Kinh tế huyện cẩm khê (tỉnh phú thọ) giai đoạn 1995 2015 TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN THI HUONG LOAN ECONOMY OF CAM KHE DISTRICT (PHU THO PROVINCE) IN THE PERIOD 1995-2015 Major: Vietnamese History Code: 9229013 DOCTORAL THESIS IN HISTORY HANOI - 2021 The work has been completed at: Faculty of History, Hanoi National University of Education Science tutor: 1) Dr Pham Thi Tuyet 2) Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy Counter-argument 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Van Nhat History institite Counter-argument 2: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Van Luc Hanoi Pedagogical University Counter-argument 3: Dr Le Hien Chuong Hanoi National University of Education The thesis will be defended Ph.D Examination Council, at the Hanoi National University of Education, No 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi At: …., on …date… month…2021 The thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi - Library of Hanoi National University of Education PREAMBLE Reason to choose the topic Up to now, the renovation process of Vietnam has undergone 35 years and has achieved many impressive achievements in all aspects of economy, society, politics, culture, national defense and security, and foreign affairs, etc Starting the renovation career in the context of socio-economic crisis, Vietnam has made great strides on the path of national development to socialism, people's living standards have been continuously improved, economic growth rate is good, the role and position of the country is enhanced in the international arena In particular, the field of innovation and economic development achieved the most outstanding results, and at the same time, it was also a condition that promoted and strongly influenced changes in other aspects of social life and the country's political situation In the general view of Vietnam's renovation period, there are many ups and downs that differ depending on the development stage and with different characteristics and conditions in each region The results of socioeconomic development are the most accurate and objective measures that reflect the effectiveness of the Doi Moi process in the actual conditions of the locality Among them, economic development results are one of the most important evaluation criteria Cam Khe is a mountainous district located in the northwest of Phu Tho province, newly re-established in 1995 on the basis of dividing Song Thao district and Ha Hoa district Entering a new stage of development in the context of the country transitioning to a period of accelerating industrialization and modernization, Cam Khe district has gradually overcome difficulties to promote economic development, creating necessary conditions to promote the comprehensive development of the locality After 20 years of re-establishment, Cam Khe's economy has achieved many important achievements, contributing to creating positive changes in all aspects of social life However, due to many subjective and objective factors, the economic development process in Cam Khe is still limited, the development speed is slow and the economic efficiency is not high, not meeting the requirements of reality and not commensurate with the potential and advantages of the locality The process of economic development also poses many problems that need to be solved in the current period Therefore, the study of the economic development process of Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period is very necessary and has profound scientific and practical significance In terms of scientific significance, understanding the economy of Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period will help restore the full picture of the economic situation of the district in the scenario of the country advancing the process of industrialization and modernization, which contributes to assess the economic development status of this locality and enrich the economic picture of Vietnam in the renovation period For practical significance, the research results of the topic can provide more scientific basis for solving problems of theoretical awareness and directing practical activities for the economic development of Cam Khe district in the current period The successfully implemented project is also a reference source for learning and understanding the local history of Cam Khe district in particular and Phu Tho province in general For these reasons, I decided to choose the problem “Economics of Cam Khe district (Phu Tho province) in the 1995-2015 period” as the topic for my doctoral thesis in History Research objective and tasks * Research objective The thesis focuses on clarifying the economic situation, achievements and limitations and challenges that still exist in the process of economic development in Cam Khe district, Phu Tho province from 1995 to 2015 From there, the thesis provides a more specific perspective on the picture of Vietnam's economy in the renovation period, contributing to providing information, documents and research results in service of theoretical summarization and directing practical activities of the national renewal process * Research tasks First, the thesis analyzes the factors affecting and affecting the economic development of Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period, including basic factors such as: natural conditions, social conditions, economic infrastructure system, economic situation of Cam Khe district before 1995 and economic development guidelines and policies of the Party, State and localities in the 1995-2015 period Second, the thesis systematically presents the economic situation in Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period, including the specific development situation of agriculture, forestry, fishery, industry, construction, trading and services Third, on the basis of information, data and specific research results on the development of economic sectors, the thesis makes some comments on the changes and impacts of the economy of Cam Khe district during the 1995-2015 period 3 Research object and scope 3.1 Research object The research focuses on the economic situation in Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period, specifically the development situation of three groups of industries: agriculture-forestry-fishery; industry-construction and tradeservices 3.2 Research scope In terms of space, the thesis takes the research area as Cam Khe district (Phu Tho province) in the 1995-2015 period with 30 communes and town In which, from 1995 to 2002, Cam Khe district was named Song Thao district Since 2002, Song Thao district was renamed back to Cam Khe district Regarding time, the thesis starts with 1995-the time when Cam Khe district was re-established (then called Song Thao district) on the basis of separating 10 communes of former Ha Hoa district from Song Thao district The end of the thesis is 2015 which is the nearest time when the thesis topic is selected for research and also 20 years after Cam Khe district was reestablished in the context that Vietnam has undergone 30 years of renovation and the first 20 years of the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country However, in the research process, in order to ensure the systematicity of the research problem and as a basis for comparative judgments and assessments, the thesis also mentions more or less the research issues of time range before and after 1995 About content, the thesis will focus on clarifying the development process and economic profile in Cam Khe district for 20 years (1995-2015) after the district's re-establishment in all three economic sectors: agriculture (including agriculture, forestry, fisheries), industry-construction (including handicrafts, industry and construction), commerce-services (including commerce, tourism and other other service sectors such as transportation, finance and banking, post and telecommunications, etc.) For each group of economic sectors, the thesis presents the main aspects of economic development guidelines and policies; local economic development solutions in each sector; development status of economic sectors and the results achieved Research resources and methods 4.1 Resources - Documents, directives, resolutions, decisions of the State Party; monographs and reference books referring to Vietnam's economic issues in the renovation period - Local archives include documents of the local Party Committee, administrative documents of Cam Khe district and Phu Tho province related to socio-economic development issues of the district and province Statistical yearbook sources of Cam Khe district and Phu Tho province are especially the main and most important sources exploited and used by the author in this research - Sources of local press documents of Phu Tho province reflecting on the economic development of Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period - Research works in the form of reference books, articles, journals, theses, theses, scientific topics with contents reflecting on economic issues in Vietnam in general and localities in particular related to the thesis topic In addition, during the research process, the author of the thesis also conducts fieldwork, field surveys in the locality and collects information and documents through investigation, interview, observation, etc 4.2 Research method On the basis of mastering the methodology of Marxist history and the viewpoints and lines of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the author uses two main research methods in the major: historical and logical methods, combined with other economic research methods and interdisciplinary methods, such as quantitative statistics, synthetic surveys, data collection, analysis, comparison, documentary screening, fieldwork, interviews, etc In which, the historical method is expressed through the presentation, description and interpretation of events and issues in chronological order The logical method is used to consider and see the problems in the relationship and interactions in a systematic way and to comment and evaluate the economic development process of Cam Khe district The economic research methods used in the thesis are mainly methods of observing phenomena, collecting and analyzing data series Quantitative statistical methods are presented mainly in the form of tables and data tables, etc In addition, the thesis also applies other auxiliary methods such as survey methods, fieldwork, interviews, etc to obtain comprehensive, systematic and reliable research results Thesis contribution - The thesis is the first work to comprehensively and systematically study the economy of Cam Khe district from 1995 to 2015 Thereby, the thesis faithfully restores the economic picture system of Cam Khe district in the first 20 years of the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country - The thesis points out the achievements and limitations of the economy of Cam Khe district in the process of innovation and development towards industrialization and modernization Thereby, it can be seen the advantages, difficulties and obstacles of Cam Khe district in the process of implementing the Party's economic reform policy in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization - The thesis is a scientific work that contributes to the initial summary of the reality of the process of renewing economic leadership and management in a mountainous district in the North, where the starting point is quite low in terms of economy and society before proceeding the renovation period - With specific research results from local practice, the thesis can be used as a reference for researching and teaching Vietnamese economic history and local history in Cam Khe district, Phu Tho province Thesis structure In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, appendices, the main content of the thesis is divided into chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Overview of research related to the topic Chapter 2: Factors affecting the economic situation of Cam Khe District in the 1995-2015 period Chapter 3: Agricultural economy in Cam Khe District in the 1995-2015 period Chapter 4: Industrial economy and construction in Cam Khe District in the 1995-2015 period Chapter 5: Trade and service economy of Cam Khe district in the 19952015 period Chapter 6: Some comments on the economy of Cam Khe district in the 1995-2015 period Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE TOPIC 1.1 Research projects on Vietnam's economy in the doi moi period This research group mainly focuses on the following issues: * About economic management innovation These works focus on clarifying issues such as the process of renovating mechanisms, economic management policies, economic thinking, the role of the State in the socialist-oriented market economy Notable projects can be mentioned such as: Economic innovation and development by Vu Tuan Anh (1994); Innovating and implementing synchronously economic management policies and mechanisms by many authors (1997); Vietnam's economic innovation: Important analysis and evaluation by Nguyen Van Chinh, Vu Quang Viet, Tran Van (2002); State management in the socialistoriented market economy in Vietnam by Luong Xuan Quy 2006); Renovation of thinking and the process of renovation of thinking in Vietnam by Nguyen Duy Quy (2009), etc * About economic structure and economic restructuring There are many research works on this issue such as: Economic restructuring towards industrialization and modernization of the national economy by Ngo Dinh Giao (1994); Industry economic restructuring and spearhead development by Do Hoai Nam (1996); Factors affecting economic restructuring in the period of industrialization in Vietnam by Bui Tat Thang (1997); The structure of economic components in our country today: Theory, reality and solutions by Luong Xuan Quy (2001); Vietnam's economic restructuring in the early years of the 21st century by Nguyen Tran Que (2004)… * About economic sectors Group of works in this field has works referring to economic sectors in general and specific economic sectors (collective economy, private economy): Realities of Vietnam's economic sectors, trends and solutions by Tran Hoang Kim (1992), Innovation and development of economic sectors by Do Hoai Nam (1993), Renovating the growth of the state economic sector: Theories, policies and solutions by Vu Dinh Bach (2001), The theory and practice of multi-sector economic development in Vietnam by Le Huu Nghia, Dinh Van An (2004), Private ownership and the private economy in the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam by Nguyen Thanh Tuyen (2004), Private economic development in Hanoi by Nguyen Minh Phong (2004), Collective ownership and collective economy in the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam by editor Chu Van Lam (2006), etc * About economic zones The works in this group refer to the theory of regional economic development of Vietnam and specific economic regions in Vietnam such as the South, the Red River Delta: Southern rural agriculture towards the 21st century by Lam Quang Huyen (2002), Economic restructuring of industryagriculture in the Red River Delta, current situation and prospects by Dang Van Thang, Pham Ngoc Dung (2003), Regional economic development in the process of industrialization and modernization by Nguyen Xuan Thu and Nguyen Van Phu (2006), Regional economy in Vietnam from theory to practice by Lê Thu Hoa (2007), Regional economic development of Vietnam by Nguyen Trong Xuan (2013), Agricultural economic restructuring in the Red River Delta in the context of international integration by Do Thi Thanh Loan (2016), etc * About scale and economic growth The works related to this issue can be mentioned as: Economic growth in the renovation period in Vietnam by editor Tran Tho Dat (2010), Economic restructuring, economic growth model of Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam towards competition by 2020 by Luong Minh Cu, Dao Duy Huan, Pham Duc Hai (2012), 30 years of innovation and development in Vietnam (2015), etc 1.2 Economic studies in localities in the renovation period Theses such as: Agricultural economic restructuring in Yen Bai province in the process of industrialization and modernization by Vu Ngoc Ky (1996); Bac Lieu Provincial Party Committee led the economic restructuring from 1997 to 2006 by Dao Thi Bich Hong (2011); Nam Dinh Provincial Party Committee led the economic restructuring towards industrialization and modernization from 1997 to 2005 by Tran Thi Thai (2015); Vinh Phuc Provincial Party Committee led the agricultural economic restructuring from 1997 to 2010 by Vu Trong Hung (2017), etc The above works, although studied from many different angles, have contributed to clarifying many socio-economic problems of many localities in a certain historical period of the doi moi period The approach in research and problem presentation of the above theses are important references for the author in the process of making the thesis 1.3 Research works on Cam Khe district and Phu Tho province in the renovation period There are not many groups of works directly related to the economic development of Cam Khe district In addition to a number of published research works on the history of the local Party Committee and the history of traditional culture in Cam Khe district, there are a number of doctoral theses and master's theses that mention some specific aspects in the process of innovation and economic development in Phu Tho province and Cam Khe district Among them are notable theses such as: Transforming the sectoral economic structure of Song Thao district, Vinh Phu province in the immediate period by Phung Quang Mac (1996); Phu Tho Provincial Party Committee leads the implementation of the industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas from 1997 to 2010 by Tong Thi Nga (2014); Sustainable farm economic development in Phu Tho province by Bui Thi Thanh Tam (2015); Renovating state management for private economic development in the field of commerce in Phu Tho province by Chu Thanh Hai (2017) In addition, there are a number of Master theses such as: Craft village of 11 network of Radio stations and other means of communication has also been upgraded to ensure timely service of political tasks, contributing to improving the people's cultural and spiritual life 2.4.3 Irrigation system As of 2015, the system of irrigation works being exploited throughout the district has 70% of the works solidified, including 73 large and small lakes and dams with reserves of tens of millions of cubic meters; 13 weirs, 27 pumping stations and 60 temporary works; The total number of canals in the whole district is 446.6 km However, the system of irrigation works is not synchronized and degraded, still 30% of the agricultural area needs to be irrigated Annual drought and localized flooding still occur in many communes in the district 2.5 Economic situation of Cam Khe district before 1995 2.5.1 Agriculture * Cultivation: Since 1990, "Chapter 10" has quickly come to life, promoting the development of the district's agricultural economy Cultivated area continuously increased, land use coefficient increased by 1.3-1.5 times, has basically overcome monoculture of rice, focusing on maize, potatoes and winter vegetables Yields and yields of crops have all increased compared to before But it is still in a state of stagnation and precariousness The lack of food at the close of the border among the people and officials is still a rather acute problem * Livestock: Livestock activities are restored and promoted in households The main livestock types are: cattle, pigs, chickens, swans, ducks The fish farming movement started to be focused in cooperatives and "joint venture" organizations * Forestry: To implement Resolution 24 of Vinh Phu Provincial Party Committee, communes in the district have allocated forest land to households, initially preventing the decline in planting and forest management and protection The movement of planting trees among the people developed in communes, agencies, schools, etc * Irrigation: The district has paid attention to irrigation issues, invested in new construction and repair of pumping stations and canals in the field in the district: building new pumping stations Sai Nga, Tinh Cuong-Hien Da, dams Bat lake, etc In 1990, the whole district had 58 irrigation works, ensuring irrigation for 3,063 of cultivated land * Agricultural service system: After contracting 10, the cooperative management board was streamlined, switched to production service activities (supply of fertilizers, pesticides, seeds and irrigation services) and coordinated with the government the right to take care of social activities and build new countryside 12 2.5.2 Construction industry The local industry in this period was very underdeveloped The industrial facilities consisted of almost nothing but a tea processing factory, several mining and building materials production facilities However, Cam Khe has a number of occupations with traditional craft villages and has many strengths in the development of handicrafts such as knitting, hat making, carpentry, production of building materials, etc 2.5.3 Trade and services * Trade: Initially switching to the market mechanism, the district dissolved the trading cooperatives; State-owned trading, materials, veterinary and plant protection companies have been transformed into stores under provincial companies Circulation activities in the area are gradually expanded due to the participation of many forces, mainly private individuals, small trading households or "semi-agricultural sellers" in the communes Most communes have opened markets, buying and selling is more and more convenient, stable prices have good effects on production and life * Service + Transportation: Although the number of means of transport is still limited, it has contributed to partly meeting the needs of people in the district for transporting goods and traveling The road system is underdeveloped There are 1km of asphalt roads in the whole district, the rest are dirt roads and gravel roads that easily get muddy in the rainy season Traffic of the district with the province, with the district you are difficult + Finance-banking: The bank was rearranged in terms of organization and mode of operation Credit cooperatives, from where they were effective in previous years, can no longer exist in the new mechanism that has been dissolved + Postal service: Before 1995, the postal service in the commune mainly distributed letters and telegraphs + Tourism and entertainment services: Unexploited There are no travel agencies and amusement parks in the district + Accommodation services: underdeveloped Restaurants are mainly small-scale households 2.6 The Party's policies and guidelines for economic renewal and development in the period 1995-2015 After 10 years of change (1986-1995), the country came out of the state of socio-economic crisis, Vietnam officially entered the period of industrialization and modernization of the country, which emphasized the importance of agricultural industrialization and modernization rural agriculture The VIII Party Congress (1996) opened the period of 13 accelerating industrialization and modernization of the country, setting out the goals of industrialization and modernization and the development orientation of the country, in which emphasized "Particularly attaching importance to industrialization", modernization of agriculture and rural areas; comprehensively develop agriculture, forestry and fishery in association with agro-forestry-fishery processing industry, develop industry to produce consumer goods and export goods.” The 9th Congress (2001) set out the policy of socio-economic development with the view: "Economic development is fast, effective and sustainable, economic restructuring, labor structure in the direction of industrialization, OS" The Xth Congress (2006) set out the direction of "early bringing our country out of underdevelopment, laying the foundation for our country to basically become a modern industrialized country by 2020," and at the same time identifying Clearly, the socio-economic development goals for the five years 2006-2010 are: "Accelerate economic growth, achieve important changes in improving the effectiveness and sustainability of development, and bring our country has come out of underdevelopment It has markedly improved the people's material, cultural and spiritual life" The XI Congress (2011) has made progress in renovating development thinking and development methods Specifically: transforming the growth model from mainly developing in width to developing rationally between width and depth, both expanding the scale and focusing on improving quality, efficiency and sustainability, linking growth model innovation with economic restructuring On the side of the Party Committee of Cam Khe district, the district Party Congress for the 1996-2000 term emphasized: "Exploit all potentials of the district for economic development" At the XXV Congress (term 2000-2005), the Party Committee of the district continued to define orientations and goals: "Strengthening the socio-economic growth rate firmly Bringing into play the strengths of the district enlist the help of superiors and international organizations to increase investment resources in the area, accelerate the construction of basic development of social infrastructure" In the 2005-2010 term, the Party Committee of Cam Khe district made a determination: "It is necessary to make a drastic change in the ideology and perception of cadres, party members and people about the goal of economic development as the focus , constantly improving the will to self-reliance, arousing industriousness and creativity, creating a clear change in economic restructuring, accelerating the construction of socioeconomic infrastructure festival" By 2010, the Party Committee of Cam Khe district for the 2010-2015 term set out the policy: "Mobilize and 14 effectively use development investment resources, creating a strong change in socio-economic infrastructure Striving to achieve a higher and more sustainable growth rate in agriculture, industry and handicrafts Promote the construction of socio-economic infrastructure national target program on new rural construction" In 20 years (1995-2015), on the basis of the Party's renewal line and the guiding viewpoint of the Government and Phu Tho province, in each congress term, the Party Committee of Cam Khe district has set the following objectives: socio-economic development tasks suitable to local conditions in each period In particular, the goals and tasks of economic development are always valued and put on the top Many economic development programs, goals and plans are set out with the basic direction of: exploiting to the fullest the potentials and advantages of the locality, taking advantage of external capital for economic development, economic restructuring; focus on building socio-economic infrastructure It can be said that the viewpoint and economic development orientation of the Party Committee and the government of Cam Khe district is one of the important factors determining the economic development results of the locality Sub-conclusion of chapter Cam Khe is a mountainous district, belonging to the semi-mountainous region, with great potential for developing a diversified agricultural economy However, this is also a locality with a low starting point, agriculture and forestry are the main but precarious dependence on nature Although there have been initial changes in the first 10 years of the renovation period, as of 1995 Cam Khe was still a poor mountainous district, purely agricultural, economically underdeveloped, monoculture, closed, self-sufficient production is still quite popular Chapter AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN CAM KHE DISTRICT FOR THE PERIOD 1995-2015 3.1 Guidelines and policies on agricultural economic development Based on the local practical situation, the district has selected key contents and strategies in various fields to develop major economic projects and programs, promulgate Directives and Resolutions to promote economic growth agricultural economic development Typical projects include: Developing winter maize on two-rice land in 1996-1997; Regarding the 15 improvement of the mixed garden to grow fruit trees of high economic value by the year 2000; Fishery development in the period 2002-2005; Regarding the management, protection and development of forests in the 2001-2005 period; On renovating and developing the herd of commercial beef cattle in the period 2005-2010; Developing high yielding tea plants; Developing sub-urban agriculture in association with safe vegetable production, mushroom production in the period 2013-2015, etc It can be said that the agricultural economic development policy of the Party Committee and district administration is one of the important factors decisive importance to the results of agricultural economic development of Cam Khe To promote agricultural economic development, the district implements policies such as: land policy, credit policy, price subsidy policy, credit incentives, agricultural insurance, capital subsidy policy, etc 3.2 Development situation of agriculture, forestry and fishery industries 3.2.1 Agriculture industry * Crop - Food crops: reduce the percentage of low-yield rice areas, increase the percentage of cash crops; reduce the percentage of land planted with starchy tubers (cassava, potatoes of all kinds), increase the area planted with grain crops (rice, maize) In general, from 1995 to 2015, the area, productivity, and output of grain food crops all increased and were higher than before - Group of starchy tubers: including sweet potato, cassava, tuber, galangal, etc in which sweet potato and cassava are grown the most - Group of food crops: Crops and legumes are increasingly being put into production in the direction of producing high-quality goods - Industrial crops: Shifting in the direction of reducing the proportion of annual industrial crops, increasing the percentage of perennial industrial crops - Fruit trees: Shifting in the direction of reducing the area planted with fruit trees of low economic value, increasing the area of planting fruit trees of high economic value and planting other industrial crops The most planted trees are oranges, lemons, tangerines, longans, bananas, etc * Livestock: To develop more comprehensively than before in the direction of commodity production The number of herds increased, the production of live meat also increased rapidly Livestock development not only meets the basic needs in the district but also provides a part of the needs outside the district 3.2.2 Forestry industry * Forest development: Allocating land and forests to farmer households for management Inefficient afforestation areas are always reviewed to switch to other trees of higher economic value 16 * Forest exploitation: Forests also develop in the direction of producing goods and products from the forest, depending on the market shown in the products If the market has demand, the product will increase; if there is no demand, the product will decrease 3.2.3 Fishery industry This is an area with many strengths in Cam Khe In addition to natural farming, the district also develops industrial and semi-industrial farming models, raising fish in cages on rivers or lagoons in the form of a combination of traditional fish species with some new fish varieties of high economic value Therefore, the productivity and production of aquatic products is increasing Thuy Tram village in Tuy Loc commune is the only craft village in the country that raises red carp Sub-conclusion of chapter After 20 years of re-establishing the district, Cam Khe district's agricultural economy has made positive changes, key economic programs have been noticed and effective By changing the way of land use, applying new varieties, changing the structure of plants and animals, changing the structure of the cropping season, and combining reasonable farming methods, the productivity and output of the crops can be improved Types of crops and livestock are constantly increasing over the years Economic sectors also experienced a more diversified transformation and development, initially forming commodity-oriented agricultural production However, agriculture still produces on a small scale, production level and productivity, product quality is still low and has not made a breakthrough Chapter INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY AND CONSTRUCTION IN CAM KHE DISTRICT IN THE 1995-2015 PERIOD 4.1 Guidelines and policies on industrial and construction economic development Immediately after being re-established, the district has focused on building new action programs, resolutions and projects such as: the project of restoring and developing the district's handicrafts in the 2001-2005 period; Resolution on Rural transport development in the 2006-2010 period, and on the development of handicrafts and industry in the 20062010 period; On the development of handicrafts-industry in the period 2006-2010; Strengthen the leadership, direction and organization of traffic development in the area for the period 2011-2015 At the end of the term, 17 basically the tasks, objectives, development of the industrial economy and services have been performed and significant results have been achieved In order to promote agricultural economic development, the district implements policies such as: Organizing training courses on science and technology transfer, renewing equipment, machinery and technology, land rent exemption or reduction, exempting and reducing land rent, income tax exemption and reduction for enterprises according to Decree 51/CP (July 8, 1999) 4.2 Development situation of handicraft, industry and construction industries 4.2.1 Handicraft Crafts and craft villages such as carpentry, hat making, knitting, forging, brick and tile making, lime production were restored and developed As of 2015, there are 11 craft villages in the district recognized by the People's Committee of Phu Tho province (including handicraft villages) However, the product quality is still low, so it is difficult to compete with similar products manufactured in other localities or products made with modern materials 4.2.2 Industry The main production areas are traditional industries: quarrying, sand and gravel mining; wood production; production of building materials; garment production; paper production The number of industrial establishments in the area appears more and more, especially the number of processing industry establishments Production activities of each industrial sector also witnessed many changes The mining industry is decreasing The brick industry has undergone a technological innovation Wood, paper, garment, and tea processing industries are promoted The only foreign-invested enterprise in the area that is Hoang Bao Joint Stock Company (Taiwan) is invested in Song Thao town industrial cluster with a canned porridge factory operating since 2007 The district has planning and building a number of industrial parks and industrial clusters in the area to attract industrial establishments 4.2.3 Construction Due to the increasing demand for infrastructure construction and people's living standards, the construction industry of the district shows many positive changes The construction establishments in the district are basically in the private sector and the household economy Sub-conclusion of chapter After 20 years of re-establishment, the handicraft, industry and construction industries of the district have gradually overcome their stagnation and wobble Since then, the economy has gradually entered a 18 stable and developing position However, in general, the scale of industrial, handicraft and construction production in the district is still small; plus, product competition is not high Chapter TRADE AND SERVICE ECONOMY OF CAM KHE DISTRICT IN THE PERIOD OF 1995-2015 5.1 Guidelines and policies on economic development of trade and services To promote the development of service activities, the district has planned to add petrol stations; develop the Plan "Planning 22 markets (01 market grade and 21 market grade in the period of 2003-2010"; To promulgate the plan "Organizing trade fair-craft village" for the first time in 2007 and plan "Upgrading Phuong Xa wholesale market to grade market"; To issue Plan No 833/KH-UBND dated April 20, 2011 "On the organization of trade fairs in 2011" Other service industries such as post and telecommunications, finance and banking, transportation business, agricultural services, etc have also been consolidated and expanded The district has encouraged and facilitated the circulation of goods The district also encourages the implementation of policies on planning and investment to form in the area of towns or commercial service centers and wholesale markets construction The district also promotes and encourages investment in the construction of eco-tourism, craft village tourism 5.2 The situation of the development of trade and service industries 5.2.1 Trade Internal trade: The markets and key commercial areas of the district are invested in building and expanding On December 19, 2015, Aloha Supermarket in Cam Khe district was opened that contributes to a creation of an useful and modern shopping style for consumers in the district External trade: fragmented, small and is mainly raw agricultural products Thus, the export value is low and the export market is narrow 5.2.2 Service In the early years of this period, there were very few types of services in the district, mainly credit and banking services, transportation, repair, mechanics, services for agricultural production, food, drink, accommodation Later, due to the policy of economic restructuring in the direction of reducing agriculture and increasing industry and services, service types developed more strongly, in which, there were many new types of services such as: telecommunications, travel services, beauty services, online sales services, bridal makeup services 19 Sub-conclusion of chapter After 20 years, Cam Khe district's economy, trade and service has made many changes compared to the previous period and achieved many important achievements Commercial and service establishments are increasingly expanding In addition to the traditional market, a modern supermarket has appeared with a wide variety of goods and diverse designs, trade exchange is still small though Chapter SOME COMMENTS ON THE ECONOMY OF CAM KHE DISTRICT IN THE PERIOD OF 1995-2015 6.1 Changes in the economy 6.1.1 Scale and growth rate The total production value of economic sectors of the district is increasing (in 2015 reached 2,837,013 million VND, an increase of 8.05 times compared to 1995 and 2.9 times compared to 2005), accounting for 7.02% of the total production value of Phu Tho province The growth rate of economic sectors is quite good (average increase of 7.82%/year), but lower than that of Yen Lap and Tam Nong districts and lower than the general growth of the province at 0.87% 6.1.2 The economic structure * Economic structure by sector: The economic structure of Cam Khe district has shifted towards the general direction of the province, which is to gradually reduce the proportion of agriculture-forestry-fishery and increase the proportion of industry-construction and services In 1995, the proportion of production value of economic sectors in the order of: agriculture, forestry and fishery: 69.45%; industry-construction: 4.65%; trade-service: 25.9% By 2015, the rates in the respective industries are: 37.7%, 25.4%, 36.9% * Economic structure by component: From 2009 onward, in the district, there were only main economic sectors: the state economy, the collective economy and the private economy From the end of 2009 onward, the district has more foreign-invested economic sectors * Economic structure by region: Forming economic zones: specialized forestry areas (low hilly areas); aquaculture area (middle land); specializing in food production area (plain areas) 6.1.3 Economic organization and management Implementing the renewal policy of the Party and State in the process of industrialization and modernization, the economic management apparatus in Cam Khe district has been reorganized in a more streamlined, strict and effective direction 20 6.1.4 Economic relation The development of economic sectors and traffic conditions are increasingly favorable This has boosted trade Economic relations between Cam Khe with localities in the country and abroad are therefore also increasingly expanded and developed than before 6.2 Impact of the economy 6.2.1 About culture and society The economic development of Cam Khe district in the period of 19952012 has contributed to improving the material and spiritual life of the people This development helps to accelerate new rural construction, create jobs, reduce poverty rate and implement social security, and promote changes in class and labor structure 6.2.2 About education, health Medical and educational institutions were built more spaciously, meeting the basic requirements of teaching and medical examination and treatment for the people 6.2.3 About security and environment In terms of political security and social order: Economic development has contributed to repelling a number of social evils People trust more in the Party and the State In terms of landscape and environment: The towns were expanded with a larger scale than the previous period: Phuong Xa town, Phu Lac Fields are planned Blank land and bare hills are covered with green trees Sub-conclusion of chapter The changes of the economy of Cam Khe district after 20 years of reestablishment are quite clear and remarkable The economic structure has been gradually transformed in the direction of industrialization and modernization This shift has initially formed a multi-sector economy with production areas specialized in agriculture, forestry and fisheries Economy grows in both scale and quality Economic relations have also been gradually expanded within the province, outside the province and abroad However, economic restructuring is still slow and has not kept up with the general development pace of the country in the period of accelerating industrialization and modernization The economic growth rate compared to the general level of Phu Tho province and the whole country is still at a low average level The economic achievements that Cam Khe district has achieved in the past 20 years have contributed to improving the material and spiritual life of the people The job issue has been solved, making a positive contribution to poverty reduction, national defense and security, maintaining political stability and social order, and building an increasingly strong political system 21 CONCLUSION As a mountainous district of Phu Tho province, before 1995, Cam Khe was among the poor and underdeveloped localities The conditions for economic and social development are still very difficult The economy is mainly agricultural production according to the traditional method and in favor of specializing in the cultivation of food crops such as rice, corn, sweet potato, and cassava Industry is almost nothing but clay mining and construction material production in Thao riverside communes There are many traditional crafts, but they are just side jobs that help increase income in leisure time Trade was mainly confined to the village markets and held meetings in sessions with tents set up temporarily on vacant lots Traffic is difficult because the roads in the district are mainly dirt and gravel roads Technical facilities for socio-economic development are poor and degraded Materials for production, food and necessities for life are in severe shortage People's living standards are still minimal The number of households engaged in agriculture is high (96.1 percent in 1995) After being reestablished in 1995, Cam Khe district has focused all its resources on economic development and achieved many important achievements, contributing to promoting the comprehensive development of the locality After 20 years of re-establishment, the economy of Cam Khe district has developed comprehensively in all three economic sectors of agriculture, industry, and services in the direction of commodity production Many economic development programs, schemes and projects in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery, industry, handicrafts, services, and infrastructure development investment plans have been implemented In agriculture, it is focused to develop both crops and livestock Old livestock and plant varieties are replaced with high economic value varieties with the purpose of meeting the increasing use needs of society Although the production of handicrafts has been reduced at times, it has gradually recovered and developed… Industry has "entered" the area, forming the industry-handicraft industry and built on an increasingly large scale Industry is considered an important factor that promotes labor restructuring and rural economic structure In addition to the old industries, new industries have begun to appear such as: garment industry, paper production Craft villages are planned and recognized more and more and are being renovated to operate more efficiently Industrial parks and industrial clusters are planned and built in the area, attracting laborers in agriculture and rural areas, contributing to raising people's incomes The service industry grew strongly and developed along with the 22 momentum of goods production and markets The investment in the construction of town markets and rural markets has been more complete The release of the first trade center (Aloha supermarket) in the district in 2015 is a new signal for the trade and service industry of Cam Khe Products are becoming more and more diversified In addition to local products (agricultural products, handicraft products, etc.), there are also regional and foreign products (China, Thailand) The scope of trade and service exchanges has also reached far beyond the province, expanding to both foreign and provincial markets The development level of Cam Khe's economy in the period of 19552015 was much higher than before From 1995 and earlier, agricultural production was mainly based on experiences passed down “from generation to generation” After re-establishing the district, agriculture is gradually transforming towards industrialization and modernization Agriculture no longer depends on nature but has switched to conquering nature and taking the initiative in irrigation The application of new varieties and advances in science and technology in production have contributed to transforming the structure of crops and livestock varieties towards commodity production that increases production value per unit From many farmers who lacked food during the harvest season (before 1995), Cam Khe rose to ensure food security for the locality The district has accumulated and supplied raw materials for agricultural product processing industries In industry, the district mainly focuses on spearhead industries such as processing, producing building materials (especially tuynnel bricks) Modern machines are used more and more to improve labor productivity and product quality so as to meet the increasing demands of the market The forms of business and services are increasingly rich and diverse In addition to direct trading and exchange, there have appeared forms of buying, selling and exchanging goods through application software: by phone, via social networks facebook, zalo Together with the old services, other services have appeared New services such as massage services, shipper services, phone buying and selling services Banking services are increasingly effective in lending and recovering capital In the period of 1995-2015, Cam Khe's economy developed comprehensively in all three economic sectors of agriculture, industry, and service in the direction of commodity production After 20 years, the size of the economy increased 7.8 times The economic structure is shifting towards progress: gradually reducing the proportion of agriculture, gradually increasing the proportion of industries-handicrafts and services, gradually reducing the production areas of low economic value, gradually 23 increasing production and business fields for higher economic value The structure of economic sectors has also shifted towards the form of a multisector economy that operate under the market mechanism The private economy has grown strongly and has increasingly affirmed its role in promoting the overall development of the economy The state economy has decreased in both size and quantity, but it has been reformed in terms of organization and management, so it still plays the leading role Collective economy has been transformed in operation and management mode, so it still maintains operational efficiency Economic sectors with foreign investment capital (appearing in 2009) operate on a small scale and are not efficient It can be seen that the appearance of this economic sector also shows that the potential for attracting local investment of Cam Khe district is huge Although it has achieved positive results and has progressed much further than in the previous period, the economy of Cam Khe district initially kept pace with the general development momentum of the country in general and Phu Tho province in particular However, after 20 years looking back, Cam Khe is still a poor district The economy has not had a breakthrough change The results of the implementation of major economic targets have not been commensurate with the potential and advantages The economy also revealed many shortcomings and limitations Some basic targets have not been achieved, in which the economic structure has changed slowly, mainly still relying on agriculture, forestry and fishery There are no high-quality products The production value is still low Industrial production and handicrafts develop slowly This industry has only developed mainly in the district center and in craft villages There is a lack of planning, which has not yet made a big shift in the economic structure and rural labor The main industries and groups of industries and handicrafts in the area are traditional industries There is no modern industry and no high added value Awareness of a part of people about industrial development is still limited The work of settling the ground for industrial production projects still faces many difficulties The product consumption market is not stable There are no direct export products Only a few products are exported through informal channels such as tea and handicrafts Commercial activities are not concentrated The purchasing power of the market is still slow Business efficiency and competitiveness are still low Import and export activities are still limited There is no official importer and no strategic and sustainable association or joint venture on a large scale In general, the economic development of Cam Khe has not met the requirements of the process of accelerating industrialization and modernization 24 The cause of the above limitations is that Cam Khe has a low starting point Originally a mountainous district, natural conditions have many difficulties for economic development The fragmented land hinders the development of mixed commodity agriculture Labor source is abundant in number but the percentage of trained workers is still low Infrastructure, especially irrigation and intra-district traffic, has been paid attention to, but still has not met the needs of socio-economic development in the area Mineral resources with small reserves (mainly Kaolin, brick clay, ceramic clay, limestone) Many mines have a high soil coefficient leading to an increase in mining and processing costs, making it difficult to attract enterprises to invest in mining and mineral processing in the district The economic growth rate is good but the production value is small In addition, the economy is mainly based on agriculture Therefore, Cam Khe is still a poor district and the district's expenditure must rely on the balanced provincial budget Although there are still certain limitations, the results achieved in the economic development of Cam Khe district have shown that the leadership and direction of the Party Committee of Cam Khe district is completely correct and suitable to the characteristics and situation of the locality Those achievements have created a new position and force, as a premise for Cam Khe's development in the following years At the same time, many valuable lessons learned in leadership and economic development direction of local leaders were also concluded 25 LIST OF AUTHORIZED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION THEME Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2018): "The role of the handicraft village of Cam Khe district in the study of local history in Phu Tho province", Teaching and Learning Today Journal, No 2/2018, page 166 - 167 Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2018): "Educating love for the motherland and country through understanding the development of traditional craft villages in Cam Khe district, Phu Tho province in the period 1995 - 2015", Education and Society Journal, No 91/November 2018, page 82 - 86 Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2020): "Economic restructuring sector in Cam Khe district (Phu Tho province) in the period 1995 - 2015", Industry and Trade Journal, No 2/February 2020, page 80 - 85 Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2020): "The process of agricultural innovation in Cam Khe district (Phu Tho province) period 1995 2015", Southeast Asian Studies Journal, No 10/2020, page 71 -75 Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2020): "The Party Committee of Cam Khe district, Phu Tho province leads the economic development 19952020", Party History Journal, No 11/2020, page 113 - 116 Nguyen Thi Huong Loan (2020): "Economic restructuring in Cam Khe province during the period 1995-2015", HNUE Journal of Science, Volume 65, Issue 11, 2020, page 204 - 212 ... District in the 1995- 2015 period Chapter 3: Agricultural economy in Cam Khe District in the 1995- 2015 period Chapter 4: Industrial economy and construction in Cam Khe District in the 1995- 2015 period... the Party, State and localities in the 1995- 2015 period Second, the thesis systematically presents the economic situation in Cam Khe district in the 1995- 2015 period, including the specific development... Khe district during the 1995- 2015 period 3 Research object and scope 3.1 Research object The research focuses on the economic situation in Cam Khe district in the 1995- 2015 period, specifically