An investigation into into metaphorical meanings of the words eat and drink in english and vietnamese = (nghiên cứu nghĩa ẩn dụ của từ ăn và uống trong tiếng anh tiếng việt)

VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ==== ==== UÔNG THỊ PHƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS “EAT” AND “DRINK” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU NGHĨA ẨN DỤ CỦA TỪ “ĂN” VÀ “UỐNG” TRONG TIẾNG ANH & TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: SEMANTICS Vinh, May 2012 VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ==== ==== AN INVESTIGATION INTO METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS “EAT” AND “DRINK” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU NGHĨA ẨN DỤ CỦA TỪ “ĂN” VÀ “UỐNG” TRONG TIẾNG ANH & TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: SEMANTICS Student: UÔNG THỊ PHƯƠNG Supervisor: PHAN THỊ HƯƠNG, M.A Vinh, May 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of the thesis, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people Firstly, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Mrs Phan Thi Huong, M.A, my supervisor for her excellent suggestions, valuable materials, and correction that help me to fulfill this study Secondly, I am grateful to my teachers in the Department of Foreign Languages for their helpful suggestions and encouragements that help me overcome difficulties in the process of my study Finally, I wish to thank my family and my friends who have encouraged and supported me during the time I work on this study Though the study has been done with all my attempts, shortcomings are unavoidable in the study Therefore, I would like to welcome and appreciate any comments and suggestions for improvement Vinh, May 2012 Uong Thi Phuong i ABSTRACT For Vietnamese learners of English, particularly advanced learners, knowing and understanding idiomatic expressions is a significant step to mastering this language It can be noticed that such short expressions contain numerous linguistic features Among these, metaphor is of great interest to the author Although metaphor has been studied and viewed by numerous scholars, no one has ever reached totally persuasive answers to the questions of them Thus, it is still a good topic which attracts people’s interest The aims of this graduation paper are to investigate the ways in which metaphorical meaning is used in words and expressions related to eacting and drinking in English and Vietnamese and to make some comparisons between English and Vietnamese culture In order to obtain these aims, data and sources are collected and gathered through reading and selecting numerous English and Vietnamese expressions related to the words “eat”, “drink”, “ăn”, and “uống” After that, data are categorized and metaphorical meanings in idioms and expressions are analyzed The contrastive analysis method is also employed to make up the study on metaphorical meanings in English and Vietnamese idioms related to eating and drinking with an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of the aspect The results show that there are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese expressions related to the words “eat” and “drink” through metaphorical meanings, which arespecifically demonstrated in the thesis ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Reasons for Choosing the Study Aims and objectives of the Study Scope of the Study Method of the Study Design of the Study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1.The concept of metaphors 1.2 The concept of word 1.2.1 The definition of word 1.2.2 Word meaning 1.2.3 Denotative and Connotative meaning 1.3 Collocation 1.3.1 Definition of Collocation 1.3.2 Types of Collocation 1.4 Transfernce of word meaning 10 1.5 Concepts of Food 10 1.5.1 Definition of Food 10 1.5.2 Words Denoting Activities Related to Food: Eat and Drink 11 CHAPTER 2: AN INVESTIGATION INTO METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS “EAT” AND “DRINK” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 12 2.1 Meanings of the words "Eat", "Drink" in English and the words "Ăn", "Uống" in Vietnamese 12 iii 2.1.1 Meanings of the words “Eat” in English and “Ăn” in Vietnamese 12 2.1.2 Meanings of the word “Drink” in English and “Uống” in Vietnamese 13 2.2 Comparision of the metaphorical meanings of the word “Eat” in English and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese 14 2.2.1 Metaphorical Meanings of the word “Eat” in English 14 2.2.2 Metaphorical meanings of the word “ĂN” in Vietnamese 18 2.2.3 Similarities of the metaphorical meanings of the word “Eat” in English and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese 25 2.2.4 Differences of the metaphorical meanings of the word “Eat” in English and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese 25 2.3 Comparison of the metaphorical meanings of the words “Drink” in English and ‘Uống” in Vietnamese 26 2.3.1 The metaphorical meanings of the word “Drink” in English 26 2.3.2 The metaphorical meanings of the word “Uống” in Vietnamese 27 2.3.3 Similarities of metaphorical meanings of the word “DRINK” in English and the word “UỐNG” in Vietnamese 29 2.3.4 Differences of metaphorical meanings of the word “DRINK” in English and the word “UỐNG” in Vietnamese 29 CHAPTER 3: SOME SUGGESTED EXERCISES FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS “EAT” AND “DRINK” IN ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS 30 3.1 Suggested exercises 31 3.2 Suggested Activity: 33 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 34 4.1 Conclusion 34 4.2 Implications for teaching and learning concerning the use of metaphorical expressions 34 4.3 Limitations of the study 35 4.4 Suggestion for Further Studies 35 REFERENCES 36 iv LIST OF TABLES 1.3 Types of Collocation 2.1 Meanings of the word “eat” 2.2 Meanings of the word “drink 2.3 Summary of the metaphorical meanings of the word “eat” in English and Vietnamese 2.4 Summary of the metaphorical meanings of the word “drink” in English and Vietnamese v PART I: INTRODUCTION Reasons for Choosing the Study Nowadays, English is the most widely used in the world and plays an important role together with the development of society and technology English is not only the effective means of communication but also show its progressive effects in many aspects of life Practically, studying on the similarities and differences between the two English and Vietnamese languages and cultures has been one of my concerns when studying English at university It is clear that there are many differences between the two languages as those in grammar, lexicology, translation, phonetic and so on However there still exists plenty of similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese that can be demonstrated through metaphorical meaning especially metaphor in literature and idiomatic expressions, and in daily communication as well Although the study of metaphor has been traditionally associated with the study of literature, the use of metaphor is not restricted to this kinds of language Metaphors reflect distinctive features of each language, so they can be the bridge linking the soul of different nations Thus, it should open doors to friendly atmosphere on the part of both native and non-native speakers, which leads to global mutual understanding in cultures, customs, traditions and behaviors as well – the key factor to avoid culture shocks during international communication The author thinks that it is very interesting to study the metaphoric meanings of the expressions related to eating and drinking in English and Vietnamese This study not only helps the researchers to master more about the meanings of the words related to eating and drinking but also helps us to learn more about culture of English and Vietnamese people For the above mentioned reasons, the author has made a decision to carry out a study entitled “An investigation into metaphorical meanings of the words ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ in English and Vietnamese” Hopefully, the result of this study may give us a new look at the metaphorical meanings of the expressions related to eating and drinking Aims and objectives of the Study The study aims at helping the language users understand some metaphorical meanings of the expressions related to “eat” and “drink” and learn some similarities and differences in the way these words are used To meet the aims, the study has the following specific objectives: - To describe the concept of metaphor - To analyze metaphorical meanings of the words “eat”, “drink”, “ăn”, “uống” in the expressions in English and Vietnamese - To find out the similarities and differences in the use of the verb "eat", "drink", "ăn", "uống" - To suggest some ideas for teaching, learning and translating metaphorical meanings in expressions Scope of the Study Within the scope of a graduation thesis, it is out of question to cover all expressions related to eating and drinking in English and Vietnamese The investigation will focus on metaphorical meanings in the expressions related to “EAT”, “DRINK” in English and “ĂN”, “UỐNG” in Vietnamese The expressions under investigation are collected from dictionaries, short stories and newspapers of English and Vietnamese Some of semantic features in the thesis are based on “The study on metaphoric meaning of words related to food in English and Vietnamese” of Hoang, N T K M.A (2011) Method of the Study To carry out this research, some methods have been combined First and foremost, a review of existing study results on metaphors is necessary to provide a better understanding of the topic Collecting data and gathering sources is done through selecting and reading English and Vietnamese expressions related to eating and drinking After that, data are categorized and metaphors are analyzed with an attempt to provide a better understanding of the aspect Design of the Study The study is divided into three main parts Part I “INTRODUCTION” consists of the author’s reasons for choosing the study, aims, scope, methods, and design of the study Part II entitled “DEVELOPMENT” includes three chapters Chapter 1, “Theoretical Background”, provides some background knowledge about metaphor, source domain and target domain, characteristics of metaphor and classifications of metaphor Chapter is entitled “An investigation into metaphorical meanings of the words ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ in English and Vietnamese” In chapter 2, the author mentions about some metaphorical meanings of the words “eat”, “drink”, “ăn”, “uống” in expressions and words related to eating and drinking in English and Vietnamese Chapter entitled “Some Suggested Exercises for Teaching and Learning metaphorical meanings of the words “eat” and “drink” in English” presents some suggested activities and exercises to give learners chances to practice using these metaphorical meanings In part III “CONCLUSION”, the author summarizes the main points in the study and suggests some topics for further studies The study ends with the “REFERENCES” which lists all the materials and sources of information used in this study Table 2.3 Summary of the metaphorical meanings of the word “eat” in English and Vietnamese Order Metaphorical meaning Celebrating Bothering, worrying or annoying Eat Ăn Collocation Collocation Eat a feast, eat Ăn mừng, ăn Christmas tết, ăn cỗ Eat you/father… Suffering unhappiness eat one’s heart out To take advantage of eat sb alive Obeying eat out of one’s hand Pocessing Eat ATM, eat card Nuốt thẻ Consuming goods Eat goods/ a kind of Ăn hàng, ăn goods than Destroying and corroding eat into something Consuming energy Eat gas, eat electricity Ăn xăng 10 Repenting or apologizing eat humble pie 11 Disbelieving I’ll eat my hat 12 Believing without question eat up Ăn theo, ăn hôi Ăn năn eat something away/ 13 Reducing or Eroding eat away at Ăn mòn something 14 Retracting words Eat one’s word 15 Being humility Eat crow 16 Winning Eat a sport team, a cmpetitor 23 Ăn giải, ăn bàn Eat up 17 Costing money,time 18 Occupying eat something up 19 Dominating eat somebody up 20 Currency exchange 21 Doing corruption money/budget/time Ăn Eat dirt Ăn hối lộ, tham nhũng Ăn 22 đòn/roi/tát/đấ Suffering punishment m 23 24 Doing something in short Ăn liền, ăn xổi time Ăn cơm trước Having premarital sex Depending on kẻng others/ 25 Asking for help Ăn xin, ăn bám 26 Receiving Ăn hoa hồng 27 28 Doing something secretly Ăn vụng and unfaithfully Doing bad action to get Ăn gian, ăn purpose; quỵt, 29 Illegal Acting 30 Spreading 31 Fitting together ăn cắp, ăm trộm Ăn sâu, ăn sang Ăn khớp, ăn nhập 24 32 Gluing together Ăn vào 33 Impressing or embedding Ăn sâu Refering Ăn ở, ăn mặc, 34 to common human behaviours ăn nói 35 Earn living Kiếm ăn 36 Belonging Ăn về, ăn vào 37 Absorbing Ăn phấn, ăn sơn, ăn màu 2.2.3 Similarities of the metaphorical meanings of the word “Eat” in English and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese In common, there are a lot of metaphorical meanings of “Eat” and “Ăn” founded both in English and in Vietnamese The author found some similarities of the word “Eat” and “Ăn” as follows: Firstly, the words “Eat” and “Ăn” are used to refer activities relating to human and other fields in life as well Secondly, the metaphorical meanings of “Eat” and “Ăn” express both denotative meaning and connotative meanings Thirdly, some of these metaphorical meaning are the same There are nine similar metaphorical meanings of the two word “Eat” and “Ăn” in English and Vietnamese We can see some similarities between “Eat” and other words relating to “ Ăn” in Vietnamese in the examples: eat dirt = ăn hối lộ, eat humble pie = ăn năn, eat card = nuốt thẻ, eat petrol = ăn xăng, eat something away = ăn mòn… 2.2.4 Differences of the metaphorical meanings of the word “Eat” in English and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese However, we also withdraw some differences as follows: Firstly, metaphorical meanings of the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese is more plentiful than of the word “Eat” in English 25 Secondly, the word “Eat” in English is used in most of the fields relating to our life and the word “Ăn” in Vietnamese is used in daily activities, behaviors or lifestyle of human Thirdly, because of cultural differences, there are a lot of meanings only appear in English but not in Vietnamese and vice versa Fourthly, we see the metaphorical meanings of “Eat” are formed chiefly by Eat+ Noun, Eat+ prep+ Noun or Noun Phrase Whereas, the metaphorical meanings of “Ăn” are in phrases “Ăn + Noun”, “Ăn + Adjective”, “Ăn+ Verb” 2.3 Comparison of the metaphorical meanings of the words “Drink” in English and ‘Uống” in Vietnamese 2.3.1 The metaphorical meanings of the word “Drink” in English 2.3.1.1 Consuming Alcohol One the metaphorical meaning of the word “drink” is drinking alcohol Eg: - Don’t drink and drive! - We were up drinking all night 2.3.1.2 Absorbing The meaning of the word “Drink” is transferred to a biological phenomenonabsorbing process of water In this case, we have: drink + the rain, water, the sunlight Eg: This plant drinks a lot of water 2.3.1.3 Celebrating In some cases, “drink” is widened to express one’s respect or good wishes for someone by raising a glass and drinking a small amount of liquid in it We have the collocation “drink the health”, “drink to sth” Eg: Let's drink to the New Year 2.3.1.4 Paying attention “Drink” also is used to indicate paying attention to someone’s word “Drink in every word”, “drink a hundred words” are the expressions present this feature Eg: She stood drinking in the view 2.3.1.5 Inhaling 26 In some cases, we see the word “drink” indicates inhaling In this case, the word “drink” is found in collocation drink the air Eg: We drink fresh air 2.3.1.6 Enjoying An other metaphorical meaning of the word “drink” is enjoying In this feature, “drink” collocates with beams, eager, joy Eg: I was at peace, and drank your beams as they were life to me 2.3.1.7 Suffering One additional metaphorical meaning of the word “drink” is suffering In this case, we have the expressions “drink damnation”, “drink disappointment” Eg:…but I like got no peace And I even took the sacrament, but I felt as though I were eating and drinking to my own damnation all the time 2.3.1.8 Receiving We also find that other metaphorical meaning of “drink” is receiving Eg: but it flashed back, each time more condidently, the undisguised delight he drinks from hers 2.3.1.9 Taking eagerly into the mind The verb “drink” also indicates taking in eagerly through the senses or intellect Eg: she drank in the beauty of the day 2.3.1.10 A large body of water The word “drink” sometimes is understood as a large body of water, such as a lake, ocean, river, etc Eg: His teammates threw him in the drink 2.3.2 The metaphorical meanings of the word “Uống” in Vietnamese 2.3.2.1 Drink Alcohol One of the metaphorical meaning of “uống” is drinking alcohol Eg: Hắn uống khỏe, nói tồn chuyện vá trời lấp biển, la ca đến hết đêm 2.3.2.2 Consuming energy 27 Vietnamese people borrow drinking process to talk about consuming energy We can see the this meaning in the collocation “uống xăng”, “uống dầu” Eg: Đối với người bỏ tiền mua xe “quý tộc” vậy, nhiên liệu vấn đề họ quan tâm nhất, thông thường xe hấp dẫn “uống” xăng "nặng" 2.3.2.3 Celebrating Meaning of the word “Drink” is transfered to celebrating in the expression “uống mừng” Eg: Một tờ báo địa phương Ấn Độ cho biết hơm 1/1, có 17 người miền nam nước thiệt mạng ngộ độc rượu giả sau uống mừng năm Table 2.4 Summary of the metaphorical meanings of the word “drink” in English and Vietnamese Order Metaphorical Drink Uống meaning Collocation Collocation Uống say, uống Consuming alcohol Drink Absorbing Celebrating Paying attention Drink in every word Inhaling Drink the air Enjoying Drink beams, drink eager Suffering Receiving 10 Taking eagerly into the mind rượu Drink the water/sunlight Drink to the success, drink to one’s health, drink to toast Drink damnation, drink disappointment Drink the delight from someone Drink in the beauty 28 Uống mừng 2.3.3 Similarities of metaphorical meanings of the word “DRINK” in English and the word “UỐNG” in Vietnamese The author find that there are some similarities of the word “Drink” and “Uống” as follows: Firstly, the word “Drink” and “Uống” in both languages are used to refer to other activities relating to human and other fields in life as well Secondly, two of these metaphorical meanings which we found the same meaning features in both languages: drinking to toast, drinking alcohol (uống mừng, uống rượu) Thirdly, although there are great differences in social development as well as culture in general, drinking culture of two nations may be similar Fourthly, metaphorical meaníngs of the words “Drink” and “Uống” are formed by the collocation DRINK + Noun or DRINK + prep + Noun, UỐNG + Noun 2.3.4 Differences of metaphorical meanings of the word “DRINK” in English and the word “UỐNG” in Vietnamese Some metaphorical meaning of “drink” and “uống” are similar, however, there are many differences of metaphorical meaning of these two words Firstly, the metaphorical meaning of the word “drink” in English is more diverse and is used in many other fields in life than this one in Vietnamese Secondly, in English “drink” is used with metaphorical meaning to show the relaxation and leisure of human Thirdly, we have the meaning of consuming energy in Vietnamese but this meaning is not found in English 29 CHAPTER 3: SOME SUGGESTED EXERCISES FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS “EAT” AND “DRINK” IN ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS Metaphor has been overviewed and given less attention than it deserves in teaching and learning English For most people metaphor is too difficult and useless to learn Students only think that metaphor is mainly literary, especially for achieving an ornamental effect in poetry On the contrary, metaphor is an important aspect in language, especially because it is a lexical phenomenon which is common in everyday language It is argued that metaphor should be given a more important place in language teaching than it has been for three reasons Firstly, it is central to the use of language Secondly, from a structural point of view it pervades large parts of the language system Lastly, some of the methodological implications of the theoretical points are tentatively examined, and it is argued that multi-text exercises constitute an effective and relatively simple design for teaching materials, and that the structure of a number of reference materials could be significantly improved if some, or all, of the theoretical points were taken up (cited from http://applij.oxfordjournals.org) The first area of using or applying metaphor is obviously vocabulary learning in general Metaphors provide us with the possibility of seeing one thing in terms of another This feature enables us to link the senses of a lexical item in one domain to its related metaphorical senses in another domain, thus extending the senses of the same word forms For example the word “shaky” in the building domain can be used in the theory domain with the linking conceptual metaphor theories are buildings Another example, the word “remote” in the distance domain can be used in the relationship domain with the linking metaphor “relationship is distance” A 30 large number of words can be learned systematically in this way (cited from http://ccsenet.org) Also, it is known to us that metaphor is the carrier of culture and reflects ways of cognizing the world, thus teaching and learning about metaphor help us understand more about culture Because of the importance of English metaphors in language teaching and learning, the author would like to introduce some activities and exercises for learners to practice 3.1 Suggested exercises I Choose the option which has similary meaning with the underlined expressions The patient was eaten by disease and pain A corroded B bit C won D consume C attend D take a meal We'll eat at six o'clock A consume B swallow Acid ate through the linoleum A destroyed B made corrosion C absorbed D wasted Something seems to be eating him—he's been wearing a frown all day A acclaiming B corroding C bothering D ravaging Unexpected expenses have been eating up their savings A consuming B swallow C spread D destroy The audience ate up everything he said A swallowed B consumed C took pleasure in D attend C consumes D disposes C toast D spend This plant drinks a lot of water A absorbs B swallows We'll drink your health A cheer B inhale He drank in the speaker's every word A listen to B to pay close attention to 31 C swallow D hear 10 We drink fresh air A inhale B consume C suffer D.enjoy Answer: 1A, 2D, 3B, 4C, 5A, 6C, 7A, 8C, 9B, 10A II Find out the Vietnamese equivalents of the following English metaphors: Last year, a forest in America was eaten by fire They won't find jobs until they stop drinking We drank to his victory Tim’s teammates threw him in the drink when he won prize Unexpected expenses have been eating up my savings What’s eating him? Suggested answer: Năm ngoái, khu rừng Mỹ bị lửa thiêu rụi Nếu không bỏ rượu, chúng kiếm việc làm Chúng uổng mừng chiến thắng cậu Đồng đội Tim ném cậu xuống nước biết tin cậu đạt giải Việc chi tiêu khơng có kế hoạch ngốn hết tiền tiết kiệm Anh ta vậy? III Complete the sentences with the suitable preposition He'll eat … whatever the broker tells him The river is eating … at the bank The damp had eaten … the woodwork Taxes ate … his inheritance This car really eats … Petrol She soon had the team eating out … her hand He drank … the beauty of the scene They drank … his victory Suggested answer: up away away into up of in to 32 3.2 Suggested Activity: Reading newspapers Instruction: Introduce some articles which have expressions related to eating and drinking in daily newspapers Ask students to look through newspapers to find the metaphorical meaning of the verbs “eat”, “drink” in the articles Review what they find and discuss the metaphorical meanings of “eat”, “drink” Have students write their own metaphorical meaning and share them with the class Allow the class to vote on the most creative metaphorical meaning Application: The teacher can apply this type of activity in a class of English semantics This activity also can help students in a reading class to develop their ability to guess meaning from the context The articles should be organized from easy to difficult ones so that students will not feel depressed from the beginning 33 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 4.1 Conclusion In conclusion, the expressions related to the verbs “eat”, “drink”, “ăn”, “uống” listed in this study can be used to express metaphorically many activities, events or fields in our daily life We found some similarities and differences between these verbs in English and Vietnamese There are 37 metaphorical meanings of the word “EAT” in both languages The word “Eat” expresses celebrating, destroying and ruining, consuming energy, doing corruptedly are used popularly in both language In the other hand, the word “Drink” in Vietnamese has only three metaphorical meanings Whereas the word “Drink” in English has 10 semantic features, however, there are only two meanings similar to Vietnamese 4.2 Implications for teaching and learning concerning the use of metaphorical expressions For language learning and teaching, the author would like to give some suggestions: Firstly, Vietnamese learners when learning words should extend to cases of meaning transference of meaning and be aware of the similarities and differences between the two languages to avoid misusing and misunderstanding Secondly, with the aims of helping English learners to write as well as to communicate effectively, teachers should help learners distinguish the metaphorical meanings from literal meaning Thirdly, not all of metaphorical meanings can be translated from or to, therefore, the learners should find out the meanings that have the best similarities Fourthly, fluency in a language includes mastering how to understand and produce words and phrase with particular meanings 34 4.3 Limitations of the study The paper is carried out on the basis of the limited data source In spite of personal efforts, the analysis is not clear here and there, some weaknesses are inevitable I would be very grateful to those that take interest in the topic and work Any comment, advice, and adjustment are very valuable to make this paper more complete 4.4 Suggestion for Further Studies The investigation into metaphorical meanings of the words “eat” and “drink” helps English learners to improve their comprehension in reading and writing, especially in traslation Clear understanding their true meanings make the learners easier to comprehend and use those words correctly in various situations I would like to offer some suggestions for further research Metaphorical meanings of the two words “eat” and “drink” should be seen in pragmatics, syntax and cultures Especially, the metaphorical meaning of words relating to eating and drinking can be studied in the light of cognitive linguistics 35 REFERENCES IN ENGLISH John, I.S (2003) Semantics Oxford: Blackwell Christopher Manning & Hinrich Schutze (1999) Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing Cambridge: MIT Press Fernado, C (1996) Idioms and Idiomacity Oxford: Oxford University Press Jackson, H (2002) Grammar and Vocabulary English: Routledge Richards, C.R., Platt, J and Platt, H (1992) Renouf, A and Sinclair, J.M 1991 Collocational frameworks in English In: Aijmer and Altenberg (eds) 1991: 128-143 Lea, D (2002) Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English Oxford: Oxford University Press Hoang, N T K (2011) A study on metaphoric meaning of the words related food in English and Vietnamese Danang: Danang University Lakoff, G & Johnson, M (1980) Metaphors We Live by Chicago and London: Chicago University Press 10 Joint, W (2001) Oxford Student’s dictionary of English Oxford: Oxford University Press 11 Hoang Tat Truong (2000), Basic English Lexicology Hanoi National University Publisher 12 Michael MacCarthy & Felicity O’Del (1999) English vocabulary in Use Prentice Hall IN VIETNAMESE Đỗ Hữu Châu (1996) Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa tiếng Việt NXB Đại học Quốc gia Đinh Trọng Lạc, Nguyễn Thái Hòa (1995) Phong cách học tiếng Việt NXB Giáo Dục Phạm Văn Tình (2006) Luận chữ Luận nghĩa NXB Văn hóa-Thơng Tin Từ điển Anh-Việt (1993) NXB TP Hồ Chí Minh 36 WEBSITES http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor http://applij.oxfordjournals.org http://ccsenet.org http://tratu.soha.vn http://www.thefreedictionary.com/drink http://www.thefreedictionary.com/eat 37 ... METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS ? ?EAT? ?? AND ? ?DRINK? ?? IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 2.1 Meanings of the words "Eat" , "Drink" in English and the words "Ăn" , "Uống" in Vietnamese 2.1.1 Meanings of the. ..VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES == == ? ?== == AN INVESTIGATION INTO METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS ? ?EAT? ?? AND ? ?DRINK? ?? IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU NGHĨA ẨN DỤ CỦA TỪ... Eat and Drink 11 CHAPTER 2: AN INVESTIGATION INTO METAPHORICAL MEANINGS OF THE WORDS ? ?EAT? ?? AND ? ?DRINK? ?? IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 12 2.1 Meanings of the words "Eat" , "Drink" in English