... that the erosion is the primary lesion andthe redness and scale are secondary, while the correct interpretation would be that thepatient has a pruritic eczematous dermatitis with erosions caused ... (present in patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis) places thepatient in a different diagnostic category than would hemorrhagic papules, which may indicate vasculitis or sepsis (Figs 52-4 and ... instance, the sometimes minor differences in color and shape that distinguish a melanoma (Fig 52-1) from a benign nevomelanocytic nevus (Fig 52-2) can be difficult to recognize To aid in the interpretation...
... epidermal atrophy) Scar: A change in the skin secondary to trauma or inflammation Sites may be erythematous, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented depending on their age or character Sites on hair-bearing ... Violaceous to purple, polygonal lesions that resemble those seen in lichen planus Milia: Small, firm, white papules filled with keratin Morbilliform: Generalized, small erythematous macules and/ or ... is often the predominant symptom of inflammatory skin diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis); it is also commonly associated with xerosis and aged skin Systemic conditions...
... generalized erythematous exanthem is more likely to have a drug eruption than is a patientwith a similar rash limited tothe sun-exposed portions of the face Once the distribution of the lesions has ... noted and considered during a physical examination: the distribution of the eruption, the types of primary and secondary lesions, the shape of individual lesions, andthe arrangement of the lesions ... patientwith cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (Courtesy of Robert Swerlick, MD; with permission.)[newpage] APPROACHTOTHE PATIENT: SKIN DISORDER In examining the skin it is usually advisable to...
... The distribution of some common dermatologic diseases and lesions Figure 52-7 Psoriasis This papulosquamous skin disease is characterized by small and large erythematous papules and plaques with...
... contrast, lesions with a generalized arrangement are common and suggest a systemic etiology Figure 52-9 Erythema multiforme This eruption is characterized by multiple erythematous plaques with a target ... usually represents a hypersensitivity reaction to drugs (e.g., sulfonylamides) or infections (e.g., HSV) (Courtesy of the Yale Resident's Slide Collection; with permission.) Figure 52-10 ...
... against the surface of the skin and rotated with downward pressure until it penetrates tothe subcutaneous tissue The circular biopsy is then lifted with forceps, andthe bottom is cut with iris ... area of skin is anesthetized with 1% lidocaine with or without epinephrine The skin lesion in question can be excised or saucerized with a scalpel or removed by punch biopsy In the latter technique, ... History of allergies Presence of photosensitivity Review of systems Family history (particularly relevant for patients with melanoma, atopy, psoriasis, or acne) 10 Social, sexual, or travel history...
... suspected allergens is applied tothepatient' s back under occlusive dressings and allowed to remain in contact withthe skin for 48 h The dressings are removed, andthe area is examined for evidence ... edematous, erythematous papules and plaques are characteristic of this whealing eruption Wood's Light A Wood's lamp generates 360-nm ultraviolet (or "black") light that can be used to aid the ... reactions (e.g., erythema, edema, or papulovesicles) This test is best performed by physicians with special expertise in patch testing and is often helpful in the evaluation of patients with chronic...
... same as the prognosis of the person with aortic stenosis who develops the first symptoms of congestive heart failure (median survival, ~8 months) However, thepatientwith heart disease ... of cancer cells is that thepatient feels betrayed by his or her body The cancer patient feels that he or she, and not just a body part, is diseased The Magnitude of the Problem No nationwide ... its own; the cancer cell competes to survive using natural mutability and natural selection to seek advantage over normal cells in a recapitulation of evolution One consequence of the traitorous...
... reveal the chronicity of disease The past medical history may alert the physician tothe presence of underlying diseases that may affect the choice of therapy or the side effects of treatment The ... cancer predisposition and point out the need to begin surveillance or other preventive therapy for unaffected siblings of thepatientThe review of systems may suggest early symptoms of metastatic ... procedure, the diagnosis generally depends on obtaining adequate tissue to permit careful evaluation of the histology of the tumor, its grade, and its invasiveness andto yield further molecular...
... Against Cancer andthe American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) The TNM classification is an anatomically based system that categorizes the tumor on the basis of the size of the primary tumor ... disease (M0 and M1 for the absence and presence, respectively, of metastases) The various permutations of T, N, and M scores (sometimes including tumor histologic grade G) are then broken into stages, ... other prognostic factors have been identified (Chaps 104, 105, and 106) In addition to tumor burden, a second major determinant of treatment outcome is the physiologic reserve of thepatient Patients...
... physician also has much to offer thepatient for whom curative therapy is no longer an option Often a combination of guilt and frustration over the inability to cure thepatientandthe pressure of a ... precede or follow other treatment approaches It is best for the treatment plan either to follow a standard protocol precisely or else to be part of an ongoing clinical research protocol evaluating ... modifications of standard protocols are likely to compromise treatment results The choice of treatment approaches was formerly dominated by the local culture in both the university andthe practice...
... the success of cancer therapy depends on the success of the supportive care Failure to control the symptoms of cancer and its treatment may lead patients to abandon curative therapy Of equal importance, ... should strive to keep communications open and nonjudgmental, so that patients are more likely to discuss withthe physician what they are actually doing The appearance of unexpected toxicity may ... often well educated and may be early in the course of their disease Unsound approaches are usually hawked on the basis of unsubstantiated anecdotes and not only cannot help thepatient but may be...
... provocative and palliative factors, and intensity (Chap 12); a review of the oncologic history and past medical history as well as personal and social history; and a thorough physical examination Thepatient ... signals in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla, the cerebral cortex, and peripherally in the intestinal tract lead to stimulation of the vomiting center in the medulla, the motor center ... on which to indicate the severity of the pain The clinical condition is often dynamic, making it necessary to reassess thepatient frequently Pain therapy should not be withheld while the cause...
... contribute tothe sense of vulnerability Juggling the demands of work and family withthe demands of treatment may create enormous stresses Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent and needs to be discussed ... may provide more tools in the future as cytokine-mediated mechanisms are further elucidated Psychosocial Support The psychosocial needs of patients vary with their situation Patients undergoing ... another 24 h The tube is then disconnected from suction and allowed to drain by gravity If
... affected by the diagnosis and is coping with it is an important goal of patient management It is best to speak frankly withthepatientandthe family regarding the likely course of disease These discussions ... difficult for the physician as well as for thepatientand family The critical features of the interaction are to reassure thepatientand family that everything that can be done to provide comfort ... disease, andthe goal of palliative therapy is embraced in the hope of being able to live with disease; finally, at the disclosure of imminent death, another adjustment in outlook takes place The patient...
... time The further into the vitreous cavity the retina floats, the more elevated it appears during ophthalmoscopy andthe greater the number and size of retinal folds in the detachment In longstanding ... on thepatient' s chart or photodocumented, if observable withthe fundus camera, for future reference cooperative.81 The optometrist should tell thepatient that the risk associated withthe ... for followup by the optometrist depend on the type and severity of the break The frequency and composition of evaluation and management visits andthe prognosis for patients with specific conditions...
... acceptor These results therefore provide evidence that there are differences between the electron transfer pathways towards chelated Fe(III) on the one hand and either U(VI) or Se(VI) on the other ... thought to be composed of cytochromes and a quinone, located in both the cytoplasmic membrane (CymA and menaquinone) andthe outer membrane (OmcB, and a partial role for OmcA) [4,9–11] The 21 ... experiment3732 To determine whether the lack of phenotype of omcA– omcB– strains observed during anaerobic growth on either of the electron acceptors U(VI) and Se(VI) is due tothe decaheme cytochromes...
... upper, andthe lower They closely resemble each other The arm corresponds tothe thigh; the forearm, tothe leg; the wrist, tothe ankle; the fingers, tothe toes The fingers andthe toes are ... I. THE SKELETON THE HEAD THE TRUNK THE LIMBS II. THE MUSCLES III. THE SKIN THE HAIR ANDTHE NAILS THE TEETH IV. RESPIRATION ANDTHE VOICE V. THE CIRCULATION THE BLOOD THE HEART THE ARTERIES THE ... weight, and fulcrum In the first class, the _F_ is between the _P_ and _W_; in the second, the _W_ is between the _P_ and _F_; and in the third, the _P_ is between the _W_ and _F_ (Fig 18) A pump handle...
... time, and click the button withthe double chevron to add it tothe Favorite objects panel on the right To remove an item, select it in the right panel, and click the trash can button at the top ... is to promote greater integration to make it easier to switch tothe best tool for a particular job, such as Photoshop for photo manipulation and retouching, and import the results into another ... right The up and down arrows can be used to change the position of the selected item, andthe Add separator button inserts a separator after the current item Figure 1-8 You can customize the Favorites...