Chuyên đề bài tập Phonology

1 Phonology Lê Nguyễn Bảo Ngọc – 19DH710022 SOUNDS Vowels + Consonants = Words A The place of articulation/ obstruction B The manner of articulation Single Vowels (12) ɑ: i: u: ɔ: ɜ: e ɪ ʊ ɒ ə ӕ ^ Diphthong (8) (Double single vowels) Centring (ɪə ; eə ; ʊə) Tripthongs (5) Closing+/ə/ Closing (eɪ ; ɑɪ ; ɔɪ; əʊ ; ɑʊ) Vowels can be classified according to the following principles: _Tongue position or height 3 _Lip rounding _Length _Muscle tension Front Close u: Central Back i: Close - mid ʊ ɪ ə Open - mid e ɜ: ɔ: ^ Open ӕ ɑ: Unrounded Rounded Tongue position : vowel can be classified into groups : Front, Central, Back a Front vowels (i: ; ɪ ; e ; ӕ) b Central vowels (ə ; ɜ: ; ^) c Back vowels (u: ; ʊ ; ɔ: ; ɑ: ; ɒ) Tongue height : the openness of the mouth ɒ a Close vowels : i: ; u: b Close – mid vowels : ɪ ; ə ; ʊ c Open – mid vowels : e ; ɜ: ; ^ ; ɔ: d Open vowels : ӕ ; ɑ: ; ɒ Lip rounding : vowels can be rounded (when the lips are more or less rounded) or unrounded (when the lips are spread or neutral) i: u: ɔ: ɜ: ɪ ʊ ɒ ə Length : long or short _Long vowels: ɑ: _Short vowels: e ; ӕ; ^; Degree of muscle tension: tense or lax _Tense vowels: i: / u: / ɔ: / ɜ: / ɑ: _Lax vowels: ɪ/ʊ/ɒ/ə/e/ӕ/^ Ex: [u:] : back ; close , rounded [ɪ] : front ; close-mid ; unrounded [e] : front ; open-mid ; unrounded [ɑ:] : back ; open ; rounded [i:] : front ; close ; unrounded [ɔ:] : back ; open-mid ; rounded [ɜ:] : central ; open-mid ; unrounded C/ DIPTHONGS Dipthongs are combination of vowels pronounced so as to form single syllable _A dipthong consists of movement from one vowel to another one _The first element of an English dipthong is called a nucleus It is strong, clear and distinct _The second element is rather weak and is called a glide _There are dipthongs classified as follow: + Centring dipthongs —> ending in / ə / —> ɪə ; eə ; ʊə + Closing dipthongs —> ending in / ɪ / —> eɪ ; ɑɪ ; ɔɪ ending in / ʊ / —> əʊ ; ɑʊ ɪ Front Close u: Central Back i: ʊ Close - mid ə Open - mid e ɜ: ɔ: ^ Open ӕ Unrounded ɑ: ɒ Rounded D/ TRIPTHONGS Tripthongs are sounds which consist of a glide from the first vowel to the second and then to the third vowels without interruption Closing dipthongs + / ə / —> eɪ + ə = eɪə ɑɪ + ə = ɑɪə ɔɪ + ə = ɔɪə əʊ + ə = əʊə ɑʊ + ə = ɑʊə EX: Tripthong : [‘flɑʊə] Flower Flour Dipthing : [preɪ] Pray Prey Single vowels : [s^n] Son Sun Broad [brɔ:d] Ward [wɔ:d] Calf [kɑ:f] Learn [lɜ:n] Cool [ku:l] Team [ti:m] Err [ɜ:r] Seal [si:l] Curl [kɜ:l] Tone [tɑʊn] Style [stɑɪl] Out [ɑʊt] Way [weɪ] Beer [bɪər] Coil [kɔɪl] Hair [heər] Why [wɑɪ] Prey [preɪ] Chapter : Vowels The classification of speech sounds _Vowels : voiced sounds, produced in the mouth with no obstruction to the air stream In a syllables, the vowel forms the peak of syllable, which is the most essential part without a vowel, syllable can’t be formed Unit : Consonants I Definition Consonants are the sounds in the production of which one articulator moves towards another or two articulators come together, obstructing the air – stream and the air stream can’t get out freely II Classification a The place of articulation/obstruction (8) e.g /p/ => lips b The manner of articulation (6) e.g /p/ => plosive c The work of vocal cords e.g /p/ => voiceless d The force of articulation (độ mạnh quan phát âm) e.g /p/ => fortis (strong) /b/ => lenis (weak) A The place of articulation/obstruction _The place of articulation identifies which articulators are used to produce the sounds and where the stoppage, or constriction or obstruction of the air stream in the mouth _English consonants can be divided into groups according to the place of the articulation/obstruction Bilabial (2 môi) consonants: are articulated with the lips press together /p, b, m, w/ Labio – dental (môi & trên) consonants: the lower lip touching the upper front teeth /f, v/ Dental (răng) consonants: are articulated with the upper teeth on the tip/ blade of th tongue 8 /θ, ð/ Alveolar (nứu & lợi) consonants: the tip/blade of the tongue touching against the alveolar ridge /t, d, s, z, n, l/ Palato (post) – alveolar (vòm họng) consonants: the front tongue raised towards the middle of the hard palate /ʃ/ , /ʒ/ , /tʃ/ , /ʤ/ , /r/ Church /tʃ^tʃ/ Change /tʃeɪnʤ/ Palatal (ngạc cứng) consonants: the front tongue touching the hard palate /j/ Velar consonants: the back of the tongue touching the soft palate /k, g, ŋ/ Glottal consonants: the vocal cords untightly close and causing friction /h/ B The manner of articulation _Identify what kind of stoppage, or obstruction is used and how the speech organs modify the air stream Stops/plosive: happen in phases a Closure phase: the articulators (speech organs) move to from the stricture or plosive /p, b, t, d, k, g/ b Hold phase: the air is stopped from escaping c Release phase: the articulators are moved to allow the air to escape suddenly d Post – release phase: what happens immediately after the third phase English has plosive /p, b, t, d, k, g/ Fricative: when fricatives are produced, two articulators come together but the air can escape through a small passage and make a hissing sound, fricatives are continuant consonants 9 English has fricatives /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ Affricatives: the production of affricatives is the combination of plosives and fricatives They begin as a plosive and end as a fricatives English has affricatives /ʧ, ʤ/ Nasals: the air escapes through the nose The velum (soft palate) must be lowered The air does not pass through the mouth Its prevented by the complete closure in the mouth of some point English has nasals /m, n, ŋ/ Lateral/liquid: the air stream escapes along side of the tongue Lateral is voiced and affected by an adjacent (next to) vowel e.g long vs felt _ /l/: is a clear /l/ when it occurs before vowels  the front tongue is raised e.g long => /loŋ/ late => /leɪt/ _ /l/: is a dark / l / when it occurs finally or before a consonant  the back of tongue is raised e.g felt => /feɫt/ fall => /fɔ:ɫ/ Approximants: they are produced when two articulators approach each other but they don’t get close to each other to produce a complete consonants English has approximants /w, r, j/ C The work of vocal cords According to the work of the vocal cords, consonants are divided in voiceless & voiced consonants _English voiceless consonants are /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʧ/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/ _English voiced consonants are /b/, /d/, /g/, /ʤ/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /w/, /j/, /r/, /l/ D The force of articulation 10 According to the force of articulation, consonants are divided into relatively strong or fortis, and relatively weak or lenis _English voiced consonants are lenis: /b/, /d/, /g/, /ʤ/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /w/, /j/, /r/, /l/ _English voiceless consonants are fortis, they are pronounced with greater muscle tension and breath force: /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʧ/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/ Fortis  Force : strong  Few Ex: Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds e.g /p/ - /b/ : voiceless or voiced _ /ŋ/ - /n/ : velar - alveolar _ /ð/ - /z/ : dental - alveolar _ /d/ - /n/ : plosive – nasal Ex: Name the distinctive features that the following pairs share e.g /p/ - /b/ : plosive – bilabial _ /k/ - /g/ : plosive – velar _ /w/ - /m/ : bilabial – voiced _ /ʃ/ - /ʒ/ : post-alveolar – fricative Bilabial Labiodenta l Dental Alveolar Post – Palatal alveolar Velar Plosive/stops Fricative Affricative Nasal Lateral Approximan t Unit : The Syllable A The nature of syllable Phonologically, syllables: _Is defined by the way in which vowels and consonants combine to form various sequences _Vowels can form a syllable on their own Glottal 11 _Consonants occur before/after vowels or in between syllables and not normally form a syllable on their own B Classification : types _Open syllables end with a vowel e.g tea / ti: / key / ki: / day /deɪ / _ Closed syllables end with a consonant e.g red /red/ run /r^n/ C Structure of a syllable A syllable may consist of parts: _The beginning called : onset (optional) _The central called : peak/nucleus _The end called : coda (optionnal) Syllable onset e.g swims are peak/nucleus coda sw_ _ɪ_ _mz x a: x A minium syllable: has a single vowel in isolation e.g are /a:/ Some syllables have an onset preceding the peak e.g key /ki:/ more /mɔ:/ Some syllables have no onset but a coda following the peak e.g eat /i:t/ on /ɒn/ 12 ease /i:z/ Some syllables have onset and coda/termination e.g run /r^n/ sat /sæt/ fill /fɪl/ Onset (optional) I Initial clusters at the beginning of a syllable: the maximum number of consonants in an initial cluster is three _Group 1: Initial two consonant cluster with “s” (pre – initial consonant + initial consonant) Examples /sp-/ /st-/ /sf-/ /sm-/ /sn-/ /sk-/ /sq-/ _Group 2: Initial two consonant clusters (initial consonant + post – initial consonant) Initial consonant p b t d k g f v l Post – initial consonant w r Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø j 13 θ 10 s 11 ʃ 12 h 13 m 14 n 15 l Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø _Group 3: Initial three consonant cluster with “s” (pre – initial + initial + post – initial) Pre – initial Initial Post – initial consonant w r Ø Ø l S p t k Ø j Ex: Splay /spleɪ/ Spray /spreɪ/ Spew /spju:/ Coda (optional) II Final clusters at the end of syllable : the maximum number or consonants in a final cluster is four a/ Two consonant final clusters _Group 1: Pre – final + final m n ŋ l s Ex: camp /kæmp/ lend /lend/ _Group 2: ………………+ final + post – final s z t 14 d θ bets /bets/ Ex: backed /bækt/ b/ Final three – consonant clusters (2 groups) Pre – final + final + post – final Helped /helpt/ Banks /bæŋks/ Twelfth /twelfθ/ Pre – final + final + post – final + post – final Ø Fifths /fifθs/ Next /nekst/ c/ Final four – consonant clusters (2 groups) Pre – final + final + post – final + post – final Twelfths /twelfθs/ Prompts /prompts/ Pre – final + final + post – final + post – final + post – final Ø Texts /teksts/ Sixths /siksθs/ Maximum phonological structure Pre – initial + Initial + Post – initial - Vowel - Pre – final + Final + Post – final 1, PF2, PF3 Onset Peak /skwi:ld/: s k w i: s p l æ /splæʃ/: /eɪtθs/: eɪ Coda l x d ʃ t θ s 15 Sounds Vowels (12) Consonants (24) Syllables Onset Peak (initial cluster) Coda (final cluster) (3) (4) (vowel) Pre-ini III Employ Ini Post-ini Cluster between syllables/ words / im’plɔi / Pre-fin final post-fin post-fin post-fin /m/ /s/ /n/ /z/ / ŋ/ /t/ /l/ /d/ /s/ / θ/ 16 Healthy Next month / ‘helθi / / nekst mǝnt / Good student / gu:d stjudǝnt / D Strong & weak syllable  Strong syllables: are stressed They are syllables that have as their center one of the vowel phonemes or possibly a dipthong, but not /ǝ/ alter / ‘ɔ:tlǝ(r) / e.g advise / ǝd ’vɑɪz /  Weak syllables: are unstressed and can only have types of peak center a/ The vowel /ǝ/ worker / ‘wɜ:kǝ / banana / bǝ’nɑ:nǝ / Spelling a ar ate o or e er u ous ough Examples attend / ǝ’tend / character / ‘kærǝktǝ / similar / ‘sɪmǝlǝ / particular / pǝ’tɪkjǝlǝ / accurate / ‘ækjʊrǝt / / ‘ækjǝrǝt / private / ‘prɑɪvǝt / chocolate / ‘tʃɒklǝt / together / tǝ’gǝðe / pardon / ‘pɑ:dn / today / tǝ’deI/ forget / fǝ’get / tutor / ‘tju:tǝ / violet / ‘vɑɪǝlǝt / moment / ‘mǝʊmǝnt / speaker / ‘spi:kǝ / sister / ‘sɪstǝ / murder / ‘m ᴈ:dǝ / support / sǝ’pɔ:t / survive / sǝ’vaɪv / delicious thorough / ‘θ^rǝ / b/ A close front unrounded vowel in unstressed syllables /i:/ and /i/ Spelling y ey i e Examples busy / ‘bɪsi: / happy / ‘hæpi / very / ‘veri / money / ‘m^ni/ honey / ‘h^ni / happier / ‘hæpiǝr / easier / ‘i:ziǝr / repeat / ri’pi:t / c/ A close back rounded vowel in stressed syllables study / ‘st^di / easy / ‘i:zi / 17 Spelling o(u) / du: / Examples to you / tu / / ju / / tǝ / / jǝ / into / ‘ɪntǝ / who / hu: / d/ A syllable consonant / r, l, m, n, ŋ / Spelling l n m ŋ r Examples bottle / ‘ bɔtl / table / ‘ teɪbl / possible / ‘ pɒsǝbl / nation / ‘ neɪʃn / fashion / ‘ fæʃn / happen / ‘hæpn / rhythm / ‘ rɪðǝm / listening / ‘lɪsnɪŋ / going / ‘gǝʊɪŋ / history / ‘ hɪstri / memory / ‘memǝri / often / ‘ ɒfn / NOTE : a syllable consonant stands as the peak of the syllable instead of a vowel It is usually to indicate that a consonant is syllable by means of a small vertical mark ( ‘ ) Unit : Introduction to phonology and phonological rules I Introduction to phonology Phonology : studies the sound pattern of a language, how phonemes function in language and relationship between phonemes Phonemes : is the smallest segment of sound Which can distinguish words: Ten t t, p : phonemes consonant en Pen p _In English, there’re 24 consonant phonemes and 20 vowel phonemes _Each phoneme is meaningless in isolation It become meaningful only when it is combined with other phonemes _A letter can be represented by different sound _A phonemes can be represented by different letters or combination of letters Allophones : are the variants of phonemes that occur in speech e.g / i: / / i: / seat : is shortened because it occurs before a voiceless plosive / i: / seen : is nasalized because it occurs before a nasal /n/ 18 / i:: / sea : is lengthened at the end of an open syllable Broad and narrow transcription: _Broad (phonemic transcription) / / : every speech sound is identified as one of the phonemes and written down with an appropriate symbol e.g seen / si:n/ _Narrow (phonetic transcription) [ ] : contains a lot of information about exact quality of sounds in actual speech e.g seen [ si:n ] Minimal pair: Pair of words such as ‘pit’ & ‘bit’ , ‘ten’ & ‘den’ which differ by one phoneme in identical environment are known as minimal pairs  Looking for minimal pair to identify the phonemes II Phonological rules Initial voiceless stops are aspirated [ h ] / p, t, k / initial âm bật h e.g cash [ kæʃ ] h peak [ pi:k ] h intake [ inteik ] Voiceless stops / p, t, k / are unaspirated after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable or before another stop or before a fricative [ o ] e.g spend [ spend ] h picked [ pi:kt ] sets [ sets ] Glottalization : _A voiceless stop / p, t, k / become a glottal stop when it occurs after a vowel at the end of a syllable [ Ɂ ] e.g h actor [ æɁktǝ ] 19 bottle [ bɒɁtl ] _A voiceless stop / t / become a glottal stop before a nasal / m, n, ŋ / in the weak syllable of đặt luật âm vị vào âm tiết same word ( t = Ɂ ) e.g beaten / ‘bi:tn / => [ ‘bi:Ɂn ] mutton / ‘m^ttn / => [ ‘m^tɁn ] Devoicing [ ] _Voiced stops / b, d, g / and voiced fricatives / v, ð, z, ʒ / become devoiced when they occur at the end of syllable e.g choose / tʃu:z / => [ tʃu:z ] add / æd / => [ æd ] _Approximants (glides) / w, r, j / and lateral / l / become devoiced after voiceless stops / p, t, k/ e.g improve / im’pru:v / => [ im’pru:v ] cure / kjʊǝ / => [ kjʊǝ ] Dentalization [ ] Alveolars / t, d, s, z, n, l / become dentalized when they occur before the dentals / θ, ð / e.g h tenth / tenθ / => [ tenθ ] wealth / welθ / => [ welθ ] Velarization [ ɫ ] lateral / l / becomes velarized ( the so – called dark l ) when it occurs at the end of a final word or before another consonant e.g hall [ hɔ:ɫ ] smelt [ smeɫt ] Syllabicity [ ] _The nasals / m, n, ŋ / become syllabic when it occurs after stops / p, b, t, d / or fricatives / f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ / at the end of a word e.g charm [ ‘kæzm ] 20 garden [ ‘ga:dn ] _ / l / becomes syllabic when it occurs after another consonant at the end of a word (final syllable) e.g middle [ ‘middl ] _ / r / becomes syllabic when it occurs after another consonant at the end of a word (esp in A.E) e.g tailor / ‘teilǝ(r) / => [ ‘teilr ] Nasalization [ ] Vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals [ m, n, ŋ ] e.g income [ ‘ink^m ] song [ sɒŋ ] Lengthencing [ : ] _Vowels are longer in open syllables e.g see [ si:: ] two [ tu:: ] _Vowels are longer in stressed syllables e.g attend [ ǝ‘te::nd ] receive [ ri‘si::v ] 10 Shortening [ ] Vowels are shorten when they occur before voiceless consonants in the same syllable e.g back [ bæk ] look [ lʊk ] 11 Retraction [ _ ]: âm lướt Front vowel / i: , ɪ, e, æ / are retracted when they occur before syllbale final / l / e.g hill [ hɪl ] ... syllable by means of a small vertical mark ( ‘ ) Unit : Introduction to phonology and phonological rules I Introduction to phonology Phonology : studies the sound pattern of a language, how phonemes