The routledge handbook of discourse analysis

ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKS The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis Edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis ‘This discourse analysis handbook wins hands down as the most intellectually responsible in the field – both in terms of the comprehensiveness of the topics considered and the international spectrum of specialists involved.’ James Martin, University of Sydney, Australia ‘The Handbook of Discourse Analysis is accessible to undergraduates and yet a state-of-the-art introduction for graduate students and practicing researchers in a wide-range of fields There are many introductions to or handbooks of Discourse Analysis available today This is the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and internationally representative of them all.’ Sarah Michaels, Clark University, USA The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis covers the major approaches to Discourse Analysis from Critical Discourse Analysis to Multimodal Discourse Analysis and their applications in key educational and institutional settings The handbook is divided into six sections: Approaches to Discourse Analysis, Approaches to Spoken Discourse, Genres and Practices, Educational Applications, Institutional Applications, and Identity, Culture and Discourse The chapters are written by a wide range of contributors from around the world, each a leading researcher in their respective field All chapters have been closely edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford With a focus on the application of discourse analysis to real-life problems, the contributors introduce the reader to a topic, and analyse authentic data The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis is vital reading for linguistics students as well as students of communication and cultural studies, social psychology and anthropology James Paul Gee is the Mary Lou Fulton Presidential Professor of Literacy Studies at Arizona State University He is the author of many titles, including An Introduction to Discourse Analysis (1999, Third Edition 2011); How to Discourse Analysis (2011) and Language and Learning in the Digital Age (2011), all published by Routledge Michael Handford is Associate Professor in English Language at the University of Tokyo He is the author of The Language of Business Meetings (2010) Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the key topics in applied linguistics All entries for the handbooks are specially commissioned and written by leading scholars in the field Clear, accessible and carefully edited Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics are the ideal resource for both advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics Edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics Edited by Anne O’Keeffe and Mike McCarthy The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes Edited by Andy Kirkpatrick The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by James Simpson The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis James Paul Gee and Michael Handford The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Susan Gass and Alison Mackey Forthcoming: The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism Edited by Marilyn Martin-Jones, Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies Edited by Carmen Millan Varela and Francesca Bartrina The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing Edited by Glenn Fulcher and Fred Davidson The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication Edited by Jane Jackson The Routledge Handbook of Language and Health Communication Edited by Heidi Hamilton and Wen-ying Sylvia Chou The Routledge Handbook of Language and Professional Communication Edited by Vijay Bhatia and Stephen Bremner The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis Edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford First published 2012 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2012 Selection and editorial matter, James Paul Gee and Michael Handford; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis / edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford p cm (Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-415-55107-6 (alk paper) ISBN 978-0-203-80906-8 (eBook) Discourse analysis Handbooks, manuals, etc I Gee, James Paul II Handford, Michael, 1969P302.R68 2011 401'.41 dc22 2011000560 ISBN: 978-0-415-55107-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-80906-8 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgments List of contributors Introduction James Paul Gee and Michael Handford PART I Approaches to discourse analysis Critical discourse analysis Norman Fairclough ix xii xiii Systemic functional linguistics Mary J Schleppegrell 21 Multimodal discourse analysis Gunther Kress 35 Narrative analysis Joanna Thornborrow 51 Mediated discourse analysis Suzie Wong Scollon and Ingrid de Saint-Georges 66 Multimedia and discourse analysis Jay L Lemke 79 Gender and discourse analysis Jennifer Coates 90 Discursive psychology and discourse analysis Jonathan Potter 104 v Contents Conversation analysis Steven E Clayman and Virginia Teas Gill 120 10 Interactional sociolinguistics and discourse analysis Jürgen Jaspers 135 11 Discourse-oriented ethnography Graham Smart 147 12 Discourse analysis and linguistic anthropology Justin B Richland 160 13 Corpus-based discourse analysis Lynne Flowerdew 174 PART II Register and genre 189 14 Register and discourse analysis Douglas Biber 191 15 Genre in the Sydney school David Rose 209 16 Genre as social action Charles Bazerman 226 17 Professional written genres Vijay Bhatia 239 18 Spoken professional genres Almut Koester and Michael Handford 252 PART III Developments in spoken discourse 269 19 Prosody in discourse Winnie Cheng and Phoenix Lam 271 20 Lexis in spoken discourse Paula Buttery and Michael McCarthy 285 21 Emergent grammar Paul J Hopper 301 vi Contents 22 Creativity in speech Sarah Atkins and Ronald Carter 315 23 Spoken narrative Mary M Juzwik 326 24 Metaphor in spoken discourse Lynne Cameron 342 25 From thoughts to sounds Wallace Chafe 356 PART IV Educational applications 369 26 Discourse and “the New Literacy Studies” James Paul Gee 371 27 Ethnography and classroom discourse Amy B M Tsui 383 28 Education and bilingualism Karen Thompson and Kenji Hakuta 396 29 English for academic purposes and discourse analysis Ken Hyland 412 PART V Institutional applications 425 30 Advertising and discourse analysis Elsa Simões Lucas Freitas 427 31 Media and discourse analysis Anne O’Keeffe 441 32 Asian business discourse(s) Hiromasa Tanaka and Francesca Bargiela-Chiappini 455 33 Discourse and healthcare Kevin Harvey and Svenja Adolphs 470 34 Discourses in the language of the law Edward Finegan 482 vii Contents 35 Ethnicity and humour in the workplace Janet Holmes and Julia de Bres 494 36 Discourse, gender and professional communication Louise Mullany 509 PART VI Identity, culture and discourse 523 37 Politics as usual: investigating political discourse in action Ruth Wodak 525 38 Discourse geography Yueguo Gu 541 39 Queer linguistics, sexuality, and discourse analysis William L Leap 558 40 Intercultural communication Helen Spencer-Oatey, Hale I¸sık-Güler and Stefanie Stadler 572 41 Discourse and knowledge Teun A van Dijk 587 42 Narrative, cognition, and rationality David R Olson 604 43 Discourse and power Adrian Blackledge 616 44 Literary discourse Peter K W Tan 628 45 A multicultural approach to discourse studies Shi-xu 642 46 World Englishes and/or English as a lingua franca Andy Kirkpatrick and James McLellan 654 Index 670 viii Illustrations Figures 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 17.1 17.2 17.3 18.1 18.2 18.3 19.1 Morrison’s car park Waitrose car park Map of a museum exhibition (Heathrow) Map of a museum exhibition (integrated display) Cell with nucleus The material entities constitutive of a mediated action The census form in 2000 The census form in 2010 The use of major word classes in e-mail messages, compared with conversation and academic prose The use of pronoun classes, comparing conversation to e-mail messages The use of major word classes, comparing conversation to e-mail sub-registers The use of selected grammatical characteristics across email sub-registers, depending on the relationship between addressor and addressee Mean scores of registers along dimension Genre and register in relation to metafunctions of language Common educational genres Classification taxonomy realized by a classifying report Fire – a natural process that is now significantly influenced by humans Options in technical images for ideational meanings Types of western desert environment Multiperspective genre analytical framework Perspectives on professional genres A typical disclaimer in a corporate annual report Genres and sub-genres Structural aspects of the business meeting The relationship between discourses, practices, text and context Map of the four systems of discourse intonation 40 40 43 43 44 71 74 75 195 197 200 200 203 211 212 216 217 218 219 246 248 248 255 260 261 272 ix Andy Kirkpatrick and James McLellan Millmow, J (5 October 2009) Aussies will be a different kettle of fish Wellington, New Zealand, The Dominion Post Available online at: http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/opinion/2929974/Aussies-will-bea-different-kettle-of-fish (accessed August 13, 2010) ‘Positive thinking’ (pseudonym) (11 August 2010) ‘Relex sha okay’ Public discussion forum posting on Brunei Have No Fear/Have Your Say Available online at: http://www.bruneihys.net/newhys/2010/08/ 11/ (accessed 30 August 2010) References Bhatia, T (2009) ‘English in Asian advertising and the teaching of World Englishes’, in K Murata and J Jenkins (eds.) Global Englishes in Asian Contexts: Current and Future Debates Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 154–171 Breiteneder, A (2009) ‘English as a lingua franca in Europe: an empirical perspective’, World Englishes, 28 (2): 256–269 Britain, D (2010) ‘Grammatical variation in the contemporary spoken English of England’, in A Kirkpatrick (ed.) The Handbook of World Englishes London: Routledge, 37–58 Chambers, J (2004) ‘Dynamic typology and vernacular universals’, in B Kortmann (ed.) Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp 124–1245 Chitravelu, N and Rosnah, H R (2007) ‘English–Malay border crossings: a study of code-switching in Brunei Darussalam’, in S K Lee, S M Thang, and K S Lee (eds.) Border Crossings: Moving between Languages and Cultural Frameworks Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, pp 23–55 Filppula, M., Klemola, J., and Paulasto, H (eds.) (2009) Vernacular Universals and Language Change London: Routledge Firth, A (1996) ‘The discursive accomplishment of normality: on “lingua franca” English and conversation analysis’, Journal of Pragmatics, 26: 237–259 Gee, J P (1999) An Introduction to Discourse Analysis London: Routledge Grant, L (2005) ‘Frequency of “core idioms” in the British National Corpus (BNC)’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10 (4): 429–451 Grant, L and Bauer, L (2004) ‘Criteria for defining idioms: are we barking up the wrong tree?’, Applied Linguistics, 25 (1): 38–61 Gupta, A F (2006) ‘Standard English and Borneo’, Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, (1): 79–94 Hashim, A (2010) ‘Englishes in advertising’, in A Kirkpatrick (ed.) The Handbook of World Englishes London: Routledge, pp 520–534 Kachru, B B (1992) The Other Tongue Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press Kirkpatrick, A (2007) World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and ELT Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Kirkpatrick, A (2010a) ‘English as an Asian lingua franca and the multilingual model of ELT’, Language Teaching, 43 (3): 1–13 Kirkpatrick, A (2010b) English as a Lingua Franca in ASEAN: A Multilingual Model Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press Kirkpatrick, A (2010c) ‘Researching English as a lingua franca in Asia: the Asian corpus of English (ACE) project’, Asian Englishes, 13 (1): 4–18 Kortmann, B (2010) ‘Variation across Englishes: syntax’, in A Kirkpatrick (ed.), The Handbook of World Englishes London: Routledge, pp 400–424 Mauranen, A (2006) ‘A rich domain of ELF: the ELFA corpus of academic discourse’, Nordic Journal of English Studies, (2): 145–159 McArthur, T (1998) The English Languages Cambridge: Cambridge University Press McLellan, J (2005) ‘Malay–English language alternation in two Brunei Darussalam online discussion forums’ Unpublished thesis, Curtin University of Technology McLellan, J (2009) ‘When two grammars coincide: Malay–English code-switching in public on-line discussion forum texts’ International Sociological Association RC25 Newsletter, Available online at: http://www.crisaps.org/newsletter/summer2009/ (accessed 30 August 2010) McLellan, J and Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2007) ‘The changing ecology of language in Negara Brunei Darussalam’ Paper presented at International Convention of Asian Scholars (ICAS5), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August Mesthrie, R and Bhatt, R (2008) World Englishes Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 668 World Englishes and/or English as a lingua franca Paltridge, B (2010) Discourse Analysis London: Continuum Pitzl, M.-L (2009) ‘ “We should not wake up any dogs”: idiom and metaphor in ELF’, in A Mauranen and E Ranta (eds.) English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and findings Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp 298–322 Schneider, E (2007) Postcolonial Englishes: Varieties around the World Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Seidlhofer, B (2009) ‘Orientations in ELF research: form and function’, in A Mauranen and E Ranta (eds.) English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and Findings Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp 37–59 Thomason, S (2009) ‘Why universals versus contact-induced change’, in M Filppula, J Klemola and H Paulasto (eds.) Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond London: Routledge, pp 349–364 Widdowson, H (2007) Discourse Analysis Oxford, England: Oxford University Press Xu, Zhichang, M (2010) Chinese English: Features and Implications Hong Kong: Open University Press 669 Index academic discourse analysis 415 academic language 610; concept of 413; importance of 408 academic priority 419 academic vocabulary, importance of 408 academic writing 418, 442; based on scientific discourse 421; characteristics of 193; disciplines and levels of 177; essential skill for 220; interaction in 417; nouns and pronouns 191, 193; pattern for 197; self-mention, use of 419; ways of organizing ideas 415 accounting discourse 247–248 action, concept of 599 activity system, concept of 155 Acton, Harold 125 actors, concept of 599 advertising discourse; evolution of 429; examining of advertisements 431–432; further developments in the reading of 437–438; key studies in analysis of 429–431; multimodality and discourse boundaries 432–433; print advertisements 433–434; television commercials 434–436; website material 436–437; as samples of social interaction and activities 427–428 African American–Korean interactions 580 African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 98 agreement constraint 578 air-borne situated discourse (ABSD) 542 Alzheimer’s disease 545–546 American and British office talk (ABOT) 254, 257, 259, 264 American University Lavender Languages and Linguistic Conference 568 Analyzing public discourse (Scollon) 75 annual corporate report 247; disclaimer in 248 appellate court, opinions and briefs 489–491 Applied Linguistics (Zuengler and Mori) 392 appraisal analysis, for exploration of resources for evaluative meaning 26 The Archeology of Knowledge (Foucault) 311 argumentum ad baculum 530 argumentum ad hominem 530 Aristotle 526, 605, 612; peripateia 606; Poetics 342; Rhetoric 342 ascribed identity 580 Asian Business Discourse (ABD); analysis of 456–458; business and organizational practices 466; contribution of 458–460; data and interpretation; data processing 460–461; interpreting and mapping of relations 461–465; meaning of 455–456; negotiation of multiple interpretations 461–462; Omikoshi management in action 462–463; personal stories and corporate trajectories, interpretation of 461; silent moves 463–464 attitudes, study of 112–115 audio transcribing 123 auditory–acoustic meaning systems 82 Auer, Peter 400 author-to-audience communication 633 avowed identity 580 backchannel responses, notion of 296 backing off 345–347 Bakhtin, Mikhail 80, 231, 320, 327, 331, 617, 619–620, 624; principle of dialogism 85; Rabelais and His World 619 Barnes, Julian 606 Barrett, Rusty 98, 563, 566 Barton, Mary 608–610 Bauman, Richard 151, 333–334 Baxter, Judith 93, 511 Bednarek, M 442 Belmonte, Alonso 176 Bernstein, Basil 80, 209–210; codes, notion of 35; sociology of pedagogy 12 Bilingual Education Act, USA 401, 407 bilingual educational systems; empirical studies of language, power, and code-switching 401–407; in Guatemala 397–398; in India 398; political discourse and macro-sociolinguistics 396–399; theoretical perspectives 399–401 bilingual schools 397–399 Black English Vernacular (BEV) 53 670 Index Blommaert, J 160–161, 166, 171, 541, 618, 624–625 body language 11–12, 19, 296 boundary-marking humour 496, 499–501 Bourdieu, Pierre 71, 80, 390, 530 British National Corpus (BNC) 180, 254, 286; frequency of facial expression nouns 289; spoken vs written frequency 287 British Sign Language 94 Brown, Gordon 16–18 Brudirect HYS (Have Your Say) public online discussion forum 661 Bruner, J S 332, 604–606 Bublitz, W 285, 290–291 Burke, Kenneth 153, 606–607 business communication 323, 455, 458, 466; globalization and technological development 456; notion of 456 business discourse (BD), concept of 457 business meeting, structural aspects of 260 Butler, Judith 512, 559 cacophony 95, 624 call openings, between intimates 444 Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Business English (CANBEC) 182, 260, 262, 323 Cameron, Deborah 95 Camiciottoli, Crawford 178 CANCODE 181–182, 294; spoken corpus 289 captatio benevolentiae 593 CARS (create a research space) model 176 Carter, R 254, 287, 291, 316–319, 321 ceteris paribus 607–608 cheng-phenomena (city-phenomenon) 552 Cheyenne law 170 The Cheyenne Way (Llewellyn and Hoebel) 170 Chiang, S -Y 576 Chick, J K 583 Chinese lunar calendar 543, 550 choice; notion of 41; possibilities in multimodal environment 42 Chomskyan conceptions, of organization of language 35 Chomsky, Noam 35, 79–80, 151, 164, 317 Christie, Agatha 633 Christie, Frances 26–27, 29 chronotope, Bakhtin’s concept of 87, 231–232 citation 415 classified advertisements (CAs) 658, 666 classroom discourse; as bounded unit and a unit of inquiry 392–393; characteristics of ethnographic approaches to the study of 384–386; macro- and micro-analysis of 392; social positioning, power and gender in 389; theoretical perspectives 399–401 classroom language learning 222 clauses 25, 52, 195, 240, 296, 307, 327, 594, 600; dependent 2; independent 2; narrative 327; optative 206; present participial 204; relationship with tone units 271; relative 191 coarse descriptions 599 coda 53, 57, 328, 336, 351, 446 codes, notion of 35 cognitive functioning, “paradigmatic” and “narrative” modes of 332 cognitive linguistics 342 cognitive poetics 638–639 coherence, principles of 36 cohesive harmony analysis 24, 28 collaborative narratives, forms of 58 The Collector (Fowles) 639 Common Culture (Willis, Jones, Canaan, and Hurd) 316 communication; author-to-audience 633; ethnography of 151–153; fictive 632; theory of identity 581 communicative competence 151–152, 338, 413, 432, 582 communicative skills, feminine 100 community of practice (CofP) 90, 322–323, 495, 497, 517, 535; concept of 530 Competitiveness Advisory Group 528 computer-mediated communication 183 conceptual metaphors 342, 347–349, 638; definition of 639 “constant restructuration” of language 309 constructed dialogue 334–336 context models, for management of discourse; formation of 590; functions of 589 contextualization cues 136–139, 144, 257, 259, 264, 513, 574 contextualization of discourse 245 conventionalized metaphors 342, 346, 348, 350–351 conversational historic present tense (CHP) 59–60 conversational narrative 59, 63, 328, 335–338 conversation analysis (CA) 442–445, 529; data analysis 124–131; development of 120–121; of functions of repetitions 291; generating data for; audio and video recording 122; naturally occurring interaction 121; sampling 121–122; transcribing data 122–124; methods and conceptualizations of 105 conversation analytic (CA) transcripts 54, 105, 113, 330 CorDis project 179 corporate annual report see annual corporate report Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) 179–180 corpus-based discourse analyses; approaches for 175; contextual approach 181–182; critical approach 178–181; professional corpora 671 Index 253–254; textual approach 175–178; contextual approach 181–182; critical approach 178–179; Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) 179–180; corpus-informed critical discourse studies 180–181; recent developments and new challenges 182–183; of registers 193, 194; textual approach 175; linguistic devices with discourse functions 177–178; models of discourse 176 corpus-informed critical discourse studies 180–181 corpus linguistics 182, 285; categories of 174; corpus-driven vs corpus-based linguistics 174; meaning of 174; potential for doing discourse analysis 175 corpus stylistics 638 creative language; importance of 323; meaning of 317–318 creativity in speech; case study 318–323; in context of 319; establishing in-group language 322–323; punning 319; re-forming lyrics 319–320; repetition 320–322; levels of 318; meaning of 315–317; progression from pattern forming to pattern re-forming 321 critical discourse analysis (CDA) 5, 69, 175, 441, 528; development of 616–617; of dialectical relations 11; discourse-historical approach (DHA) in 529–530; on financial and economic crisis 15–18; meaning of 9; origins of 162–163; as part of critical social analysis 10; structuralist influence and tendency 643; trans-disciplinary research methodology 12–13; stage 1, focus upon a social wrong 13–14; stage 2, identification of obstacles for addressing the social wrong 14–15; stage 4, identification of possible ways for dealing with obstacles 15; stage 3, social order with respect to social wrong 15; version of 10–12 critical social analysis 9–10 cross-examination, of rape victims 486–489 cross-gender miscommunication 95 cross level 591 Crystal, David 630 cultural political economy (CPE) 12, 14, 16, 165 Daiichi Kangyo Bank 456 Decena, Carlos 567 DeFrancisco, Victoria 92 deployment, as analytic resource 128–129 Derrida, Jacques 105, 311 design, notion of 41 dialect geography 543 dialogic narrative 58 dialogism, Bakhtin’s principle of 85 diglossia 399–400 Dijk, Van 162–163, 240, 448, 616 disclaimer 247; in corporate annual report 248 672 Discourse; ecological chain of 549; as genre 246–247; Jim Gee’s notion 5, 15, 139, 163, 174, 178, 261, 400, 654; kinds of 247; as professional practice 247; and rationality 604–605; relationship with practices, text and context 261; as social practice 247; as text 246; timetabling 551 discourse analysis; Birmingham school of 637; contributions of systemic functional linguistics to 29; history of 79–82; importance of 5; interrelated hypotheses 654–655; background to world Englishes (WE) 655; examples from WE 656–662; and linguistic anthropology see linguistic anthropology; meaning of 1, 654; and multimedia semiotics 82–84; types of Discourse and Social Psychology (Potter and Wetherell) 105 discourse comprehension, process of 591, 594 discourse geography 541, 548, 555 discourse intonation; communicative value of 271; key and termination 280–282; map of the four systems of 272; prominence 274–276; tone or pitch movement 276–280; tone units 271–274 Discourse of Medicine: Dialectics of Medical Interviews (Mishler) 473 discourse-oriented ethnography; approaches for; ethnography of communication 151–153; interpretive ethnography 148–151; ‘experience-distant’ concepts 150, 156; ‘experience-near’ concepts 150, 153–154, 156; ‘grounded theory’ approach for 149; interview data, analysis of 153–156; kinds of 150; low-hovering theories 150; origins and brief history of 147–148 discourse patterns, in same-sex talk 93–96 discourse processing, strategies of; context model, formation of 590; cross level 591–592; experience model, formation of 590; expression 591; genre selection 590–591; semantics 591; situation model, formation of 590; syntax and lexicon 591 discursive psychology; contemporary debates and prospects 115–116; development of 105–106; methodological principles of 104; methodological procedures of 108–109; notion of 104; procedures of production 108; studies in; attitude, caring and closing 112–115; intention, institutions and practices 109–112; theoretical principles of; discourse is action orientation 106–107; discourse is constructed and constructive 107–108; discourse is situated 107 doctor–patient interaction 471, 509 dominance, discursive construction of 91–93 dramatic communicative situation 631 dual-language school 387 Duranti, Alessandro 164–165, 169; programmatic review of linguistic anthropology 166 Index Edelman, Murray 525 e-democracy 531 Edwards, Derek 109–110, 113 efficient market hypothesis 15 Ehlers, Swantje 358 Ehrlich, Susan 99 electronic communication 509 Eliot, T S 636–637 E-mail messages, as register 194–198; composition of mini-corpus of 199; use of selected grammatical characteristics 200; variation among sub-registers of 198–201 emergent grammar; in context of recent language theory 310–311; examples of 305–307; incrementality 307; projection 307–309; grammar from perspective of 304; linguistic categories 310; meaning of 301–304; nature of structure 309–310 Employment and Social Affairs Committee 535 engagement system; concept of 417; for identification of sources of attitudes and evaluative meaning 26 English as a lingua franca (ELF) 457, 465–466, 654; background to 662–666; code-mixing and code-switching 655; function of 655 English as a second language (ESL) 27, 222, 386, 566; language socialization of ESL learners 387–388 English for academic purposes (EAP); analysis of 418–420; average frequency of self-mention per paper 419; and discourse analysis 414–421; meaning of 412–414; role of 413; selected features in research articles and textbooks 414 English for specific purposes (ESP) 239 English monolingualism 397 English vocabulary 628–629 episodic memory 230, 545, 588 epistemological commitment 44–45 The Epistemology of the Closet (Sedgwick) 562 ethnic humour 494, 496; categories of 504 ethnography; characteristics of 384–386; classroom discourse; approaches to the study of 384–386; as bounded unit and a unit of inquiry 392–393; macro- and micro-analysis of 392; major themes in studies of 386–390; of communication 151–153, 164; etic and emic perspectives 391–392; major themes studies of classroom discourse 386; (co)-construction of social relationships, identities and ideologies 388–389; language socialization of ESL learners 387–388; social positioning, power and gender 389; teacher and learner agency in co-construction of knowledge 390; meaning of 383–384; participant observation 384; research design and theoretical motivation 390–391 ethnomethodology 70, 135, 229, 385, 442, 529 ethnopoetics 151, 331, 334 European Union institutions 526, 531–536 evaluative that constructions, use of 415 evidentiality, concept of 600 exhibition 42; interpretations of 43 experience model, formation of 590 explanation genres, types of 217 ‘explication of linguistic classifications’ strategy 150 expression, concept of 591 face theory 578 face-threatening acts (FTAs) 577 face-to-face interaction 135, 160, 288, 385, 390, 452, 472, 482, 542 facial expressions 84, 288–289, 337, 498 Fairclough, Norman 162, 178–179, 416, 448, 473–475, 616 Ferguson, Charles 399–400 fictive communication 632 field, concept of 210 Fishman, Pamela 92 Fish, Stanley 630 fix cycle, activity system 155 fixed code grammar 303–304 Flesch-Kincaid Grade-Level scale 490 Flesch Reading Ease scale 490 focus, concept of 592 folklore studies and anthropology 333–335; sociolinguistics 335–337 Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence (Pilkington) 213–214 formalists (sentence-level syntacticians) 302 Foucault, Michel 35, 80, 96, 105, 165, 311, 512, 527, 531 Fowles, John 639 frame problem 4–5 framing metaphors 350, 352 free indirect speech 634 functionalist fallacy 302 functionalists (discourse-based linguists) 302 function, meaning of fuzzy-set, definition of narrative 332 Gadamer, H -G 309 Garfinkel, Harold 120, 140 ‘gay English’ discourse 563–564, 566, 569 see also transgender language Gee, James Paul 5, 15, 139, 163, 174, 178, 261, 400, 654 see also Discourse Geertz, Clifford 148–151, 153–154, 165 gender and discourse analysis; case for strategic essentialism 100–101; competing discourses 96–98; cross-gender miscommunication 95; discourse patterns in same-sex talk 93–96; discursive construction of dominance 91–93; ideologies of 99–100; language and gender 90; linguistic analysis 90; male–female differences 95; professional communication 511; queer linguistics 98–99 Gender and Language (journal) 90 673 Index gender inequalities 511, 518 general practitioners (GPs) 510 generation, concept of 36–37, 98, 549 generic structure potential 24 genre colony, notion of 255, 260 genres 11, 37; chains 232; colonization 232; common story phases 214; discourse as 246; explanation 217; of organizational communication 253; procedures, protocols and procedural recounts 217–218; professional 239–250; in relation to metafunctions of language 211; reports 216–217; response 220–222; as social action; activity, agency, and utterance 228; discourse analysis, implications for 234–235; meaning-making, complexity of 228–229; socialization and cognitive development 234; speech acts, social facts, knowledge, and knowledge transitivity 230–234; typification, social organization, and social change 229–230; written language, themes of 226–228; in Sydney school; arguments and text responses for evaluating discourses 219–220; explanations, reports, procedures for informing readers 215–218; literacy methodology for apprenticing learners 222; modelling context 210–212; multimodal explanations, reports and procedures 218–219; story genres for engaging listeners 212–215; stratal model of language in social context 209–210; text evaluation 220–222; and systemic functional linguistics 24; time structured story genres 213 genre selection 590–591 gesture, mode of 46 Giles, Howard 399 Givón, T 302 Glaser, Barney 149, 391 Glote, E P (Dr E P Glottis) 434 Goffman, Erving 72, 120; theory of ‘footing’ 60 Graff, Harvey 379–380 grammar; diachronic conceptualization of 303; from emergent grammar perspective 304; sources of 309 The Grammar of Motives (Burke) 606 grammaticalization, process of 303 grammatical metaphors 23–24, 28–29 Gramsci, Antonio 527 grand politics, characteristics of 526–528 granularity, concept of 116, 124, 598 Greenwich Mean Time 543 Grice’s cooperative principle (CP) 611, 633, 637 group-disparaging humour 501, 503 group identity, types of 580 Gumperz, John 151, 164, 400, 574 Gupta, A F 660 Gu, Yueguo 182, 547, 551 674 Hägerstrand’s time geography 546–547, 550 Hall, Edward 575 Halliday, Michael 21, 81, 637; analysis of the relationship 80; contribution in evolution of scientific English 23 Hammersley, M 116, 148, 384, 391 Handbook of Business Discourse (Bargiela-Chiappini) 455 handwriting, deciphering of 258–259, 265 Harklau, L 386–387 Harris, John 18, 58, 61, 104, 612 Harris, Roy 304, 311, 612 Harry Potter example 84–86, 632, 639 Hartog, J 572 Hasan, Ruqaiya 24–25, 253 Hashim, Azirah 658 Havelock, Eric 379 Hay, Colin 526 health communication; data required for study of 477–479; discourse analysis 473–477; key studies 471–473; meaning of 470–471 Heath, Shirley Brice 374, 376 Herder, Johann Gottfried von 365 high-context communication (HCC) 575 historical body, definition of 71 Hoebel, E Adamson 170 Holmes’ project on language in the workplace 581 homophobia 567 Hong Kong Corpus of Spoken English (HKCSE) 181, 271; transcription notation used in 283 Hopi tribal law 169 human spatial behaviour, concept of 543 human temporal behavior, concept of 545 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 365 humour in the workplace; discourse analysis (DA) approach for analysis of; analysing Māori humour in workplace 498–504; collecting workplace data 498; defining humour 498; ethnic humour 496; ethnicity and 496–497; functions of 494–495; future research 504–505 Hutchins, Edwin 155 Hymes, Dell 148, 151–153, 164, 333 ICE-GB Corpus 181 icons, concept of 39 ideation analysis, for exploration of linguistic resources 25 identity, communication theory of 581 identity in sign, constitution of 38 idiom principle, of discourse roles of lexical chunks 289 image, modes of 41 impoliteness, phenomenon of 636 The Importance of Being Earnest (Wilde) 638 impression management 593 increments 276, 307 indexicality, theory of 512 Index The Inheritors (Golding) 637 intention, roles in social sciences 109–112 interactional sociolinguistics (IS) 164, 529; approach for discourse analysis 140–141; data analysis 141–143; importance of 143–144; key studies 138–140; meaning of 135–138 interaction order, notion of 72 intercultural communication; for achieving understanding in intercultural discourse; factors influencing communication 573–576; strategies for promoting mutual understanding 576–577; competence in 582–583; identity and 580–582; managing rapport in 577–579; strategies for promoting positive rapport 580; meaning of 572; problems of rapport in social interaction 577–579 intercultural competence, conceptualizations of 582 intercultural management 458 interdiscursivity, of a text 12 interlaced stories 58 International Association of Forensic Linguists 492 International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 483 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 16 Internet relay chats (IRC) 183 interpersonal grammar, notion of 181 interpretation; of exhibition 43; principle of 42 interpretative repertoires, notion of 105–106 interpretive ethnography 148–151, 245 intertextuality, principle of 80, 617, 633 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis (Gee) 163 Is There a Text in This Class? (Fish) 630 James, Billy T 504 James, Henry 631 Jefferson, Gail 109, 120, 122 Judge Judy (television program) 482 Kachru, Braj 655 Kanoksilapatham, B 176 key pitch-level choice 280–282 King, Brian 566 Klemperer, Victor 527 knowledge management 537, 597 knowledge systems 234; notion of 46; and structures of discourse 592–601; teacher and learner agency in co-construction of 390 Koller, V 509–510 Kress, Gunther 82 Kroskrity, Paul 161, 165 Kumaravadivelu, B 384, 389 Laboratory Life: The Construction of Social Facts (Woolgar) 150 Labov, William 53, 57, 61, 335 Lakoff, Robin 91, 342, 563, 639 Lancaster Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation (SW&TP2) Spoken Corpus 634, 638 land-borne situated discourse (LBSD) 541; concept of 542; conceptualization of 555; discourse geography 555; Hägerstrand’s time geography 546–547; human agency, and the Firth’s “whole man” 545; human spatial–temporal behavior; LBSD’s interactive order 552–553; social space–time vs social space–time 553–554; temporal structuring in present-day China 550–551; urbanization and spatial concentration of LBSD types 551–552; individual actor’s spatial–temporal behavior; actor’s activity zone and its impact on the LBSD 549; ecological chain of discourse with the LBSD as its node 549; trajectory-mediated LBSD 547–549; memory-dependent time 545–546; space and time in linguistics and discourse studies; in everyday experience 542–543; space and language 543–544; time and language 544; time, narrative and written discourse 544–545 language; acquisition 67; constant restructuration of 309; creative 317–318; and gender 90; and icons 39; independence of thoughts from 359–360; inventory of grammatical constructions in 306; metafunctions of 210; genre and register in relation to 211; notion of 38; partiality of 38; routines 309; of schooling 27; semantic situation models of the events 589; social functions of 210; social model of 617; space and 543–544; utterances, history of 228; verbal aspects of 309 language adjustment 576 Language and Woman’s Place (Lakoff) 91 language-in-action 174, 541, 555 Language in the Workplace project, New Zealand 92, 498, 509–510 language-in-use 163, 174, 175, 400 language of the law; appellate court opinions and briefs 489–491; characteristic of 491; cross-examination of rape victims 486–489; demographics and lay litigants’ talk in court 484–486; meaning of 482–483 language training 164 Lasswell, Harold 527 Latour, Bruno 150, 154 Lawson, Neil 18 lay litigants, principal kinds of discourse characteristic of 484 Leeuwen, Theo van 82–83, 421 Leezenberg, M 612 legal discourse; kinds of 483; narratives in 60; patriarchy of 486–489; role of legislation 482; see also language of the law Leibnizian notion of space as relation 543 Leites, Nathan 527 675 Index Leontiev, A N 83 level, of description 598–599 Levinson, S 60, 181, 543–544, 577–578 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 80 lexical bundles 177, 289, 415, 418 lexical knowledge 592 lexical priming maps, theory of 177 lexical relations, analysis of 26 lexical-semantic techniques, for ideological reconstruction of politics 527 lexico-grammar, features of 239, 243, 591 lexis; chaining within and across speaker boundaries 296–297; chunks 289–290; as discourse phenomenon 285; and register 285–289; repetition and relexicalization 290–293; response tokens as discourse items 295–296; role in written texts 285; triggers 293–294; and turn-openings 294–295 limited English proficiency (LEP) 388 Lindström, J 291 Linell, Per 303 linguistic accommodation 576 linguistic anthropology; concept of 160–162; language in and through culture 164–166; origin story of discourse analysis 162–163; programmatic review of 164–166; society in and through language 162–163 linguistic devices, with discourse functions; lexical bundles 177; lexical priming 177; metadiscourse 177–178 linguistic encoding, of time 544 linguistic ethnography 618–619, 624–625 linguistic inequality 624 Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 489–490 linguistic metaphor 342, 348, 353 linguistic turn 80, 162 linguists; utterance-token meaning 1–2; utterance-type meaning 1–4 literacy, autonomous model of 379 Literacy in Theory and Practice (Street) 374, 379 literary discourse; approaches for different literary genres 633–637; difference in literary texts 631–633; dramatic communicative situation 631; future aspects 638–639; literary language 628–631; play-with-a-play situation 632; work useful for analysing 637–638 literary language, meaning of 628–631 literary pragmatics 633, 637 literary stylistics 637 literary texts 22, 29, 317, 327, 631–634, 636–638 Llewellyn, Karl 170 LOB Corpus 201 London-Lund Corpus (LLC), of spoken English of casual conversation 181, 201 low-context communication (LCC) 575 676 Machiavelli, Niccolò 526–527 macro-sociological structural functionalism 161 Mahuta, Robert 502 Maori humour 496; analysis of, in workplace 498–499; boundary-marking humour 499–501; construction of in-group solidarity and reinforcing Maori identity 501; group-disparaging humour 503–504; self-disparaging humour 501–502; communication styles 504; whakaiti, concept of 502, 504 maps-as-signs 43–44 Mauranen, A 177 Mayan language 397–398 McCarthy, M 181, 254, 256, 285, 287, 291, 293, 295–296, 634 meaning-making, complexity of 228–229 media discourse; breakdown of presenter–audience features in closings 447–449; meaning of 441; new frameworks 449–452; print media, study of 441–442; spoken media, study of 442–445; use of corpus linguistics with other methodologies 445–449; mediated discourse analysis (MDA); development of 66; key studies 67–69; material entities 71–73; methodological interdiscursivity 69; nexus analysis 73–75; theory of 69–70; unit of 70–71 Mediated Discourse as Social Interaction (Scollon) 67 medical consultation 252, 278, 473–474 memory-dependent time 545–547 mental models, in communication and interaction 588–589 metadiscourse 165, 177–178, 219, 417, 514 metaphor in spoken discourse; Aristotelian example of 345; conventional metaphors, use of 345; discourse dynamics approach; as research tool 350; theoretical framework 349–350; distinctions between metaphorical and non-metaphorical uses 346–347; historical context for 342–343; issues around cognitive metaphor theory and discourse 347–348; language of metaphor, constraints on 348; metaphor-led discourse analysis 351–352; of metaphor patterns 352; in spoken discourse 352; methodological issues from using spontaneous spoken discourse 348–349; occurrence of 344–345; spontaneous 343–344; terms relating to physical and perceptual world 346; theoretical framework of 349–350; conventionalized metaphors 350–351; framing metaphors 350; very frequently used words 346 Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff and Johnson) 342 Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) 177, 254 Miller, C 241, 573–575 mind reading 589 mode, concept of 210 Index Mohamed, Ali 176 monologic narrative 58 Mullany, L 510 multicultural approach to discourse studies; mode of research 645–646; multicultural researcher 647–648; nature of 643–645; theory and methods 650–651 multimedia advertising campaigns 432 multimedia discourse analysis 82–84; history of 79–82; phenomenology and affect, semiotic approaches 85–86; trajectories and traversals 86–88; and transmedia 84; video and multi-channel technology 83 multimodal discourse analysis (MMDA); key issues 38–45; learning and social life 45–46; meaning of 35–37; modes of 45; social semiotic analysis; of communication/(inter-)action and semiotic entities/texts 46–47; importance of 47–48; text 36 multimodal ensemble 38 ‘multi-modal’ texts, of television and the Internet 12 multiperspective genre, analytical framework of 246 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (Christie) 633 Myers, Greg 430 Myers-Scotton, Carol 400 Nakada, N 575 narrative analysis, for social interaction; collaborative narratives, forms of 58; and evidentiality 61–64; in institutional discourse; legal discourse 60; TV talk shows 58–60; as interactional phenomenon 54–57; Labov’s model of narrative syntax 53, 57, 61; modelling of 51–54; narrative hybridity 62; reasons for 51; social contexts and participant roles in 57–58; syntax for 52; theory of 51–58 Narrative, Literacy and Face in Interethnic Communication (Scollon) 374 narratives; co-authored 337; event 57; features of 335–336; fuzzy-set definition of 332; place of 605–606 narrator evaluation 336 National Language Act (2003) 398 natural knowledge; context models for management of discourse 589–590; discourse processing, strategies of 590–592; mental models, in communication and interaction 588–589; structures of discourse; phonology 592–593; propositions, sequences of 595–601; syntax 593–595; theory of 587–588 NATURE metaphors 595 neo-liberal globalisation 17 new literacy studies (NLS); basic argument 372–374; examples of founding work in; Heath, Shirley Brice 376–378; Scollon, R and Scollon, S 374–376; Street, Brian 379–380; meaning of 371–372 New London Group 371–372 Newmeyer, F 301 Newsnight programme (BBC) 448 newspaper media, linguistic analysis of 441–442 nexus analysis; forms of 73; meaning of 73; stages of 73–75 non-Indo-European languages 164 non-minimal response tokens 296 Nottingham Health Communication Corpus (NHCC) 477 noun and verb (NV) 310 noun phrase (NP) 23, 181, 193, 198, 240, 306–308, 345, 350, 661 “null hypothesis” of lexical differences, spoken vs written 286 NZE sports journalism 656 Obama, President 592–601 Ochs, E 58, 330, 336; theory of indexicality 512 O’Halloran, Kay 26–27, 83, 179–180, 448–449 O’Keeffe, Anne 445, 448 Omikoshi management 459, 461, 462–463 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey) 349 one non-compositional element (ONCEs) 656 open choice principle, of discourse roles of lexical chunks 289 oral discourses 306–307, 377, 604 oral literary criticism 334 orders of discourse 11–12, 14–15, 19, 235 organizational discourse studies 526 organization of language, Chomskyan conceptions of 35 Orwell, George 527 Other Floors, Other Voices: A Textography of a Small University Building (Swales) 150 O’Toole, Michael 82–83 Owens, R J 489 Pattern, Chris 553 pattern forming creativity 322 pattern re-forming creativity 321 pattern re-forming repetition 320–321 Patterson, Anne 113 Paul, Hermann 308 performance, notion of 525 peripateia 606 personhood and sociality, theory of 164–165 perspectives, concept of 599 Persson, G 290 Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein) 309 phonemes, micro-analysis of 90 Pilkington, Doris 213 pitch concord 282 pitch movement 271–272, 276–280 play-with-a-play situation 632 677 Index politeness; considerations of 291; theory of 578; political discourse; European Union institutions 531–536; frontstage and backstage 525; ideological reconstruction of politics, techniques for 527; and investigating ‘politics as usual’ 530–531; meaning of 525–526; politics as usual; perspectives and limitations 536–537; theoretical cornerstones of 532; theoretical approaches; discourse-historical approach in CDA (DHA) 529–530; politics and grand politics 526–528; politics on ‘backstage’ 528–529 political linguistics 527 politics; on ‘backstage’ 528–529; meaning of 526–528 polyphonic narrative 58 polyphony 95, 98 Ponterotto, D 348 Potter, Jonathan 105–107, 113, 632 power discourse; approaches to analysing 620–624; critical perspectives on 617–618; current research on 618–620; future directions in 624–625; key studies in 616–617 ‘practice-based’ courses 413 practice(s); classroom practices 619; communicative practices 167, 412; English for academic purposes (EAP) 412; modes of 470; tribal law 167; courtroom practices 482–483, 488, 509; in criminal cases 482; form of narrative activity 61; institutional norms of 488; legal discourse and 482; nature of 64; definition of 71; discourse practices 147–149, 153, 374–375; of different social group 151; ethnographic study of 147; implications of 389; of speakers from different social groups 484; discursive practices; features of 264; Gee’s notion of ‘Discources’ 261; Gumperz’s discourse strategies 264; and linguistics 235, 323, 559; multi-method analyses of 457; queer theory of 562; political 526; educational practices 385; gender practices; in classroom discourse 389; concept of 512–513; cross-gender miscommunication 95; language and 90–91; ideologies of 99–100; queer theory 98–99, 558; in professional communication 518; role of 74; social reality and 91; strategic essentialism 100–101; institutional practices 162, 176, 241, 470; professional practices; concept of 247; critical analysis of 249; recent developments 182; social practices; difference with social action 70–71; elements of 14, 116; institutional 414; level of 15; and linguistics 100, 385; ontogeny of 67; power relations 69; relationship between general and abstract social structures 11; requirements of 105; role of discourse in 617; semiotic dimension of 11; structuring of 12; of urban subcultures 148 Pragglejaz Group 352 pragmatics 678 pragmatic text-linguistic techniques, for ideological reconstruction of politics 527 Pratt, Mary Louise 632 pre-service teacher education program, linguistic demands of 25 The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (Spark) 633 print advertisements 433–434 priori grammar 301, 303–304 Prior, P 150, 337, 416, 607 problem-solution (P-S) pattern, for corpus-based discourse analysis 176 professional communication; analysis 513–518; definition of 509; future research 518–519; and gender issues 511; key concepts 512–513 professional genres; frequently occurring workplace genres 257; spoken; communicative purpose of 256–260; descriptions of 252–253; genre and spoken corpora 253–254; notion of 255–256; staged practice 260–264; written; analysis of 239–243; critical analysis of 249–250; multiperspective and multidimensional 244–249; perspectives on 248 professional–lay person communication 509–510 projection, concept of 307–309 prominent syllables 272, 274–276, 280 prominent word 274 pseudo-familiarity, concept of 444 pseudo-intimacy; concept of 444; markers of 445 punning, concept of 319 Quaker ideology, of person pronoun system 170 queer language 564 queer linguistics; of colour, globalization and shame 568–569; and discourses of sexuality 559–562; gender and discourse analysis 98–99; linguistic practices 566; meaning of 558–559; performativity and desire 563–565; queer project 562–563; visibility and tacit subjects 567–568 queer of colour critique 568–569 Rabelais and His World (Bakhtin) 619 racial literacy 337 radio discourse, new participation framework for 451 ‘rapport management’ model 578–579 RASIM project 180 rationality; meaning of 604–605; and modes of discourse 608–612 reasoning, discourse model of 612–613 recontextualization 622; concept of 12, 18–19, 529; interactional 58; of knowledge 26 recurrent economic ‘cycles’ 15 re-forming lyrics 319–320 Regimes of Language (Kroskrity) 165 Index registers; components of 191–192; content 26; corpus-based analyses of 193, 194; e-mail messages as 194–198; composition of mini-corpus of 199; variation among sub-registers of 198–201; genre features 193; instructional 26–27; involved vs informational production 203; language of schooling 27; lexis and 285–289; mean scores of 203; multi-dimensional studies of variation in 201–206; notion of 22; pedagogical 26; pervasive linguistic features 193; regulative 26–27; in relation to metafunctions of language 211 relational discourse, characteristics of 485 relational litigants 485–486 relationships, unmarked forms of 443 relexicalization 291, 293, 296; patterns of 292 repetitions 309; competitive 322; in conversation 291; functions of 291; of greetings and farewells 290; pattern reforming 320 reports, for classifying and describing things 216–217 response stories 58, 337 rhetorical structure theory (RST) 176 Right to Education Act, India 398 rise–fall tone 277–278 rise tone 277–278 Rogerson-Revell, P 496–497; analysis of intercultural meetings 497 Romeo and Juliet (play) 629–630 Roosevelt, Theodore 397 routinization 309 Rudanko, J 636 rule-oriented accounts, characteristics of 484 Ryan, M L 332 Sabah Daily Express (newspaper) 658 Sacks, Harvey 54, 57, 64, 113, 120–122, 125, 130 same-sex talk; discourse patterns in 93–96; linguistic characteristic of 93 Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis 164 Schegloff, E A 54, 113, 120, 130, 291, 442–444, 617 Schleppegrell, M J 27, 408 Scollon, Ronald 66–67, 70–72, 75, 374–376 Scollon, Suzanne 374–376 Searle, John 230, 312, 632 Sedgwick, Eve 562 selection, possibilities in multimodal environment 42 self-disparaging humour 501–502 self-mentioning in articles, use of 415, 419 self repetition, examples of 320 Sell, Roger 633, 637 semantic networks 24–25; types of 25 semantics 25, 356, 363–365, 591, 598; macrostructures 600; quantitative 527; of texts 24 Semino, E 349, 639 semiosis 12, 14–15, 210; categories of 11; relations with other social elements 11; social 38 semiotic apprenticeships 68 semiotic modalities, of discourse analysis 11 semiotic techniques, for ideological reconstruction of politics 527 semiotic work, recognition of 39 sentence and text-semantic procedures, for ideological reconstruction of politics 527 sexual identity 561, 564–567 Shaw, Sylvia 92–93, 99 signs; compositional elements 40; of learning 42; maps-as-signs 43; meaning of 40–41 Silva, Oteiza 28 Silverstein, Michael 161, 165, 169–170 situated meaning task 2–4 situation model, formation/selection of 590 Slembrouck, Stef 162–163, 617 Smith, Larry 655 social constructionism 36, 91–92, 96, 108, 253, 333, 389, 485, 580–581 social inequality 170, 531 social learning, general theories of 80 social networking sites, discourse of 451 social order 11, 14–15, 17, 72, 85, 162, 235, 379, 458, 530 social practices; discourse as 247; semiotic dimension of 11 social reality 9; levels of 11 social semiosis 38 social semiotics 37, 80–81; application to other semiotic resource systems 82; multimodal discourse analysis; of communication/ (inter-)action and semiotic entities/texts 46–47; importance of 47–48; rhetorical approach 47 social space–time 553–554 social theory ontology 70 social wrongs; identification of obstacles for addressing 14–15; semiotic aspects of 13–14; social order with respect to 15 sociolinguistics 35, 51, 69–70, 75, 90–91, 96, 302, 335–337, 529; ethnographic branches of 625; interactional 135–138, 141, 145, 160, 164, 257, 264, 510, 513, 529, 618; political discourse and 396–399; variationist 165 sociopragmatics 575–576 Solan, L M 489–490 Solow, Robert 606 song lyrics 320 Spark, Muriel 633 spatial language 543–544 speech; creativity in see creativity in speech; difference with writing 39; linguistic modes of 46 speech acts 601; categories of 632; concept of 230–234, 632 679 Index ‘speech community’ group 151; rules of speaking 152 speech events 151–152, 254, 304, 386–387, 393, 413 speech genres, notion of 349, 623 Spencer-Oatey, Helen 576–577, 580, 582; rapport management model 579 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 100 Spoken Chinese Corpus of Situated Discourse (SCCSD) 542, 545 spoken narrative discourse; basic participation framework for 450; Complication^Resolution structure of 212; definition of 326–328; disciplining 331; folklore studies and anthropology 333–337; sociolinguistics 335–337; literary studies 331–332; shifting analytic approaches to 337–338; transcription of 328–330 sports opinion article 657 stance, concept of 417 Stanovich, K 604, 608–609, 611–612 Steinthal, Heymann 365 Sternberger, Rolf 527 story, meaning of 606–607 storytelling 51–59, 63, 331, 333–334, 591, 599 see also narrative analysis, for social interaction Strauss, Anselm 149 Street, Brian 379–380 structuration, theory of 16 styles 11 substitutions of words 309 Survey of English Usage 290 suspension of a maxim 633 Suzuki, T 459 Swales, J 177, 230, 232, 240–242, 252, 414–416; approach for genre analysis 176, 253 Swann, Joan 92 The Symbolic Use of Politics (Edelman) 525 syntax 46, 52, 57, 66, 163, 168, 227, 263, 271, 293, 301, 330, 356, 363, 591, 593, 601 systemic functional linguistics (SFL) 175–176, 618; approaches to, discourse analysis 24–26; contexts explored by analysts 26–29; contributions to discourse analysis 29; discourse-level systems 25; engagement system 26; meaning of 21–22; reasoning with patterns of grammar and meaning 23–24; registers, notion of 22; system networks, notion of 25 system networks 216–218; SFL’s notion of 25 ‘tacit subject’ formations 567 ‘tackling a text’, analytic tools for 25 talk-in-interaction 131, 442, 601 The Taming of the Shrew (Cooper) 637 Tannen, Deborah 95, 291, 319–321 teaching–learning cycle 222 television commercials 431, 434–436 680 television discourse, new participation framework for 451 tellability; constraints of 634; features of 55, 336, 632 tenor 22–25, 210, 221, 285–286 termination pitch-level choice 280–282 texts; communicative purpose of 252; discourse as 246; elements of 36; interdiscursivity of 12; interpretation 36; linguistics 35, 527, 528; multimodal discourse analysis 36; residual register features 633; social institutions 37; theory of inherent dialogism of 80 textualization; of lexico-grammatical and discoursal resources 247; process of 239 Thee/Thou form, of person pronoun system 170 Thomas, Jenny 575, 633 thoughts; example 357–358; independence from language 359–360; linguistic evidence for the nature of 360–361; semantic structures of 361–362; speakers of different languages 365; stages from 356–357; syntactic structures of 362–365; translation paradox 365–368 “Through Mexican eyes” narrative 332–333, 335; sociolinguistic analysis of 337 tone 276–280; choices available to speakers 276, 280; elements of 279; functions of proclaiming and referring 277; rise 277–278; rise–fall 277–278; selections 277 tone units 271–274; number of prominences in 275; three-part structure of 274 Toolan, Michael 52, 442, 637 topoi 529, 531, 536 transcription conventions 109, 271, 283, 330, 338 trans-disciplinary critical social analysis transgender language 565 translation 331 Trudgill, Peter 90 The Turn of the Screw (James) 631, 633 TV talk shows, narratives in 58–60 typification 373; concept of 229–230; of rhetorical action 241 Universal Time 543 utterances 1, 228–232, 234–235, 400, 498, 612, 635; communicative value of 274, 278, 307; and creative language 317–318; lexical meaning of 126; linguistic features of 392; ’production format’ of 60 utterance-token meaning, of linguistics 1–2 utterance-type meaning, of linguistics 1–4 Utusan Borneo (Malay newspaper) 658–660 Valentine, D 565 Verschueren, J 136, 572 video recordings 108, 122, 498, 620 Vienna Oxford Corpus of International English (VOICE) 662 Index visual collocation, notion of 182 visual signs 39 vocabulary-based discourse units (VBDUs) 176 voice, analysis of 625 voir dire 482 Voloshinov, Valentin 80, 617, 619 Wall Street Institute (WSI); print advertisements 433–434; television commercials 434–436; website material 436–437 War and Peace (Tolstoy) 609 Washington Consensus 16 The Wasteland (Eliot) 636 Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms (Heath) 150, 374, 376 web-borne situated discourse (WBSD) 542, 555 website material 436–437 Wedeking, J 489 Wei, Li 400 Wellington Language in the Workplace Project (LWP) 92, 498 West, Candace 91 whakaiti, concept of 502, 504 wh-clause 305–306 Whig and Tory parties 2–6 White, P 441 Willet, J 388 Wittgenstein, L 309, 529, 542 WMatrix corpus tool 176 Wolcott, H 384 Woolgar, Steve 150, 154 workplace discourse, temporal patterns of 552 World Bank 16 world Englishes (WE); examples from 656–662; ‘inner’ and ‘outer circle’ varieties of 655; theories and models of 655 writing; difference with speech 39; linguistic modes of 46 Writing/Disciplinarity: A Sociohistoric Account of Literate Activity in the Academy (Prior) 150 Writing the Economy: Activity, Genre and Technology in the World of Banking (Prior) 151, 153 written discourse 29, 154, 288, 388, 390, 452, 509–510, 545; basic participation framework for 449; new participation framework for 451 written language 27, 226–227, 285–286, 303, 378, 387, 470 The Written Language Bias in Linguistics (Linell) 303 written professional genres; analysis of 239–243; critical analysis of 249–250; multiperspective and multidimensional 244–249; perspectives on 248 written word-borne discourse (WWBD) 542, 555 Xu, Zhichang M 662 Yang, Jie 100 Ye/You form, of person pronoun system 170 yijin (educational programme), Hong Kong 664 You Just Don’t Understand (Tannen) 95 žegarac, V 572 Zentella, Ana Celia 400–402, 407 Zimmerman, Don 91, 126, 443 Zipfian distribution 286–287 Zipf’s Law 286 681 .. .The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis ‘This discourse analysis handbook wins hands down as the most intellectually responsible in the field – both in terms of the comprehensiveness of the. .. University, USA The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis covers the major approaches to Discourse Analysis from Critical Discourse Analysis to Multimodal Discourse Analysis and their applications... Kirkpatrick The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by James Simpson The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis James Paul Gee and Michael Handford The Routledge Handbook of Second