The routledge handbook of applied linguistics

The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics serves as an introduction and reference point to key areas in the field of applied linguistics The five sections of the volume encompass a wide range of topics from a variety of perspectives:      Applied linguistics in action Language learning, language education Language, culture and identity Perspectives on language in use Descriptions of language for applied linguistics The 47 chapters connect knowledge about language to decision-making in the real world The volume as a whole highlights the role of applied linguistics, which is to make insights drawn from language study relevant to such decision-making The chapters are written by specialists from around the world Each one provides an overview of the history of the topic, the main current issues and possible future trajectory Where appropriate, authors discuss the impact and use of new technology in the area Suggestions for further reading are provided with every chapter The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics is an essential purchase for postgraduate students of applied linguistics James Simpson is a senior lecturer in the School of Education, University of Leeds Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the key topics in applied linguistics All entries for the handbooks are specially commissioned and written by leading scholars in the field Clear, accessible and carefully edited, Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics are the ideal resource for both advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics Edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics Edited by Anne O’Keeffe and Mike McCarthy The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes Edited by Andy Kirkpatrick The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by James Simpson Forthcoming: The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism Edited by Marilyn Martin-Jones, Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Susan Gass and Alison Mackey The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis James Paul Gee and Michael Handford The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies Edited by Carmen Millan Varela and Francesca Bartrina The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing Edited by Glenn Fulcher and Fred Davidson The Routledge Handbook of Intercultural Communication Edited by Jane Jackson The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by James Simpson First edition published 2011 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2011 Selection and editorial matter, James Simpson; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics / [edited by] James Simpson – 1st ed p cm Includes index Applied linguistics–Handbooks, manuals, etc I Simpson, James, 1954– P129.R68 2010 418–dc22 2010023814 ISBN 0-203-83565-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN: 978-0-415-49067-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-83565-4 (ebk) Contents List of tables and figures List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction: applied linguistics in the contemporary world James Simpson ix xi xix PART I Applied linguistics in action Language policy and planning Lionel Wee 11 Business communication Vijay Bhatia and Aditi Bhatia 24 Translation and interpreting Mona Baker and Luis Pérez-González 39 Lexicography Thierry Fontenelle 53 The media Anne O’Keeffe 67 Institutional discourse Celia Roberts 81 Medical communication Sarah Collins, Sarah Peters and Ian Watt 96 Clinical linguistics Michael Perkins and Sara Howard 111 v Contents Language and ageing Kees de Bot and Nienke van der Hoeven 10 Forensic linguistics Frances Rock 124 138 PART II Language learning, language education 153 11 Key concepts in language learning and language education Diane Larsen-Freeman 155 12 Second language acquisition Lourdes Ortega 171 13 Language teaching methodology Scott Thornbury 185 14 Technology and language learning Richard Kern 200 15 Language teacher education Simon Borg 215 16 Bilingual education Ingrid Gogolin 229 17 English for academic purposes Nigel Harwood and Bojana Petric´ 243 18 Language testing Barry O’Sullivan 259 19 Classroom discourse Amy B M Tsui 274 20 Language socialization Agnes Weiyun He 287 PART III Language, culture and identity 21 Language and culture Claire Kramsch vi 303 305 Contents 22 Identity Bonny Norton 318 23 Gender Judith Baxter 331 24 Ethnicity Roxy Harris 344 25 Sign languages Bencie Woll and Rachel Sutton-Spence 359 26 World Englishes Andy Kirkpatrick and David Deterding 373 27 Linguistic imperialism Suresh Canagarajah and Selim Ben Said 388 28 Multilingualism Jasone Cenoz and Durk Gorter 401 29 Language and migration Mike Baynham 413 PART IV Perspectives on language in use 429 30 Discourse analysis Guy Cook 431 31 Critical discourse analysis Kieran O’Halloran 445 32 Neurolinguistics Elisabeth Ahlsén 460 33 Psycholinguistics John Field 472 34 Sociocultural and cultural-historical theories of language development Steven L Thorne and Thomas Tasker 487 35 Sociolinguistics Carmen Llamas 501 vii Contents 36 Linguistic ethnography Janet Maybin and Karin Tusting 515 37 Literacy Doris S Warriner 529 38 Stylistics Elena Semino 541 PART V Descriptions of language for applied linguistics 555 39 Grammar Michael Swan 557 40 Lexis Joe Barcroft, Gretchen Sunderman and Norbert Schmitt 571 41 Phonetics and phonology Helen Fraser 584 42 Corpus linguistics Svenja Adolphs and Phoebe M S Lin 597 43 Cognitive linguistics Hans-Jörg Schmid and Friedrich Ungerer 611 44 Systemic functional linguistics Lynne Young 625 45 Generative grammar Shigenori Wakabayashi 638 46 The emergence of language as a complex adaptive system Nick C Ellis 654 47 Multimodality Theo van Leeuwen 668 Index viii 683 Tables and figures Tables 8.1 15.1 18.1 24.1 24.2 31.1 42.1 42.2 42.3 Articles published in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics according to linguistic theme LTE literature in six journals, 2005–9 Model details Tensions between tradition and modernity Tensions between modernity and late modernity SFL description of The Mirror text’s angle of representation Ten most frequent words in the BNC (written) and LCIE (spoken) Ten most frequent 2-word, 3-word and 4-word units in LCIE results per million words Concordance of the word ‘stand’, taken from the BNCWeb 119 218 263 346 347 456 600 601 604 Figures 2.1 2.2 11.1 14.1 14.2 18.1 26.1 31.1 35.1 40.1 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 Dynamics of business communication: motivation and inspiration Academic task demands in specific business disciplines Questions related to key concepts in language learning and education Arabic Without Walls Student screen from videoconferencing session in French using Skype A reconceptualisation of Weir’s socio-cognitive framework Sign on the door of a shop in Singapore The scope and foci of critical discourse analysis Rhoticity across socio-economic class (SEC) in various speech styles Revised hierarchical model A KWIC concordance of the word ‘corpus’ using the BNCWeb Illustration of the encoding of motion event-frame components in English and Spanish A system network Derivation in Government and Binding Theory Derivation in the Minimalist Program VP Structure T’ Structure TP Structure C’ Structure 25 29 156 207 208 261 380 447 504 579 603 617 630 641 642 642 642 643 644 ix Index Morgan, G et al 366 Morley, J 589, 590 morphology: grammar 558; sign languages 360–61 Morris, R et al 101 Morton, T et al 217, 219 Moskowitz, G 187, 275 Mossop, B 44 Mossop, J 376 Moyes, S 452 Mudraya, O 250 MUDs (Multi-User Domains) in linguistic ethnography 523 Mufwene, S 381 Muir, F 104 Mukarˇovsk, J 544 Müller, N 115 multi-layering in generative grammar 640 multiculturalism, challenge of 18–19 multidisciplinarity: CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) 448–51; clinical linguistics 120–21; psycholinguistics 473 multilingual identities 406–7 multilingual literacies 529, 535 multilingual practices: institutional discourse 90; multilingualism 406–7 multilingualism 401–10; acquisition of additional languages 407–8, 409; additive and subtractive multilingualism, distinction between 403; age and 405–6; ageing, language and 129; bilingual education 232, 239–40; bilingualism and 402; communicative competence 403; dimensions of 402–3; education and 403–4, 406; elusive nature of definition of 402–3; interactions within 402–3; language planning, education and 406; language processing in multilinguals 405; linguistic imperialism 394; linguistic landscape 408, 409; multilingual identities 406–7; multilingual practices 406–7; multimodality 408–9; multiple languages 402; neuroimaging techniques 406; neurolinguistics 468; outcomes of bilingualism and 404–5; perspectives on 401–4; productive and receptive abilities, distinction between 403; psycholinguistics and 403; receptive multilingualism 403; research areas 404–7; SLA (second language acquisition) 402; social dimension of 402; sociolinguistics and 403–4, 501; subtractive multilingualism 403; trends in study of 407–8; variations in use of term 401–2 multimedia: environments 209; language courses 206 multimodality 668–80; applied linguistics and 669; bi-annual conference on 669; body motion 669; the Centre 677; children’s conversations 670; classroom interaction 670–71; communicative processes, integrative use of 668; conjunction, linguistics of 676–77; conversation analysis 669; discourse analysis 437–38; discourse analysis (critical) and 671–72; educational applications 669–71; everyday interaction and 672–73; film, cinema and 668, 673, 675; future developments 678–80; Global Media Discourses (Machin, D and Van Leeuwen, T.) 671; identity categories, expression of 671; learning resources, textbooks and 670; linguistic schools and 668–69; Literacy in the New Media Age (Kress, G.) 670; logico-semantic relationships 676; media discourse 672; modes, description of 673–75; modes and media, distinction between 674–75; multilingualism 408–9; multimodal analysis 674; neurolinguistics and multimodal communication 467; New London Group 669; non-linguistic modes 673; Paris School 669; perception, multimodal nature of 668; polarization 676–77; Prague School 668–69; racist discourse 672; Reading Images (Kress, G and Van Leeuwen, T.) 674; research in linguistic ethnography 523–24; rhythm 677–78, 679; self-reflexivity 679; SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) and 634–35; social actors 671; social distance 673–74; study field, emergence of 668–69; technology, engagement with 679–80; television 668; text-image relations 675–76; text-image relations, semantics of 676; visual communications 673, 675; voice as ‘medium’ 675; word and image 675–77; writing 668; Before Writing (Kress, G.) 669–70 multiword units in corpus linguistics 604–5 Mumby, D and Clair, R 81 Mumby, D.K and Stohl, C 32 Munby, J 27, 37, 245–46 Muñoz, C 176, 405 Murata, K 455 Murray, J.A.H et al 54 Murray’s Oxford English Dictionary (OED) 54, 61 Murre, J and Goebel, R 464 MUS (Medically Unexplained Symptoms) 101 Muskett, T et al 118 Musolff, A 618 Mutonyi, H and Norton, B 326 Myers, G 2, 438 MySpace 202 The Myth of Mars and Venus (Cameron, D.) 338 myths about literacy 530–31 Naik, M.K and Narayan, S.A 382 narrative theory 46 711 Index Nassaji, H and Wells, G 279, 282 nation-states: language and, bonds between 230–32; language policy and planning (LPP) and 12–13; national agendas, business communications and 33 native speakers: intervention by 351–52; language learning and education 160; native speakerism 391; syntax of 651 nativism: nativist theory of language acquisition 472, 480–81; nativist view of SLF (Systemic Functional Linguistics) 627; SLA (Second Language Acquisition) and 175 Nattinger, J.R and DeCarrico, J.S 574 needs analysis: business communication 27–28; English for Academic Purposes (EAP) 245; rights analysis and 246–47 negative feedback on SLA 174 negative stereotypes in linguistic ethnography 520 Negueruela, E 494, 495 neighbourhood language, identity and 324 Nelson, C 319, 320 Nelson, G et al 384 Nelson, M 27 neoclassical approach to language policy and planning 14–15 Nerlich, B 618 Nesi, H and Basturkmen, H 250 network structure 661 networks: artificial neural network (ANN) modelling 464–65, 469; Longman Corpus Network 598; network structure 661; system networks 629–31 Neuner, G 308 neuroimaging: ageing, language and 132–33, 134; techniques, multilingualism and 406 neurolinguistics 460–70; aphasic syndromes 461, 462, 463, 465, 466, 467, 469; artificial neural network (ANN) modelling 464–65, 469; BDAE (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination) 465; brain activity, measurement and visualization of 464; brain damage and language disorders 462–63; classical frameworks in 462; clinical methods and technologies 465; definition of 460; Disconnection Syndromes in Animals and Man (Geschwind, N.) 461; dynamic development in 470; embodiment trend in 469–70; evolution of language and brain 463–64; evolutionary trend in 469–70; grammar 466; historical overview 460–62; language and 465–68; language functions and loss, simulation of 464–65; lexical semantics 466–67; linguistic behaviour, methods for study of 465; localisation of language function 463; methods and technology in research 464–65; 712 multilingualism 468; multimodal communication 467; PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia) 465; phonology 465–66; pragmatics 467; reading 467–68; research areas in 462–64; scope of, developments in 469–70; semantics 467; Studies in Neurolinguistics (Whitaker, H et al., eds.) 460; technology in research 464–65; trends and developments 468–69, 470; writing 467–68 Nevile, M 436 New Literacy Studies 521, 531–32 New London Group 669 New Method English Dictionary (West, M.P and Endicott, J.G.) 54 Newbury, P and Johnson, A 145 Newell, A 657 Newman, M and Hanauer, D 228 Newman, M.E.J et al 661 Newmeyer, F.J 645 Newport, E.L and Meier, R.P 366 newspapers 69–70 Ngo-Metzger, Q et al 100 Ngugi wa Thiong’o 349 Nichols, J 361 Nickerson, C 27, 33 Nida, E.A 40 Nida, E.A and Taber, C 40 Niedzielski, N 511 Niemeier, S and Reif, M 621 Nikander, P 131 Niranjana, T 45, 46 Nixon, R 668 NLP (Natural Language Processing) 64, 604 NNS (Non-Native Speakers) 277 nominalisation 448 non-biuniqueness 588 non-instructional applications of technology 206, 211 non-linguistic modes, multimodality and 673 non-linguistic perspective on translation and interpretation 41 nonlinearity in language 661 Nord, C 41 Norris, J.M and Ortega, L 180, 566 Norris, S 438, 672 Norris, S and Jones, R 669 Norton, B xiv, 4, 5, 158, 280, 281, 289, 297, 318–30, 331, 335, 338, 355, 407, 516 Norton, B and Pavlenko, A 320, 336 Norton, B and Toohey, K 179, 318, 321 Norton Peirce, B 179, 322 Nottingham Health Communication Corpus 602 novice teachers 222 Null Subject Parameters 645 Index Numeration 641–42 Numrich, C 221 Nunan, D 185, 221 Nusbaum, H and Goodman, J 588 Nwogu, K.N 247 Oakey, D 605 object permanence 481 Obler, L.K and Gjerlow, K 640 O’Brien, M.G and Levy, R.M 209 Ochs, E 287, 288, 290, 291, 307, 336, 338, 438, 669 Ochs, E and Schieffelin, B.B 202, 287, 290, 516 Oda, M 390 O’Dowd, R 208 O’Dowd, R and Ritter, M 207 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 223 O’Halloran, K.A xiv–xv, 5, 68, 69, 74, 76, 77, 79, 439, 440, 445–59, 635, 669 Ohta, A.S 288, 490 O’Keeffe, A xv, 67–80, 600 O’Keeffe, A et al 605 Olohan, M 41, 42 Olohan, M and Baker, M 41 O’Loughlin, K 267 Olshtain, E 578 Ong, L.M.L et al 97 Ong, W 530, 532 Ong’Ondo, C.O and Borg, S 221 online discourse 204 online intercultural encounters 206–10 online research 523; see also Internet ontogenesis of individuals 489 oral interjection 175 orality and literacy 530, 537 The Order of Discourse (Foucault, M.) 82 O’Riordan, M et al 103 Ortega, L xv, 4, 171–84, 277, 298, 402 Ostermann, A 145 O’Sullivan, B, xv, 4, 164, 259–73 O’Sullivan, B and de Jong, J 265, 266 O’Sullivan, B et al 267 O’Toole, M 634, 674, 675 out-of-school and in-school literacies 533 Output Hypothesis 278–79 oversimplification in lexicography 57–58 Oxford, R 170 Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (Hornby, A.S.) 56 Oxford English Corpus 598 Ozolins, U 417 Ozturk, I 249 Pachler, N et al 201 Packer, G 43, 44 Pahl, K 519 paired bilingual models 237–38 paired format language testing 267–68 Palmer, A 548 Palmer, H.E 54, 56, 186 Palmer, H.E and Hornby, A.S 54 Palmer, J 46 PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia) 465 Paltridge, B 250, 432 Panther, K.-U and Radden, G 618 Panther, K.-U and Thornburg, L 618 Paradis, M 406 Parakrama, A 397 paralanguage 437–38 parallel corpora 598 Paris School 669 patient-centredness 98–99, 106 Paul, P.V and Quigley, S.P 367 Pavlenko, A 320, 408, 580 Pavlenko, A and Blackledge, A 308, 407 Pavlenko, A and Dewaele, J.M 408 Pavlenko, A and Lantolf, J.P 175, 179, 308 Pavlenko, A and Norton, B 323 Pawley, A and Syder, F.H 574, 575, 657 Paxman, Jeremy 71, 76 Peal, E and Lambert, W.E 404 Pearson, L et al 217 pedagogy: pedagogic models in grammar 565; in SCT and CHAT 495–96 PEG (Project Essay Grader) 268 Peirce, C.S 491Pelissier, M 364 Pellerin, M 220 Pennington, M.C 589 Pennington, M.C and Richards, J.C 222 Pennsylvania Project 274–75 Pennycook, A 15, 17, 191, 194, 196, 247, 309, 325, 349, 356, 380, 383, 395, 397 Pennycook, A and Fairclough, N 308 perception: multimodal nature of 668; perceptual dialectological studies 508; psychological analyses of 657 Perdue, C 415 Pérez-González, L xv, 3, 39–52 Perfetti, C 479 Perkell, J and Klatt, D 588 Perkins, M xv, 3, 111–23 Perkins, M.R and Howard, S.J 101, 113, 560, 561 Perkins, M.R and Varley, R 116 Perkins, M.R et al 118 perpetual dynamics 660–61 perspectives on: language as complex adaptive system, emergence of 655–59; multilingualism 401–4 pervasiveness of translating and interpreting 39–40, 49 713 Index Peters, S xv, 3, 96–110 Peters, S et al 101 Petric´, B xv, 4, 243–58 phatic communion 574 Philbrick, F 139, 145 Philips, S.U 17, 516, 519 Phillips, C.E et al 117 Phillipson, R 165, 349, 383, 388, 390, 392, 393, 394 Phillipson, R and Skutnabb-Kangas, T 18 phonemes 587; phoneme-allophone model 588 phonetics and phonology 114–16, 584–93; applied linguistics and 589–90, 593; behaviourism and 588; coarticulation 588; complex nature of 584; Critical Age Hypothesis 588, 589; generative grammar and 588; generative theory 591; IndoEuropean languages, sound systems of 587; interpretive history 587–89; LADs (Language Acquisition Devices) 588; languages, practical description of 587–88; literacy bias 590–91; nature of speech 586–87; non-biuniqueness 588; phoneme-allophone model 588; phonemes 587; post-generative developments 589; real literacy bias 591, 592; speech, foundational observations about 585; speech, fundamental misconception about 585–86; speech, suprasegmental structure of 591; speech as complex system 592–93; theoretical linguistics 593; UG (Universal Grammar) 588 phonology: clinical linguistics 114–16; neurolinguistics 465–66; psycholinguistics 475; sign languages 360–61 phrase structure grammar 558 phrase translations 661 phraseology: corpus linguistics 603–5, 607; phraseological analyses 656–57 Piaget, Jean 173, 174, 481 Piatelli-Palmerini, M 481 Pica, T 165, 289 Pica, T et al 289 Pierrehumbert, J et al 589 Pike, K.L 587, 592 Pilkington, A 548 Piller, I 408, 417 Piller, I and Lorente, B 423 Pinker, S 117, 305, 463, 563 Pinto dos Santos, V.B.M 27 Pittaway, D 322 Pittenger, R.E er al 669 Planken, B 27, 33 Plath, Sylvia 546 Plato 460, 560, 571, 639 Plough, I and Gass, S 278 Podesva, R.J 506 714 Poehner, M.E 265, 494 polarization in multimodality 676–77 policing 142–45 political interviews 71–72 political pressures, context and 165 politics of representation 87 Pollitt, K 368 polysemy 573 Poole, D 288 Popova, Y 548 Port, R 591 Port, R.F and Van Gelder, T 659 positive discourse analysis 451 Posner, M.I and Keele, S.W 658 post-structuralism: poststructural thought 311; theories of language 319 postcolonial language planning, ethnicity and 349 Poster, M 309 postmethod condition 194 postmodernism: gender and 335–36; institutional discourse and 89 Potowski, K 319, 322, 323 Powell, T.W and Ball, M.J 120 power: and abstract forms of institutional discourse 87; and asymmetry in institutional discourse 84–85; imbalance in translating and interpreting 43; linguistic imperialism and issues of 397–98; power relations and bilingual education 234; power structures and translating and interpreting 44–45 Prabhu, N.S 159, 163, 189, 193 practical lexicography 53 The Practical Study of Languages (Sweet, H.) 259 practice: debates and future for language and culture 313–14; in LPP, concept of 20–21 practicum in LTE settings 220–21 pragmatic impairment, neurological bases for 117–19 pragmatics: clinical linguistics 117–19; discourse analysis 434–35; grammar and 567; language and culture 307; neurolinguistics 467 Prague School of Linguistics: multimodality and 668–69; SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) and 625–26; stylistics and 544 Prator, C.H 391 Pratt, M.-L 414, 420 Prawat, R 490, 495 prescriptive rules in grammar 563 Preston, D.R 508 Prévost, P and White, L 649 Prince, P 578 Principles and Parameters framework 641, 645, 646, 649 Prinsloo, M 326 Prinsloo, M and Baynham, M 325 Prior, P.A 252, 495 Index private speech 174 Probyn, M.J 396 Procter, P 55, 63 Prodromou, L 605 professionalism: discursive activities and professional practices, relationship between 35; professional settings for institutional discourse 83–84; professionalisation of language testing 262, 270 prominance 614–15 prototype semantics 612 prototype theory of categorization 612, 615–16 psycholinguistics 472–84; acquisition of language 480–83; alternative theories of language acquisition 481; behaviourism and 472; child directed speech 483; child language development 482–83; complexity, derivational theory of 473; dissemination of findings, failures in 484; diverse nature of field 472–73, 474; event related potentials 483; as field of study 472–73; fragmented nature of field 484; grammar 476; growth of field 484; knowledge, nature of 474–75; language storage and retrieval 474–76; lexis 475–76; listening 478–79; LTM (Long Term Memory) 474; meaning construction 480; memory and nature of knowledge 474–75; multidisciplinarity 473; multilingualism and 403; nativist theory of language acquisition 472, 480–81; object permanence 481; phonology 475; psycholinguistic theories of language 657; psychological reality 473; reading 479–80; research assumptions 473; simulations of language acquisition 481; speaking 477–78, 483; use of language 476–80; WM (Working Memory) 474; writing 478 public life: language and culture 312; LPP and need for engagement with 21; migration, language and public policy 416–17 Pujolar, J 179 Pulvermüller, F 467 Purpura, J 267 QCDA (Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency) 265 qualitative perspective on SLA 179 qualitative research 223 quantitative research 223 quantitative sociolinguistics 505 Quay, S 407 question form in forensic linguistics 144–45 questions concerning SLA 171 Quirk, R 351, 391 Quirk, R et al 56, 565 Quirk-Kachru debate 351 Quirk Report (1972) 112 Rabin, C 40 racial disparities in care quality 101–2 racist discourse, multimodality and 672 Radden, G and Dirven, R 621 Radford, A 646 radio chat shows 72 Rafael, V.L 46 Raley, R 47, 48 Rama Martínez, M.E 72 Ramachandran, V.S 549 Ramanathan, V 321 Ramanathan, V and Morgan, B 325 Rampton, B et al 88, 356, 436, 517 Rampton, M.B.H 89, 289, 312, 321, 351, 355, 391, 516, 517, 519, 523 Ramsden, P 592 Ramsey, C 367 Rand, D and Sankoff, D 511 Rappa, A.L and Wee, L 17 Rassool, N 325 Rastle, K 475 rational analyses 658 rational model, LPP and 12 Ratner, C 488 Rayner, K and Pollatsek, A 479 Rayson, P 601 reading: neurolinguistics 467–68; psycholinguistics 479–80 Reading Images (Kress, G and Van Leeuwen, T.) 674 real literacy bias 591, 592 real-world problems 311 realist epistemology 521–22 receptive multilingualism 403 receptive-productive distinction in lexis 576 recording signs 364 recording technologies, influences of 142–44 referential questions 277–78 reflective practice 220 register: analysis in EAP 244; in EMC 204, 205 regulation 489–90 Rehbein, J 307 Reibel, D.A., and Schane, S.A 643 Rein, W 231 Reinsch, N.L.Jr and Lewis, P.V 32 Reis-Jorge, J.M 221 Reisigl, M and Wodak, R 413, 418 Reiss, K 40 Relaño Pastor, M 418 Relaño Pastor, M and de Fina, A 418, 422 Renouf, A 606 Renouf, A et al 606 reproduction orientation 393 research: areas in multilingualism 404–7; areas in neurolinguistics 462–64; assumptions in psycholinguistics 473; future for language and culture 313; interests in grammar 715 Index 567–68; language teacher education (LTE) 217, 223–24; methodology in language teaching 195–96; strategy for generative grammar 643–45; themes in SLA 175–80; tradition in language socialization 287 research issues: classroom discourse 277–81; translating and interpreting 42–49 research methods: clinical linguistics 113–14; medical communication 102–3; and paradigms in media discourse 72–76 resistance: identity and 324; perspective on linguistic imperialism 393 Reuter-Lorenz, A 130 RHD (Right Hemisphere Brain Damage) 117–18 Rhetoric (Aristotle) 571 rhetorical analysis in EAP 244 RHM (Revised Hierarchical Model) 579–11 rhoticity 504 rhythm: multimodality 677–78, 679; World Englishes 377 Rice, M.L et al 113 Ricento, T 11, 237, 318 Ricento, T and Wiley, J 319 Richards, I.A 544 Richards, J and Rodgers, T 191 Richards, J and Schmidt, R 191, 192 Richards, J.C 185, 195, 215, 217, 219 Richards, J.C and Lockhart, C 163, 216 Richards, J.C and Nunan, D 216, 217 Richards, J.C et al 72, 382 Richards, K 280, 281 Richardson, J 84 Richardson Bruna, K 535 Rickford, J.R and McNair-Knox, F 507 rights analysis in EAP 246–47 Riley, P 433 Ringbom, H 405 Rings, G and Ife, A 417 Risager, K 307 Rivandeneyra, R.M.A et al 100 Rivers, W 187 Rizza, C 438 Rizzolatti, G et al 463 Roach, P 589 Robbins, D 495 Roberts, C xv, 3, 81–95, 100 Roberts, C and Campbell, S 90, 91, 421 Roberts, C and Sarangi, S 15, 21, 84, 90, 103, 104, 105 Roberts, C et al 98, 102, 104, 422, 520, 524 Roberts, I 645 Roberts, P 654 Robinson, P and Ellis, N.C 621 Robinson, P et al 251 Roche, J 307 Rock, F xvi, 3, 85, 138–52, 560 Rogers, Carl 187 716 Rogers, P.S 27, 32, 33 Rogers, T.T and McClelland, J.L 658 Rogoff, B and Wertsch, J.V 494 role-play: focused role-play tasks 209–10; methodology in language teaching 188–89 Römer, U 250 Rommeveit, R 281 Rosch, E 476, 611, 612 Rosch, E and Mervis, C.B 612, 657, 658 Rosch, E et al 612, 658 Rose, P 589 Rosenshine, B 275 Ross, J.R 646 Rossell, C.H and Kuder, J 237, 238, 239 Roter, D and Larson, S 102 Rott, S 577 Roy, C 43 Royer, J.M 578 Rubin, J and Jernudd, B.H 12 Ruiz, E.M 217 rule-based representation 175 rule-governed discrete combinatory system, language as 157 Rumelhart, D.E and McClelland, J.L 481 Rundell, M 55, 59, 60, 62, 64 Ruohotie-Lyhty, M and Kaikkonen, P 222 Russell, Bertrand 561 Russian formalism 544 Ruusuvuori, J 98, 105 Ryan, E et al 131 Sacks, H et al 72, 74, 157, 306, 435 Sacks, Harvey 88 Saeed, J et al 362 Said, E.W 280 Sailaja, P 379 Saint, Eva Marie 678 Salager-Meyer, F et al 248 Salama-Carr, M 46 Saldanha, G 41, 42 salience: cognitive linguistics 614–15; of gender 337–39 Salmon, P et al 101, 103 Salter, C et al 99 Samraj, B 247, 248 Sánchez, P 535 Sanderson, T 248 Sandwall, K 422 Sapir, E and Whorf, B 561 Sapir, Edward 305, 515, 587 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 305 Sarangi, S and Baynham, M 319 Sarangi, S and Coulthard, M 311 Sarangi, S and Roberts, C 83, 307, 421 Sarangi, S and Slembrouck, S 83, 84, 89, 415, 421 Saro-Wiwa, Ken 382 Index Sassen, S 413, 423 satellite-frames 617 Saussure, F de 157, 305–6, 319, 434, 438, 571, 587, 619, 654, 656, 659, 662 Saussure’s analysis of linguistic signs 662–63 Saville, N and Hargreaves, P 261 Saville-Troike, M 402 Sawchuk P et al 495 Scarborough, H.S et al 585 Schaie, K.W 124 Schank, R.C and Abelson, R.P 435, 657 Schecter, S.E and Bayley, R 288 Schegloff, E.A 74, 118, 306, 340 Schegloff, E.A et al 72 schema theory 435 Schembri, A 362 Schembri, A et al 369 Schermer, G 367 Schick, B 366 Schieffelin, B 288 Schieffelin, B and Ochs, E 287 Schieffelin, B et al 417 Schiffrin, R.M and Schneider, W 474 Schleef, E 248 Schmaling, C 368 Schmenk, B 307 Schmid, H.-J xvi, 611–24 Schmid, H.-J and Ungerer, F 7, 586 Schmid, M 127 Schmidt, J 201 Schmidt, R 178 Schmied, J 377 Schmitt, D and Schmitt, N 250 Schmitt, N xvi, 167, 571–83, 605 Schneider, B.A and Pichora-Fuller, M.K 133 Schneider, E.W 381 Schneider, E.W et al 375 Schoenemann, P.T 662 Schön, D.A 17, 163, 220 School of Applied Linguistics, University of Edinburgh 305 Schrauf, R 126 Schreier, D 377 Schubert, Friedrich Wilhelm 230 Schultz, K 533 Schultz, K and Hull, G 533 Schultz, R.A 161, 215, 223 Schulz, M.R 334 Schumann, J.H 161, 289, 322, 415 De Schutter, H 17, 18 Schwabe, M et al 101 Schwartz, B and Sprouse, R 648 Schwerdtfeger, C 307 scientific objectivity 15 Scollon, R 438, 672 Scollon, R and Scollon, S 306, 307, 308, 669, 672 Scollon, R and Wong-Scollon, S 438 Scott, M 75, 601 Scribner, S and Cole, M 489, 521, 531 Scripture, E.W 112 SCT (Sociocultural Theory) of language 487–88, 495, 496, 658 Seale, C et al 103 Sealey, A and Carter, B 344, 522 Searle, J.R 434 Second Life: language and culture 309; technology and language learning 202, 209 Seedhouse, P 276, 435, 436 Seidel, T and Shavelson, R.J 234 Seidlhofer, B 166, 382, 396, 605 self: self-reflexivity 679; sense of 175 Seliger, H.W 278 Selim, S 49 Selinker, L 172, 187 semantic prosody: corpus linguistics 603; stylistics 547 semantics: clinical linguistics and 116–17; neurolinguistics and 467; properties of words 572–73; prototype semantics 612; semantic fields 573; syntactic and semantic equivalence, lack of between languages 43; text-image relations, semantics of 676; see also LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis) Semino, E xvi, 6, 435, 440, 541–53 Semino, E and Culpeper, J 545, 548 Semino, E and Short, M 543, 545 semiotics 437–38 sentences, production and interpretation of 650 sex and gender, contestation of terms 332, 341 sexism 450 sexual orientation 320 sexuality and gender 336–37 SFL and CDA: Studies in Social Change (Young, L and Harrison, C.) 634 SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) 625–36; applications of 633–35; appreciation 629; CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) and 447, 448, 450, 452–53, 455, 456–57; culture, context of 632–33; discourse analysis and 634–35; early SFL and generative grammar 626–27; experiential sub-functions 628; extensions of 633–35; function, concept of 628; generative grammar 626–27; genres, context of 632–33; Halliday’s early writing on 635–36; ideational metafunctions 628; in-depth view of 627–31, 635–36; interpersonal realizations 629; Language as Social Semiotic (Halliday, M.A.K.) 625, 626; logical sub-systems 628; metafunctions 628–29; multimodality and 634–35; nativist view 627; Prague School of Linguistics 625–26; roots of 625–26; SFL and CDA: Studies in Social Change (Young, L and Harrison, C.) 634; situation and register, 717 Index contexts of 631–32; situational variables 632; stylistics and 545–46; system networks 629–31; systemicist view 627; textual metafunctions 628 Sha, G 201 Shakespeare, William 546, 547, 548 Shanks, D.R 657 shared decision-making 98–99 Sharp, C 221 Shaw, A and Ahmed, M 105 Shaw, S and Greenhalgh, T 102 Shelby, A.N 32 Shin, S.J 291 Shiri, S 206 Shklovsky, V 544 Shockey, L 586 Shohamy, E 17, 310, 409 Shohamy, E and Gorter, D 419 Short, M 543, 544, 546, 547 Short, M et al 549 Shriberg, L.D et al 115 Shulman, L.S 218 Shuy, R 139, 141, 148 Sidhwa, B 382 Sidnell, J 338 sign languages 359–70; acquisition of 366; American Sign Language 360; bilingual context in 362–69; bimodal bilingualism 364; deaf communities, case studies of ‘non-Western’ 362–63; dictionaries 364–66; education and 366–68; hearing and deaf communities, encounters between 363; history 369; interpreters 368–69; learning sign language as a first language 366; learning sign language as a second language 368; linguistic structure of signed languages 360–62; modality 360; morphology 360–61; phonology 360–61; recording signs 364; standardisation 364–66; structures 360; syntax 360–61; technological change 369; visually motivated signs 361–62 signal grammar 622 silent way 187 Silverman, D 88 Silverstein, M 510, 516, 517, 523 Silverstein, M and Urban, G 516, 517 Simmons-Mackie, N and Damico, J 119 Simpson, J 1–7, 208 Simpson, P 543, 549 Simpson, R 605 Simpson-Vlach, R 249, 251 Simpson-Vlach, R and Ellis, N.C 600 simulations: of language acquisition in psycholinguistics 481; methodology in language teaching 188–89 Sinclair, J 58, 59, 60, 62, 248, 599, 602, 603, 604, 605, 656, 657 718 Sinclair, J.M and Coulthard, R.M 195, 275, 433, 435, 437 Singapore 350 Singleton, D 405 Singleton, D and Ryan, L 405 situational language teaching 188 situational variables in SFL 632 Skehan, P 190 Skilton-Sylvester, E 322 Skinner, B.F 159, 187 Skuse, D.H 481 Skutnabb-Kangas, T 231, 394 Skutnabb-Kangas, T and McCarthy, T.L 402, 403 Skutnabb-Kangas, T and Phillipson, R 390, 392 Skype 202 SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 171–82; associationism 175; BFLA (Bilingual First Language Acquisition) and 171–72; cognition, contribution of 175, 177–78, 181; cognitive emphasis 173–74; critical perspective 179; crosslinguistic influences 176–77; EAP (English for Academic Purposes) and 252; early starts, effects of 176, 181; early theories 173; emergentism 174–75; empiricism 175; environment, contribution of 177–78, 181; FLA (First Language Acquisition) and 171–72; formal instruction 181; generalism 175; grammar 566; grammar and language 175; historical perspective, theories in 172–75, 181; identity and 318; individual differences research 178; individual variability 181; instruction, role of 179–80; interlanguage 172–73; language and culture 305; language learning and education 161; late starts, effects of 176, 181; linguistic emphasis 173–74; meaning, negotiation for 174; mediation 174; modularity 175; multilingualism and 402; nativism 175; negative feedback 174; noticing 174; oral interjection 175; private speech 174; qualitative perspective 179; questions concerning 171; research themes 175–80; rule-based representation 175; second language (L2) learning 575–79; second language learning, nature of 191, 192; self, sense of 175; social turn, wider effects 175; socio-dynamic variability 178–79; socioculturalism 174–75, 179; variability across individuals 178–79, 181–82; ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) 174–75 Slabakova, R 564 Slavin, R 234, 237 Slavin, R.E and Cheung, A 237–39 Slembrouck, S 432 Slembrouck, S and Collins, J 422 Index SLI (Specific Language Impairment) 111–12, 113, 116–17 Slobin, D 160, 361, 491, 617, 618, 656 Smart, G 27 Smith, D 521 Smith, M 82, 83 Smith, M.K and Lewis, M 221 Smith, N 643 Smith, N and Tsimpli, I.M 640 Smith, N.V 483 Smith, William Kennedy 145 Snow, C.E 159 Snowdon, D 127 Snyder, I 536 Snyder, I and Prinsloo, M 325 Soars, J and Soars, L 189 social actors 671 social change and categories of identity 320–21 social constructionism: gender and 335–36; influence on linguistic ethnography 516 social-cultural-historical-practice perspective 533–34 social dimension of multilingualism 402 social distance in multimodality 673–74 social domination, discourse and 68 social enterprise, learning as 161–62 social fact, language as 157 social identity: identity in general and 318; language socialization and 288–89 social information, indexing of 512 social interaction 574 social meaning of variability 510 social mobility, language change and 509 social order 81–82 Social Science Research Centre, Berlin 237 socio-cognitive analysis 449 socio-cultural change 450 socio-cultural order, language and 86–87 socio-dynamic variability 178–79 socio-political boundaries 26 sociocultural and cultural-historical theories of language development 487–97; applied research in SCT and CHAT 495–96; biology 490–02; CHAT (Cultural-Historical Activity Theory) 487–88, 495, 496; cognition 490–92; consciousness, language and 491; culture 490–92; DWR (Developmental Work Research) 495–96; dynamic assessment 492–95; internalization 489–90; language 490–92; mediation 489–90; ontogenesis of individuals 489; pedagogy in SCT and CHAT 495–96; regulation 489–90; relationship between 488; SCT (SocioCultural Theory) 487–88, 495, 496; sociocultural domain 489; sociocultural theorization 487, 488–89; sociogenesis of mind 488–89; usage-based approaches 491–92; ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) 492–95 socioculturalism: language learning and education 162; SLA (Second Language Acquisition) and 174–75, 179; sociocultural perspectives in classroom discourse 278–80 sociogenesis of mind 488–89 sociolinguistics 501–12; acoustic analysis 511; community of practice 505; debates, new methods and 510–12; education, language change and 509; ethnography 505–6; forensic phonetics 501; historical perspective 503–6, 512; institutional discourse 88; inter-speaker difference, patterns of 503–4; interactional sociolinguistics 502; issues 508–10; language change 508–9; language planning 501; language-related decision-making 501; language therapy 501; language use, variation in 502; linguistic variables 503, 507–8; media, language change and 509; methods 506–8, 510–12; multilingualism and 403–4, 501; perceptual dialectological studies 508; quantitative sociolinguistics 505; rhoticity 504; social information, indexing of 512; social meaning of variability 510; social mobility, language change and 509; sociolinguistic research 501; sociolinguistic surveys in LPP 13; sociophonics 502; speech data, naturally occurring 501–2; speech therapy 501; variability, production and perception of 511–12; variationist sociolinguistics 502, 503; wave studies 505–6; wide-ranging nature of 501 Söhn, J 237–40 Solomon, N 147 Sommers, M and Barcroft, J 578 Sonkowsky, R.P 571 Sorace, A 649 Sosa, A.V and Bybee, J 115 source domains in cognitive linguistics 614 Spack, R 246, 252 Spada, N and Massey, M 221 speaking 477–78, 483; spoken media 70–72; studies in media discourse, written vs spoken 69–72; see also speech Spearman, C 260 specialised corpora 597–98 speech: as complex system 592–93; data on, natural occurrence of 501–2; foundational observations about 585; fundamental misconception about 585–86; nature of 586–87; speech therapy 501; suprasegmental structure of 591 Spencer, J and Dales, J 104 Spencer, J.P et al 659 Spencer, P.E 366 Spender, D 331, 334 719 Index Spivey, M 659 Spolsky, B 16, 161, 260 Sprachlehr-und lernforschung 307 Stahuljak, Z 46 Standard Theory 641 standardisation: and education in grammar 562–64; of sign languages 364–66 Stanet, P and Christensen, G 235 Steels, L 661 Stefanowitsch, A and Gries, S.Th 618, 620 Stein, P 319, 321 Stemmer, B 118 Stenglin, M 675 Stern, H.H 191, 193, 305 Stevick, E 187 Stewart, James 675 Stewart, M.A 98 Stewart, M.A et al 97, 103, 104, 105 stimulus, poverty of 639–40 Stivers, T 97, 98 Stivers, T and Majid, A 100 Stockwell, P 548 Stojanovik, V et al 117 Stokoe, E 338, 438 Stokoe, E and Edwards, D 144 Stokoe, W.C 360 Stone, C.A 494 Storch, N and Tapper, J 251 Storey-White, K 141 Stork, D.G 668 Strange, W 589 Stratman, J and Dahl, P 147 Street, B 437, 521, 530, 531, 532, 533, 536 Street, B and Lefstein, A 531 Stroud, C 18 Stroud, C and Wee, L 19 structuralism: methodology in language teaching 186–87; post-structuralist and structuralist views on language 313; structuralist theories of language 319 Structure Dependency, Principle of 645 Stuart-Smith, J 509, 510 Stubbs, M 69, 433, 439, 440, 451, 455, 543, 600, 603 Studies in Neurolinguistics (Whitaker, H et al., eds.) 460 stylistics 541–51; challenges 547–50; cognitive linguistics and 547; cognitive stylistics 548–49; computer-aided stylistics 547–48; Contemporary Stylistics (Lambrou, M and Stockwell, P.) 548; corpus-based stylistics 547–48; corpus linguistics and 543; distinctiveness, determination of 542; dualism 541; fictional interactions 546–47; general stylistics 542–44; generative grammar and 545; history 542–47; Investigating English Style (Crystal, D and 720 Davy, D.) 542–43; Language and Literature 549; language corpora and 543–44; linguistic analysis 544–45; Linguistic Stylistics (Enkvist, N.E.) 542–43; literary language, status of 550; literary stylistics 542, 544–47; literary stylistics, rise and development of 545; manual quantification 547; monism 541; practical criticism, influence of 544; Prague Linguistic Circle, influence of 544; Russian formalism, influence of 544; semantic prosody 547; style and 541–42; systemic-functional approach to language and 545–46; transitivity patterns 546 sub-disciplinary framing 31 sub-disciplinary variation 28–30 Sub-Saharan Africa 349–50 sub-specialisms in clinical linguistics 111 Subjacency Condition 645 subtractive bilingualism 235; notion of 231 subtractive multilingualism 403 Suchan, J and Charles, M 32 Suchman, L 89 Sudnow, D 96, 97, 102 suggestopedia 187 Summers, D 64 Sunderland, J 320, 332, 339 Sunderman, G xvi, 571–83 Sunderman, G and Kroll, J.F 580 Supalla, T 362 supraterritorial audiences 46 Survey of India (Grierson, G.A.) 20 Sutton-Spence, R xvi, 359–72 Swain, M 278, 279, 494 Swain, M and Lapkin, S 495 Swain, M et al 494, 495 Swales, J 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 69, 157, 244, 245, 247, 249, 260, 439 Swales, J et al 249 Swales, J.M and Feak, C.B 250 Swan, M xvi, 7, 557–70 Swan, M and Walter, C 189 Swann, J 339, 438 Sweet, H 186 Sweetser, E 548 Swidler, A 312, 313 Swiss model of bilingual education 233 syllabus type 191, 192 synaptic pruning 130 syntactic complexity 147 syntactic information, representation of 53–54 syntax: grammar 558; sign languages 360–61 system networks 629–31 systemic grammar 558 A Table Alphabetical (Cawdrey, R.) 53 Tagliamonte, S 508 Takeda, K 46 Index Talamas, A et al 580 Talbot, M 335, 438 TALIS (Teaching and Learning International Survey) 223 TalkBank 113 Tallal, P and Piercy, M 117 Talmy, L 611, 614, 616, 617, 621, 657 Talmy, S 291, 324 Tannen, D 335 target domains in cognitive linguistics 614 Tarone, E 172, 174 Tarone, E et al 180, 239 task demands in business communication 29–30 Tasker, T xvi, 6, 487–500 Taub, S 360 Tayao, M.L.G 376, 377 Taylor, C 18 Taylor, J.R 592, 616, 656, 657 TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) 117–18 TBLT (Task-Based Language Teaching) 189 teachers: communicative practices of 289; language learning and education 161–63; teacher cognition 218 teaching: goals and objectives in 191, 192; language and 164, 167; language learning and education 161–63; materials, EAP and 252; novice teachers 222; roles of teachers, learners and instructional materials 191, 192; situational language teaching 188; subject teachers, cooperation with 246; teacher training, EAP and 252; see also foreign language teaching; LTE (Language Teacher Education); methodology in language teaching technology: advances in translating and interpreting 48; change in sign languages and 369; engagement with, multimodality and 679–80; identity 325–26; impact on corpus linguistics 606–7; influence of new technology on ageing, language and 132–33; influence of World Englishes 383–84; influences of new technology in medical communication 102; innovation in institutional discourse 89, 91; institutional discourse, technical jargon 87; language learning and education 166–67; language testing 268–70; language testing, technical aspects 266–67; in neurolinguistics research 464–65; role in language and culture 312–13; technical vocabulary 575 technology and language learning 200–212; blended learning 206; blogs 203, 205–6; chat 203, 205; communicative motivation 203; community participation 208–10, 211; computer-mediated games 209; Cultura Project 202, 207; cultural interactions 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211; digital technology 200–201; discussion forums 208–9; distance learning 206; electronically mediated communication (EMC) 202–6, 211; Facebook 202; focused role-play tasks 209–10; genre in EMC 203–4, 211; instructional applications 206, 211; intercultural competence, development of 207–8; massively multiplayer online games (MMOG) 209; mediation in EMC 204–6, 211; ‘medium’ metaphor 201–2; metaphors of 201–2; multimedia environments 209; multimedia language courses 206; MySpace 202; non-instructional applications 206, 211; online discourse 204; online intercultural encounters 206–10; projects 202; register in EMC 204, 205; Second Life 202, 209; Skype 202; ‘tool’ metaphor 201, 202; ‘tutor’ metaphor 201, 202; virtual reality games 209; wikis 203 Tedick, D 216, 219 television: media discourse 70; multimodality 668 Tembe, J and Norton, B 325 temporal-spatial specification 292–98 ten Have, P 72 Ten Thije, J.D and Zeevaert, L 403 TESOL Quarterly 318–19, 320–21, 325 TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) 215, 217, 218, 223 test delivery 269 test design 268 test development 268–69 test validation 260–62, 263; see also language testing text: context and discourse in discourse analysis 433–34; and image, relationship between 450, 675–76; text-task relationships in business communication 26–27; textual metafunctions 628 textbooks: and teaching materials, corpora and 250; textbook knowledge 194 theoretical directions in linguistic ethnography 518 theoretical frameworks in generative grammar 641–43 theoretical lexicography 53 theoretical linguistics: applied linguistics, generative grammar and 645; phonetics, phonology and 593 theoretical strands in translating and interpreting 41 theories of language, identity and 319–20 Thinking and Speaking (Vygotsky, L.) 662 Thomas, M 648 Thompson, P 249, 251 Thornborrow, J 72, 85, 144 721 Index Thornbury, S xvi, 4, 168, 185–99, 236, 566, 592 Thorndike, E.L 259 Thorne, J.P 545 Thorne, S.L xvi, 6, 209, 487–500 Thorne, S.L and Lantolf, J.P 491, 492 Thorne, S.L and Tasker, T 175, 190, 278, 279, 592 Thorne, S.L et al 495 Thousand-Word English (Palmer, H and Hornby, A.S.) 54 threshold hypothesis 235, 236 Tiersma, P 138, 139, 147 Tiersma, P and Curtis, M 147 Tiersma, P and Solan, L 141 TLA (Teacher Language Awareness) 219 Todeva, E and Cenoz, J 408 TOEFL (Test for English as a Foreign Language) 260, 264 TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) 266 Tognini-Bonelli, E 600 Tollefson, J.W 14, 15 Tomasello, M 160, 464, 489, 491, 492, 620, 657 Tomasello, M and Lieven, E 620 Toohey, K 196, 319 Toolan, M.J 69, 451, 455, 543, 549 tools: and methods in corpus linguistics 600, 607; for teacher training 275–76 top-down working 438–39 topic prominence 379–80 Torgersen, E et al 508 Tottie, G 74 Towell, R and Hawkins, R 646 Towle, A and Godolphin, W 98–99 Tracy, K and Anderson,D 145 transformational grammar 558, 565 transitional bilingual education 234, 235, 236, 237, 239 transitivity patterns 546 translating and interpreting 39–49; audiovisuals 48; bilingual courtroom proceedings 42; corpus linguistics and 41–42; deaf and hard-of-hearing 45; English as lingua franca 47; equivalence 40–41; equivalence of function 40–41; European Union (EU) 44; fansubbers 48; globalization and 39, 42, 47–48; globalized information society and 46–49; Goffman’s ‘participation framework’ 43; historical overview 40–42; ideology and power in shaping behaviour 42; inequality issues, interest in 45; as institution-building practices 42–44; as institutionalized practices 42–44; interventionist activism 48–49; latitude for interpretation, limits on 42–43, 44; minority groups and 45; narrative theory 46; non-linguistic perspective 41; pervasiveness 722 of 39–40, 49; power imbalance 43; power structures and 44–45; research issues 42–49; supraterritorial audiences 46; syntactic and semantic equivalence, lack of between languages 43; technological advances 48; theoretical strands in, expansion of 41; United Nations (UN) 44; in war zone 45–46 Translations (Brian Friel play) 45 transnationalism: linguistic imperialism and transnational flows 394–95; literacy and 535; migration and language 423 Trechter, S and Bucholtz, M 516 Trew, T 448 Trew, T and Fowler, R 634 Tribble, C and Jones, G 605 trilingual schooling 233 Trinch, S 145, 415 Trinka, B 626 Trubetzkoy, N 626 Trudgill, P 332, 503, 505, 507, 509 Trudgill, P and Hannah, J 377, 379 truth, knowledge and 82 Tsimpli, I.-M and Dimitrakopoulou, M 649 Tsimpli, I.-M and Roussou, A 648, 649 Tsimpli, I.-M and Sorace, A 649 Tsui, A.B.M xvii, 4, 195, 216, 222, 274–86, 436 Tsur, R 548 Tuckett, D et al 99 Tusting, K xvii, 515–28 Tutu, Desmond 451 Twitter 309 two-way immersion models 236 Tyler, A 621 Tyler, A and Evans, V 615, 621 Tymoczko, M 41 UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate) 259–60 UG (Universal Grammar) 559, 564; generative grammar 640, 650; phonetics and phonology 588 Ulijn, J et al 32 Ullman, M.T and Pierpont, E.I 117 Underhill, A 589 Underwood, G et al 575 Ungerer, F xvii, 611–24 United Kingdom: assessment literacy and entry to 265–66; context in linguistic ethnography 517–18; deferential interviewing in 70; foreign language teaching in 166; identity and language teaching 321; linguistic ethnography in 517–18; medical education 104; minority-majority relations 352–53; national security and immigration in 417; NHS (National Health Service) 102; Quirk Report (1972) 112 United Nations (UN) 44 Index United States: ethnicity and language in 354; grammar in society 388, 389; language and culture 305; linguistic imperialism 388, 389; Michigan University English Language Institute 245, 305; minority-majority relations 353–55; SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 173, 179; Strategic Languages Initiative 166 universal event-frames 616–18 universalist approaches to literacy 531–32 Unsworth, L 669 Unz, R 354 Upshur, J.A and Turner, C 268 usage-based approaches: analytical tools in business communication 33; associative learning, grammar and 559, 564–65; sociocultural and cultural-historical theories of language development 491–92; theories of language acquisition 656 Uzuner, S 251 Vachek, J 625, 626 Vainikka, A and Young-Scholten, M 648 Valdés, G 179, 180 Valdés, G and Angelelli, C 421 Valdes, J.M 318 Vale, D 268 validity in language testing 260, 261, 263 Valsiner, J 488, 489 Van der Hoeven, N xvii, 3, 124–37 Van der Hoeven, N and de Bot, K 132 van der Veer, R 488, 489 Van Deusen-Scholl, N 210 van Dijk, T 68, 74, 390, 417, 433, 445, 446, 449, 450 Van Geert, P 126, 659 van Gompel, R.P.G and Pickering, M.J 479 Van Herreweghe, M and Vermeerbergen, M 365 Van Heuven, W.J.B 580 Van Lancker, D 116 van Leeuwen, T xvii, 7, 409, 438, 450, 633, 668–82 van Leeuwen, T and Wodak, R 418 van Lier, L 190, 195, 196, 202, 276, 277, 281, 309, 437, 495 Van Moere, A 267 van Peer, W 549 van Ryn, M and Burke, J 100 Vanhecke, E and De Weerdt, K 367 Varghese, M et al 325 variability and variations: across individuals in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) 178–79, 181–82; context and, language policy and planning (LPP) 16–17; context variables 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 196; multilingualism, variations in use of term 401–2; production and perception of, sociolinguistics 511–12; variation and context in language 69–70; variationist sociolinguistics 502, 503; variationist studies in gender 332–33 Varner, I.I 33, 34 Varonis, E.M and Gass, S 277 Venkatagiri, H.S and Levis, J 590 Ventola, E et al 669 Venuti, L 41 verb-frames 617 Vergaro, C 27, 33 Vermeer, Hans J 41 Vermeerbergen, M 362 Verspoor, M et al 179, 181 Vertovec, S 89, 239, 413 Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE) 599 Vigouroux, C 424 Vihman, M 590 virtual literacy ethnography 523 virtual reality games 209 virtual space 423 virtual worlds 309 visual communications 673, 675 visually motivated signs 361–62 Vlugter, P et al 201 vocabulary attrition 578 vocabulary control movement 54–55 vocabulary knowledge and testing methods 576 voice as ‘medium’ 675 Vološinov, V.N 434, 491, 516, 518 von der Emde, S and Schneider, J 207 Vuorela, T 27 Vygotsky, L.S 162, 174, 190, 279, 281, 483, 488, 489, 490, 492, 493, 495, 496, 658, 662 Wadensjö, C 43 Wakabayashi, J 49, Wakabayashi, S xvii, 7, 175, 177, 638–53 Wakabayashi, S and Okawara, I 648 Wakabayashi, S et al 650 Wales, K 541, 542, 549 Walker, S 438 Wallace, C 321 Wallace, M.J 216, 220 Wallace, W.D 69 Wallerstein, I 390 Walsh, S 195 Walter, C 564 Wang, J et al 250 war zone translating 45–46 Warde, A 19 Ware, P and Kramsch, C 308 Ware, P.D 207 Waring, R and Takaki, M 577 Warner, C.N 204 Warnes, A.M et al 126 723 Index Warren, R 585 Warriner, D.S xvii, 6, 325, 423, 529–40 Warschauer, M 325, 423, 531, 536 Warschauer, M and Grimes, D 201 Warschauer, M and Kern, R 202, 308 Washabaugh, W 362 Waters, A 222 Watson, G and Zyngier, S 547 Watson-Gegeo, K.A and Gegeo, D.W 288 Watson-Gegeo, K.A and Nielsen, S 288 Watt, D 509 Watt, D and Milroy, L 508 Watt, I xvii, 3, 96–110 Watts, D.J and Strogatz, S.H 661 Watts, J.H 102 wave studies 505–6 Weatherall, A 337 WebCorp 606 Weber, J.-J 545, 546, 548 Weber, Max 83, 86 Wedell, E.G 70 Wee, L xvii, 11–23, 19, 406, 562 Weedon, C 311, 319 Weinreich, U et al 508, 660 Weir, C.J 266 Weir, C.J and O’Sullivan, B 261, 262 Weir’s socio-cognitive framework 261–62 Weismer, G et al 115 Wells, G 491, 494 Wells, J.C 585 Weltens, B and Grendel, M 578 Weltens, B et al 578 Wenger, E 279, 282, 323, 331, 340 Werker, J.F and Tees, R.C 483 Werlich, E 433 Wernicke, Carl 461, 462 Werth, P 548 Wertsch, J et al 487 Wertsch, J.V 488 Wesche, M and Paribakht, T.S 577 West, C 84, 85 West, M 54 West, M.P and Endicott, J.G 55 West, R 245, 246 Westerfield, K 28 Westley, F et al 584 Wetherell, M 340 Whale, J 70 Whalen, M.R and Zimmerman, D.H 73 Whitaker, H et al 460 White, C 206, 325 White, L 173, 564 White, P 68, 70 White, P.R.R 448 Whitehill, T.L and Lee, A 114 whole language movement 189 Whorf, B 305, 491 724 Widdowson, H.G 3, 6, 25 27, 157, 188, 306, 431, 432, 433, 439, 440, 455, 529, 546, 547, 567, 605 Wierzbicka, A 307 wikis 203 Wilcox, S 364 Wiley, T.G 14, 15 Wilkins, D.A 158, 188 Wilkinson, R 114 Williams, A 356 WIlliams, A and Kerswill, P 508 Williams, R et al 31 Willis, J 159, 189, 461 Willis, J and Willis, D 189 Winitz, H 187 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 54, 491, 613 WM (Working Memory) 474 Wodak, R 89, 308, 445, 446, 449, 450 Wodak, R and Reisigl, M 450 Wolfram, W 501, 503 Woll, B xviii, 359–72 Woll, B and Sutton-Spence, R 5, 565 Wong Fillmore, L 294 Wood, D et al 494 Woodbury,H 145 Woods, D 162, 216 Woodward, J 367 Woolls, D 140 Word Routes (Cambridge University Press) 64 WordNet 64 words: lexical characteristics of 573–74; lexis and 572; mental lexicon, words and 572; word and image 675–77; word-based determinants of learnability 577; word grammar 558; word lists 600–601; word sketches 59–60 World Englishes 373–84; absence of tense marking 377–78; count/noncount nouns 378; dental fricatives 376; development of New Englishes, stages in 381–82; ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) 373, 375, 382, 383, 384; final consonant clusters 376–77; invariant tags 378–79; linguistic features, examples of 375–81; linguistic features, general trends in 380–81; linguistic motivations 374–75; models of 373–74; recent developments 382–83; rhythm 377; technology, influence of 383–84; tense marking, absence of 377–78; topic prominence 379–80 Wortham, S 291, 516 Wortham, S and Rymes, B 517 Wray, A 476, 604, 605, 657 Wright, E.B et al 98, 102 Wright, M.W 396 Wright, S 11 Wright, T and Bolitho, R 222 writing: multimodality 668; neurolinguistics 467–68; psycholinguistics 478; studies in media discourse, written vs spoken 69–72 Index Yallop, C 589 Yang, R and Alisson, D 247 Yavas, M 589 Yi, Y 534, 536 Young, A et al 363 Young, L xviii, 7, 439, 447, 625–37 Young, L and Fitzgerald, B 635 Young, L and Harrison, C 448, 634 Young, R.F 175, 180, 261, 282, 289, 439 Young, R.F and He, A.W 289 Young, R.F and Miller, E.R 280, 289 Zarate, G 308 Zeevaert, L and Ten Thije, J.D 403 Zeitschrift für interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 307–8 Zentella, A 291, 356 Zhang, Q 506 Zhang, Z 27 Zimmerman, D 85, 145 ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development): classroom discourse 278–79; language learning and education 162; Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and 174–75; sociocultural and cultural-historical theories of language development 492–95 Zuengler, J and Cole, K.M 288 Zuengler, J and Miller, E 318 Zuengler, J and Mori, J 282–83 Zwaan, R.A 549 Zykik, E 492 725 .. .The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics serves as an introduction and reference point to key areas in the field of applied linguistics The. .. Johnson The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics Edited by Anne O’Keeffe and Mike McCarthy The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes Edited by Andy Kirkpatrick The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. .. and is Chair of the British Association for Applied Linguistics Kees de Bot is Chair of Applied Linguistics and Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Gröningen, the Netherlands His