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Blueprint for the Clean, Sustainable Energy Age Protection of Health, Biosphere & Climate by Clean Energy Conclusions and Recommendations from the Millennium Conference Geneva January 2000 World Circle of the Consensus / Cercle Mondial du Consensus CMDC World Sustainable Energy Coalition WSEC Verlag Eco-Performance Zurich Gustav R Grob (Ed.): Blueprint for the Clean, Sustainable Energy Age Protection of Health, Biosphere & Climate by Clean Energy Based on the Proceedings of the Millennium Conference CLEAN ENERGY 2000 Geneva Zürich: Verlag Eco-Performance, 2002 ISBN 3-909087-08-6 Dedicated to Arik my son and all the new generations to implement the Clean, Sustainable Energy Age for themselves and their descendants who need an intact nature and balanced climate for their survival on Earth in happiness and prosperity without waste and destructive wars Editor © 2002 by Verlag Eco-Performance, Postfach 231, CH-8028 Zürich verlag@eco-performance.ch www.eco-performance.ch ISBN 3-909087-08-6 Contents Contents I-III Authors IV-VI Introductions Foreword and Acknowledgements .1 Background and Goals of CLEAN ENERGY 2000 .2 Depletable, Hazardous Energy in 2000 versus Sustainable Energy 2050 Geneva Proclamation for Sustainable, Clean Energy Conclusions of the CLEAN ENERGY 2000 Conference Global Energy Charter for Sustainable Development .6 Clean Energy 15 The Credo of the Millennium Painting by HANS ERNI .16 Overview of Plenary Sessions 17 Dedications to Patrons, Sponsors & Supporters 18 Conference Objectives, Exhibition & Detailed Program .19 Welcome Address from Swiss Federal Government 25 Introductions by UN−Agencies, Commissions, Intergovernmental & Non− Governmental Organisations .29 IEA Introductory Address 30 WMO Role in Clean, Sustainable Energy Promotion 31 United Nations Environment Programme UNEP 32 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC 33 The World Conservation Union IUCN 34 World Solar Commission WSC 35 United Nations Development Programme UNDP .36 Trade and Environment in the WTO 37 The International Chamber of Commerce ICC 41 Energy and Sustainable Development − a Business View by ICC .42 World Business Council for Sustainable Development WBCSD .44 International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers OICA 45 International Association for Hydrogen Energy IAHE 46 Ludwig Bölkow on the objectives of the Ludwig−Bölkow−Foundation 47 International Road Transport Union IRU 48 International Public Transport Union UITP 49 The International Hydropower Association IHA 50 International Solar Energy Society ISES 51 EUROSOLAR .52 SUN21 53 WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE WWF 54 Green Cross .55 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 57 ISO and IEC Energy Standards 58 The Importance of IEC and ISO Standardization relating to Energy 67 European Commission Sustainable Energies for Developing Countries 68 European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration COGEN 69 Centre for Energy Policy and Economics CEPE 70 Albert Schweitzer Ecological Centre ASEC 71 World Sustainabale Energy Coalition WSEC .72 Section A: Energy Impacts on the Economy, Environment, Climate and Health 73 Energy Impacts on the Biosphere 74 Energy Impacts on Climate 75 Global Climate Observing in Support of the Climate Convention .76 Health, Energy and Sustainable Development 77 Impact of Energy on Health: The Example of Air Pollution 78 Sustainable Energy and Health 79 Energy and Risk Reduction 90 Energy Accounting for Sustainable Development 92 Environmental Law Systems for Sustainable Energy 94 Legal Frameworks for Implementing Clean Energy Solutions 95 Indicators of Direct and Indirect Energy Consumption .135 Section B: Depletion of Non−Renewable Energy Resources and Conservation 139 The Imminent Oil Crisis 140 Depletion of Petroleum Resources 165 Energy, Petrochemicals and Progress .173 Section C : Energy Costing in the Total Economic, Social & Ecological Context 177 Accountability of External & Social Cost 178 Enhancing Policy Mechanisms in the Energy Sector .179 Liberalized Electricity Markets, Fair Pricing & Environmental Quality 186 Liberalized Energy Markets and Fair Prices .187 Sustainable Energy Development in Liberalized Markets 195 Climate Change and Proactive Strategies for Mitigation 204 Measuring Unobservable Energy Consumptions .206 Section D : Energy Efficiency Impacts and Options 207 Executive Summary: Factor 4: A New World Energy Strategy 208 Promoting Energy Efficiency End−Uses through Labeling & Standards 210 Efficiency Education 211 Energy Conservation Legislation at the Turn of the Century 212 Energy Efficient Technologies: Potential Barriers and Implementation 225 Car on Call − Your Link to Tram, Bus and Train .226 Section E: Renewable Energy Solutions, Cost and Future Market Shares 233 Solar Thermal Electricity 234 Photovoltaic Energy for the 21st Century 246 Performance of two Commercial Photovoltaic Modules under Actual Climatic Conditions 265 Large Scale Power Generation with Solar Building Materials 275 New Solar Energy Collectors for Water Heating and Thermal Power 280 “Round the Clock" Supply of solar thermal power & water .281 The Global Approval Program for Photovoltaics (PV GAP) 282 MW Decentralized and Building Integrated PV System in a New Housing Area of the City Amersfoort 283 World Hydro Potential .285 Small Scale Hydropower Plants in Yugoslavia 286 Wave Power .287 Wind Power 288 Geothermal Power and Heat 289 Integrated Use of Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Development IGES .290 Status and Future Prospects of the Bioenergy Industry in Europe 296 Rural Energy Decentralized Systems − the Biomass Case .298 Promotion of Biogas Technology in Thai−Agroindustries: 299 Reduction of Methane Emissions and Utilization of Municipal Waste for Energy in Amman 300 Municipal Solid Waste in Jordan and its Potential Share to the Total Energy Budget 300 Procedure for Processing of Biomass in Ecological Briquettes191 301 Optimal Systems for Ecological Irrigation 301 Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plant for Waste Heat Recovery .302 Fuel−Fired Power Plants without Exhaust Gases 303 Unlocking the Full Potential for Cogeneration 304 Environmental Benefits of Heat Pumps 314 Regenerative Synthetic Fuels 315 Regenerative Synthetic Fuels 316 Hydrogen Energy System 321 The Iceland−German Hydrogen Project W.E.I.T 322 Section F: Clean Transport Solutions 323 Future Energy Scenario and Developments in the Transport Sector .324 Vehicle Design and Environmental 325 Promoting Best Industry Practices − 326 Clean Transport Solutions 332 Clean Traction for Railways 338 Clean Ship Propulsion 343 Fuel Cells for Transport 344 Electric Vehicles .361 Electric Vehicles in Switzerland 362 Mobility and Health 363 Section G: Sustainable Habitat and Industry 365 The Evolution of Renewable Energies for Habitat 366 Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications 377 Sustainable Building Materials = Sustainable Buildings? 378 New Collectors for Solar Air Conditioning & Architectural Uses 379 ZERO Energy Buildings − Thailand Case Study 380 Go Green Power Campaign .381 Perspectives of Solar Cooking 382 Status of Underground Water in Industrial Areas of India 387 Section H: Financial Mechanisms for the Clean, Sustainable Energy Age 389 World Bank Perspective on Clean Energy .390 IFC’s Experience in Private Sector 407 Financial Mechanism for Clean, Sustainable Energy Age 424 Energy Funding Sources 425 The Global Environment Facility’s Evolving Role Fostering Clean Energy 426 Renewable Energy Markets and the Global Environment Facility 427 Financial Markets, Sustainability and Individual Action 428 How Can Sustainable Investment Contribute to the Solution of the Energy Problem? 429 Funding and Financing the World Solar Programme 430 Triple−E = Ethical, Ecological and Economical Financing 431 Put your money where your mouth is .432 Financing of Private Sustainable Renewable Energy Projects in Rural Areas of Developing Countries .433 Section J: Implementation Steps 435 New Total Approach to Energy Statistics & Forecasting 436 Implementation of Renewables in Opening Markets 441 Mobilizing the Market for Renewable Energy 446 CDM: Potential for Technology Transfer and Clean Energy Development in Developing Countries 447 Fostering Renewable Energy Enterprises in Rural Areas 448 Learning towards Sustainability in the Reality of Economies in Transition .449 What Clean Tech can Learn from the High Tech PR Experience 453 New Politics and Economics for the New Millennium .454 Network of Sustainable Energy Education .459 Transition to Sustainable Energy Production 460 Achieving Sustainable Future 461 Section K: National and Regional Presentations 463 Energy in Europe − Comparison with other Regions 464 Swiss Energy Policies and Perspectives 465 The Role of Clean Energy in Philippine Development: A Prognosis .467 The Earth Station at Tai O: .468 Clean Energy in Yugoslavia .473 Procedure for Processing of Biomass in Ecological Briquettes194 473 Renewable Energy Policy in Montenegro 473 Study on the Functionality of Energy Conversion .474 Renewable Energies in Argentina: How to develop this New Market 475 Renewable Energy to Safeguard the Environment in Sahel .476 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Village Power 477 United States Energy Policy 2001 479 Achievements, Asprirations and Requirements for Clean and Sustainable Energy in South Africa 504 Authors Ackermann−Liebrich, Ursula 78 Al−Dabbas, Moh’d A.F 300 Al−Lababidi, M.M 165 Alvarez, Marcelo 475 Antic Miodrag .301 Aslam, M.A 447 Bahar,Mubarak Mohammed .211 Bautz, René .361 Benjamin, David .479 Berkovski, Boris 35 Best, Gustavo 298 Blum, Wilfried .362 Bölkow, Ludwig 47 Boonyatikarn, Soontorn .380 Bosnjakovic, Branko 449 Bradbrook, Adrian .212 Brankovic, Branko .473 Brenmiller, Avi 280 Bronicki, Lucien Y 302, 433 Brugger, Ernst A .424 Bucher, E 246 Buddhi, D 387 Butz, Christoph 429 Campbell, C J 140 Carlevaro, Fabrizio 206 Corominas, Joaquim 459 Crevaux, Pierre 430 Das, Tuhin K 474 Duckers, Les .287 Durisch, Wilhelm .265 Eckmanns, A 275 El−Ashry, Mohamed T 426 Ellwanger, Gunther 338 Engel, Michael 326 Erdmann, Georg 441 Erni, Hans 15 Feinstein, Charles 390 Fischer, Albert E.M.J 432 Genoud, Stéphane .92 Gessler, Evelyn 49 Glatzel, Wolf−Dieter 74 Gorski, J 303 Götz, Michael .382 Grassi, G 296 Gretz, Joachim 322 Grob, Gustav R 2, 56, 436 Haines, Andrew 79 Harding, J A .90 Hennicke, Peter 208 Hussain, Saeed 477 Iamsiri, Pramote 380 Iliceto, A 283 Jadranko, Simic 473 Jayne, Mindi .95 Johansson, Thomas 36 Jürgens, J 275 Kammen, Daniel M .79 Kay, Richard .282 Koch, Hans Joergen 30 Kocic, ,Zoran .301 Kublik, Frithjof 324 Laconte, Bernard 49 Laconte, Pierre 49 Laconte, Pierre 332 Lafitte, Raymond 285 Lasserre, Christian .49 Lebot, Bent 210 Lützkendorf, Thomas P 378 Luzzi, Andreas 281 Mackenzie, Andrew S .173 Maegaard, Preben 288, 446 Marmy, Martin .48 Martinot, Eric .427 Mato, Zubac 301, 473 Mauch, S P 179 Mayor, Pierre 25 McCammon, Antony 425 Meier, Marianne E 431 Meyer, Niels I 195 Michael Engel, 326 Michael Wohl, 379 Mills, David R 234 Minett, Simon .304 Momir, Djurovic 473 Morrison, Douglas R.O 464 Novak, Peter .290 Obasi, G O P 31 Oehler, Ulrich .382 Oetliker, Hans 363 Ottinger, Richard L .95 Palz, W .68 Pavlovic, Tomislav .301 Pedace, Roque 475 Pernick, Ron 453 Petersen, Matt 381 Posnansky, M 275 Pruna, Leodegardo M 467 Qureshi, Asif Qayyum 477 Radka, Mark 448 Reddy, B Sudhakara .225 Reller, Armin 315, 316 Robert, Kai 265 Robinson, Nicholas A 94 Sanon, Adolphe 476 Santaholma, Juhani 42 Schirnding, Yasmin von 77 Schmid, H.L 465 Schoen, T 283 Silvi, Cesare .51 Simonis, André 49 Slavov, Slav 187 Smeloff, Edward A 186 Sørensen, Ja−Eirik .37 Spreng, Daniel 135 Stefánsson, Vagardur .289 Steinfeld, A 316 Stephens, David Huw 454 Stern, Elisabeth 428 Stevovic, Svetlana 286 Stojanovic Jovica .301 Streiff, Thomas 204 Struss, Oliver 265 Stucki, Samuel 315 Sundararaman, N .75 Surridge, A.D 504 Szacsvay, T 275 Tanticharoen Morakot 299 Teichmann, Hans .67 Telle, Nils 343 Thomas, Alan R 76 Toepfer, Klaus 32 Valette, P 178 van Beuningen, Frank G .432 Varadi, Peter F 282 Velumail, Thiyagarajan 460 Veziroglu, T Nejat .46, 321, 461 Vlek, F 283 von Bieberstein Koch−Weser, Maritta 34 Wahnschafft, Ralph 212 Walker, Eric .468 Weber, Willi 366 Weidenkaff, A 316 Wittwer, Dieter 314 Wohl, Michael 379 Wurster, Reinhold .377 Wurster, Reinhold 344 Yantovski, E 303 Younger, Dana R 407 Ziegler, Sabine 226 Introductions technical and management capacity building, dispute resolution, consensus building, and financing opportunities, and finally, information campaigns that promote the two way exchange of information between citizens and federal policymakers The Energy Policy Goals Criteria for Energy Policy Goals The following are the suggested criteria for U.S energy policy goals: They are an expression of the United States citizenry and the broad goals of the nation, they are forward looking and progressive enough to be guideposts to stability, prosperity, peaceful coexistence with other nations, and care for the environment, they utilize either known or likely technologies or implementation tools to attain the desired vision, and they are comprehensive and integrated enough to deal with challenging domestic and international issues impacting energy policy Policy Goals The following are the general goals of U.S energy policy: Energy policy must be based on the following general directives: promoting technological improvements, new technology development and commercialization, promoting and funding the involvement and education/training of local stakeholders in the decision making process on energy, and developing and implementing the integration of U.S standards and regulations concerning mobile and stationary emissions to air and water “sinks.” The technology chosen for power generation should be based on an analysis of the regional conditions of the environment and the local economy Sustainable infrastructure must also be based on an intensive program of conservation and the use of renewable energy sources (wind, biomass, limited hydropower, solar technologies, and fuel cells/hydrogen fuel…along with transitional technologies, such as natural gas turbines) The promotion of new technologies and the standards that will be needed to develop these technologies should be promoted, encouraging the research, development, and production of products and services that the rest of the world needs now The use of Nuclear fission power generation, and its research and development, is not a cost effective use of money from the federal treasury Nuclear fission power production should be phased out gradually, while research on safe fusion power may continue to receive funding Federal funding priorities should reduce use of fossil fuels for power generation or transport Power generation infrastructure implementation in the U.S must take into account power needed for the nation’s transportation needs, as more and more of transport will require electricity Energy Policy must be based on integration with how building facilities are planned and designed, as well as how our cities and suburbs are planned Design modifications to buildings and cities/suburbs, to improve on conventional models, can help to significantly reduce the demand for energy, and promote the energy independence of all types of consumers The United States should aggressively enter into the international negotiating process concerning the reduction and eventual phasing out of greenhouse gas emissions in order to have influence over global treaties that will affect international cooperation for many generations to come This U.S involvement will promote the use of new technologies markets that the U.S can very likely dominate, so that future wealth creation in the United States is effectively based on harvesting natural resource income, rather than harvesting an ever decreasing supply of natural resource capital that can never be replaced 10 Federal programs, and those in coordination with state programs, should promote the use of power production technology and demand/supply side management installations in order so that the private sector and public sector achieve the highest available efficiency in energy 11 Federal programs should strengthen capacity-building and technical training for local governments in the United States within the general area of energy infrastructure assessment and infrastructure design and commissioning Ideally, this should be a pervasive program, i.e., the program should systematically train every local jurisdiction so that they have enough knowledge to make informed decisions about the future of their local power infrastructure, and how these decisions will impact their wider region 492 12 The federal government should assist indigenous peoples and minorities in the United States, to monitor the effects of global climate change, and promote mitigation measures that minorities and indigenous peoples can in their local areas This program will encourage locally acceptable mitigation measures, which will thus harvest the greatest resource the U.S has, the creativity and work ethic of it’s people Such a program has already been started by the U.N International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada 13 The federal government should strengthen existing, and promote new research programs at the university level and through research institutions, on better utilization of renewable resources and how to implement the utilization of renewable resources at the local level Such research will help U.S universities and R & D institutions to remain the leaders in their field on the world stage 14 The federal government should start a program to institute the Local Agenda 21 program at the community level across the United States or to, within one year, develop an equivalent program to Local Agenda 21 for the implementation of those programs that concern renewable energy, sustainable water use, pollution control, the design and construction of human urban habitat, and the preservation and restoration of ecological biodiversity This program will assist in the effort to document local and regional scale issues of settlement and the natural environment, and to intensively involve the local citizenry, government staff, and other stakeholders in finding acceptable and effective solutions, as well as helping in the effort to document issues and solutions based on international reporting standards 15 The federal government should encourage local public/private partnerships between governments, academia, non-profit organizations and the private sector for the development of local sustainable energy systems Many citizens groups, local NGO’s, and governments have a great deal of creativity, energy, and local knowledge that would benefit from increased avenues for their participation in determining the use of resources to solve the issues of sustainable settlement and economic development In turn, the solution process concerning these issues would benefit from a concerted and systematic effort to channel the energy and knowledge of the local population Such programs as Rebuild America are already an important step in this direction Energy Sector Goals Energy for Transport The U.S transportation sector produces approximately 5% of worldwide CO2 emissions Thus, “…no other energy use sector in the…world accounts for a significantly larger portion of global CO2 emissions Changes in U.S transportation policies, technologies, and practices may be necessary, therefore, to influence long-term emission trends.” (Transportation Research Board 1997, 4) As in other sectors, public participation in the solution is also key here The authors of the above report claim: “A real challenge in addressing climate change and the other long-term environmental risks will be to build the understanding and attention that can generate such effective responses (Ibid., 3) Further, beyond the environmental effects of burning 150 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel every year in engines of only 15 to 20 % efficiency, the construction of and maintenance of roadways in the U.S has continual impacts on the energy-climate system from the damage to forests, one of our essential carbon sinks The Transportation Research Board claims that the two approaches for reducing environmental effects of transportation, reducing motor vehicle use and fuel switching and technology replacement, are indeed complementary (Ibid., 6) Behavioral strategies include: tax incentives for fuel and technology replacement, financial incentives and instruments for transforming land use policies that increase the desirability of denser urban living, investments in urban/suburban transit, and, work at home programs Since the U.S population seems to be averse to increased fuel taxes, these options seem to be the most realistic for the near term policy tool kit 493 Many communities across the United States have shown marked improvement and innovation in their land use policies since the era of uncontained sprawl in the 1960’s Indeed, in most studies of customer preference, moderate density, walkable communities with transit connections and proximity to work and recreation are valued over other options by the majority Nelessen’s Visual Preference Survey tool has shown how community members can express this valuation and participate in designing their own neighborhoods, certainly a democratic ideal (Nelessen 1994, 83) The technology replacement option is also necessary and has gained many allies in industry and government Small independent companies such as Hypercar and the Big manufacturers are all involved in developing new cleaner and higher efficiency propulsion systems, new batteries, and flywheel-regenerative braking systems Further, Texaco and other fuel producers are working on storage and transformer technology for hydrogen and fuel cell fuels Cars with these new motors will, because of their efficiency and replacement fuel, reduce the cost of transportation in the U.S Since less money will be going to extract fossil resources overseas, more money can go to innovation, small business development, employment growth, and lifestyle quality improvements at home “The development and widespread introduction of radically different transportation vehicles will take decades Significant early support for technology research and development may prove beneficial…” (TRB, 9) and, “A varied research and development (R & D) program is important It is essential, however, that sufficient attention be given to developing a portfolio of high-risk and potentially highbenefit (e.g low emission), technological opportunities.” (Ibid., 11) The Transportation Research Board authors point to policy tool options such as: varied and aggressive federal R & D programs, targeted tax credits for industry and commuters, inducements for companies to accelerate the introduction of new propulsion systems, such as a California type system requiring super-ultra-low or no-emission vehicles as proportional replacements in manufacturers fleet sales figures (Ibid 11) This option seems to have had success with some manufacturers, and has not driven companies away from locating their R & D centers in California, federal planning initiatives, such as the High Speed Rail planning and technology program within TEA-21, and the Transportation and Community and System Preservation Pilot Program, and finally, and coordination with and encouragement for statewide sustainable planning initiatives such as New Jersey and Maryland have enacted Because of the amount of annual U.S emissions from the auto, truck, and aviation transportation sectors, it is important to develop rail transport as one more viable option for passengers Rail freight has already proven it’s economic viability in America U.S light rail and high speed rail, under the right circumstances can the same Rail transport provides: transport alternatives in times of adverse weather conditions, is often more economical than buses, reduces auto and aviation/airport congestion, emits less pollution per person-mile traveled than autos or airplanes, especially true in electrified corridors, and alternative transport modes to ensure the ability of the economy to remain active in the face of dramatic threats to other transport modes All of these advantages point to the imperative to reduce the barriers to greater use of rail travel in the U.S The option of selling concessions for the operation of passenger and commuter rail on a fee and performance basis should be examined for long-term policy, since improvements now will increase the income and equity valuation of the system; i.e the excess carbon credits of Amtrak will be worth money in a global trading system Such an operational alternative may produce greater convenience for passengers and for security, although corridor ownership between the government and private interests should be worked out to their mutual benefit prior to any sale The congestion mitigating effects of passenger rail are significant in heavily traveled corridors, such as the northeast where Amtrak was able to open the skies by putting 3,800 flight loads of passengers on high speed rail in the last year (Further, reducing, or narrowing the criteria, for subsidies to commuter airlines, whose flights are not counted the same in airport slot counts as the major airlines, should be considered.) In 494 FY 2001, federal airport spending was over 6,300 % more than rail passenger and rail retirement funding combined (Dukakis 2001) Such an imbalance in federal spending priorities should be reconsidered because of the above imperatives Energy for Industrial Use Industry accounts for over a third of the energy consumption in the United States Investments in this sector would therefore have significant impacts on Greenhouse Gas emissions and cost savings to the industry as well as the nation as a whole Not only will efficiency improvements here reduce the money spent per product unit produced, but should also reduce the Metric Tonnes of Carbon Equivalent per dollar spent and per product made This will allow: product prices to come down, the retention of more money within the borders of the United States through less foreign fuels used, and help businesses to grow and stabilize employment figures through these targeted investments in domestic industries Energy intensive industries in the U.S., such as steel, aluminum, and petroleum have an obvious imperative to enhance efficiency and reduce emissions Fully 85% of the energy for aluminum production comes from electricity uses and losses, which is 33% of the cost of the aluminum (DOE aluminum 2001) With steel making, 15% of the cost of the product goes to energy, which is produced mainly by coal combustion, the same as with aluminum (DOE steel 2001) Petroleum refining is fully 7% of the total of domestic energy consumption and represents an annual cost to the industry of $9 Billion (DOE petroleum 2001) Efficiency enhancements and GHG emissions reductions are being pursued through improvements, RD & D, new processes, and the continuous monitoring of plant operations There is here an opportunity to achieve even further cost savings, efficiencies, and emission reductions through greater integration of: the process energy demand and the general power demand, strengthened opportunities and the elimination of regulatory barriers for industries to sell or barter electricity, steam, and waste heat and material between them, and the elimination of regulatory barriers and laws that prohibit industries’ collaboration on the integration of their operations and location These two goals can be helped along by different private sector initiatives, such as: the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies principles, the Public Environmental Reporting Initiative guidelines, the Chemical Manufacturers Association’s Responsible CARE Program, and environmental auditing and GHG emissions management protocols based on ISO 14001 standards Through the adoption of these standards, American industry will be able to spur investments in new technologies and processes that can be sold internationally, such as: innovative motor upgrade technology and new designs, new combustion technologies, combined heat and power and dual cycle turbine technologies, new, real-time, multi-gas monitoring equipment, pioneered by the National Industrial Competitiveness Program, through collaboration with Advanced Fuel Research of Connecticut This NICE federal program has spurred the development of technologies for industries with successful projects, and the DOE Office of Power Technologies and the Office of Industrial Technology has also collaborated with private partners and those in other DOE offices to implement these technologies in a broad range of applications in industry and building/appliances 495 Energy for Agriculture Despite the fact that agriculture accounts for a smaller portion of energy demand and GHG emissions than some other major economic sectors, it is still important to energy policy This is so because: agriculture is a fundamental national security interest, so that energy supply to the sector is vital, agricultural products may, in the future, provide significant amounts of fuel to the general U.S energy demand, along with supplying energy to the demands of agriculture itself, reducing reliance on foreign sources of fossil fuels, increasing thereby security and reliability of supply while stabilizing prices, agricultural products may also in the future provide new energy products for export, energy policy in this sector has dramatic impacts on small businesses and families, and energy policy here will influence crop rotation cycles, and market demand, along with price fluctuation in this sector, thus affecting the total amounts of herbicide, pesticide, fertilizer, antibiotics, and transgenics used, along with the extent of future forest, prairie, and wetlands destruction, which has a direct impact on the total capacity of these carbon sinks There is thus a complex of issues that presents a challenge to formulate goals, strategies, and implementation options to balance the above interests Up until the present, there has been a longterm commitment in the federal government to plan with a holistic viewpoint to take all these perspectives into account The establishment of the USDA Council on Sustainable Development in 1996, along with the federal policy of the Ecosystem Approach to natural resources management from 1995, constitute an important institutional basis for our future efforts to balance the needs of the environment, farmers/foresters, the consumer, and the energy sector of the economy (FHWA 1995; Secretary of Agriculture 1996) However, new market demand from the energy, transport, and manufacturing industries is not the only challenge facing the agricultural sector These include: increased drought in some areas and increased precipitation in other areas, increasing removal of aquifer water for sale to municipalities and coal slurry transport, causing water shortages and seismic activity, Global Climate Change effects, including increased UV radiation, warmer average temperatures, increased storminess, and new invasive pest species of flora and fauna, burgeoning population growth in the South and West of the United States in areas of scarce water, fragile landscape ecologies, and underdeveloped transport and municipal infrastructure, now encroaching on forest and farmland, new transgenic species placed onto the land near non-modified species, and outmoded tax policies of some states that tax farmland at the highest and best use rate, encouraging land use changes to more intense urban development Federal policy has an interest in the agricultural sector having strengthened opportunities for sustainability in economic and ecological terms as this both reduces petroleum resource use and ensures the ability of our farms to meet new demands for bio-based fuels and products Holistic planning in this sector is already beginning to achieve these goals by encouraging urban growth to remain near centers with in-place, comprehensive infrastructure or in well-designed new towns rather than spread out over prime farmland This policy therefore dramatically increases the marginal costs of growth In other words, when we urbanize prime farmland, we are gradually taking the most productive and accessible factors of the agricultural sector out of production, rather than to conventionally urbanize the least productive farmland, so that food production remains on the more productive earth Since agriculture is the primary productive sector of any economy, tax and incentives policy should be examined for opportunities for reform so that a viable farming community can remain on the land in order to implement sustainable energy and agriculture production As with other sectors, the collaborative approach to policy formulation and implementation is vital also here The USDA committed itself to the “…enhancement of the vitality of rural communities…” in their policy statement of 1996 (Secretary of Agriculture 1996) Also, the Ecosystem Management Task Force, from 1995, committed itself to building partnerships with all stakeholders on the land and to improve it’s communication with the general public (FHWA 1995) These three commitments, along with the use of the best available science and management skills, form the basic core of successful 496 future American agricultural policy development The government should direct the Department to make renewed efforts at using the ecosystem management approach within all USDA planning activities, including innovative techniques such as full-cost accounting for projects and financial assistance Increased use of biofuels from crop and manure production should play a positive role in the energy policy of the near and long-term This thinking is a good example of putting holistic systems modeling to work, as it involves seeing all agriculture sector outputs as potential products in a cradle-to-cradle cycle Thus, waste is minimized, efficiency is increased, the hard pressed farm community is presented with new markets and product ideas, and GHG emissions may be effectively reduced Collaboration between the agriculture sector and both the energy and manufacturing sectors on new products is also a positive situation Here, the government should continue to foster these contacts and assist in the development of multi-stakeholder discussions on this business development Biomass for energy and other products, to start the carbohydrate economy, should thus become part of an integrated strategy in sector planning This should be done to continuously work toward balance between the double imperatives of increasing production and the sustainable management of lands and wetlands to sustain both it’s economic capacity and it’s general ecological viability The definition of balance is so complex here that it cannot easily be defined in a policy statement such as this, but must become part of a process of a continual dialogue and negotiation with the stakeholders: The federal land managers, the states, local governments, land owners, private citizens, for-profit organizations such as farmers, and other interested parties Several useful and exciting developments in the area of collaborative land management have occurred since the Dust Bowl migrations and the development of Western water law of the last century Government, tribal, and private initiatives have over the intervening years sought to find ways to satisfy the varied interests of the complex of stakeholders: Pennsylvania farm preservation programs, tribal land management training, state planning initiatives such as those in Maryland and New Jersey, and privately initiated charrette planning initiatives concerning new communities are all adding to the body of knowledge and skills that can be used to implement the goals enumerated in the Ecosystem Approach and the USDA Council on Sustainable Development principles Energy in Waste Disposal The waste disposal sector in the U.S accounts for approximately 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, mostly from methane release from landfills In addition, some power plants burn solid waste, but this is included in the Stationary Generation sector contributions Methane is a fuel resource and a potent greenhouse gas, and thus federal programs for landfill methane represent a win-win opportunity for local communities, as EPA regulations under the Clean Air Act conventionally require this gas to be flared off, which is thus an unnecessary contribution to global warming The EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program helps communities to recover this gas and use if for energy demands or to sell it on the market This gas recovery can be used to not only power stationary power plants Also trucks and cars can be converted to accept methane fuel, including the municipal garbage trucks themselves This program produces other benefits, including: the creation of employment from the design, construction, and operation of the program, most sourced locally, sales of equipment from national manufacturers, the elimination of over million metric tonnes carbon equivalent greenhouse gas emission in 2000, the equivalent of removing 2.8 million cars from the roads, and greenhouse gas contributions removed from the atmosphere by these community projects can be traded on an eventual carbon trading market, providing another revenue stream for communities (EPA 2001) Because this resource is so easily available, it represents a significant amount of fuel, and contributes to the economic gain of local communities, federal policy should recognize the municipal and farm related sources of methane as the preferred source of the fuel Further, the use of unsorted solid 497 waste in incinerators should be regulated out of use over a period of years as it is a contributor to air pollution toxics Finally, other federal programs for methane extraction directly from nature, such as from the ocean, should not receive funding They represent a higher risk investment, are costlier, and have potentially devastating effects on the climate system, as it has the potential of putting large amounts of the greenhouse gas methane into the lower atmosphere The DOE should collaborate with the EPA on developing a plan for the phasing out of municipal waste incineration, and the mainstreaming of landfill methane recovery The methane fuel recovered from landfills will help to offset the energy contribution of the solid waste to the energy producing incinerators, and at the same lessen the toxic air pollution burden However, a parallel, national program for toxics recycling should also be developed at the same time, so that water and land resources are not threatened by the toxics in the added solid waste in those communities that formerly burned municipal solid waste Stationary Power Generation Facilities This sector covers all stationary sources of power generation and transmission for general consumption, including electricity and natural gas for buildings and appliances The industrial generation of electricity is related to all other general consumption retail electrical power in that many areas of the country have grids interconnected between utilities and these so-called distributed generators The general power generation sector of consumption, excluding industrial generation for in-house use, accounts for 35% of the U.S energy production Because this sector is so heavily dependent on fossil and nuclear fuels, making up 90% of the generating capacity of the sector, stationary power is a major contributor to environmental degradation, air emissions, price volatility in some states, and the lack of especially local stakeholder involvement in determining local and national policy The sector thus accounts for 47% of SO2, 22% of NOx, and 35% of CO2 total U.S emissions (DOE 2001) This domination of the stationary generation market by fossil and nuclear fuels in large plants is due in part to a long term history of large federal government subsidies The Energy Information Administration at the DOE has recently estimated the annual value of these subsidies to be $2.8 Billion, while a 1998 study by the private sector Management Information Services, Inc places the total of 50 years of subsidies at $564 Billion, in 1997 dollars (Stronberg 2001) Such subsidies constitute a fundamental structural distortion of the market The sunk costs of these subsidies should therefore be dealt with very carefully Early Twentieth Century policy to encourage the pervasive electrification of the United States through these subsidies and the regulatory protection of utilities as monopolies has achieved these desired outcomes More recent legislation, such as the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, have gone some way to allow more competition in the wholesale power market Despite this, Individual state legislation still controls the interaction of all producers, transmitters, and consumers in the state This legal complex of 50 jurisdictions complicates all transactions and opportunities for companies, government agencies, and consumers that purchase or sell power, and for the regional grid networks that transmit power The objectives of increasing efficiency, reductions in air emissions, reduction of total power charges, as opposed to electric rates, supply reliability, and fuel resource security, require concerted and careful revisions to federal law, as the monopoly system and the 1978 and 1992 laws not seem to have fully corrected all the shortcomings of the Public Utility Holding Act of 1935 and other acts These revisions should allow for an open and fair power market that promotes the general energy policy goals Further, because of federal investment in the grid infrastructure, it is certainly correct for federal policymakers to rewrite the rules for the stationary power market, and to influence the selection of technologies, fuel sources, methods of accounting for financial transactions and pollution emissions, and the pricing rules for the wholesale and retail markets Thus, the stationary generation sector, including industrial and small distributed generators, is characterized by complexity, several stakeholders with significant societal and financial resources, and voluminous law and legal precedent going back to the early Twentieth Century 498 Despite the recent surge in some California market wholesale electricity prices, rates for electricity are relatively low, compared to the 100 year history of the industry (Norgaard 2001) The energy bills that consumers pay seem to be high due to: increased demand, which makes the total charge on the bill higher, not the rate itself, tariffs and surcharges for power delivery, connection, de-connection, and applicable guarantee of service fees for distributed generators, extra surcharges and tariffs on steam sales from distributed generators, based on some state laws, and the compliance with these laws, complicated laws to comply with concerning district hot or cool water sales fuel price increases to the utility company generator can be passed directly along to the consumer, and hidden costs associated with power generation to society because of: a federal and local government expenses for environmental clean-ups, b extra defense spending to ensure foreign supplies, c the different costs associated with global warming, and d the tax consequences associated with the above mentioned federal subsidies One primary principle to develop a policy concerning how to create an open and fair market, is that demand should be treated as, “…a choice, not fate.” (Lovins 2001) In other words, private consumers, businesses, and governments should have a broader scope of choice in: the amount of power they will demand from the system, who will supply this power, between utilities, independent power producers, municipal power producers, community collectives, on-site generation, or a combination of all of these, what sorts of technologies and fuels are used to produce this power, and whether local major generating plants should be municipally owned, community collectives, or in private hands Further, the details of the policy goals that the U.S should pursue are: stabilization of prices in the face of changes in business ownership, technology, and world markets, the promotion of renewable technologies deployment and pervasive market penetration, as the price of these fuels always remains the same, is zero or nil with solar and wind energy, in contrast with regulated utility’s use of fuel, which is passed along to the consumer, power generation and transmission reliability, despite fuel price volatility, warmer summers, continuously increasing demand, and the challenging distances and geography of the United States, fuel supply security, despite a still significant foreign component of fuels, reducing built-in investment costs, such as high insurance costs for environmental clean-ups, weather and supply insurance, and climate change insurance, reducing infrastructure replacement costs due to global warming, including: a rising sea levels, b fresh water contamination, c alien pest species invasions, d extreme weather events, e disease and deaths from pests and higher temperatures, and f human migrations seeking refuge from the effects of Global Climate Change not passing along large costs for nuclear waste disposal to future generations, reducing the local environmental effects of fossil and nuclear pollution, including lowered property values and reduced productivity due to diseases and deaths from radiation, increasing investment in innovative demand and supply side management technologies, processes, and vendor-customer models, including fuels, power generation, transmission, and building/appliance design, 10 increasing investment in RD & D and greater market penetration for innovative and cost effective clean energy production systems, including solar thermal, photovoltaic, geothermal, wave/tidal action, and wind systems, 499 11 increasing investment in RD & D and greater market penetration for ultra-low or zero emission and highly efficient power production technologies where appropriate, including fuel cells and dual cycle/combined heat and power turbines, 12 renewed efforts at integrating federal energy policymaking with federal legislation in an effort to continuously improve the integrated energy planning of North America and Hawaii, 13 enhanced innovative processes of stakeholder involvement from the federal to the regional, state, county, and city levels to gain the benefit of public interest, knowledge, skills, and acceptance of preferred policy options, 14 continued and enhanced training opportunities for public and private sector employees to build decision making knowledge and skills at all levels of government, and 15 enhanced training opportunities for present and former conventional power system employees that seek to build their personal skill capacity within the area of energy priority categories enumerated in this policy These broad policy goals for the stationary generation sector can be furthered by the following policy objectives: In general, all relevant mechanisms and incentives should allow for the inclusion of renewable technologies and fuels as a component of the default choices for the energy mix in the coming restructured power market Minimum, non-discriminatory federal interconnection standards and rules for all distributed power suppliers, to ensure their safe and fair access directly to customers, suppliers, the grid (eventually the RTO grid), and aggregators, based on a fair and limited time frame formula determination of compensation to the relevant utilities, should be promulgated These standards should be reviewed on a regular basis by a coordinating group made up of the DOE, the FERC, and the FERC ombudsman, and are themselves subject to the review of Congress and the Administration Any potential supplier, aggregator, or customer should be allowed to address this review board in writing concerning issues relevant to the review (Stronberg 2001) (See below) Aggregation of customers with particular resource preferences or geographical proximity should be allowed for, but must be bound by the public benefits charge for new investment (See below.) The city or county government shall individually or collectively be the default aggregator of residential and small business customers in their jurisdictions, unless otherwise prevented for by state law or RTO charter The limited time frame and non by-passable public benefits fund charge is for the exclusive use of new investment or renovation in either renewables generation, other best available high efficiency electric power, steam, or district heat/cool generation or demand/supply side management installation (i.e., so that the facility meets or exceeds all environmental standards and achieves atleast best available thermal efficiency compared to any other combustion technology) This charge shall be calculated for each market area covered by the RTO, or in lieu of the existence of an RTO, shall be calculated based on the current ratio of wholesale to retail price, for the present utility market area, and shall last for a limited time frame (Casten 1998, 156-157) All federal incentive programs to encourage the purchase of renewable technologies and the production of power from such technologies should continue, and these programs, along with new programs that encourage the further market penetration of these technologies, should be funded These programs include the re-authorization of the renewable Energy Production Incentive and the wind production credit until 2010 There should be funded direct, limited grants for a selection of projects to use renewables in housing, commercial buildings, industrial buildings, industrial process energy, and transportation, such as grants for installations based on purchase price, or for power produced over a period of the life of the installation There should be funded incentives and direct, limited grants for supply and demand side management installations in producer plants and customer installations There should be funded incentives and direct, limited grants for the installation of highest available efficiency combustion technology, where this is appropriate to the task There should be fuel and technology disclosure to customers on a regular basis, or as technology permits, in real time In the future, as technology permits, real time cost disclosure should be encouraged to help customers make demand side decisions 10 There should be ongoing coordination of energy policy and relevant law with environmental policy and relevant law, in order to reduce pollution and increase efficiency in the most expeditious and cost-effective manner, and should remove all barriers to the consumer-producer system to 500 achieve this This imperative should include coordination with international environmental, energy, and climate change goals, including showing support for the G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report of 2001 Further, the federal government should begin a program of phasing out all subsidies, international loan and insurance guarantees, and tax abatements for fossil and nuclear energy developments outside the United States A portion of this money shall accrue to other projects promoting renewable energy production, demand/supply side management, and best available high efficiency combustion technology using alternative fuels, including natural gas, and the necessary technical training and capacity building to ensure the success of these international programs Indeed, the World Bank itself has expressed doubts about continuing the policy of support for conventional technologies 11 There should be a range of incentives or grants available to private sector businesses that produce or install renewables technologies for business start-up, or for the renovation or purchase of equipment for installation or manufacture 12 The federal government should encourage commercial banks, the CRA system, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the SBA to provide low interest loans or other appropriate financial instruments, with long-term amortization periods, for renewable energy, and demand/supply side management installations in housing and small businesses, and to provide incentives to manufacturers and installers to the same 13 To enhance the creditability of the sector, federal and state licensing and standard setting should be coordinated for the renewables industry This should include the provision to customers certification of the range of expected energy savings, the training of the installers, dealer support, the warranty options, and with recommended maintenance, the expected performance of the installation Further, coordination should include the acceptance of standards IEEE 929-2000, UL1741, and NEC article 690 for photovoltaics Similar standards should be so coordinated for other renewable technologies, where necessary 14 Federal law should allow, in the case of domestic or international carbon credit trading, the ability to pass back and forth, from producer to grid manager to consumer, any carbon credits that any one of these earns because of emissions mitigated (Starrs 2000) 15 Needs determination of power demand, should be retained by each state 16 There should be established, within the offices of the FERC, a National Regional Transmission Organization ombudsman This ombudsman shall hear all queries and complaints concerning those activities of power transmission under the purview of the RTOs, in order to expedite necessary feedback between customers, suppliers, and transmitters The ombudsman shall report to the RTO his findings, and shall make regular reports to the FERC concerning trends and any special cases Any actor in the market may query the ombudsman by written request 17 Any demand side management installation, that does not deliver power to the grid, such as also a distributed generation technology, shall be treated by the RTOs and utilities as any other demand side equipment, with no surcharges, tariffs, or fees 18 In order to expedite the adoption of higher efficiency technology in the U.S., there should be a gradual phasing out of outright subsidies, tax credits, and royalty payment exemptions for coal and nuclear fuel or technology investments, and for the clean coal technology program This will assist in the effort to eliminate subsidizing out of date coal technologies, as the time period from grant award to installation is too long By the time that the grant is awarded, much higher efficiency and cheaper technology has already become available (Casten 1998, in toto; Jehl 2001) 19 All utilities, Independent Power Producers, and major distributed generators shall be obliged to meet the same EPA regulations for criteria air pollutants The definition of air pollutants for these purposes include SO2, NOx, CO2, and CH4 These criteria pollutant standards shall be measured based on pollutants per megawatt-hour of heat and power produced There should be a definite schedule between 2002 and 2022 that requires the above power producers to reduce their CO2 and CH4 emissions to atleast a level 7% below 1990 emission levels, by the year 2010 20 Finally, non-utility electric power, steam, heat and cool, and natural gas producers, should have the right to purchase backup power from vendors of their choice, without prior prejudice of area utilities, and sign long-term contracts for these purchases As well, new power sales companies, and any power supplier, grid operator, or power customer should have the right to sign long term contracts for the purchase of base power from vendors of their choice 21 The Price-Anderson Act should be revised to take account of the new realities of the 21st Century: This should entail revising the act, or repealing the act, to phase out the nuclear industry in the United States as it now stands, and to retain only enough money in appropriations for the nuclear 501 industry to cover the operation of present nuclear power production plants, and insurance for clean ups and disposal of nuclear waste 22 New Program: Local Government Capacity Building Program – The purpose of this program is to provide know-how, knowledge, and skills to local communities concerning the sustainable provision and management of energy The target audience includes local politicians, staff of cities, counties, and states, and local agency board members and staff, such as the MPO’s, Regional Planning Commissions, Regional Transit Authorities, etc and other members of the private sector Further, this program will introduce these technologies and processes to the communities through a grant program for matching funds for building sustainable power supplies using solar and renewable power generation and proven techniques of energy conservation and the reduction of waste, including demand/supply side management, best available combustion, fuel cell, battery and flywheel technologies, and the recovery of economically viable fuels from waste Phase I: Train the Trainer program for the local capacity building program on sustainable energy production and management Phase II: Deployment of Trainers to the communities with materials and tools across the US, in first case to pilot program communities based on a grant application procedure Phase III: Training will cover comprehensively the provision of sustainable energy, and its demand and supply management, and will produce communities that will as their main outcome, produce Sustainable Energy Technology and Process Plans, that will be reviewed and revised every two years These deployment plans will be the basis for a community wide evaluation and reporting procedure on the use and management of energy used by the community for the past year, and these reports will be made according to standards that are congruent with United Nations Local Agenda 21 Standards Phase IV: This phase will begin in 2003, after the completion of the first set of communities completing the training program Graduating communities will then have the opportunity to seek matching grant funds from the Federal Government to implement technological and process solutions to build or renovate projects in their communities in order to make them produce zero-pollution, to produce zero-pollution power, and to produce facilities that drastically improve the efficiency and reduce the waste of facilities References: Brecher, Elinor Doctors Warn of Climate Change The Miami Herald August 1, 2001 Cascio, Joseph 1996 ISO 14000 Guide New York: McGraw-Hill Casten, Thomas 1998 Turning off the Heat Why America Must Double Energy Efficiency to Save Money and Reduce Global Warming Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books Clark II, William H 1997 Retrofitting for Energy Conservation New York: McGraw-Hill Daly, Herman 1999 Uneconomic Growth and the Built Environment: In Theory and in Fact In Charles J Kibert, et al (eds.) Reshaping the Built Environment Washington, D.C.: Island Press Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu 2001 http://www.deloitte-sustaiinable.com/ D.O.E 2001 Congressional Budget Request Energy Conservation Washington, D.C D.O.E D.O.E Aluminum http://www.oit.doe.gov/aluminum D.O.E petroleum http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs//iab/petroleum/page2.html D.O.E steel http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab/steel/page2.html Dukakis, Michael A Down-to-Earth Solution to Airport Gridlock New York Times, Sept 1, 2001 Ekins, Paul Economic Implications and Decision-Making in the Face of Global Warming International Affairs, July 1996 Environmental Media Services Religious Groups Launch Statewide Program to Battle Energy Crisis EMS, May 8, 2001 502 EPA 2001 Landfill Methane Outreach Program http://www.epa.gov/outreach/lmop/about.htm FHWA Memorandum to Foster the Ecosystem Approach Dec 15, 1995 http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/policy/memoofun.htm Funtowicz, Silvio, et al 1992 Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post-Normal Science In Sheldon Krimsky (ed.) Social Theories of Risk Westport, Conn.: Preager Graham, Jim Region’s Governors in Accord on Warming Concord Monitor, August 28, 2001 Institute for Policy Studies 2001 http://www.seen.org/ Jehl, Douglas Subsidies for Clean Coal Miss the Mark, Critics Say New York Times, August 4, 2001 Jorgensen, H.B 2001 Sustainability Reporting http://pwcglobal.com Nor Cal ADPSR Email transmission August 31, 2001 Lovins, Amory, et al Fool’s Gold in Alaska Foreign Affairs August, 2001 - Letter to the Editor The Economist, December 20, 1997 Nelessen, Anton 1994 Visions for a New American Dream Chicago: American Planning Association Parker, William, et al 1999 Environmental Stewards in Industry In Gabriele Crognale (ed.) Environmental Management Strategies Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Norgaard, Richard personal communication Sept 3, 2001 Price Waterhouse Coopers 2001 http://www.pwcgbobal.com Revkin, Andrew, et al Some Energy Executives Urge U.S Shift on Global Warming The New York Times, August 1, 2001 Roskin, G., Cord, R., et al 1991 Political Science Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Schneider, Greg Taking No Chances Disaster-Conscious Firms Treat Global Warming as a Reality Washingtonpost.com June 26, 2001 Secretary of Agriculture Secretary’s Memorandum 9500-6 Sustainable Development, Sept 13, 1996 http://www.usda.gov/agency/oce/oce/sustainable-development/secmemo.htm Senge, Peter 1990 The Fifth Discipline New York: Doubleday Senge, Peter, et al 1999 The Dance of Change New York: Doubleday Starrs, Thomas The American Solar Energy Society Position on Distributed Resources ASES Position Papers November, 2000 Stronberg, Joel Policy Statement on Tax Credits and Subsidies for Sustainable Energy technologies ASES Position Papers July 2001 Transportation Research Board 1997 Toward a Sustainable Future Addressing the Long Term… Special Report 251 of The Transportation Research Board, National Research Council Washington, D.C: National Academy Press 503 Achievements, Aspirations and Requirements for Clean and Sustainable Energy in South Africa A.D Surridge Private Bag X59, Prestoria 0001, South Africa Abstract South Africa sources 75 % of its primary energy requirements form indigenous coal, and approximately 95 % of electricity generation is coal based Moreover, approximately 35 % of our liquid fuels are sourced form coal and gas, courtesy of Sasol (27 %) and Mossgas (8 %) With large coal reserves and a well developed coal infrastructure., it is evident that coal will remain the dominant component of our energy economy for the foreseeable future, and efficient and clean coal technologies are being promoted with some success For example, the national power utility (Eskom) has over the last few decades increased its thermal efficiency and decreased its pollution emissions per unit of energy generated, at the same time as decreasing the quality of coal burnt Notwithstanding coal’s dominance, the South African Government is actively promoting a security through diversity policy in energy supply, whilst taking cognisance of environmental and sustainability issues To this end, the Government is pursuing the expansion of the use of natural gas Currently all natural gas production is used to produce synthetic liquid fuels The intention is to promote the use of gas in other industries and electricity generation as appropriate The main purpose this exposition is to address renewable energies Biomass (especially as used in renewable areas) is generally accepted as being a renewable form of energy Unfortunately, this renewable energy is not being renewed – the detriment of energy supply and environmental degradation As a renewable energy supply, biomass is the most important topic to address, especially in regions where the major part of energy supply is biomass A number of renewable energy pilot projects have already achieved minor successes in South Africa For example, non-grid electrification of schools, clinics and households in rural areas, solar coking and solar water heating However, to ensure the long-term sustainability of renewable energies there are still a number of hurdles that need to be addressed The technology itself is not a major impediment The sustainable transfer of the technology is the major issue A successfully transferred technology is one that entwines itself in the culture of a nation In order to achieve this, an appropriate national infrastructure needs to be established to ensure the sustainability of these technologies Such requirements include: ¾Standardization on a regional basis ¾Certification of standards, production, operations etc ¾Training of producers and maintenance ¾Manufacturing and Maintenance ¾Financing mechanisms _ Dr A.D Surridge is the Director of Coal and Gas at the Department of Minerals and Energy, and is the immediate Past President of the international Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations He is the Department’s representative of the South African National Committee on Climate Change, and was a delegate to the negotiations for the Kyoto protocol Previous experience includes directorship of electricity and renewable energies in the Department of Minerals and Energy 504 Sail with us Weinbergstrasse 41 Postfach 231 CH-8028 Zürich Tel +41-1-251-52-21 Fax +41-1-251-51-82 e-mail: info@cosit.ch http://www.cosit.ch International Clean Energy Consortium ICEC Holding AG Gewerbezone Postfach 63 CH-6315 Morgarten Tel +41-41-754-4090 Fax +41-41-750-9020 e-mail: info@icec.ch http://www.icec.ch 505 We bridge the gap between Investors and Entrepreneurs Services Investors Have funds but who knows about sustainable, secure ventures? Entrepreneurs Technological advice Risk minimisation Professional case management Business case development Know- how deployment Human resource procurement Training concepts Quality assurance Business development Due diligence assessments Strategy consulting Financial engineering Operate plants Generate real value Build up tangible assets Suppliers EU and world- wide suppliers of: Plants Machines Processes Our services are based on sound know-how in most areas of industry and business Our projects are   Telecommunication Information Security Mechanical engineering Chemical engineering Electrical engineering Energy generation Corporate finance Jurisdiction Training Patent assessment                             Our staff ✁ ✁ We apply sound scientific methods ✁   ✁ ✁ 506 Systems Engineering The Cosit Security Wheel® for corporate security analysis Business development techniques Life cycle analysis for environmental compatibility Transparent Sustainable Highly ethical Profitable With minimised risks ✁ ✁ ✁ Consists of senior experts only with a sound professional backgrond Follows high ethical standards Lecturer for sustainability management at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich CSD experts (UN Commission on Sustainable Development) Standardisation committee members (ISO)