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Mục tiêu của giáo trình nhằm trang bị cho sinh viên lượng từ vựng và kiến thức tiếng Anh căn bản về chuyên ngành Dược. Rèn luyện kỹ năng Đọc hiểu – đọc để nắm bắt thông tin về các chủ điểm liên quan đến chuyên ngành dược trên cơ sở khối lượng từ vựng được cung cấp theo các chủ điểm.
TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG Y TẾ NINH BÌNH ================== GIÁO TRÌNH HỌC PHẦN NGOẠI NGỮ CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐỐI TƯỢNG: SINH VIÊN CAO ĐẲNG DƯỢC (Lưu hành nội bộ) Ninh Bình, năm 2021 SỞ Y TẾ NINH BÌNH TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG Y TẾ CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc GIỚI THIỆU HỌC PHẦN NGOẠI NGỮ CHUYÊN NGÀNH Ngành đào tạo: CAO ĐẲNG DƯỢC LIÊN THƠNG Số tín chỉ: 02 (2,0) Trình độ: Sinh viên năm thứ II (Học kỳ thứ 3) Phân bố thời gian: - Lên lớp: 30 tiết (02 tiết/tuần) + Giảng lý thuyết: 22 tiết + Làm tập lớp: 06 tiết + Thảo luận, seminar: tiết + Kiểm tra/ đánh giá: 02 tiết - Tự học: 60 Điều kiện tiên quyết: Không Mục tiêu học phần 5.1 Kiến thức - Trang bị cho sinh viên lượng từ vựng kiến thức tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Dược Rèn luyện kỹ Đọc hiểu – đọc để nắm bắt thông tin chủ điểm liên quan đến chuyên ngành dược sở khối lượng từ vựng cung cấp theo chủ điểm - Sau kết thúc học phần sinh viên có khả đọc hiểu nắm kiến thức tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Dược chủ điểm: Đúng Sai sử dụng thuốc Tây y, Thuốc kháng sinh cách sử dụng thuốc kháng sinh, Hướng dẫn thận trọng sử dụng thuốc tiêm tiêm, Thuốc thiên nhiên, Dinh dưỡng: Viatmin khoáng chất 5.2 Kỹ - Sử dụng tốt từ vựng liên quan đến ngành Dược - Nâng cao kỹ đọc hiểu chuyên ngành Dược - Kỹ nắm bắt thông tin liên quan đến ngành Dược 5.3 Thái độ - Yêu thích mơn học biết liên hệ với cơng việc tương lại - Nhận thức tầm quan trọng môn học ngành học vận dụng kiến thức học vào thực tiễn công việc sau Nhiệm vụ sinh viên - SV phải có giáo trình (Biên soạn theo đạo trường số tài liệu thao khảo thư viện trường) - Dự lớp: Tối thiểu 80% thời lượng lý thuyết môn học (100% phần thực hành), vào lớp quy định - Hoàn thành tốt nội dung tự học mà giảng viên giao cho cá nhân hàng tuần - SV vắng mặt buổi kiểm tra lớp khơng có lý đáng nhận điểm - Các kiểm tra phải nộp thời gian quy định, yêu cầu thời gian hình thức Tiêu chuẩn đánh giá sinh viên - Điểm đánh giá q trình điểm thi học phần làm trịn đến chữ số thập phân - Thang điểm: 10 7.1 Điểm kiểm tra thường xuyên - SV phải có điểm KTTX - Điểm KTTX có trọng số 10 % Điểm KTTX lấy từ điểm phần tự học, tự nghiên cứu sinh viên tiến hành hình thức phát vấn vào đầu buổi học từ 10 – 15 phút 7.2 Điểm thi học phần - SV phải có điểm thi học phần thực tuần - Điểm thi học phần có trọng số 20 % Hình thức thi học phần: Thi viết, test trắc nghiệm khách quan 7.3 Điểm thi kết thúc học phần - Điểm thi kết thúc học phần có trọng số 70 % - Điểm thi kết thúc học phần thực theo lịch phòng Đào tạo Hình thức thi học phần: Thi máy tính, test trắc nghiệm khách quan 7.4 Điểm học phần Điểm học phần = Điểm KTTX*10% + Điểm TGHP*20% + Điểm TKTHP*70% MỤC LỤC Bài Nội dung Trang WORDS TO THE STORE KEEPER (OR PHARMACIST) 11 RIGHT AND WRONG USES OF MODERN MEDICINES ANTIBIOTICS: WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW TO USE THEM INSTRUCTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR INJECTIONS DRUGS NATURAL MEDICINE 23 NUTRITION: VITAMINS AND MINERALS 26 16 20 UNIT WORDS TO THE STORE KEEPER (OR PHARMACIST) Dear friends, If you sell medicines in your store, people probably ask you about which medicines to buy and how and when to use them You are in the position to have an important effect on the knowledge and health of people As you know, people too often spend their little money on medicines that not help them But you can help them understand their health needs more clearly and spend their money more wisely For example: If people come asking for cough syrup for diarrhea, for vitamin B12 or liver extract to treat simple anemia, for penicillin to treat sprain or ache, for tetracycline when they have a cold, explain to them that these medicines are not needed and may more harm than good Discuss with them what to instead If someone want to buy a vitamin tonic, encourage him to buy eggs, fruit or vegetables instead Help him understand that these have more vitamins and nutritional value for the money If people ask for an injection when medicines taken by mouth would work as well and be safer - tell them so If someone wants to buy “cold tablets” or some other forms of “expensive aspirin” for a cold, encourage him to save money by buying plain aspirin tablets and taking them with lots of liquid Above all, sell only useful medicines Stock in your store with the medicines that are important for common illnesses in your area Try to stock low-cost generic products, and never sell people medicines that are expired, damaged or useless Your store can become a place where people learn about caring for their own health If you can help people use medicines intelligently, you will provide an outstanding service to your community Good luck! UNIT RIGHT AND WRONG USES OF MODERN MEDICINES Some medicines sold in pharmacies or village store can be very useful Others are of no value Also, people sometimes use the best medicine in the wrong way, so that they more harm than good To be helpful, medicine must be used correctly Many people, including most doctors and health workers, prescribe far more medicines than are needed-and by so doing cause much needless sickness and death There is some danger in the use of any medicine Some medicines are much more dangerous than others Unfortunately, people sometimes use very dangerous medicines for mild sickness (I have seen a baby die because his mother gave him a dangerous medicine, chloramphenicol, for a cold) Never use a dangerous medicine for mild illness REMEMBER: MEDICINES CAN KILL Guidelines for the use of medicine: Use medicine only when necessary Know the correct use and precautions for any medicine you use (see the GREEN PAGE) Be sure to use the right dose If the medicine does not help, or causes problem, stop using it, When in doubt, seek the advice of a health worker Note: Some health workers and many doctors give medicines none is need, often because they think patients expect medicine and will not be satisfied unless they get some Tell your doctor or your health worker you only want medicine if it is definitely needed This will save your money and be safe for your health Only use medicine when you are sure it is needed and when you are sure how to use it THE MOST DANGEROUS MISUSE OF MEDICINE Here is a list of the most common and dangerous errors people make in using mordem medicines The improper use of the following medicines causes many deaths each year BE CAREFUL! Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) The people use of this medicine for simple dirrhea and other mild sicknesses is extremly unfortunate, because it is so risky Use chloramphenicol only for very severe illness, typhoid Never give it to newborn infants Oxytocin (Pitocin), Pitutrin, and Ergonovine (Ergotrate) Unfortunately, some midwives use these medicines to speed up childbirth or give strength to the mother in labor This /3 practice is very dangerous It can kill the mother or the child Use these medicines only to control bleeding after the child is bom Injections of any medicine The common belief that injections are usually better than medicine taken by mouth is not true Many times medicines taken by mouth work as well as or better than injections Also, most medicine is moredangerous injected than when taken by mouth Use of injections should be very limited Penicilline Penicilline works only against certain types of injections Frequent use of penicilline for sprains, bruises, or any pain or fever is a great mistake As a general rule, injuries that not break the skin, even if they make large bruises, have no danger of injection; they not need to be treated with penicilline or any other antibiotic Penicilline is dangerous for some people Before using it, know its risks and the precautions you must take Injections of penicilline with streptomycin (There many brand name.) These medicines are used too much, and often for the wrong thing they should not be used for colds, for three reasons: They not work against colds and flu They can cause serious problems - sometimes deafness Their overuse makes it more difficult to cure tuberculosis or other serious illnesses Vitamin B12 and liver extract These medicines not help anemia or 'weakness1 except in rare cases Also, they have certain risks when injected They should only be used when a health worker has prescribed them after testing the blood In nearly every case of anemia, iron pills will more good Other vitamins As a general rule, DO NOT INJECT VITAMINS Injections are more dangerous, more expensive, and usually no more effective than pills Unfortunately, many people waster their money on syrups, tonics, and ’elixirs’ that contain vitamins Many lack the most important vitamins, but even when they contain them, it is wiser to buy more and better food Bodybuilding and protective foods like eggs, meat, fruit, vegetables, and whole grains are rich in vitamins and other nutrients Giving a thin weak person good food more often will usually help him far more than giving him vitamin and mineral supplements A person who eats well does not nedd extra vitamins THE BEST WAY TO GET VITAMINS A person who eats well does not need extra vitamins Calcium Injecting calcium into a vein can be extremely dangerous It can quickly kill someone if not injected very slowly Injecting calcium into the buttocks sometimes causes very serious abscesses or infections Never inject calcium without first seeking medical advice! Note: In Mexico and other countries where people eat a lot of com tortillas or other foods prepared with lime, it is foolish to use calcium injections or tonics (as is often done to 'give strength' or ’help children grow’) The body gets all the calcium it needs from the lime “Feeeding” through the veins (Instravenous or “T.V” solutions) In some areas, people who are anemic or very weak spend their last penny to have a liter of I.V solution put into their veins They believe that this will make them stronger or their blood richer But they are wrong! Intravenous solution is nothing more than pure water with some salt or sugar in it It gives less energy than a larger candy bar and makes the blood thinner, not richer It does not help anemia or make the weak stronger Also when a person who is not well trained puts the I.V solution into a vein, there is a danger of an infection entering the blood This can kill the sick person Intravenous solution should be used only when a person can take nothing by mouth, or when he is badly dehydrated If the sick person can swallow, give him a liter or water with a little sugar and salt It will as much for him as injecting a liter of I.V solution For similar reasons, persons who take ampicillin and other broad- spectrum antibiotics for several days may develop diarrhea Antibiotics may kill some kinds of bacteria nesessary for digestion, upsettting the natural balance of bacteria in the gut Resistance to treatment In the long run, the most important reason the use of antibiotics should be limited, is that WHEN ANTIBIOTICS ARE USED TOO MUCH, THEY BECOME LESS EFFECTIVE When attacked many times by the same antibiotic, bacteria become stronger and are no longer killed by it They become resistant to the antibiotic For reason, certain dangerous diseases like typhoid has becoming more difficult to treat than they were a few years ago In some places typhoi has become resistant to chloramphenicol, normally the best medicine for treating it Chloramphenicol has been used far too much for minor infections, infections for which other antibiotics would be safer and work as well, or for which no antibiotic at all is needed Throughout the world important diseases are becoming resistant to antibioticslargely because antibiotics are used too much for minor infections If antibiotics are continue to save lives, their use must be far more limited than it is at present This will depend on their wise use by doctors, health workers, and the people themselves For most minor infections antibiotics are not needed and should not be used Minor skin infections can usually be successfully treatted with soap and water, hot soaks, and perhaps painting them with gentian violet Minor respiratory infections are best treated by drinking lots of liquids, eating good food, and getting plenty of rest For most diarrheas, antibiotics are not necessary and may even be harmful What is most important is to drink lots of liquids and provide enough food as soon as the child wiil eat Do not use antibiotics for infections the body can fight successfully by itself Save them for when they are most needed I Comprehension questions: A Why are antibiotics useful and important, when used correctly? When you use an antibiotics? What are the guidelines for the use of all antibiotics? B What bacteria antibiotics often kill? What happens when bacteria are attacked many times by the same antibiotics? Why nowadays are importants disease becoming resistant to antibiotics? II Vocabulary cough epidemics cruel institutions meanwhile contagious sneeze miserable plague antibiotics vaccinations influenza is also called the flu Some disease are spread when people and When you have a headache, you probably feel Babies should receive to prevent common childhood diseases Then they won't catch these disease Government should provide health care they should give money for new research into the cause of disease kill thousands, even millions, of people worldwide Hospitals and universities are examples of It is very to put a sick person out of his or her house tothe street to live The epidemics killed half the population of Europe before were discovered 11 UNIT INSTRUCTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR INJECTIONS WHEN TO INJECT AND WHEN NOT TO Injections are not needed often Most sicknesses that require medical treatment can be treated as well or better with medicines taken by mouth As a general rule: It is more dangerous to inject medicine than to take it by mouth Injections should be used only when absolutely necessary Except in emergencies, they should be given only by health workers or persons trained in their use The only times medicines should be injected are: When the recommended medicine does not come in a form that can be taken by mouth When the person vomits often, cannot swallow, or is unconscious In certain unusual emergencies and special cases WHAT TO DO WHEN THE DOCTOR PRESCRIBES INJECTIONS Doctors and other health workers sometimes prescribe injections when they are not needed After all, they can chargen more money for injections They forget the problems and dangers of giving them in rural areas If a healthe worker or healer wants to give you an injection, be sure the medicine is appropriate and that he takes all the necessary precautions If a doctor prescribes injections, explain that you live where no one is well trained to give injections and ask if it would be possible to prescribe a medicine to take by mouth If a doctor wants to prescribe injections of vitamins, liver extract, or vitamin Bn, but has not had your blood tested, tell him you would prefer to see another doctor EMERGENCIES WHEN IT IS IMPORTANT TO GIVE INJECTIONS In case of the following sicknesses, get medical help as fast as you can If there will be any delay in getting help of in taking the sick person to a health center, injec the appropriate medicine as soon as possible For details of the doses, consult the pages listed below Before injecting, know the possible side effects and take needed precautions For these sicknesses Inject these medicines Severe pneumonia Infections after childbirth Gangrene Tetanus penicillin in high dose Penicillin and tetanus antitoxin and phénobarbital or diazepam Appendicitis ampicillin in strong doses or penicillin Peritonitis and bullet wound or other with streptomycin puncture wound in the belly Poisonous snakebite Scorpion sting snake antivenin scorpion antivenin Meningitis when you not suspect ampicillin or penicillin in very high doses tuberculosis Meningitis when you suspect tuberculosis ampicillin or penicillin together with streptomycin and if possible other anti tuberculosis’ drugs Vomiting when it cannot be controlled antihistamines, for example, promethazine Severe allergic reaction, allergic shoock, Adrenalin and severe asthma The following chronic illnesses generally rarely emergencies It is best to consult a health worker for treatment Tuberculosis streptomycin together with INH tablets and PAS tablets Syphilis Gonorrhea procaine penicillin in very high doses WHEN NOT TO INJECT Never: give injection if you can get medical help quickly Never: give an injection for a sickness that is not serious Never: give injections for a cold the flu Never: inject a medicine that is not recommended for the illess you want to treat Never: inject a medicine unless you know and take all the recommended precautions 13 MEDICINES NOT TO INJECT In general, it is better never to inject the following Vitamins Rarely and injected vitamins and better than vitamins taken by mouth Injections and more expensive and more dangerous Use vitamin pills or syrups rather than injections Better still, eat foods rich in vitamins Liver extract and vitamin B Do not inject them! Ferrous sulfate pills will more good for almost all cases of anemia Calcium Injected into a vein calcium is extremely dangerous, if not given very slowly An injection in the buttock may cause a large abscess Untrained people should never inj ect calcium Penicillin Nearly all infections that require penicillm can be effectively treated with penicillin taken by mouth Penicillin is more dangerous when injected Use injectable penicillin only for dangerous infections Penicillin with streptomycin, As a general rule, avoid this combined medicine Never use it for colds or the flu Chloramphenicol or tetracycline These medicines as much or more good when taken by mouth Use capsules or syrups rather than injections Intravenous (I.V) solutions These should be used only for severe dehydration and given only by someone who is well trained When not given correctly they can cause dangerous infections or death Intravenous medicines There is so much danger in injecting any medicine in the vein that only well - trained health worker should doit However, never inject into a muscle (the buttock) medicine that says for intravenous use only Also, never inject in the vein medicine that says for intramuscular use only DANGEROUS REACTIONS FROM INJECTING CERTAIN MEDICINES The following groups of medicines sometimes produce a dangerous reaction called ALLERGIC SHOCK a short time after injection: * Penicillins (including ampicillin) * Antitoxins that are mede from horse serum: scorpion antivenin snake antivenin tetanus antitoxin The risk of a serious reaction is greater in a person who has previously been injected with one of these medicines or with another medicine of the same group This risk is especially great if the medicine caused an allergic reaction (hives, itching, swelling, or trouble breathing) a few hours or days after the injection was given Rarely, ALLERGIC SHOCK may Result from the sting of a wasp or bee Or from medicine taken by mouth To prevent a serious reaction from an injection: Use injectinons only when absolutely necessary Before injecting one of the medicines listed above, always have ready ampules of Adrenalin and an ampule of an antihistamine like promethazin (Phenergan) or diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Before injecting, always ask if at any other time a similar injection caused itching or other reactions If the person says yes, not use this medicine or any other medicine of the same group, either injected or taken by mouth In very serious cases, like tetanus or snakebite, if there is good chance that the antitoxin might produce an allergic reaction (if the person suffers from allergies or asthma or has had horse serum before), inject the antihistamine 15 minutes before giving the antitoxin Diphenhydramine dose - adults, 3ml, children, or 2ml depending on their size After injecting any medicine, always stay with the person for 30 minutes to watch for any od the following signs of ALLERGIC SHOCK * Cool, moist, pale, gray skin (cold sweat) * Weak, rapid pulse or heartbeat * Difficulty breathing * loss of consciousness If these signs appear, immediately inject Adrenalin: adult, l/2ml; children, 1/4 ml Follow by giving an antihistamine in double the normol dose I Comperhensioii questions: A Answer the question Why is it more dangerous to inject medicine than to take it by mouth? When should medicines be injected? What will you when the doctor prescriber injections? Do you know when not to inject? Do you know what medicines are not injected? B Vocabulary ache warned blurred arteries vomit cures physical swell steady patients muscles tense vision hammer drum forehead When you are sick and in pain, your stomach may protest and make you The teacher .the children that they had to behave or there would be no party People on the hospital are called While Pat was swimming, she got water in her eye Everything looked Students feel .before an important exam Tension in the, of the neck can cause a headache The farmers were happy when a rain continued all night What’s the matter with you? My back 15 UNIT DRUGS Read “Drugs” && qmcMy as you cm Pay attention to gmera! ideas Do not use your dictionary, and not stop ask questions Drugs are chemicals that effect the human body They may have good effects or bad effects Doctors and healers have use them to cure diseases and to kill pain for many hundreds of years In the twentieth century, doctors have found many natural drugs One of these is penicillin, which is an antibiotic Natural drugs come from plants and animals Scientists have studied the natural drugs and learned to % make synthetic drugs in the laboratory similar to the natural drugs Therefore, today, most drugs are synthetic Drugs are both beneficial and harmful Doctors use them to treat and prevent diseases There are drugs that effect every part of the body There are drugs that relax a tense person and make a person sleep There are drugs that kill pain For example, anesthetics put patients to sleep during operations so that they not feel pain Local anesthetics kill pain in only one part of the body Dentists use these drugs when they fix a tooth There are even drugs to • help stop tissue rejection during and after transplants Doctors use drugs in many ways to cure and prevent illness Most drugs are poisons in one way or another Almost all drugs are dangerous when people take too much of them For example, aspirin, which kills pain, is usually beneficial On the other hand, people sometimes die from overdoses of aspirin Too many sleeping pills cause death, too When they are sick, people sometimes begin to take many drugs They may take many different kinds of drugs, or they may take too much of one kind of drug Both kinds of drug use are dangerous Doctors and patients must be careful of the number of drugs that they use People who often take too many drugs abuse drugs, Drug abuse is serious problem It may destroy the abuser’s health and life There are many dangers First, there is a possibility of an overdose Second, when people take different kinds of drugs at the same time, there are harmful effects on the body Third, drug abusers are dangerous to themselves and to others When they are taking drugs, they not think, work, or drive well They cause accidents that hurt themselves or other people The same drugs may be beneficial or harmful, When a drug, such as morphine, helps a seriously ill person, it is beneficial On the contrary, an overdose of morphine is harmful Drugs solve problems, but drug abuse causes problems What is the main idea of the passage? Choose the correct option a Penicillin is a useful drug b Drugs are both beneficial and harmful c Drug abuse is dangerous Did you understand the reading? A Write T (true) of F (false) by the following statements Bo not look at the reading Drugs are not chemicals Aspirin is always safe An overdose of a drug is sometimes causes death Doctors and patients must be careful with drugs Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are not beneficial drugs Drugs have no effect on the body Drugs are either natural or synthetic The same drugs are both beneficial and harmful Drug abuse is not a serious problem 10 Only natural drugs are beneficial B Choose the option which has the closest meaning to the underlined word Doctors found penicillin after World War II in the twentieth century A 1600s B 2000s C 1800s D 1900s Drugs are beneficial Doctors use them to cure and prevent diseases A good B bad C safe D Dangerous Natural drugs come from plants and animals A from plants and animals B from the laboratory C medical D dangerous An overdose of aspirin may cause death Too many sleeping pills may also cause death A not enough B too many C enough D Some Anesthetics put patients to sleep so that they not feel pain A however B also C therefore D Or Two hundred years ago, people had only natural medicine On the contrary, almost all medicine is synthetic today A however B also C consequently D or Many beneficial drugs are harmful, too A however B also C consequently D or C Circle the option that is the result of the given clause The patient took too many sleeping pills A She is sleeping normally B She is very sick There are too many new words in the lesson A I understand the lesson B I don’t understand the lesson 17 The doctors have too much work A They need help B They don’t need help The lesson is too long A I don’t like it B I like it D Study the word patterns VERBS NOUN ADJECTIVE affect effect effective harm harm harmful succeed success successful fail failure heal healer abuse abuser Choose the correct form to fill in the blank Drugs have different on the body, (affect, effect, effective) For hundreds of years, .have used the medical plants, (heal, healer) The operation was a (succeed, success, successful) When a kidney transplant doctors often try another one (fails, failure) Drug abuse is to the abuser and the other people, (harm, harmful) The body usually an organ from another person, (rejects, rejection) People who drugs often have serious problems, (abuse, abuser) Many get black lung disease, (mines, miners) E What the underlined words refer to? Drugs are chemicals that effect the human body They have good or bad effects Doctors have used them to cure diseases for many years In the twentieth century, doctors have found many new drugs One of these is penicillin Anesthetics put patients to sleep during the operations that they not feel any pain When they are sick, people sometimes must take many drugs Doctors and patients must be careful of the number of drugs that they take Drug abuse is a serious problem It may destroy the human body Drug abusers are dangerous to themselves and others Drug abusers cause accidents that hurt themselves and other people UNIT NATURAL MEDICINE Doctors in India and Chiana are famous for their knowledge of medicinal plans, but healers in many countries all over the world use natural medicines Many modem drugs come from a few of thousands of plants with medicinal uses For example, aloe vera is good for the skin It helps minor bums, such as sunburn Camomile and sage teas are good for stomach problems Mint or ginger teas often relax people There is new interest in natural medicine all over the world Scientists want to learn more about medicinal plants and their uses The World Healthe Organization (WHO) has a program to study natural medicines in many countries For hundreds of years, native healers used plants to help the sick Natural medicines, such as the opium poppy or the outside bark of the cinchona tree from South America were common Then in the 1800s, pharmacists recognized their value and began to study them In 1803, Friedrich Sertumer took morphine from the opium poppy He was the first pharmacist to extract a drug from a plant Later, scientists extracted quinine, which is a treatment for malaria from the cinchona bark Since then, scientist have extracted natural drugs from many plants They found aspirin in willow bark tea, which is natural treatment for headaches Scientists have studiedmedicinal plants and use the knowledge to make synthetic drug in the laboratory As a rresult, they can prosuce a large quantity of synthetic drug for some natural drugs that are not always common or easy to get At the present, pharmacists and physicians are studying drugs from different plants to treat cancer Many of these natural drugs are effective in the treatment of cancer Many different kinds of scientists such as physicians, biologists, and anthropologists are studying medicinal plants One kind of scientists who specializes in collecting medicinal plants is the ethnobotanist Ethnobotanist study groups of people and their medicines They travel to many places, such as South America and Africa, where there are thousands of medicinal plants They live with the native people and learn how the people use these plants Then the ethnobotanists bring the plants back to the laboratory where other scientists extract and study the drugs in them These studies are helping doctors find new cures for many diseases What Is the main idea? Put an X beside the main idea a Ethnobotanists study medicinal plamts and their uses b Scientists study natural medicines so the they can find new cures for diseases c Doctors in India and China are famous for their knowledge of medicinal plants 19 Did you understand the reading? Mark the statements T or F Do hot look at the reading _ Some modem drugs come from plants _ Some healers use plants to cure sickness _ India and China are the only countries which use medicinal plants _ There are only a few medicinal plants in the world _ Many different kinds of scientists are interested in medicinal plants _ Pharmacists cannot extract drugs from plants, _ Scientists study natural drugs so thet they can make synthetic drugs in the laboratory _ Ethnobotanists study people and theirs plants Did you understand these words in context? Circile the meaning for the italicized word Do not use your dictionary Go back to the reading for more context Pharmacists use their knowledge of natural dings to make synthetic drugs A plants B drugs C things that they make D things that they know Pharmacists extract morphine, which is a drug from the opium poppy, which is a flower A benefit B take care of C take out D make Sunburn is a monor bum A not serious B major C not useful D both A and C Scientists make synthetic drugs in the laboratory A artificial B expensive C real D both A and C As a result, scientists can produce a large amounts of some necessary and uncommon drugs A But B so C consequently D both A and C What these wrods mean? Like who and which, where also joins two sentences Where takes the place of a noun that is a place, Ethnobotanists travel to places in South America where there are thousands of medicinal plants Read the following sentences The pronouns are italicized Circle the noun that they refer to: Many doctors are famous for theie knowledge of madicinal plants especially in India and China where natural medicines are common In 1803, Friedrich Sertumer took morphine from the opium poppy He was the first pharmacists to extract a drug from a plant Later scientists extracted quinine, which is a treatment for malaria from the cinchona bark Ethnobotanists bring these plants back to the laboratory where thay and other scientists study the drugs in them Scientists who specialize in collecting and studying medicinal plants are ethnobotanists Can you put these sentences in order? Words like first, then, after, before, at last, and finally are called sequence words because they show order Pay attantion to these words in your reading They help you understand the order of ideas The sentences in order Use the sequence words to help you Number the sentences in the correct order See the example: People must study a long time to become soctors, Their education is long, difficult and expensive It costs a lot of money It happens in this order Then they go to a medical school for another four years After their residency, most doctors choose a specialization They must study their specialization for another year or more, Men and woman must study many years to become doctors First they must study for four years at a college or university Finally they are ready to begin their own practice They are residents for at least one year After medical school, they work in a hospital as residents Do you know these specialists? Write the letter of the sentence at the right for the specially on the left The purpose of this exercise is to review the names of doctors See the example: Family Practice Doctors A They taske care of eyes Dentists B They care for children Obstetricians C They take care of pregnant woman and deliver babies Anesthesiologists D They use operations to help patients Surgeonz E They take care of people of all ages Ophthalmologists F They put people to sleep for operations Pediatricianshe G They take care of people on teeth 21 / UNIT NUTRITION: VITAMINS AND MINERALS Nutrition, specifically, vitamins and minerals play an important role in our life Unfortunately, there are still some common misconceptions about them Vitamins are known to the general public - in fact, the public knows more about them than it does about certain other key aspects of nutrition One reason for this is that vitamins have been in the public eye for a while — at least since the middle of the 20th century, when their importance first became widely recognized This awareness does mean that the public knows how important vitamins are - even if it doesn't mean that we all eat a healthy diet all the time However, a problem arises that is associated with this, which is the number of old wive’s tales about vitamins Usually these fallacies are not dangerous, but they lead to a necessarily high intake of vitamin supplements For example, it is widely held that high doses of vitamin C will cure colds and flu There is no evidence that any vitamin can cure anything, and the body can’t store vitamin C, so those tablets you take are just an expensive waste of time Another common belief with no evidence is the idea that vitamin A helps you see in the dark Actually, there is some truth in this one, because vitamin A is necessary for good vision But in the dark, in the real darkness, nobody can see And of course, taking too much vitamin A can actually be bad for you But perhaps the most misleading idea, heavily promoted by certain companies, is that vitamins will make you intelligent Now, while a healthy diet is essential if you are to make the most of your intelligence, there is no evidence whatsoever that vitamin supplements can make the slightest bit of difference So what can vitamins do? Or, perhaps more accurately, why we need them? The answer is that we need them for all sorts of reasons Vitamin A, for example, also called retinol, is essential for good eyesight, especially at night, and to help us fight off infection and illness We get it from liver, butter, egg yolks and milk Vitamin D, as is well known, is used to build strong teeth and bones, but it also helps us absorb calcium Vitamin D is mainly formed in the skin through the action of sunlight How much you need depends on different factors such as age and health Vitamin H, tocopherol, is less well-known, but is necessary in maintaining a healthy balance of fats in the body We need 10-12 mg every day, and although some people take supplements, you can normally get what you need from a balanced diet The B complex includes vitamin Bl, thiamine, B2, riboflavine, B6, pyridoxine and B12, cyanocobalamin It performs many functions, including allowing our bodies to metabolise carbohydrates, forming healthy tissue, and perhaps most importantly, 22 / forming red blood cells to prevent pernicious anemia We need vaiying amounts of the B complex, and while most of us can get enough from a well-balanced diet, vegetarians may find themselves deficient in B12, which is only found in any noticeable quantity in meat, especially liver Finally, vitamin C is the one everyone knows Ascorbic acid, as it is also known, helps fight infection, which perhaps accounts for the myth about preventing colds It also helps protect against scurvy We need 30 mg a day, and can only really get this a mount from eating plenty of citrus fruit and fresh vegetables EXERCISES I Complete each sentence with no more than three words: The public has more knowledge of vitamins than other parts The public doesn’t always eat There is a widespread belief that vitamin C can Vitamin A helps you see Many people wrongly think that taking vitamin supplements can Vitamin A helps the body have good vision, infection, Vitamin D helps the body from healthy bone and We need mg of vitamin E every day B complex helps the body metabolise carbohydrates from healthy tissue and 10 We can get vitamin C from II True or false: The importance of vitamins was widely recomized long time ago A balanced diet can provide you with important vitamins You will be intelligent if you take vitamins Vitamin can cure any disease Pernicious anemia can be prevented by taking B complex Eating a lot of citrus fruits and fresh vegetables can give you the needed mount of vitamins III Fill in the blank with one word: Vitamins are important (1) our health, taking too much vitamin can (2) be bad for us We need vitamins for different reasons Vitamin A is essential for good eyesight, fighting .(3) infection and illness Vitamin D helps us (4) strong teeth and bones and (5) calcium Vitamin E is necessary for (6) fats in the body B complex performs the (7) of metabolizing Vitamin C is known to fight infection and to protect (8) scurvy / IV Sentence building: There / no evidence / vitamin A / help / see in the dark// Why / need / vitamin// How much / vitamin D / need /depend / different factors// We / normally / get / needed vitamins / balanced diet// B12 / only be found / meat / liver// 24 ... SỞ Y TẾ NINH BÌNH TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG Y TẾ CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc GIỚI THIỆU HỌC PHẦN NGOẠI NGỮ CHUYÊN NGÀNH Ngành đào tạo: CAO ĐẲNG DƯỢC LIÊN THƠNG... liên quan đến ngành Dược - Nâng cao kỹ đọc hiểu chuyên ngành Dược - Kỹ nắm bắt thông tin liên quan đến ngành Dược 5.3 Thái độ - Y? ?u thích môn học biết liên hệ với công việc tương lại - Nhận thức... and woman must study many years to become doctors First they must study for four years at a college or university Finally they are ready to begin their own practice They are residents for