ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES FINAL ASSIGNMENT APPLIED LINGUISTICS FIVE ARTICLES OF ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS Supervisor: Duong Duc Minh Ph.D Student: Dang Thi Hien Date of birth: 04-08-1993 Course: 5B (2020 -2022) Class: MA Class - K5B Thai Nguyen – 4/2021 Comments ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Mark……………………………………………………………………………… Marker …………………………… Marker ……………………………… Table of content I II III IV V Introduction of Applied Linguistics and its scope Definitions of English as a Lingua Franca Brief five articles contents Analyze critical of Applied Linguistics with the five articles Conclusion References Introduction What is Applied Linguistics? and its scope? Applied Linguistics is set out to investigate and understand the facts of language use, to help to organize and formalize what we know, and to subject our knowledge to rational consideration and critical analysis to make a correct decision in the real world (Cook (2003) Applied Linguistics P:5) The scope of Applied Linguistics: The areas can be identified under three follow headings: Language and education include first-language education, additional language education, clinical linguistics, language testing Language, work, and law comprise workplace communication, language planning, forensic linguistics Language, information, and effect include literary stylistics, critical discourse analysis (CDA), translation and interpretation, information design, and lexicography What is English as a Lingua Franca? What is a lingua franca? The term “lingua franca” refers to a language variety used between people who speak different first languages and for none of whom it is the mother tongue ( Jenkins 2000) According to House (2003:557), it is not a restricted code, but a functional language “serving as a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common national culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language for communication (Firth 1996: 240) Seidlhofer (2001) described a lingua franca- in the strict scene of the world as “An additional acquired language system that serves as a means of communication between speakers of different first languages, or a language by means of which the members of different speech communities can communicate with each other but which is not the native language of either- a language which has no native speakers (Seidlhofer 2001: 146) English as a Lingua Franca is used for clarity and comprehensibility rather than conformity to one of the existing standards ELF’s purpose is for international communication in which native speakers may need to adjust their language to a new norm (Cook (2003: P.29) Five- article content Briefs This article is the research of English as a Lingua Franca in Europe: Challenges Applied by for Linguistics Seidlhofer, B Breiteneder, A and Pitzl, M in Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (2006), printed in the USA by Cambridge University Press The research discussed the possible intrinsic of the learners of ELF in the way achieve language and English in communicative purposes and gave some future directions for linguistic research and demonstrate the challenges that ELF can pose in a variety of areas of Applied Linguistics The article analyzed the functional profile of English in Europe and gave the original way how English become lingua France across Europe in which multilinguistic cultures developed English impinges on each country in Europe's people's life from news like CNN, MTV to slogans in commercial adverts, to education, scientific research, and religious activities Before and after World War II, English gained importance in Ẻuope ( Hofmann, 2000: Truchot, 2002) and gradually become the dominant language between countries in Europe even here is the place of multilanguage Because of the internationalization of the economies in Europe, English forms an integral part of professional life among nations, companies At present, English has become a lingua franca, a language of wide communications by two directions: top-down in the various professional domain and bottom-up in daily encounters of all levels in society ELF supports people to connect in common interests and concerns in multicultural communities in Europe The article showed the ways in which English is being used with two forces: one for conversations and the other for innovation Overview of current empirical work of English in Europe, ELF contributions in a variety of corners of lives deeply in casual conversation and in discussions at international conferences, business meetings Here, the research referred to the role of ELF in norms in which language and culture, and social etiquette posed There are two studied cases given, one based on working group discussion concerned with European higher education and the other one draw on an ELF interaction in businesses context to conclude that ELF speakers cannot be labeled language learners but they are acknowledged as independent language users for their specific communicative targets The last one, the article discussed the future directions and challenges One conception that the English learners target not only on understanding the British culture, it also can be a way of accessing to any cultures, particularly with the Russia in which ELF plays an important role to change the shape of mind of the English learners coming from multilingual zones Another challenge is that ELF needs to be changed and up to date frequently alongside culture development and language teaching and learning Growing the awareness of the emergency and significance of ELF will bring about a change in the actual practice of English teaching The second challenge that ELF needs to care about is the objective to foster an understanding learning of how language, in general, operates in similar or different ways across communities with different languages Besides ELF, Applied Linguistics need to develop alongside to support language teaching in multilingual zones here The development of language awareness is directly related to the central question of European language policies, should or should not relate to all the other several languages of Europe at the individual as well as at the social level (Gupta, 2001; Lever, 2003) There is a big question for not Europe only, but EU in particular, how to deal with its complex linguacultural situations in small groups, small countries, ethnic groups, and languages It has remained a big barry beyond the boundaries of nations and individual languages This article is published in English Today 94, Vol 24, No.2 (June 2008), printed in the United Kingdom Cambridge Press, by University was shown by Mario Saraceni used as a recount of pre- publication stages of the volume English in the world: Global Rules, Global Roles by Rani Rubdy (2006), to highlight some aspects of the current debates about the English as a lingua franca: between form and function in the development international as an language and debated about the questions of Which English should we use? What is English? In the article, Pre-history of English before became a lingua franca, there are two terms as two courses of teaching English: English as a World Language and World Englishes One focuses on pedagogy and the other literary one, but they are apparent that the idea of singular English used around the world or that that of a plurality of Englishes used in different parts of the world both important However, ELF appears new, exciting, and empirical researches This article debations of ELF are given, some convinced, some still not World English (WE) model has displayed some limitations in the Outer-circle setting where English is used intra-nationally and in Expanding-circle where English is used mainly as an international language When some scholars developed a new modal to analyze English in the world: English as a Lingua Franca (e.g Jenkins, 2000) for international communication rather than the peculiarities of variety of English used intra-nationally For most users of English around the world, English is a convenient and practical tool for international communication, it is very different use from English as a Native Language (ENL), which has a function of a national language, so a new model needed to alternate ENL and closer to needs of international users of English, that is ELF It is a big challenge for ELF to develop as an international foreign language because ENL still has been seen as the best model of English in the world in teaching and practicing in education, communications ELF project was based on the assumption that the ELF speakers were not primarily concerned with emulating ways that the native speakers use their mother tongue within their communities, ELF only focused on efficiency relevance, and economy in language learning and language use (Seildhofer, 2004:141) The epistemology of English as a Lingua Franca shows all the authors discussed WE and ELF not as antagonistic but as aspects of the same phenomenon and existed varieties and uses of English outside and beyond ENL that need to be granted full recognition This article was published in Intercultural Communications Studies, XVII:4 2008, By Zoya Proshima, Far Eastern National University, which mentioned the attitude and conception changes of Russian toward English in English as a Lingua Franca and a big revolutionization in both Russia linguistics and pedagogy The article discussed how English turned English as a Lingua Franca in Russia The author argued ELF ideas are to find ways to the minds of Russian linguists and educators There is a practical need for communicating with non-native speakers through English, which raises questions of the so called intermediary translations that accepted Russian English identity required for spreading information about Russian culture in the world Scholarly works are rarely published in English since the requirements for dissertations and numbers of Russian grantedsupported projects are that the results of researches be published in Russian However, English is indispensable for the purposes of intercultural communications where English dominates over the other languages, even native languages of communications This situation necessitated Russian scholars embarking on the intensve study of World English and intercultural communication English become Lingua Franc in Russia and mainly affected English and Russia interaction, resulted in the nativization of English in Russia and Englishzation of Russian English This Article chapter is 18 in in Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism (2013), published by John Benjamins Publishing Company, wrote by Hulmbauer, C & Seidlhefer, B In this chapter, authors the investigated the use of English as a Lingua Franca interaction with other languages in linguistically diversified settings and examine the ways in which employed ELF is by plurilingual European speakers On the one hand, this concerns the speakers’ strategic adaptation of linguistic elements according to their specific communicative purposes In this chapter, the authors have identified patterns of accommodation techniques and joint negotiations of meaning among ELF users On the other hand, these processes have themselves proven to be interwoven with the speaker’s overall linguistic repertoires and have thus shown ELF to be a multilingual model The analysis has shed light on diverse manifestations of this linguistic diversity within ELF Two majors findings have 10 emerged from the investigation of Lingua Franca communication (1) Regardless of differences in first languages, plurilingual speakers share plenty of skills, knowledge, and resources which they mobilize in order to achieve their communicative goals (2) Intercultural communicators employing a lingua franca mode exhibit considerable flexibility and integration of linguistic resources rather than sticking to stable, strictly demarcated codes There is thus flexibility beyond the fixed We analyze ELF interactions as representative of today’s intercultural communication practices and concluded that there is a need for reconsideration of established categories such as stable speech communities, refined languages, and additive multilingualism 11 This article was written by Clara Pignataro, published in TEST A FRONTE in TOWARDS A GLOBAL LITERATURE, No 48, published Milano in 1989, This article mentioned, interpreting in the scenarios, the use of English as a lingua franca has become a worldwide phenomenon in many domains: in inter- linguistic/cultural settings, from the north African illegal immigrant seeking political asylum to the European Member of Parliament’s speech (Kellet Bidoli 2012: 21) This poses challenges to interpreting and the consequences of this development for interpreters have not been studied in depth (Albl-Mikasa 2002: 126) Interpreting from ELF speakers is concerned, we are assuming that there does exist an additional processing cost as regards the linguistic and cultural transfer when having to interpret from a non-native speaker Some of these difficulties may arise from pronunciationrelated aspects (Jenkins 2000), from lexical or syntactical deviation from standard English, fluency, and prosodic-related factors (Albl-Mikasa 2010) These are some of the factors that can cause considerable stress for the interpreters with a negative impact on interpreted speech 12 quality This is the hypothesis that we intend to test with our corpus-driven research If it is true that the language is not static and the creativity in language can not easily be stifled students should be made aware of this notion in the early stages of their training Communication in ELF interactions is sometimes more stressful for interpreters, due to phonologic and pragmatic features of ELF Therefore, given the growing importance of the international spread of ELF, we as interpreters and interpreters trainers, cannot neglect its impact on the English language itself and on the interpreting performance quality We should try to perceive ELF as an additional language or a co-language, functioning not against but in conjunction with the local language, and make our trainee interpreters aware of this notion Analysis All these five articles are discussing English as a Lingua Franca, where Applied Linguistics is applied on all corners of language applies in which the language development closely process with the cultural relationship With the shift of English use role in the world, conversed from as an English as a Native Language (ENL) to the language as a Lingua Franca, Applied Linguistics sets out to investigate appeared problems in the communication field in which related language issues implicated to both education and society Educationally, When English first appeared as a Lingua Franca makes a big change in many corners of life, especially in English Language Teaching (ELT) field in many countries in the world At first, English was taught as a World Language, and there is a set of rules that the learners need to follow to make English standard in varieties fields from tests, science, commercial advertisements English native speakers seemed to be a mirror to reflect the learners’ ability and proficiency, but English shifted into international language, as a lingua franca, everything converses and changes in many multiple cultural areas in which English now becomes dominant while still want to remain the role of their own mother language The prominence of ELF by its nature also poses a considerable challenge to existing established attitudes toward the nature of English and its teaching It is therefore important for Applied Linguistics to address concerns by both teachers and learners to the new ideas about ELF in practice In another corner of education, translation is a place in which every step decisions must be taken care to provide explanations and detailed information for the original sources When English became a language as a lingua franca, the theories and practices of translation have to be changed The degree to which translator should attempt to render exactly what is said under their not only linguistics matters but also cultural ones The 13 relationship between language and culture is not simple, translation can not be conducted by linguistic level purely, it must be incorporated cultural and contextual factors in which applied linguistics activates its aspiration When English became the international language used in many different cultures and society forms, it requires respect with each participant in the conversations with their full country culture and etiquette, wherever they come from Therefore, the study of cross-cultural communication has often been a concern in ELF both teaching and learning in which native speakers need to adjust themself to a new communication norm, even they get familiar with previous standards of English as a Native Language Applied Linguistics plays a necessary role here to adjust the visions of both English learners and teachers to be suitable with new norms in this new field Moreover, the role of English as a Lingua Franca connects closely with a variety of English used in different fields of materials The matter is considerably more complex when learners need to use English outside communication concerning the difference in British and American culture Applied Linguistics need to clarify the cultural content of English as a lingua franca can be customized according to learners’ need or language itself needs “ What applied linguistics can is to offer informed insights so what when decisions are made, as they necessarily must be in professional practice, both the facts and various interpretations of then are as clearly formulated as possible The fraught area of intercultural communication is, in the modern world, at the very heart of applied linguistics” (Cook- Applied Linguistics 2003.P.59) Conclusion To have a common sense of community, a common language is indeed needed, but the appearance of English as a lingua franca is seen as a threat to many different cultural zones in the world Therefore, how can one common language for the community while supporting equal rights for all community languages at the same time is one of the most challenging tasks for Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics’ role here is to grow awareness of the emergence and significance of ELF can bring about changes in the actual practice of English teaching and learning in multicultural zones in which at first English seen as English as the Native Language, but now ELF as an independent concept whose linguacultural norms are not controlled by native speakers We will often include speakers of different language backgrounds communicating through English in ELF, but the main focus on both English as a native language and English as a 14 lingua franca, and the culture, the primary purpose of the language is to communicate, or even commune, with its native speakers References: Cook, G (2003) Applied Linguistics Oxford University Press Hong Kong Hulmbauer, C & Seidlhefer, B “English as a lingua franca in European multilingualism”: Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism (2013) John Benjamins Publishing Company https://www.academia.edu/5581049/English_as_a_lingua_franca_in_European_multilingualism Pignataro, C (1989) “English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and Interpreting” (No 48): TEST A FRONTE in TOWARDS A GLOBAL LITERATURE, Milano https://www.academia.edu/5807781/English_as_a_Lingua_Franca_ELF_and_Interpreting Proshima, Z (2008) “English as a Lingua Franca in Russia” (XVII:4): Intercultural Communications Studies Eastern National University https://www.academia.edu/1517885/2008_English_as_a_Lingua_Franca_in_Russia Saraceni, S, (June 2008) “English as a lingua franca: between form and function”: English Today ( 94, Vol 24, No.2) Cambridge University Press, The United Kingdom https://www.academia.edu/1044961/English_as_a_lingua_franca_between_form_and_function Seidlhofer, B Breiteneder, A and Pitzl, M (2006) “English as a Lingua Franca in Europe: Challenges for Applied Linguistics” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics Cambridge University Press, The USA https://www.academia.edu/5796331/ENGLISH_AS_A_LINGUA_FRANCA_IN_EUROPE_CH ALLENGES_FOR_APPLIED_LINGUISTICS 15 ... epistemology of English as a Lingua Franca shows all the authors discussed WE and ELF not as antagonistic but as aspects of the same phenomenon and existed varieties and uses of English outside and beyond... from as an English as a Native Language (ENL) to the language as a Lingua Franca, Applied Linguistics sets out to investigate appeared problems in the communication field in which related language... ? ?English as a Lingua Franca in Russia” (XVII:4): Intercultural Communications Studies Eastern National University https://www.academia.edu/1517885/2008 _English_ as_ a_ Lingua_ Franca_ in_Russia Saraceni,