The routledge handbook of world englishes routledge handbooks in applied linguistics

The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes constitutes a comprehensive introduction to the study of world Englishes, drawing on the expertise of leading authors within the field The handbook is structured in six sections covering historical perspectives, core issues and topics and new debates which together provide a thorough overview of the field, taking into account the new directions in which the discipline is heading Among the key themes covered are the development of English as a lingua franca among speakers for whom English is a common but not first language, the parallel development of English as a medium of instruction in educational institutions throughout the world and the role of English as the international language of scholarship and scholarly publishing, as well as the development of computer-mediated Englishes, including cyberprose The Handbook also includes a substantial introduction from the editor The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes is the ideal resource for postgraduate students of applied linguistics as well as those in related degrees such as applied English language and TESOL/TEFL Andy Kirkpatrick is Chair Professor of English as an International Language at the Hong Kong Institute of Education Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the key topics in applied linguistics All entries for the handbooks are specially commissioned and written by leading scholars in the field Clear, accessible and carefully edited Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics are the ideal resource for both advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics Edited by Anne O’Keeffe and Michael McCarthy The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics Edited by Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes Edited by Andy Kirkpatrick Forthcoming The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism Edited by Marilyn Martin-Jones, Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics Edited by James Simpson The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Susan Gass and Alison Mackey The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis Edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies Edited by Carmen Millan Varela and Francesca Bartrina The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing Edited by Glenn Fulcher and Fred Davidson The Routledge Handbook of Intercultural Communication Edited by Jane Jackson The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes Edited by Andy Kirkpatrick First published 2010 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2010 Selection and editorial matter, Andy Kirkpatrick; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Routledge handbook of world Englishes / edited by Andy Kirkpatrick p cm – (Routledge handbooks in applied linguistics) Includes bibliographical references and index English language – Variation – English-speaking countries English language – Variation – Foreign countries English language – Dialects I Kirkpatrick, Andy PE1066.K53 2010 427 – dc22 2009051534 ISBN 0-203-84932-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-0-415-47039-1 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-203-84932-3 (ebk) Contents List List List List List of of of of of figures maps tables contributors abbreviations Introduction Andy Kirkpatrick ix x xi xiii xx Section I: Historical perspectives and ‘traditional’ Englishes 15 Standardized English: the history of the earlier circles Daniel R Davis 17 Grammatical variation in the contemporary spoken English of England David Britain 37 Phonological innovation in contemporary spoken British English Gerard J Docherty 59 The Englishes of Ireland: emergence and transportation Raymond Hickey 76 The development of Standard American English William A Kretzschmar, Jr 96 The Englishes of Canada Stephen Levey 113 v C O NT E N T S English in Australia Kate Burridge 132 The English(es) of New Zealand Margaret Maclagan 152 Section II: Regional varieties and the ‘new’ Englishes 165 167 The development of the English language in India Joybrato Mukherjee 10 Sri Lankan Englishes Dushyanthi Mendis and Harshana Rambukwella 181 11 East and West African Englishes: differences and commonalities Hans-Georg Wolf 197 12 The development of English in Botswana: language policy and education Birgit Smieja and Joyce T Mathangwane 212 13 English in Singapore and Malaysia: differences and similarities Low Ee Ling 229 14 Periphery ELT: the politics and practice of teaching English in the Philippines Isabel Pefianco Martin 247 15 East Asian Englishes: Japan and Korea Yuko Takeshita 265 16 Chinese English: a future power? Xu Zhichang 282 17 Slavic Englishes: education or culture? Zoya Proshina 299 18 West Indian Englishes: an introduction to literature written in selected varieties Hazel Simmons-McDonald 316 19 English and English teaching in Colombia: tensions and possibilities in the expanding circle Adriana González 332 Section III: Emerging trends and themes 353 20 Lingua franca English: the European context Barbara Seidlhofer 355 vi C ON T E N TS 21 Developmental patterns of English: similar or different? Edgar W Schneider 372 22 Variation across Englishes: phonology David Deterding 385 23 Variation across Englishes: syntax Bernd Kortmann 400 24 Mixed codes or varieties of English? James McLellan 425 25 Semantics and pragmatic conceptualizations within an emerging variety: Persian English Farzad Sharifian 442 Section IV: Contemporary contexts and functions 459 26 In defence of foreignness Ha Jin 461 27 Writing in English(es) Tope Omoniyi 471 28 Online Englishes Mark Warschauer, Rebecca Black and Yen-Lin Chou 490 29 The Englishes of business Catherine Nickerson 506 30 Englishes in advertising Azirah Hashim 520 31 The Englishes of popular cultures Andrew Moody 535 32 ‘Thank you for calling’: Asian Englishes and ‘native-like’ performance in Asian call centres Kingsley Bolton 550 Section V: Debates and pedagogical implications 565 33 Which norms in everyday practice: and why? T Ruanni F Tupas 567 34 Construing meaning in World Englishes Ahmar Mahboob and Eszter Szenes 580 vii C O NT E N T S 35 Which test of which English and why? Brian Tomlinson 599 36 When does an unconventional form become an innovation? David C.S Li 617 37 Academic Englishes: a standardized knowledge? Anna Mauranen, Carmen Pérez-Llantada and John M Swales 634 38 Cameroon: which language, when and why? Augustin Simo Bobda 653 Section VI: The future 671 39 The future of Englishes: one, many or none? Alastair Pennycook 673 Index viii 689 Figures 6.1 Schematization of the Canadian Shift 6.2 Comparison of the distribution of major quotative variants used by Canadian youth, 1995 and 2002–3 6.3 Comparison of population by mother tongue (1996–2006) 8.1 NZE vowel plots in Hz for 10 males and 10 females, born between 1970 and 1980 15.1 Percentages of primary schools with English activities 15.2 Attitude to English at primary level 15.3 TOEFL scores 2004–5 15.4 Numbers of TOEFL takers 19.1 The pyramid of Colombian ELT policy 22.1 The monophthongs of the Singapore speaker 22.2 The monophthongs of the Nigerian speaker 22.3 The monophthongs of the Indian speaker 23.1 Visualization of principal components of variance in the 76 Â 46 WAMVE database 23.2 Transparency by grammaticity 23.3 Analyticity by simplicity 28.1 The overall blogosphere 29.1 A categorization of BE interactions in global business 31.1 Horizontal and vertical flows in popular culture 34.1 Stratification and metafunction in SFL 37.1 A proposed space for interdiscursive hybridity in contemporary academic English 38.1 Enrolment figures at the Cameroonian Bilingual Training Programme from 1986 to 2006 116 122 126 156 270 270 271 271 346 388 390 391 411 413 414 496 513 543 585 644 658 ix INDEX Arabic loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Arasanayagam, Jean 193 Argentina: Business English 516 Arnovick, L.K 30, 31 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal 255–56, 257, 259 Aryanpur Persian–English Dictionary 444 ASEAN nations: websites in English 628 Ash, S 101 Ashcroft, B 317, 318, 321, 327, 329 Ashwini 584, 589–91, 594 Asia-Pacific: use of English in business 515 Asmara Declaration on African Languages and Literatures 478 Assadi, R 448 Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) 606 Atechi, S.N 657 Auer, P 561–62 AusE see Australian English Australia: immigrants 84, 88, 91, 132, 144–45; Immigration Restriction Act 1901 144; multilingualism 145; National Indigenous Languages Survey 145 Australian Aboriginal English 1, 443 Australian Aboriginal languages 144, 145, 146–48 Australian Business English 508 Australian English (AusE) 3, 91; Americanization 148; consonants 136–37; development 132–33; distinctive cultural and discourse features 142–44; ethnic variation 144–48; grammatical features 140–42; lexical features 133–35; phonological features 135–36, 393; prosodic features 139–40; uniformity 133; vowels 137–39 Australian Questioning Intonation 69, 139–40 Ayala, J 340 Azirah Hashim 10, 236, 240, 241 Baba Malay 230–31 Babarinsa, Dare 477 Bachman, L.F 599 Bagwasi, M.M 216, 222–23 Bahasa Melayu see Malay Baidu 628, 631 Baik, M.J 266 Bailey, R 117, 125, 127 Bailey, R.W 31 Bailyn, B 97 Bajan 318 Baker, Z 43 Bakhtin, M 476 Bamgbose, A 626–27, 629, 630, 631, 663 Banim brothers 78 Bantu language group 213, 224 Bao, Z.M 241 Barber, C.L 28 690 Bargiela-Chiappini, F 508 Barnes Commission 231 Baron, N 493 Bartens, A 334, 335, 337, 343 Baskaran, L 235 Battle of Plassey 169 Bauer, L 67, 158 Bauer, W 158 Baugh, Edward 7, 321–22 Bautista, M.L.S 252, 575 Baxter, R 511 Bazerman, C 636 BBC Voices project 60 BE see Business English Beal, J 41, 48 Beal, J.C 31 Beatles 545 Beeman, W.O 447, 453 Behind the Music 543 Behzadi, K.G 454 Belcher, D 645 BELF see Business English Lingua Franca Bell, M 499 Bennett, T 254 Benskin, M 27 Benson, P 286 Benton, R 159 Bernardo, Allan 259 Berndt, R 24 Berners-Lee, T 495 Berns, M 296 Beti, Mongo 656 Bhabha, H.K 562 Bhatia, T.K 524, 542 Bhatt, R.M 415–16 Bhimji, F 538 Biber, D 635 Bible: vernacular translations 28 Bickerton, D 318 Big Brother 539 bilingual advertisements 522–23 Binational Colombo–American centres 338 Birmingham School 508 Bishop, H 522 Bitja’a Kody, Z 656 Biya, Paul 654 Björkman, B 641 Black, Rebecca Black Death 24 Black English 319 Blair, Tony 63 Bliss, Alan 77, 81 blogs 495–98 Blommaert, J 474, 476 BNC see British National Corpus Boberg, C 117, 127 Boden, D 507 INDEX Bolton, Kingsley 10, 176, 252, 285, 295, 551 Bosire, M 682 Botswana 212; English-medium education 214–16, 218–19, 220; language policy 214–15; language shift 221; languages 213–14; official languages 212, 213, 217 Botswana English 5, 221–22; acculturation 222–24; code-switching 218, 222; future of 225; historical development 215–16; present-day use 216–22; Setswana loanwords 223; vowel sounds 224 Bourdieu, P 473 Boyd, B 461–62 BPO see Business Process Outsourcing industries Braddy, M 50 Bradley, D 137 Braganza, M.C 260 Brathwaite, K 471, 476, 477 BrE see British English Breton 20 Briguglio, C 511–12 Brinton, L 128 Brinton, L.J 30, 31 Britain: Irish immigrants 85–86 Britain, D 3, 40, 42 British 20–21; loanwords in Old English 21 British–Anglo-Saxon contact 21 British Business English 507–8 British Celts 20–21 British colonies: education 198 British Council 232, 304–5, 338, 341, 342, 603, 678, 679 British English (BrE): embedded gender bias, 618–19; grammatical variations 39–52; irrational spelling 618; phonological innovation 59–70; varieties 1, British Library ‘Sounds Familiar’ archive 60 British National Corpus (BNC) 44, 46 Brittany 20 Brock-Utne, B 654, 663–65 Broome County Peace Action, New York 629 Brown, A 240, 241 Brown, P 450 Brownlow, S 539 Brulish 432 Brunei: Malay language 427 Brunei English 426, 427, 428–39; pronunciation 394 Brunglish 432 Bruthiaux, P 678 Brutt-Griffler, J 474, 476, 576 bubonic plague 24 Buchstaller, I 43 Burde, A 582 Burgess, S 637 Burghers 183, 188 Burridge, Kate 3, 142 Burrough-Boenisch, J 645 Business English (BE) 9–10, 509, 513; of speakers of English as a first language 507–10; of speakers of English as a foreign language 512–16; of speakers of English as a second language 510–12 Business English Lingua Franca (BELF) 10, 512–14 Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industries 550 Butler English 174 Butler, J 562 Butler, S 252 CA see Conversational Analysis Caesar, Julius 20 call centres 10, 550; English 512, 550–51; India 10, 550, 551; Philippines 10, 550–62 Callow, M 522 Cambio 559 Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language 216 Cambridge Examinations Syndicate 476 Cambridge University 603 Cameron, D 558, 619 Cameroon 653; bilingualism 659; code-switching 655; language choices 656–61; language conflict 661–63; language policy 654, 661, 666; language use 653–56; languages 12, 653; local languages 655, 658, 663; official languages 653, 657 Cameroon English 197, 199, 201, 202, 380, 444 Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE) 12, 657–58, 659–61, 666 Camfranglais 653, 655, 656 Canada: immigration 114–15; Irish immigrants 84, 89–90; Official Languages Acts 125 Canadian English 3, 30, 89–90, 113–14; Americanization of 118; borrowings from indigenous languages 118–19; ethnicity and linguistic variation 127–28; impact of multilingualism 125; relationship with French 125–27; research 128; sociohistorical context 114–15; variation and change 116–23 Canadian Raising 90, 116–17, 123 Canadian Shift 116, 117 Canagarajah, A.S 193, 247, 259, 680, 684, 685 Cannon, G 285 Cannon, G.H 28 Cantonese–English language mixing 25 Canute 22 Captain Thomas Stukeley 77 Cárdenas, M.L 340, 342 Cardiff, D 526 Caribbean: English 90; Irish immigrants 83–4, 90 691 INDEX Caribbean English see West Indian English Caribbean Standard English 317–18 Carlton, William 78 Carrington, L 323 case-inflected languages 22–23 Catherine the Great 299 Caxton, William 26–27 CE see Chinese English CEC see Corpus of English in Cameroon CEFR see Common European Framework of Reference Celtic 20; loanwords in British 21 Cely, R.M 342 Central African Republic: education policy 665 Chamberlin, J.E 320, 321 Chambers, J 117, 118, 123 Chambers, J.K 405–7 Chancery Standard 27 Chang, Y.-Y 638 Chapman, D 109–10 Charles, M 509–10, 516 Charles, Prince 680 Charlotte’s Girls’ School, Freetown 663 chat room 492 chatting 492–94, 500 Chebanne, A.M 213 Cheng, C.C 283 Chesher, C 495, 497 Cheshire, J 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 47, 50, 51, 53 Chesney, T 498 Chew, S.K 510 Chia, E.N 660 Chiba, S 599 children: speech surveys 37–38 Chin, Marilyn 467 China: English 1, 2, 677 China Daily 285 China English 283–84 Chinese-coloured English 283 Chinese English (CE) 6, 282; discourse and pragmatic features 293–95; future 295–96; lexical features 285–89; linguistic features 285–95; syntactic features 289–93 Chinese idioms 466 Chinese loanwords: in English 287 Chinglish 282–83 Chou Yen-Lin Chumbow, B.S 380, 666 Clark, C 512 Clark, L 65 Clarke, S 116, 124 Clavijo, A 340, 343, 345 CLT see communicative language teaching Clyne, M 508 CMC see computer-mediated communication Coca-Cola 543 692 code-switching 8, 435; advertising 522–23, 524, 529; Botswana English 218, 222; Cameroon 655; English–Maori 160; English–Russian 524; English–Setswana 222; English–Shona 477; English–Spanish 522, 523; European Union 514; Malaysia 529; Philippines 260; pop culture contexts 542; Singaporean English–standard English 512; use in teaching English 571 COFE see Colombian Framework for English Cognitive Sociolinguistics 207, 209 Cogo, A 641 Collins, J 543 Collins, P 133 Colombia 332; bilingualism 333, 337, 340, 341; creoles 332–36; English 7, 333, 337–39, 343–44; English teaching 337–46; language policy 337, 338–40; languages 332–33 Colombian–British Cultural Centre 338–39 Colombian Framework for English (COFE) 339 colonial levelling 98 Colpin, M 613 COM see Cultural Orientation Model Commager, H.S 102 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) 340–41, 606 communicative language teaching (CLT) 254 complaint tradition 374 computer-mediated communication (CMC) 428, 492–500; Brunei 428–39 Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics 317 Concise Ulster Dictionary 80 Condé, M 327, 329 Confiant, R 327 Conrad, Joseph 9, 461, 462, 464, 467 contact literature 306 Contrastive Rhetoric 636, 643 Convention of Kanagawa 265 Conversational Analysis (CA) 507, 514 Cook, Captain 132 Cook, G 526 Cook, V 607 Cooper, C 325, 326 Cornish 20 Coronation Street 539 Corpus of Academic English 609 Corpus of English in Cameroon (CEC) 208 Corpus of Spoken American English (CSAE) 404 Coulmas, F 356 Coupland, N 526 Cox, F.M 145 CPE see Cameroon Pidgin English creoles: Africa 665–66; Colombia 332–36; definition 6, 318–19; development 426–27; morphosyntactic features 409–10; West Indies 6, 318–29 creolization 427 INDEX Cromwell, Oliver 77, 84, 90 Cruttenden, A 69 Crystal, D 336, 395, 396, 491, 494, 634 CSAE see Corpus of Spoken American English Cultural Orientation Model (COM) 234 Cummins, J 219 Cunningham, Ward 499 Curry, J 645 Curzan, A 18 Cutler, C.A 541 Czech–British contacts 299 D’Arcy, A 121, 122 Daguio, A.T 5, 247, 261 Daily Kos 496 Danelaw 22 Danes: settlers in England 22 Davies, A 568 Davis, Daniel Dawson, E 479–80 de Alwis, James 191 de Bellaigue, C 447 De Camp 325 de Groot, E.B 508 De Mejía, A.M 345 de Zilwa, Lucian 192 Decker, K 333, 334 Definite Article Reduction 52 Delvecchio Good, M 453 Derby: speech patterns 63, 67, 68 Deterding, D 8, 234, 240, 241, 285, 387, 389, 433 Devendra, D 185 Deverson, T 157 Devonish, H 325 Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 233 dialect levelling 61–62, 66 dialectology 535 Dirven, R 660, 666 Dissayanake, W 472 Dittman, M 336 Dobyns, H 96 Docherty, G.J 3, 63, 64, 65 Dollinger, S 115 Domesday Book 24 Dreamgirls 542 Du, R 284 Dublin: English 82–83 Duff, Alan 4, 162 Duffer, L 40 Duncan, T 521 Durand, C.X 646 Dutch loanwords: in Early Modern English 28, 29 Eades, D 146 EAE see East African English EAL see English as an Additional Language Early Modern English: grammatical developments 30–31; Great Vowel Shift 29–30; social history and its linguistic effects 26–28; vocabulary expansion 28–29 East African English (EAE) 5, 197–98; grammar 416; historical background 198–201; linguistic features 201–2; pronunciation 395 East Anglia 20 East India Bill 169 East India Company 168–69, 230 Eble, C.C 538 ECB see European Central Bank Economist, The 551, 676 Edgeworth, Maria 78 Edict of Nantes: revocation 28 Edward the Confessor 23 Edwards, J 333 Edwards, M 427 Edwards, V 40 Ehlich, K 507 El Colombiano 344 ELAB see English as the Language of Asian Business electronic mail see email ELF see English as a lingua franca ELFA 12, 363, 638–39, 641 Eliot, T.S 468 ELIS see English Language Institute of Singapore Elliott, N.C 540 ELO see English Language Office email 492, 500 emergent bilingualism 377 Encyclopædia Britannica 9, 498–99, 500 England: conversion to Christianity 21; restoration of the monarchy 28 English: change in 680–84; development of 7; global spread 385, 675, 676–79; grammar complexity 11–12, 411–15; internationalization of 491; internet 490–94, 627–30, 676; language of the lower classes in England 24; phonology 8; re-emergence of 24; standardization of the written form 27; status 24–25; syntax 8; use by middle class in England 24; varieties 1–3, English as a global language 550–51, 568 English as a lingua franca (ELF) 7, 362–65, 568, 617; academic use 638–42; Europe 7, 355–56, 357–59; internet 491 English as an Additional Language (EAL) 642 English as an international language 568; testing 608–9 English as the Language of Asian Business (ELAB) 515 English English see British English English for Academic Purposes 634, 639 693 INDEX English for Specific Purposes (ESP) 2, 507 English Language Complex 402 English language history: periodization 18 English Language Institute of Singapore (ELIS) 233 English Language Office (ELO) 304–5 English language testing 11, 599–600; content 605–9; criteria 609–11; method 612–13; objectives for 604–5; reasons for 600–604; time for 611–12 English loanwords in Russian 309–10 Englishes 282; future 13, 673–85 ENL–ESL–EFL 379–80 ephemeral language 538 EPIK Programme 272 Ermita, Eduardo 258 Eslami Rasekh, Z 451–52 ESP see English for Specific Purposes Essex 20 Estuary English 61, 63, 64, 65 EU see European Union Euba, Akin 478 Europe: languages 355–57; multilingualism 356, 358; role of English 7, 355–56, 357–59, 365–67; teaching of English 358, 366–67 European Central Bank (ECB) 358–59 European Language Portfolio 366 European Union (EU) 355, 356–57: advertisement languages 522; English usage 514–15, 677; language policy 359–66; use of English in business 514 Eurydice 358, 360 Evangelista, E Y 250, 251 Fabricius, A 63 Facebook 494 Fairclough, N 338, 644 Fasse Mbouya, I 655 Fauziah Kamaruddinn 525 Fee, M 128 Fenton, James 80 Ferguson, C 216 Ferguson, G 635, 646 Fernandez, D.B 260 Fernando, C 182, 183, 185 Fernando, D 188, 191 Fernando, S 187 Ferris, D 572 Figueroa, J 320–21 Fiji English 380 Filipino 257–58 film language 539–40, 541 Filppula, M 21, 405 Finland: BELF 514 Fischer, D.H 97 Fisher, J.H 27 Fishman, J.A 216 694 Fletcher, J 139 Flowerdew, J 645 following clause constraint 39 Forey, G 557 Foster, R.F 87 Foulkes, P 63, 65, 67 Founder Principle 115 Fox, S 42, 43, 52, 53 Francis, Sir Richard 664 FRED see Freiburg Corpus of English Dialects Freiburg Corpus of English Dialects (FRED) 39, 404 French: language of royalty in England 24; status 24; use by nobility in England and Scotland 28 French and Flemish Protestants: emigration to England 28 French loanwords in: Canadian English 126–27; Early Modern English 28–29; Middle English 25 French speakers: Canada 126–28; England 24 Friedman, T.L 550–51, 562 Frontier Within: Individual Empowerment and Better Governance in the New Millennium 267 Gallic War 20 Gambian English 197, 199, 206–7 Gao, Y 288 Gardner-Chloros, P 427 Gargesh, R 174, 392, 511 Garrett, P 324, 328 Gaudio, R.P 539 Gaul 20 Ge, C 283 Geeraerts, D 660 General American English 101 Gentil, G 646 German loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Germanic mercenaries 20–21 Germanic period: language and social contact 19–20 Ghanaian English 200, 204–5 Giles, H 608 Gimenez, J 510, 516 Gimson, A.C 61 Givón, T 289 global English 491, 675, 676, 681 Godeo, E.G 538 Goffman, Erving 618–19 Gold, E 123 Gonzalez, A 259 González, A 342, 345 Good, J.B Google 628, 631 Gooneratne, Yasmine 193 Goonewardene, James 193 INDEX Gordeeva, O 64 Gordon, R.G 216 Görlach, M 28, 31 Gosden, H 645 Gossip Girl 544 Grace, Patricia 161, 162 Graddol, D 1, 521, 676–77, 684 Gratiaen Prize 193 Graves, R 507 Great Revolt of 1857/8 170 Great Vowel Shift 28, 29–30 Greek loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Green, A 600 Gregg, R 80 Gregory XVI, Pope 87 Griffin, Jeffrey 299 Grimm, Jakob 18 Grimm’s Law 18–19 Grin, F 678 Grose, F 134 Gross, A.J 636 Grushin, Olga 306 Guerrero, C.H 342 Gui, S 283 Guinea Conakry: education policy 665 Gullah 90 Gullas, Eduardo 257, 258 Gunesekera, M 191 Gunigundo, Magtanggol 258 Gupta, A.F 230, 234, 628, 631 Gut, U 241, 390, 391 Guthrum 22 Guyanese Creole 318 Gysen, S 613 Ha Jin 9, 285, 294, 466 Halford, B.K 118 Halliday, MA.K 567, 582, 595 Handbook of Varieties of English (HVE) 401–2, 416 Hannah, J 391, 392 Hardt, M 680 Harold 23 Harrington, J 62 Harriot, Thomas 99 Harris, S 508 Harris, W 329 Hashim, Azirah 525 Hasselbring, S 221 Haugen, E 186 Hawaiian Creole: pronunciation 395 Hawkins, S 67 Heine, B 416 Helal, F 637 Helsinki Corpus 27 Hengest 101 Henry Tudor 26 Herring, S 428, 492, 495, 496 Herrmann, T 50 Hewings, M 645 Hiberno English 124 Hickey, Ray Hidalgo, D.C 260 Higgins, C 683 High Rising Tone/Terminal (HRT) 69; Australia 139–40; New Zealand 157 Hindi loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Hinds, J 507, 508 Hoffman, C 366 Hoffman, M 127, 128 Hoffmann, S 175 Hogan, Paul 135 Hogg, R.M 18, 23 Holmes, J 37, 38, 47, 51 Hong Kong: non-standard English 621–26; use of English in business 511 Hong Kong City University 511 Hong Kong English: grammar 416; pronunciation 394 Hong Kong Jockey Club 511 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 511 Honna, Nobuyuki 278 Horsa 101 Horvath, B 135, 140, 145 Hosali, P 174 House, J.W 86 Howard, M 126 HRT see High Rising Tone/Terminal Hu Jintao 285, 288 Huang, J 283 Huberman, B.A 499 Hudson, Jennifer 542, 545 Hudson, R 37, 38, 43, 47, 51 Hughes, A 41, 44–45, 66 Hull: speech patterns 61, 63, 65, 68 Hundred Years War 24 Hunston, S 643 HVE see Handbook of Varieties of English Hymes, D 319 IAE see Internationally Accepted English IBE see International Business Language ICE see International Corpus of English Idiomas sin Fronteras 343 IDPEA see International Development Program of Education in Australia IELTS see International English Language Testing System Ife Six Year Primary Project 472 Ihalainen, O 40 Ihimaera, Witi 162 IMing 492–94 India: advertisement languages 523–24; BPO industries 550; call centres 10, 550, 551; 695 INDEX Constitution 171; English-medium education 169–70, 172; English use 510–11, 677; history 169–71; language riots 172; Official Language Act 172 Indian army mutiny 170 Indian English 4, 167, 581; characteristic features 173–74; creative function 177; development 167–73; differentiation 173; endonormative stabilization 171–73; nativization 170–71; present-day 176–77; pronunciation 8, 391–93 Indo-European language family 18 industrialization: and British society 31 Infosys 550 instant messaging see IMing International Business Language (IBE) 512–14 International Corpus of English (ICE) 186, 207, 404, 409 International Development Program of Education in Australia (IDPEA) 603 International English Language Testing System (IELTS) 600; New Zealand use 601; UK universities 603 International Singapore English (ISE) 235 Internationally Accepted English (IAE) 317 internet 490–91, 495; English 9, 490–94, 627–30, 676 Intonational Variation in English (IViE) project 68–69 Iran: English 444 Iranian Singles Network 448 Ireland: emigration 83–91; English language testing 606; English settlers 77, 78; language shift 80–82, 88; satirical writings 77–78; Scots settlers 78–80 Irish English 3, 30; arrival 76–77; development 80–81; early modern period 77–78; medieval period 77; Scots influence 76, 77, 78–80; USA 88; varieties 76–77; West/North Midland influence 77 Irwin, Steve 135 Isaac, M 327 ISE see International Singapore English Ishumi, Abel 665 Islander 333–36 Italian loanwords: in Early Modern English 28 Ito, R 46–47 Ivan the Terrible 299 IViE project see Intonational Variation in English project Jackson, K 20 Jacobson, R 435 Jacquemet, M 683 Jam-e-Jam Satellite Channel 448 Jamaica: languages 325 Jamaican Creole 318, 325–26, 333 696 Jamaican English: pronunciation 394, 395 James, C 509 James I 77, 178 James VI of Scotland 78 Japan: English in advertisements 521–22, 523–24; government and English education 269–70; proficiency in English 270–71; proposal to make English an official language 6, 266–67; school enrolment 266; teaching of English 265, 266, 270, 271–72; tourism 275; use of English in business 515–16 Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme 272 Japan International Broadcasting Inc (JIBtv) 275–76 Japanese English 276–78 Japanese: loanwords in English 277 Jayawardena, Elmo 194–95 Jenkins, J 396, 606, 607, 609, 641 Jenkins, S 507, 508 Jenner, B 606 Jerez, S 343 Jernudd, B.H 231 JET Programme see Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme Jia, G 284 Jiang, Y 282, 284 JIBtv see Japan International Broadcasting Inc John, King 25 Johns, Brian 136 Kachru, B.B 167, 173, 251, 253, 254, 282, 334, 392, 427, 506, 513, 582; Three Circles model 1–2, 17–18, 152, 286–87, 300, 355, 372–73, 379–80, 506, 513, 568 Kandiah, T 183, 188, 193, 584 Kaplan, N 500 Kastovsky, D 19 Kaufman, T 378 KEDI see Korean Educational Development Institute Keene, D 27, 97 Keener, A 333, 334 Keitel, R.S 256 Kelly-Holmes, H 522 Kent 20 Kerans, M.E 645 KERIS see Korea Education and Research Information Service Kerswill, P 60, 61, 63, 65, 67 Khakamada, Irina 306 Khatijah Shamsuddin 525 Khoesan language group 213, 219 Kibbee, D.A 24 KICE see Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation Kidman, Nicole 136 INDEX Kildare Poems 77 Kilham, Hannah 663 Kingston, M 40, 46 Kingston, Maxine Hong 467 Kirk, J 51 Kirk, J.M 90 Kirkpatrick, A 31, 282, 284, 292, 435, 474, 569, 595–96 KiSwahili 663–64 Klemola, J 40 Knowlton, J 285 Koch, H 146 Koh, T.T.B 426 koinéization 7, 98, 132, 377, 427 Koizumi, Prime Minister 275 Kone Elevators 509–10 Korea: bilingual advertisements 523; English villages 273–74; government and English education 267–68; lingual frenectomy 275; proficiency in English 270–71; proposal to make English an official language 6, 266–67; school enrolment 265–66; students overseas 274; teaching of English 265, 266, 268, 272–73; wild geese phenomenon 274 Korea Education and Research Information Service (KERIS) 268 Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) 268 Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET) 268 Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI) 268 Korean English 276–78 Kortmann, B 8, 51, 201, 240, 401, 402, 404, 411, 412 Kostomarov, V 309 Koutlaki, S.A 449–50 Kramsch, C 326–27 Kretzschmar, W.A 3, 98 Krio 198, 201, 206, 209, 666 Kriolu 666 Krishna, A 523 Krishnaswamy, N 582 KRIVET see Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training Kumaravadivelu, B 342 Kunnan, A.J 601 Künstler, V 185, 191 Kuo, E 231 Kurath, Hans 100, 106 Kuteva, T 416 Kwéyòl 318, 323–25, 327–28 La Ferle, C 523 Labov, W 66, 100, 101, 106, 109, 535 Lam, W.S.E 493 Lampi, M 508 language contact 98 language crossing 541 Lapus, Jesli 258, 259 Lass, R 30 Latin: use by Roman Catholic Church 21, 24 Latin loanwords in: British 20; Early Modern English, 28; Germanic 19; Irish 20; Old English 21–22 Lavandera, B.R 583–84 Le Page, R 323 Lee, E.M 240 Lee, J.S 541 Lee Myung-bak 268 Leith, D 319 Leitner, G 178 Lenina, Lena 306 Leong, Y.L 526 Lesznyák, Á 641 Levey, Stephen Levinson, S 450 LFC see Lingua Franca Core LFE see lingua franca English Li, C.N 290, 291, 292, 293 Li, David C.S 11, 25, 294 Li, W 283–84 Li Ka-Shing 618 Li So-mui 511 Liberia 198 Liberian English 197, 200, 205 Lillis, T 645 Lim, G 238 Lim, L 240 Lim, S.S 241 Lindisfarne monastery: sacking by Vikings 22 Lingua Franca Core (LFC) 396, 609 lingua franca English (LFE) 684 linguistic capital 473–74 Lippi-Green, R 540 literature awards 479 Liverpool: local dialect 85–86 Llamas, C 61 Llamzon 380 Loakes, D 139 Local Singapore English (LSE) 235 Lockwood, J 557 London: immigrants 97; role in the development of Standard English 27; speech patterns 63, 65, 67, 68 London Gazette 520 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 250 Louhiala-Salminen, L 514 Low Ee Ling 5, 240, 241, 242, 395 LSE see Local Singapore English Lugard, Lord 376 Luke, K.K 25 Lukusa, S.T.M 221 Luna, D 522, 523 697 INDEX Macaulay, Thomas 170 Macdonald, Sir Trevor 479 Machin, D 524 machine translation 676 Maclagan, Margaret 3–4 Macquarie Dictionary 374 Mahboob, Ahmar 11, 582 Maher, J 683 Maier, P 508 Mair, C 31, 409 Makoni, S 664 Malacca Free School 230 Malay 231, 233; Brunei 427 Malay College of Kuala Kangsar 376 Malaysia: demographic profile 234, 235; Education Act of 1961 233; English in advertisements 521, 525–31; English-medium education 230, 233–34; English use in business 511–12; history 230, 231; language policies 233–34; languages 525; national language 231, 233; National Language Act of 1967 233; print advertisements 529; radio advertisements 526–29; vernacular schools 231, 233 Malaysian English (MalE) 5, 229, 525–27, 541, 581; development stage, 235, 242; influence of Malay 426; linguistic features 236–42; loanwords in 236–37; phonology 240–42; syntax 238–39; use in business 512; variation in 235–36 Malcolm, I.G 146 MalE see Malaysian English Mali: education policy 665 Manglish 432 Mao, Chairman 295 Maori 152; English 1, 4, 157–58; 159–60; language 4, 158–59; loanwords in NZE 157 Marschan-Piekkari, R 509–10, 516 Martin, Isabel Masato, M 664 Masavisut, N 524 Mathangwane, Joyce Matsumoto, Y 542 Mauranen, Anna 12, 609, 645, 646 Mauritius: education policy 666 Maza, Liza 258 McArthur, T 17, 379 McDavid, Raven 100, 106 Mcdonald, C.G 522 McIntosh, A 595 McLellan, James 8, 428, 433, 435 McMahon, S.M 541 McNamara, T 599 McWhorter, J 411–12 McWhorter, J.H 21 Mead, K 511 Melanesian English pidgins 427 Melchers, G 362 698 Mendis, Dushyanti Mercia 20 Merriam, G 16, 540 metroethnicity 683 metrolingualism 683–84 Metsä-Ketelä, M 641 Meyler, M 4, 181, 187, 188–89, 190 Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) 12, 635, 638, 639 Middle English 21; loss of inflectional endings 25–26; social history and its linguistic effects 23–25 Middlesbrough: speech patterns 61, 64 Midgley, J 67 Milroy, J 31, 101–2 Milroy, L 61 Milton Keynes: speech patterns 60–61, 63, 65, 67, 68 Minayev, Sergey 306 Minogue, Kylie 136 Mišak, A 645 missionaries 373, 375 Mitchell, T 541 Moag, R.F 380 Model Dependency Myth 253 Modiano, M 355 Mollin, S 641 Monguí, R 343 Monroe Report 250 Montgomery, M 80 Moody, Andrew 10, 542 Moorthy, S 241 Morais, E 235 Morikwa, Y 599 Morren, R 345 Morris, D 539 Motu 427 Mozambique: education policy 665 Mufwene, S.S 376, 426, 427, 435 Mugglestone, L 31 Mühlhäusler, P 318 Mukherjee, Joybrato 4, 175 multilingualism Mur, P 645 Mura, David 468 MySpace 494 Nabokov, V 9, 306, 461–65, 467 NACALCO see National Association of Cameroon’s Language Committees Naipaul, V 327 Nair-Venugopal, S 512 Nairobi Declaration 477 Nanyang University 232 Nation Language 477 National Association of Cameroon’s Language Committees (NACALCO) 657, 661 INDEX native speaker concept 381 Nature 498 Negri, A 680 Nelson, M 509 Nero, S 333, 334 Netspeak 491 Nevalainen, T 28 New Englishes 372, 373–75, 377, 378–79 New York City: Scots and Scotch-Irish immigrants 97 New York Times 493 New Yuppies: speech patterns 69 New Zealand: history 152–53; immigrants 153; Maori Language Act 159; use of IELTS 601 New Zealand Broadcasting Service 153 New Zealand Business English 508 New Zealand Company 153 New Zealand English (NZE) 4, 152, 385; American usages 157; development 153–54; discourse 157–58; lexis 157; Maori loanwords 157; phonology 154–58, 393; social and regional variation 158; syntax 156–57; written 161–62; see also Maori English Newfoundland: English 3, 88–90, 119, 123–24; Irish immigrants 88–89 Ng Eng Hen 233 Nickerson, Catherine 9–10, 508, 509 Nielsen, H.F 27 Nigerian English 197, 199, 201, 202–4; pronunciation 8, 389–91, 392–93 Nihalani, P 173, 174 Niloo 584, 587–89, 594–95 NITCS see Northern Ireland Transcribed Corpus of Speech non-native writers of English 461–69 Noor Azam Othman 433 Nordic Journal of English Linguistics 647 Norman Conquest and occupation 23–24 Norman French 24 Normative English 283 Norris, J 606 North American ‘Third Dialect’ area 116 Northern Cities Shift 106–7 Northern Ireland Transcribed Corpus of Speech (NITCS) 404 Northern Subject Rule 39 Northumbria 20 Norwegians: settlers in England 22 Norwich: speech patterns 65, 67, 68; speech survey 37 Notting Hill 539 Nova Scotia: African-American English 124–25 Nyati-Ramahobo, L 213 Nyerere, Julius 665 NZE see New Zealand English O’Connell, Daniel 80, 88 O’Flynn de Chaves, C 335, 337 O’Shea, M 445, 448, 451 Obama, Barack 497, 675 Obando, G 340, 341 Obuchi, Prime Minister 267 Obunsha Co Ltd 269–70 Ockers 136 Ogorodnikova, Tatyana 306 Ojanen, A.-L 45, 50 Okri, Ben 479 Olavarría de Ersson, E.O 175 Old English 18; grammatical features 22–23; social history and its linguistic effects 20–22 Old Norse 22 Omoniyi, Tope 9, 472–73, 477–78, 481–87, 541 online Englishes 490–501 ONZE project see Origins and Evolution of New Zealand English (ONZE) research project Ooi, V 238 Open University of Japan 266 Origins and Evolution of New Zealand English (ONZE) research project 153–54 Ouhalla, J 39 Owens, Jesse 485 Oyono, Ferdinand 656 Ozóg, A.C.K 427 Pakir, A 232, 234 Pakistani English 581, 583; pronunciation 394 Palenquero 333 Palethorpe, S 145 Pang, Z 284 PankkiBanken/Scandi Bank 514 Paper Giant 514 Parakrama, A 186 Park, J.-K 273 Parnell, Charles 80 Pasifika English 4, 160–61 Passé, H.A 183 Patiño Roselli, C 334 Paton, G 618 Patten, Brian 599 Paul, D 637 Payne, Sarah 481–82 PCA see Principal Component Analysis PE see Philippine English Peitsara, K 43, 50, 52 Penang Free School 230 Pennycook, Alastair 2, 9, 13, 474, 541, 582, 646 Pépin, E 327 Peracchio, L.A 523 Pérez-Llantada, Carmen 12, 635, 645 Perry, Mathew 265 699 INDEX Persian English 8, 442; conceptualizations of emotions 452–54; cultural conceptualizations 444–52; greetings 449–52 Persian loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Persian Mirror 448 Peter the Great 299 Peters, P 133 Petyt, K 49 Pew Internet 492 Phaeton 265 Phan Le Ha 630 Philadelphia: German immigrants 97 Philip, King of France 25 Philippine English (PE) 553–54, 568 Philippines: American education 248–49, 252; bilingual education 257–58; BPO industry 552–53; call centres 10, 550–62; codeswitching 260; decline in English 380; English language teaching 5, 11, 247–48, 251–54, 259–61; English pronunciation 395; English usage 553; Executive Order No 210 255, 257; literature teaching 248–51; Multilingual and Literacy Act 259; myths about English 251–59; national language 258; Project TURN 258; school system 248–49; standard of English 254–56, 261; teaching English 569, 570–71, 575 Phillipson, R 634, 678, 679 Philological Society 103 Pidgin English: Cameroon 12, 657–58, 659–61, 666; West Africa 198, 200, 201, 209 pidgins 426–27; morphosyntactic features 409–10 Piercy, C 40, 48, 51 Piller, I 522, 561 Plag, I 410 Platt, J 229, 234, 372, 435 Poedjosoedarmo, G 234, 433 Polish–English language interactions 299 Polzenhagen, F 207–8, 443, 660 Poncini, G 514 Poos, D 638 Pop Idol 545 Poplack, S 127 popular culture 536; English 10, 535–42; vertical and horizontal analysis 542–46 popular music: language 541, 544–46 Porter, G 540 Portuguese loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Postcolonial Englishes 372 Poussa, P 50 Presley, Elvis 542 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 410 printing press 26–27 Prior, P 635 Prodromou, L 607 700 Projet Pilote pour l’Expérimentation des Langues Camerounaises (PROPELCA) 657, 661 PROPELCA see Projet Pilote pour l’Expérimentation des Langues Camerounaises Proshina, Zoya Proto-Germanic 18, 19 Proto-Indo-European 18–19 Providencia: English 334, 337 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 637 Putin, President 310, 311 Pütz, M 660, 666 Pyles, T 103 Queen’s English 102 Queen’s Speech 62 Quirk, R 289, 291, 292, 317 Quiz Show 543 Radford, A 290 Radhakrishnan, R 681 radio: language 540 Radio NZ Sound Archives 153 Raditladi, M 217 Raffles, Sir Stamford 230 Raffles Institution 230 Raheem, R 184, 185 Rajadurai, J 541 Rajagopalan, K 576 Rajapakse, A 183, 188 Raleigh, Sir Walter 97, 99 Ramanathan, V 679 Ramaprasad, J 521 Rampton, B 474, 541 Randall, A.J 545 Ranosa-Madrunio, M 568 Ranta, E 641 Rao, Raja 177 Rask, Rasmus 18 Ravid 499 Razak Report 231, 233 Reading: speech patterns 63, 65, 67, 68 reality TV 539, 542, 545 Reaser, J 538 Received Pronunciation (RP) 61–62, 63; New Zealand 158 Recto, R 258 Reformation 27–28, 87 Regional Language Centre (RELC) 232 Regulating Act 169 Reid Commission 233 RELC see Regional Language Centre rhoticity 385 Richard III 26 Richards, H 43 INDEX Richardson, K 539 Richdex 498 Rickford, J.R 90, 327, 328 Ringe, D.A 18 Rissanen, M 27 Ritchie, Malcolm 153 Roanoke colony 97, 99 Roberts, M 183 Roberts, P 6, 316, 318, 319, 325 Robles, J 43 Robsky, Oksana 306 Rogers, P.S 507 Rogerson-Revell, P 510, 514 Rojo-Laurilla, M.A 538 Rolling Stones 545 Romaine, S 31 Roman Catholic Church: and migration 87–88; and Protestant Reformation 27–28; languages used 24 Roman Empire in Britain 20 Romanov, A 311 Rose, K.R 539 Rosen, Michael 599 Rosnah Ramly 427 Roy, Arundathi 480 Royall, Anne 100 RP see Received Pronunciation Rühlemann, C 568 Rumbukwella, Harshana Rushdie, Salman 375, 468 Rushlish Russia: bilingualism 302; English in advertisements 524; English in culture 6, 305–6; English in education 302–5; English language newspapers and TV 301–2; National Language Law 310; use of English 300–301 Russian: English influence on 309–11; influence on Slavic languages 300 Russian–British contacts 299 Russian English 6, 300; linguistic features 306–8 Russian Language Council 310 Russian loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Russkiy Mir Foundation, 311 SAE see Standard American English Said, E.W 536 Sakha-Yakutia Republic: English as a working language 301 Salamanca, A 345 Samuels, M.L 27 San Andrés 333; Creole 333; English 334, 337 San Francisco Chronicle 551 Sánchez, A.C 340, 341 Sand, A 409 Sanderson, T 637, 638 Sandlin, R 255–56 Sandwell: speech patterns 68 Scannell, P 526 SCE see Singapore Colloquial English Schilk, M 175 Schmied, J.J 380 Schneider, Edgar 2, 7, 98–99, 132–33, 167, 171, 201, 235–36, 240, 242, 372, 373, 380–81, 680 Schrijver, P 21 SCNC see Southern Cameroon National Council Scobbie, J.M 64 Scollon, R 293, 507 Scollon, S.W 293 Scott, Sir Walter 78 Scottish English 30, 64 Scouse 85–86 Seargeant, P 675 SED see Survey of English Dialects Seidlhofer, Barbara 7, 607, 609, 634, 646 Selinker 283 Seloni, L 635 Senegal: education policy 665 Seoul English Village 273–74 Serjeantson, M.S 21, 22, 25, 28 Setswana 212, 213–18, 219, 220–21; vowel sounds 224 Seychelles: education policy 665 Seychellois Creole 665 SFL see Systemic Functional Linguistics SgE see Singapore English Shakespeare: grammatical variation 31 shakhsiat 449–51 Shankar, S 541 Sharifian, Farzad Shaw, George Bernard 618 Shaw, P 175, 362 Sheffield: speech patterns 68 Sheng 683 Shim, R.J 266 Shorrocks, G 47 short-messaging service (SMS) 494–95, 538 Shteyngart, Gary 306 Shuttlesworth, R.E 540 Sierra Leonean English 197, 206 Simmons-McDonald, Hazel Simo Bobda, Augustin 12, 200, 380, 655 Simpson, Homer 629 Simpson, P 541 Simpson, R 638 Singapore: demographic profile 234; education policy 232; English in advertisements 521; English-medium schools 230, 232; English use in business 511, 512; history 230, 231; language policies 231–33; Speak Good English Movement 232–33, 376; Speak 701 INDEX Mandarin Campaign 232; teaching English 11, 569, 571–74 Singapore and Malaysian English (SME) 229; development 230–31 Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) 232 Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) 232, 377, 378, 432 Singapore English (SgE) 5, 229, 568; development stage, 235, 242; grammar 416; influence of other languages 426, 433; linguistic features 236–42; loanwords in 237; phonology 8, 240–42, 388–89, 392–93; syntax 238–39; use in business 512; variation in 234–35 Singapore Free School 230 Singlish see Singapore Colloquial English Sinhala 181, 182, 183–84, 185, 188, 190 Skutnab-Kangas, T 475, 657 slang 538 Slavic languages 6, 299–300 SLE see Sri Lankan English SLEV see St Lucian English Vernacular SME see Singapore and Malaysian English Smieja, Birgit Smith, J 45 Smith, J.J 30 Smith, Zadie 474–76, 480 SMS see short-messaging service sociolinguistics 537 South Africa: Bantu Education Act 665; Irish immigrants 87 South African English 581; grammar 416 South East Asian Englishes: characteristics 432; grammar 415–16 Southern African English 197, 385; pronunciation 394 Southern Cameroon National Council (SCNC) 662 Southern Shift 107 Soyinka, Wole 375, 478, 479 Spanglish 522 Spanish loanwords: in Early Modern English 28, 29 Speicher, B.L 541 Spittel, R.L 192 Spitulnik, D 542 Spolsky, B 599–600 Springfield, Dusty 545 Spurling, J 40 Sri Lanka: Constitution 181, 182, 183–84; English-medium education 185; multilingualism 183; Official Language Act 181, 185; official languages 4–5, 181, 182, 183–84 Sri Lankan English (SLE) 4, 181–82; grammar 188–90; morphology and the lexicon 190; myth or reality 190–91; phonology 187; 702 speakers of 182–83; stability and evolution 186–90; status and functions 183–86; syntax 187–88; writing 191–94 St Augustine 21 St Lucia: languages 322 St Lucian English Vernacular (SLEV) 318, 323–25, 327 St Lucian Standard English 324–25 St Omer, Garth 324 Standard American English (SAE) 3, 96, 101, 110; characteristics, 106–10; differences from British English 108–9; emergence of 101–5; see also American English Standard English 37–39, 53, 568; development of 27, 31; deviations 626–27; deviations on internet 627–30; embedded gender bias, 618; inconsistency 618–20; variation in 620–26 Standard Englishes 567–70; norms 574–77 Standard Indian English 167; features of 174–76 standard languages: and capital cities 102 Standard Singapore English 574 Starbucks 539 Stark, D 160 Stenström, A-B 43, 47, 48, 53 Stenton, F.M 24 Stephens, Father Thomas 168 Stern, H.R 541 Stone, B 495 Storey, J 536, 543 Strevens, P 595 Strine 135 Stuart monarchy 78 Stuart-Smith, J 64, 65 Stubbs 108 substrate transfer 377 Sunday Times (Nigerian) 473 Survey of British Dialect Grammar 44 Survey of English Dialects (SED) 40, 46, 51 Sussex 20 Svalberg, A.M.-L 433 Swahili 198, 199, 200 Swales, John 12, 507 Sweden: BELF 514 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) 583–87 Szenes, Eszter 11 Szmrecsanyi, B 402, 404, 411, 412 Tabouret-Keller, A 323 Taghavi 448 Tagliamonte, S 38, 42, 43, 45, 46–47, 50, 64, 121, 123 Taglish 432 Takashi, K 523–24 Takashima, Hatsuhisa 275 Takeshita, Yuko Tamil 182, 183–84, 185, 188; loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 INDEX Tan, Amy 375 Tan, J 575 Tan, S.K 236, 240, 241, 242 Tan, Y.Y 241 Tanyi, R 654 Tanzania: education policy 664–65 Tardy, C.M 635 târof 446–49 Taylor, C.J 539 TC see Topic Comment Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori 159 Teaching English to Meet the Needs of Business Education in Hong Kong project 511 Technorati 490 television: language 539 Temple, R 64 Test of Interactive English (TIE) 606 texting see short-messaging service Thailand: English in advertisements 521 Thin Raft Poetics 481 Thomas, J 507 Thomason, S.G 378 Thompson, A 515 Thompson, G 643 Thompson, S.A 290, 291, 292, 293 Thornborrow, J 539 Thurlow, C 494, 538 Tiayon-Lekobou, C 656 TIE see Test of Interactive English Times-Chambers International Dictionary 374 Timmins, C 65 Timmis, I 569–70 Todd, L 80, 319 TOEFL 603 Tolentino, R.B 562 Tollefson, J 679 Tollfree, L 67 Tomlinson, Brian 11, 569 Tong, Q.S 295 Topic Comment (TC) 290 Torgersen, E 67 Torres, C 343 Toure, Sekou 665 Toyama, Atsuko 269 translingua franca English 2, 684–85 Treaty of Waitangi 152 Treaty of Wedmore 22 Trevisa, John 24 Tristram, H.L.C 21 Trousdale, G 42 Trudgill, P 37, 38, 41, 43, 44–45, 48–49, 52, 65, 67, 115, 117, 132, 391, 392, 404, 412, 540–41, 545 Tudor dynasty 26 Tupas, Ruanni 11 Turkey: Business English 516 Turkish loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 Tyneside: local dialect 86 UCLES 606, 613 Ulinich, Anya 6, 306 Ulster: migration from 86–88; plantation 78–80 Ulster Scots 79–80; emigration 87 Underhill, N 600 UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 248 University of Botswana 219, 224 University of Brunei Darussalam 386 University of Dar Es Salaam 664 University of Singapore 232 University of Yaoundé I 657 Updike, John 466 uptalk 69 Urdu loanwords: in Early Modern English 29 USA: bilingual advertisements 522–23; dialect regions 100, 106; elections 497–98; immigrants 84, 86–87, 88, 91, 96–98; internal migration 100; suburban development 100–101 USA Business English 507 USA English: emergence of 96–101 pronunciation 30; speech patterns 64, 69; vernaculars 1; see also Standard American English Usma, J 340, 341, 342 Ustinova, I.P 524 Valley Girl 544 Valley girl speech 544 Valley Girls 544 Valspeak 544 van der Meer, W 509 van Els, T 358, 362–63 van Leeuwen, T 524 van Mulken, M 509 Vapnyar, Lara 306 Vasko, A.-L 42, 47 Vélez-Rendón, G 338 Ventola, E 635, 645 Victoria, Queen 170 Vienna–Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE) 363, 609, 620, 640 Viereck, W 45 Vikings 22 VOICE see Vienna–Oxford International Corpus of English voice: and Englishes 474–82 Vollmer 333 Voronov, Antatoly 491 Vortigern 20 wa Thiong’o, Ngugi 476 WAE see West African English 703 INDEX Wagner, J 507 Wagner, S 48, 51 Walcott, Derek 7, 324, 327, 479 Walcott, Roderick 324 Wales, Jim 499 Walker, J.A 127, 128 WAMVE see World Atlas of Morphosyntactic Variation in English Wang, R 283 Warner, M.J 539 Warren, J 145 Wars of the Roses 26 Warsaw Treaty 299, 300 Warschauer, Mark Watt, D 61 Watts, E 47 Weatherall, A 539 Weber, H 229, 234 Webster, Noah 3, 102, 103–6, 108, 110 Webster, William 104 Wee Siang 572–74 Wells, J.C 66, 85, 90, 240, 392 Welsh 20 Wen Jiabao 629 Wessex 20 West African English (WAE) 5, 197–98; historical background 198–201; linguistic features 201–2 West African Examinations Council 472, 476 West Indian English 6–7, 316–18, 334, 337; creoles 318–29; status and roles 321–28 West Indies 316 West Wing, The 539 Western Merger 107 White, D 21 Wierzbicka, A 135, 144 Wiggles, The 136 Wijesinghe, Manuka 193–94 wikiHow 498 Wikipedia 9, 491, 498–501, 544, 626 wikis 498–500, 544 Wikkramasinha, Lakdasa 193 Wilkinson, D.M 499 William, Duke of Normandy 23 Williams, A 61, 63, 65, 67 Williams, William Carlos 96 Willing, K 508 Wilson, Edmund 9, 462–63 704 WiPro 550 Witherspoon, John 99 Wolf passage recordings 386–87 Wolf, Hans-Georg 5, 207–8, 443 Wong Scollon, S 507 Woolf, Leonard 192 word borrowing 19 World Atlas of Morphosyntactic Variation in English (WAMVE) 401–4, 406–7, 409–12, 416–17, 418–21 World English 317 World Englishes 372–73, 568, 673, 680–81; categorial models 379–80; code-mixed varieties 425, 427–28; cultural conceptualizations 443–44; cyclic models 380–81; grammar complexity 411–15; linguistic processes and features 376–79; naming practices 580–82; nativization process 373, 378; phonology 385–96; semantic descriptions of 582–83; sociolinguistic settings 373–76; studying meaning in 583–96; syntax variation 400–418; writing 471–73 World Wide Web see internet WowWiki 498 Wright, Laura 102 Wright, S 363 Xiang, M 284 Xie, Z 284 Xu Zhichang 6, 282 Yahoo 628, 631 Yamada, Haru 507, 508 Yan, Z 284 Yasmina 584, 591–93, 594 Yeung, L 508 Yli-Jokipii, H 507 Yoo, O.K 267 York: speech survey 64 Yoruba 663 Yoshizumi, Y 121 Zappa, Frank 544 Zappa, Moon Unit 544 Zartosht, Prophet 448 Zephaniah, Benjamin 479 Zhang, H 294 Zoroastrian religion 448 .. .The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes constitutes a comprehensive introduction to the study of world Englishes, drawing on the expertise of leading... an International Language at the Hong Kong Institute of Education Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics provide comprehensive overviews of the. .. publishing, as well as the development of computer-mediated Englishes, including cyberprose The Handbook also includes a substantial introduction from the editor The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes