false derivations of riesz s weber fraction piéron s law and others within norwich et al s entropy theory of perception
color atlas of cutaneous excisions and repairs - k. lee, et al., (cambridge, 2008)
... display of cutaneous surgery designed for all those interested in improving their surgical skills – from students and residents to experienced surgeons across many medical specialties Surgery is first ... both sides of the wound equidistant from the wound edges B The second pass starts in the opposite direction of the first pass and is a shorter and shallower stitch, but also of equal distance from ... blunt or sharp dissection A Blunt dissection using scissors to spread the fat This is the safer method and preferable for less experienced surgeons B Sharp dissection is faster but is more likely...
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adaptive motion of animals and machines - hiroshi kimura et al (eds)
... details see [8]) We believe this represents the simplest possible network for the task; it can be used as a standard of comparison with physiological results from stick insects Despite its simplicity, ... corrections are possible step by step Using the simplest model of a bouncing system, the spring-mass-system, we investigated the suitability of neuronal networks for control [18,19] Desired speed and ... massless segments and a knee extensor stabilisation is only possible if the Hill-type muscle with a realistic force length curve is paralleled by a spring and the joint is described realistically...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 1 docx
... massless segments and a knee extensor stabilisation is only possible if the Hill-type muscle with a realistic force length curve is paralleled by a spring and the joint is described realistically ... CPG strongly interacts with sensory feedback Some of the universal and some of the less universal control principles are offered as potential strategies for robots Masafumi Yano offers a perspective ... heel pad, of the sole of the running shoes, the viscoelastic suspension of the muscles (Fig.3), comprising a large part of the distal masses [13] diminish the amplitude and rise-time of the reaction...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 2 ppsx
... details see [8]) We believe this represents the simplest possible network for the task; it can be used as a standard of comparison with physiological results from stick insects Despite its simplicity, ... next rostral leg This mechanism is responsible for the targeting behavior–the placement of the tarsus at the end of a swing close to the tarsus of the adjacent rostral leg These signals are used ... a small degree and usually use hierarchically structured control architectures In both respects these solutions differ strongly from solutions found by biological systems Most probably, this difference...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 3 pptx
... on this program, we develop postnatally our musculoskeletal system and its control system so as to elaborate bipedal (Bp) standing and Bp walking [1] The musculoskeletal system comprises multiple ... motor segments, converge on them [3] Thus, the MNs integrate all the descending and ascending signals and send final motor outputs to the skeletal muscles of motor segments Previous studies have shown ... integration of sensory feedback to step over obstacles and over irregular terrain 3.3 Smart sensors – muscle stretch receptors The typical stretch receptors for mammalian muscles, also offer potential...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 4 doc
... even in animals using their “hands” (fore feet) for running a handedness exists, which even in a small group of animals shows differences between individuals what concerns the preferred side May ... one shows the greater cranial excursion and thus is called the (spatially) “leading limb“ (fig 1) We performed analyses on four male pikas (Ochotona rufescens: Lagomorpha), small tailless mammals ... during the period of double support phase Marked dorsi- and plantar flexion of hind-limb toes were also observed during SW and ST phases, respectively [28] The SW and ST phases and step cycle frequency...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 5 pdf
... it does capture some of the essential characteristics of adaptive systems, this set is by no means complete A set of principles for designing evolutionary systems and collective systems, are ... transfer results from systems actively stabilized to passive systems, because otherwise opposite outcomes from those expected may result Note also that there might exist parameter values resulting ... Dynamical Systems 2(2):187218 Hildebrand M 1977 Analysis of Asymmetrical Gaits J of Mammalogy 58(31):131-156 Kubow T and Full R 1999 The Role of the Mechanical System in Control: A Hypothesis of Self-stabilization...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 6 ppsx
... well-balanced couplings between nervous and body systems can be found particularly in insects In what follows, let us briefly illustrate some of these instantiations Compound eyes of some insects such ... functions It is useful to consider and understand the mechanism of the gait of the snakes for mechanical design and control law of snake robots Snake robots are active code mechanism and useful for search ... discuss a well-balanced relationship between the dynamics of these two systems More specifically, the aim of this study is to clearly answer the following questions: • How these two dynamics should...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 7 ppt
... energy, should have stable characteristics against small deviations from the synchronized motion Fig Analyical model of three degree of freedom walking mechanism It is also assumed that a small viscous ... joint This signifies the end of the first phase We assume the knee collision occurs plastically at this time From the assumption of conservation of momentum and angular momentum before and after ... the increased rate in specific cost is 1.4 The reason for this is considered as follows: As the bent knee angle increases, the position of the mass center of the swing leg approaches the hip joint...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 8 docx
... developed the so called ‘Actively Variable Passive Stiffness’-system This system includes a solenoid 3/2 valve that switches the internal muscle pressure between two preset pressure levels In this way, ... Design and Construction of MIKE 149 (and weight) of the electrical and mechanical sub-systems, a total weight of the pneumatic system of kg seems to be acceptable Since the muscle pressure is ... own reservoir of pressurized gas The gas should be stored at saturation pressure in order to keep the necessary container volume as small as possible Secondly, the high pressure from this container...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) Part 9 docx
... nonlinear oscillators instead of neural network oscillators allows us to reduce the number of state variables and parameters in the models, and to focus on a systematic study of the inter-oscillator ... excitatory baths in isolated spinal cord preparations [4] Small isolated parts of to segments can be made to oscillate suggesting that rhythmogenesis is similarly distributed in salamander as in the ... walking as shown in Table We suppose that the reason of this slow walking owes to the passive use of the ankle joint To realize fast walking, it is necessary to shorten the walking period and to...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 10 pps
... dynamical systems: a neural system that is responsible for generating locomotion and a musculo-skeletal system that generates forces and moves in an environment The neural system is described ... controlled system needs to be revised This paper presents a series of our models of human bipedal locomotion, all of which demonstrate the nonlinear properties of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system ... general properties of systems of coupled oscillators An interesting aspect of this work was to combine a model of the controler and of the body, since this allowed us to investigate the mechanisms...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 11 ppsx
... a body is also a dynamical system that has passive properties due to its physical characteristics such as segment inertial parameters and joint mobilities [6] If these dynamical systems are 206 ... nervous system is assumed to be able to sense these quantities; B d p by the cutaneous receptors on the palm/sole and the muscle spindles ˙ (joint angle sensors), and B ng , B p, and B ω by the vestibular ... motions are naturally generated in terms of the body structure The model also shows robustness to changes in body parameters and noises on the neural activities Even though the mass of a segment...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 13 docx
... recruitment of anticipatory control mechanisms Fig Sketches of Bp walking monkey s instantaneous posture A; control (no obstacle) level walking, B: obstacle is 3-4 steps ahead of walking monkey and outof-site, ... obstacle-clearance walking task, which consisted of ∼100 successive step cycles, decreased after several trials Apparently, the monkey perceived the upcoming obstacles by their visual sampling, and gradually ... of the ST and SW phase of the step was ∼0.60 and ∼0.25 s, respectively Uphill and downhill walking at the same speed involved more prolonged and shortened ST-phase duration, respectively This...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 14 potx
... combined task specifically, and what is the origin of primitives? In order to address the first four of these questions, we suggest to resort to some of the most basic ideas of dynamic systems theory ... is possible The left plot in all subfigures superimposes the activities from the other plots in the subfigure to allow an easy comparison of activation locations All results shown are statistically ... differential equations that could realize both these behaviors in one set of equations [e.g., 33], for reasons of robustness, simplicity, functionality, and biological realism (see below), we chose...
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Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines - Hiroshi Kimura et al (Eds) part 15 pdf
... successful and failed trials; (c) foot placement consistency during successful (for all conditions) and unsuccessful trials Coupling Environmental Information from Visual System to Changes 291 ... intriguing question such an implementation poses is whether it is possible to dissociate the two critical pieces of information necessary for task performance If possible, the visuo-motor algorithm ... changes in motor patterns as a function of obstacle characteristics (see Patla and Rietdyk, 1993), researchers have also examined the nature of the contribution of visual and proprioceptive sensory...
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Tài liệu The Centrality of Money, Credit, and Financial Intermediation in Marx’s Crisis Theory: An Interpretation of Marx’s Methodology pptx
... concern of this paper, there are two especially significant results of Marx s analysis of capitalist production relations (and of his analysis of those aspects of the unified system of production and ... importance in Marx 's crisis theory of the distinction between the analysis of the 'possibility' of crisis in SCP and what he calls "actuality theory" or the analysis of capitalist crisis To some extent, ... the crisis potential of SCP or, indeed, of capitalist commodity circulation is not a theory of the causes of crisis in capitalism or of capitalism s laws of motion A complete theory of crisis requires...
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DICKIE’S INSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND THE “OPENNESS” OF THE CONCEPT OF ART pptx
... distinguishing between art and non-art in controversial cases (due to its excessive inclusiveness) Precisely because of its commitment to accommodating the “openness” of the concept of art and ... artist […] is necessarily a work of art […] Similarly, just because something is treated as a thing of a certain type (art) by someone (art critics) does not necessarily mean that something is ... Fountain has been created by someone who clearly was an artist (as his early works, at least, testify to), it is displayed in art galleries, and so on These similarities provide reasons for considering...
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groen o., hervik s. einstein''s general theory of relativity
... rule without exceptions, also this rule is violated occasionally Also, indices inside square brackets, means the antisymmetrical combination, while round brackets means symmetric part For example, ... absolute simultaneity As a rst step towards a relativistically valid theory of gravitation, we shall give a local form of Newtons law of gravitation We shall now show how Newtons law of gravitation ... M is the solar mass Write down r the classical Lagrangian in spherical coordinates (r, , ) for a planet with mass m The Sun is assumed to be stationary What is the physical interpretation of...
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