia phong trao "Dong khoi" dan den sir ra d o i ciia Mat tran dan
tQC giai phong mien N a m Vi^t N a m ngay 20 -12 -1960.
*Ynghia
Phong trao "Dong khoi" thang Igi danh dau buoc ngo3t cua each mang mien N a m , chuyen each mang tir the g i u gin lire lupng sang the tien cong.
Cham d u t thoi ki on djnh tam thoi che dp thyc dan m o i eiia M I 6 mien N a m , m o ra thoi ki khiing hoang cua che dp Sai Gon.
c, Phong trao "Dong khai" (1959 - 1960) da chuym each mang mien Nam tit
the gia gin luc luqng sang the tien cong
M l xam lupc mien N a m V i f t Nam, d u n g len chinh quyen N g o D i n h Di?m, am m i m chia eat lau dai dat nude ta, bien mien N a m thanh thupc dia kieu m o i va cSn cii quan sy ciia M I . Thyc hi^n chinh sach "to epng", " d i ^ t cpng", "luat
10-59", "cai each dien dja", lap " k h u dinh dien", " k h u trii mat"... M i D i ^ m da
k i m k?p, boe Ipt va dan ap kho'c li^t, phong trao each mang mien N a m bj ton that n^ng ne.
Cach mang mien N a m chuyen tir cupc dau tranh via trang chong Phap sang
dau tranh chinh tri chong Mi Diem decung cohoa binh, giif gin luc luang each mang.
phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing chong "to cpng", "di#t cpng", doi thi lianh Hi?p djnh Gionevo, doi hoa binh, dan chii..., da di tir dau tranh chinh trj (Jen ket hop v o i dau tranh v u trang t u v#.
H p i nghj Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang xac djnh eon dirong
phat trien co ban cua each mang mien N a m la khai nghia gianh chinh quyen bang
luc luang chinh tri ciia quan chung la chu yeu, ket hap vai luc luang vu trang.
Phong trao "Dong k h o i " rpng Ion, tieu bieu la khoi nghia Tra Bong va noi day 6 Ben Tre. Den nam 1960 6 hang tram xa thon chinh quyen dich tan ra, chinh quyen each mang dupe hinh thanh.
Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " da dua toi sir ra doi ciia Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong
mien Nam Viet Nam (20 - 1 - 1960), thanh lap Trung uong cue mien N a m , Quan
giai phong mien Nam. "Dong k h o i " da lam lung lay chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Di?ni va giang mot don nang ne vao chinh sach thuc dan kieu m o i cua M i .
N h u vay, each mang mien N a m da tir dau tranh chinh tri giie gin life luang
lien dan len dau tranh chinh tri hap vai dau tranh vu. trang, khai nghia gianh quyen lam chu, phat trien thanh chien tranh each mang.
d. Qua phong trao Dong khai a mien Nam (1959 - 1960) "y Dang, long dan gap nhau".
Tir khi M i thay chan Phap xam lupc mien N a m Vi^t Nam, dudi su lanh dao
dia Dang, nhan dan ta dung len thuc hi^n cupc khang chien chong M i cihi nuoe.
Tir nam 1954 den nam 1958, nhan dan mien N a m vira dau tranh, vira t i m
kiem con d u o n g dau tranh cho phii hop. M o dau la "phong trao hoa binh" cua
tri thuc va cua tang Idp nhan dan Sai Gon - Chp Lon thang 8 - 1954. Den thang 11 - 1954, M l - Diem tien hanh khiing bo, dan ap, liing bat cac nha lanh dao phong trao. N h u n g phong trao dau tranh vi mue tieu hoa binh ciia cac tang lop nhan dan tiep tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuo'n hang tri|u nguoi tham gia, gom ta't ca cae tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it nguoi... hinh thanh nen mat tran chong M I - Diem.
Truoc Ian song dau tranh manh me cua dong bao mien N a m , MT - D i ^ m
cang ra sue dan ap, lam cho nhieu co so each mang bj v 6 16 nhung chung khong the dap tit dupe phong trao. Gang dan ap, phong trao dau tranh each (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
•n^ng cang dang cao.
V o i k h i the dau tranh cua dong bao mien N a m n h u vay, ngay 15 - 1 -1959, I>ang ta t r i f u tap H p i nghj Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quye't djnh
<*e nhan dan mien N a m sir d y n g bao luc each mang danh do chinh quyen NC -
^ i ? m , va nhan manh; ngoai eon duong diing bao luc each mang, nhan dan **»ien N a m khong co con duong nao khac. Phuong huong co ban cua each
3Si dtrdn^ HSG Ljch Si> 12 - The. TnKmg N0< v rh,r,
mang mien N a m la "dua vao luc luang chinh tri cua quan chiing la chii ye'u
ket hop voi luc luong vu trang de danh do ach thong trj ciia dequoc va phong kien, thiet lap chinh quyen each mang cua nhan dan".
D u o i anh sang Nghj quyet 15 cua Dang, phong trao dau tranh cua dong bao mien N a m no ra n h u nuoc vo bo. M o dau la cac cupc khoi nghla tung phan nhu: cuoc noi day 6 VTnh Thanh (Binh Dinh), Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan) thang 2 - 1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap mien Nam thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu v o i cuoc "Dong k h o i " 6 Ben Tre ngay 17 _ 1 _ I960. Hoa nhjp voi cuoc "Dong khoi" o Ben Tre, nhan dan cac tinh Tay N i n h , M i Tho, Tan A n , Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ca Mau, Chau Doc, Lonj; Xuyen, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien Tuong... dong loat noi day. "Dong khoi" con Ian ra khap cac tinh t u Ca Mau cac tinh ven bien mien Trung va Tay Nguyen.
Phong trao "Dong khoi" th^ng Igi danh dau buoc ngoat cua each mang mien Nam, chuyen each mang tir the g i u gin luc lugng sang the tie'n cong. Cham d u t thoi ki on djnh tam thoi c h e d o thuc dan moi cua MT a mien Nam, m o ra thoi ki khung hoang cua chedo Sai Gon.
N h u vay, nho c6 Nghj quyet 15 ciia Dang soi duong phong trao dau tranh cua dong bao mien N a m dien ra soi noi, manh me, quyet liet va da gianh dupe thSng Ipi vo cung to Ion. Do chinh la li do de giai thich cau noi ciia dong chi Nguyen Chi Thanh: "Qua phong trao Dong khoi o mien N a m (1959 - 1960) y Dang, long dan gap nhau". Y Dang 6 day la Nghi quyet 15 va long dan la sue manh quat khoi cua dong bao mien Nam.
2. T h a i ki tu nam 1961 den nam 1965: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien tranh dac bi?t" cua MT tranh dac bi?t" cua MT
a. Chien luQfc "Chien tranh dac bi?t" ciia de quoc MI a mien Nam
* Khdi nicm vc "Chien tranh dac bict": Chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i f t " la
mot hinh thiic chien tranh xam lupc thuc dan moi, dupe tien hanh bMng quan dpi tay sai, d u o i su chi buy ciia he thong "co van" M I , dua vao vu khi, trang bi
ki thuat, phuong tien chien tranh cua M I , nham chong lai cac lyc lupng each
mang va nhan dan ta.
* Hoan cdnh: Sau phong trao "Dong khoi" (1959 - 1960), nhan dan ta 6 mien
Nam tiep tuc noi day, ket hop dau tranh chinh trj voi dai tranh vu trang chong
M l va chinh quyen Sai Gon. Trong khi do tren the gioi, phong trao giai phong dan tpc dang len manh me, true tiep de doa he thong thupc dja ciia chu nghuT
dequoc.
* Am mini va thi'i doan cua Mi
MT de ra" kehoach Xtalay - Tay-lo" voi npi dung chu ye'u la binh djnh mien N a m trong vong 18 thang.
Thuc hi^n kehoach, MT tang cuong vi^n trp cho quan su Diem, tang nhanh lire lupng quan dpi Sai Gon, tie'n hanh don dan lap " A p chien lupc", su dung
pho bien cac chien thuat moi "true thang van", "thiet xa van". Vien trp quan sy
ciia MT tang gap doi. Bp chi huy quan su MT ( M A C V ) dupe thanh lap tai Sai Gon ngay 8 - 2 - 1 9 6 2 .
" A p chien lupc" dupe xem n h u "Xuong song ciia "chien tranh dac bi^t" va nang len thanh "quoc sach". Chung coi viec lap: A p chien lupc" n h u mot cupc chien tranh tong luc nham day luc lupng each mang ra khoi cac ap, tach dan ra khoi each mang, tien toi nam dan, thuc hien chuong trinh "binh djnh" mien Nam.
b. Mien Nam chien dau chong chien luac "Chien tranh dac hiet" cua Mi
Dap ling yeu cau ciia each mang t u khoi nghla tung phan phat trien len chien tranh each mang, chong "Chien tranh d^c biet" ciia MT va chinh quyen
,'Sai Gon.
Mat tran dan tpc giai phong mien N a m ra doi (20 - 12 - 1960), Trung uong Cyc mien N a m Vi^t N a m thanh lap (1 - 1 - 1961), cac lye lupng v u trang each (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
mang thong nha't thanh Quan giai phong mien Nam (5 - 2 - 1961).
D u o i ngpn co doan ket ciiu nuoc ciia Mat tran dan tpc giai phong do Dang i a n h dao, quan giai phong mien N a m ciing voi nhan dan day manh dau tranh chong M l va chinh quyen Sai Gon, ket hpp dau tranh chinh tri voi dau tranh vu trang, noi day voi tien cong tren ca ba vung chien lupc (rung niii, nong thon, dong bang, do thj), tien cong dich bang ca ba miii chinh trj, quan sy, binh van.
Trong nhu-ng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai phong da day lui nhieu cupc chien cong, dong thoi voi tien cong tieu diet nhieu don bot le ciia djch. N a m 1962 quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupc can quet Ion ciia djch vao chien khu D, (cSn cii U M i n h , Tay N i n h va Tay Bac Sai Gon.
Cupc dau tranh chong va pha " A p chien lupc" d i l n ra gay go, quyet li?t giOa ta va dich, co hang chuc tri?u lupt nguoi tham gia pha " A p chien lupc" di
6i voi xay d y n g lang chien tranh. Voi quyet tam "mot ta'c da't khong di, mpt li
hong roi", nhan dan mien N a m kien quyet bam da't, giir lang, pha de'kim k?p ciia dich.
M I va chinh quyen Sai Gon du tap trung siic vao don dan lap " A p chien lupc" nhung cGng chi thyc hien dupe mpt phan kehoach. Den cuoi nam 1962, each mang kiem soat tren nira tong so voi gan 70% nong dan.
Chien thSng A p Bac danh dau buoc truong thanh ciia lyc luong vu trang
each mang mien N a m , da danh bai cac bi?n phap chien thuat: true thang van",
145
"thiei xa van" cua d\ch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bj vu
khi hien dai ciia M i . Chien thang nay cung chiing minh quan dan nnien Nam hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen
Sai Gon, sau tr^n Ap Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bac giet giac lap cong" day len
khip mien Nam.
Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj aia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thj,
ca 6 nhung thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, c6 nhung buoc phat trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac
chi; cua cac tin do Ph^t giao chong lai sy dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh quyen Diem. quyen Diem.
Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di^m.
Sau khi len lam l o n g thong, Giionxon quyet djnh day manh hon nCra "Chien tranh dac bi?t". Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach "Chien tranh dac bi?t". Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach Xtalay - Taylo dupe vach ra nham tang cuong vi^n trp quan su, on djnh chinh quyen Sai Gon, binh djnh mien Nam c6 trpng diem trong 2 nam (1964 -1965).
Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da Ning, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich. Phong thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da Ning, cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich. Phong trao dang cao, eang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham gia.
Sau chien thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tien len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam