an investigation into starting and closing telephone conversations between friends and relatives in american english and vietnamese = nghiên cứu phần mở đầu và kết thúc cuộc hội thoại qua điện thoại giữa bạn bè

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.Rationale 2.Aims and Significance of the study 3.Scopes of the study 4.Methods of the study 5.Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1Theoretical Background 1.1.1Communication and telephone communication 1.1.2Conversation and telephone conversation 1.1.3Characteristics of a telephone conversation discourse 1.1.4The characteristic of a telephone conversation interaction 10 1.2Prior research on telephone conversations 10 1.2.1Telephone openings 11 1.2.2Telephone closings 13 1.3Summary 14 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 16 2.1Data collecting procedure 16 2.1.1Instruments 16 2.1.2Participants 17 2.2Data analysis 17 2.2.1Findings from the data corpus 17 2.2.2Findings from the survey questionnaire 25 2.2.3The similarities and differences of starting and closing telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese 30 2.3Summary 33 PART C: CONCLUSION 34 1.Summary of the findings 34 2.Limitations of the study 36 3.Implications and suggestions for further research 37 REFERENCES 39 Website: 41 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication 41 APPENDIX #1 I COMMON FRAMEWORK I Note: AmE: American English II APPENDIX #2 II TRANSCRIPTION (American native speakers) II III APPENDIX #3 .XI TRANSCRIPTION (Vietnamese native speakers) XI APPENDIX #4 XX SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (For American Native Speakers) XX APPENDIX #5 XXIII BẢN CÂU HỎI KHẢO SÁT (Dành cho người Việt ngữ) XXIII vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure Frequency of the callees speak first 26 Figure Frequency of greeting the callers/ callees 27 Figure Frequency of asking what the caller/ callee doing 27 Figure Frequency of the callees initiate final closing 29 Figure Frequency of expressing joy about engaging in the conversation 29 Figure Frequency of giving reasons to end the phone 30 Table Occurrences of opening sequences 18 Table Occurrences of closing sequence 22 Table Sample of interaction with four phases analysis 23 Table Frequency of acts in the openings 25 Table Frequency of acts in the closings 28 Table Common opening patterns I Table Common closing patterns II vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AmE: American English V1: Vietnamese V: Vietnamese people A: American People T: Transcription PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Nowadays, under the circumstance of globalization, telephone is a very popular means of communication It has been at every office, every home because of its convenience People use telephone for many purposes, for example, for business, chatting, asking health, etc People may talk with others wherever they are and whenever they want Using telephone is safe, fast and in some way, it is cheap We cannot deny the superiority of using telephone Therefore, it is necessary to have a successful telephone conversation In order to achieve that, beside the main information needed to convey through telephone, opening and starting are also important sections The opening may motivate both speakers while the ending may help the caller and the called feels “satisfactory" Conversation routines such as greeting and leave-taking may often be perceived as mechanical, but they are certainly not meaningless Although scholarly attention on discourse and communication research has shifted to institutional settings, this is not suggested that we can leave aside studies of casual conversations, which constitutes a major part of our daily experience A conversation is face-to-face communication but a telephone conversation is non face-to-face communication However, both of them are face-threatening act Conversational analysis of telephone conversations has received much attention of linguists as Hopper (1989), Godard (1977), Schegloff (1972, 1979, 1986), Schegloff and Sacks (1973) Some cross-cultural studies on telephone conversations have been carried out as Godard (1977), Hopper & Kolaeit Doany (1989) All telephone conversations, once they start, must end, the way in which departure and termination achieve varies within and across cultures While telephone conversations in many languages and cultures have been studied, the Vietnamese language is conspicuously absent in the literature Therefore, the author would like to choose the topic “An Investigation into Telephone Conversation Openings and Closings between Friends and Relatives in American English and Vietnamese” with the attempt to find out the similarities and differences of the telephone conversation openings and closings in American English and Vietnamese An analysis of the opening and closing sequences of 15 dyads of telephone conversations, which are transcribed from American records and Vietnamese records, together with the synthesis data from the questionnaire are as serve for the study The current investigation hopes to contribute new data to a growing body of work on cultural universalities vs particularities in the functions performed in telephone opening and closing sequences Aims and Significance of the study The study deals with the exploitation of a formula in starting and ending telephone conversations in Vietnamese language, which is done based on the study of telephone conversation by Schegloff (1968, 1972, 1986) and Schegloff and Sacks (1973) The main objective of this study is to find out the similarities and differences in opening and closing telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese In other words, this study aims specifically at: - Exploring a formula of the beginning and ending of telephone conversations in Vietnamese language - Discovering the similarities and differences of telephone openings as well as telephone closings in American English and Vietnamese - Helping speakers of American English and Vietnamese get a better communication when talking on the phone to have a successful telephone talk and improving their communicative competence To serve the above-mentioned objectives, two research questions come out: Based on Schegloff‟s theory of opening and closing sequences in American English, is there a formula in beginning and closing telephone conversations in Vietnamese? If there is, how is the act of telephone conversations, in terms of opening and closing telephone conversations, realized by Vietnamese people? What are the similarities and differences in starting and closing telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese? The study should be of potential interest to those who care for telephone conversation analysis This is also a base for the American or Vietnamese to get a better communication on the phone when using American English or Vietnamese It can also be applied this in teaching telephone communication Scopes of the study In the study, the author would like to concentrate only on the opening and closing of telephone conversation, not on the whole one Furthermore, the author tries to find out the similarities and differences of telephone conversations in two languages: American English and Vietnamese The similarities and differences are found in verbal words, not in intonation or non-verbal words (such as yelling) The telephone conversations used for the research are the casual ones That is, the telephone conversations are between friends and relatives In addition, the author‟s interest in this area is inspired by studies in cross-cultural communication That is, cultural aspects between the two peoples, not only on linguistic aspects would be mentioned Some important cross-cultural similarities and differences in telephone use between American English and Vietnamese are noticed Methods of the study In this study, the theoretical background relies on the research of some foreign researchers concerned with the subject Especially, the structure of my analysis will be heavily relied on frameworks pioneered by Schegloff (1968, 1972, 1986), Schegloff and Sacks (1973) and further elaborated by Hopper (1989) The current work focuses on data collected from recodered telephone conversations of native speakers of Vietnam and America and the survey questionnaires A combination of qualitative and quantitative method is used to analyze the data According to Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991), both qualitative and quantitative paradigms are not competing, but complementary, and the choice between the two is unnecessary They also assert that much can be gained from a combination of the two Within this study, qualitative method helps the author give an observation of the acts of how people in America and Vietnam open and close the telephone conversations, which can be considered to be the basis for the content of the survey questionnaire Qualitative method also helps the author explain why American and Vietnamese people act as doing so The quantitative method is used to give frequency counts of telephone opening and closing sequences in two languages This method raises the validity and realiability for the study There will be a comparative analysis in American English with Vietnamese as a fact in two languages to achieve the exploitation and strategies It is through such cross-cultural comparisons that the greatest relevance to second language learning will be realized Design of the study This minor thesis consists of three parts Part A is the introduction to the paper It gives reasons for choosing the topic and raises the research requirements: aims and significance of the study including research questions; scopes and methods This part also outlines the organization of the study Part B is the development of the research In this part, there are two chapters Chapter is the literature review This chapter explicates some notions of conversation and communication Some prior researches on telephone conversations of some linguists are reviewed in this chapter Chapter is a base for the analysis and discussion in the later chapter Chapter is the study This chapter includes data collection and data analysis procedure Then the findings will be presented Part C is conclusion It is the last part of the minor thesis that summarizes the major points and deals with the limitation of the study as well as giving suggestions for further study Apart from the three parts, the references and appendices including transcription of recorded telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese and two survey questionnaires are added in the end of the paper PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of two sub-parts The first sub-part discusses some theoretical background of the study in which focuses on some concepts about communication, crosscultural communication, communication between friends and relatives and conversation, conversation analysis, telephone conversation The second sub-part is concerned with previous research on telephone openings and closings 1.1 Theoretical Background 1.1.1 Communication and telephone communication 1.1.1.1 Definition of communication No one can live without communication As Wikipedia website, communication is defined as “sending, giving, or exchanging information and ideas,” Thus; communication is the acceptance of the senders‟ message by the receiver If the receiver understands the meaning of a message which asks for action but fails to act, the goal of communication is not achieved According to Richard et al (1992) communication is „the exchange of ideas, information, etc between two or more persons The sender/ speaker transmits message to the receiver/ listener” However, communication is not merely an exchange of information This information is understood by the receiver in more or less the way it is intended by the sender An important function of communication is to keep a particular society going There are three forms of communication: graphic, verbal and non-verbal communication Graphic communication is the act of using written words to exchange ideas, thought, information, etc Non-verbal communication is the act of saying what is on your mind without speaking words The communication depends rather on other channels such as eye contact, body language Verbal communication is the act of saying what is on your mind with words It means that you use language and speech to share or exchange information A communication can be formal or informal Informal communication usually uses with friends and family During the communication, people may use shortened version of words or slang words Formal communication uses in a professional setting such as in the office In this kind of communication, no slang is used and words are pronounced correctly 1.1.1.2 Cross-cultural communication Each culture has a unique character Cultures adapt to meet specific sets of circumstances, such as climate, level of technology, population, and geography This adaptation to different conditions is evident in differences in all elements of culture, including norms, value and language Therefore, Cross-culture is the exchange of culture and the results of these changes Richards et al (1992) defines “cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas, information, etc between persons from different cultural backgrounds” It is clear that there are often more problems in cross-cultural communication than in communication between people of the same culture background In cross-cultural communication, there may easily be misunderstanding and communication failure According to Gumperz (1982), the differences in cultures can result in misunderstanding in cross-cultural transitions That is caused under the affect of some sociological factors such as age, sex, place of living, etc The misunderstanding becomes more acute when the interacting parties are using the same linguistic code but not the same cultural nom Despite conventionality, what is said and how it is sad is extremely important in cross-cultural communication Although the exchange of information is certainly involved, the language behavior plays out within a set of social relation and cultural expectation, XI APPENDIX #3 TRANSCRIPTION (Vietnamese native speakers) Tapescript 16 (T16): T: Alo! (Hello) A: Anh Tường hả? (Tường, isn‟t it?) T: Ờ (Yes) A: Khỏe hông? (How are you?) T: Ờ, anh khỏe, em làm đấy? (Well, I‟m fine What are you doing?) A: Em Sài Gòn (I‟m in Sai Gon) T: Ở Sài Gòn à? Vào Sài Gòn sớm thế? (In Sai Gon? Why you go to SG so early?) A: Em vào tuần (I have gone here for weeks) …………………………………………… A: Chị ý hả? (Was she?) T: Ừ (Yes) A: À (Yes) T: Ừ (Yes) A: Ừm, hấy (Hmm, That‟s all) T: (A ha) A: Ừm, có gọi điện cho em với ha, tâm tí (Hmm, please call me to confide in each other if there are any new things) T: Ừm, (Hmm, yes) A: Thế nhá (That‟s all) T: Ừ, nhá (Yes, ok) T17: A: Alo (Hello) G: Alo (Hello) A: Alo, em à, khỏe không? (Hello, is it you? how are you?) G: khoẻ (I‟m fine) XII A: Dạo rồi? (How are the things going on?) G: Vẫn bình thường (still as usual) A: Chồng chưa? ……………………………………………………………… A: Ờ, bố mẹ khỏe không? (Well, how are your parents?) G: Vẫn bình thường (still as usual) A: Mấy em rồi? (how are your young sisters?) G: Vẫn bình thường (still as usual) A: Ờ, bình thường (well, as usual?) G: Vậy nhá (That‟s all) A: Ừ, nhé, hẹn gặp lại (Yes, that‟s all, see you again) G: Ờ ( Yes) A: Rất vui nói chuyện với cưng (Nice to talk to you) G: Ơ hơ (smile) A: Bái bai (Bye bye) G: Bai (Bye) T18: G2: Alo? (Hello) A: Em à? Sao rồi? (Is it you? How is that?) G2: Sao hỏi vậy? (Why are you asking so? A: Ờ, có tí việc thơi mà Đang làm vậy? (Well, I have some business What‟re you doing?) G2: Đang làm đâu, em phịng thơi (Nothing I‟m in my room) A: Sáng học nào? (How about your moring?) …………………………… A: Ờ thôi, coi sáng làm việc tốt (Well, consider it as a good thing) G2: Dạ (Yes) A: Bái bai (Bye bye) G2: Vâng (Yes) A: Ờ, bái bai (Yes, bye bye) G2: Vâng, nha (Yes Bye) XIII T19: B1: Alo? (Hello) B2: Đây (I‟m here) B2: Ừ (Yes) B2: Cái mơn thầy Nghiệm lớp có đứa … …………………………………………………………… B1: Ừ (Yes) B2: Nhờ báo lại 13h ngày 19 tháng bảo quân lên buổi sớm coi phòng chưa có phịng (Please inform them that at p.m August 19 th , remember to go to see the room number) B1: À, rồi hí (Well, ok ok) B2: Thôi nhe (That‟s all) B1: À, rồi, cảm ơn nghe (Well, o.k o.k, thanks) T20: C1:Alo (Hello) C2: Yến hả, tớ (Yen? It‟s me) C1: Ui, xin chào, lâu ngày (Oh, hello, It‟s a long time…) C2: Hi, bình thường chứ? Đang đâu vậy? (Hi, Are you ok? Where are you?) C1: Ừ,dạo bận Được hôm nghỉ nhà (Yes I‟m rather busy I‟m only free to be at home today) C2: làm đến đâu rôi? (How about your thesis?) ……………………………………… C1: Làm cho tớ khảo sát (Help me complete the questionnaire C2: Rồi (O.k o.k) C1: Làm sớm gửi tớ nha (Send me early please!) C2: Rồi (O.k) C1: Thôi đến tớ có việc (Oh I have something else to now) C2: Ừ (Yes) C1: Chào (Goodbye) C2: Ừ, bai (O.k, bye) XIV T21: H: Alo (Hello) D: Alo, Hạnh có phải khơng? (Hello, is it Hanh?) H: Vâng Ai ạ? (Yes Who‟s that?) D: Dung mà, không nhận giọng à? (It‟s me, Dung Don‟t you recognize me by my voice?) H: À, Dung à, lâu ngày Khỏe không? (Ah, Dung, Long time no see How are you?) D: Khỏe Thế Hạnh gia đình sao? (Good How about you and your family?) H: Cảm ơn nha, nhà khỏe (Thanks My family and I are fine.) D: Ừ Mình gọi để thơng báo với cậu chủ nhật tới lớp cấp họp lớp Yes I phone to inform you that this Sunday our high school class has a meeting) ……………………… H: Ừ, cố gắng (Yes, I‟ll try) D: Thế nha (That‟s all for now) H: Ừ ( Yes) D: Chào nha (Good bye) H: Ừ, chào nha (Yes Bye) T22: D2: Alo, ạ? (Hello, who‟s that?) T: À, Dung Thái (Well, Dung, isn‟t it? It‟s me, Thai.) D2: Thái ? Dạo nào? (Thái? How are the things going on?) T: Bình thường thơi (As usual.) D: Ừ T: Hai bác khỏe chứ? (How are your parents?) D2: Ừ, cảm ơn nha, bố mẹ khỏe Thế công việc bạn ? (Thanks, They are fine How about your job?) T: Ừ, Này,đã biết cuối tuần họp lớp chưa? (Well, nothing change Do you know our former class will have a meeting this weeked?) ………………… T: Để bạn qua chở nha (let me pick you up.) D2: Ừ (O.k) XV T: 8h30 nha Nhớ chuẩn bị trước (8.30 p.m, ok? Please get ready when I come) D2: Rồi (o.k o.k) T: Cho gửi lời hỏi thăm hai bác nha ( Give my regard to your parents) D2: Ừ, cảm ơn nha (Yes, thanks) T: Thế (That‟s all) D2: Ừ (yes) T: Chào nha (Bye) D2: Ừ, chào nha Gặp lại sau (o.k, bye See you later) T23: H: Alo (Hello) Đ: Honey phải không? (Honey isn‟t it?) H: Dạ (Yes) Đ: Em ăn chưa? (have you eaten? H: (yes) Đ: Sáng khỏe không? (how are you this morning?) H: Khỏe Thế anh làm đấy? (Fine What are you doing?) ……………… Đ: Anh gọi nói chuyện thơi Em nghỉ nha (I phone you just to have a chat Take a rest please) H: Vâng (Yes) Đ: Anh nghỉ trưa chiều mà làm việc ( Please take a nap) H: Ừ (Yes) Đ: Thế nha Em khỏe (That‟s all for now Good health) H: Vâng (Yes) Đ: bai nha (Bye) H: Vâng, bye (o.k, bye) T24: H: Vâng? (yes?) D: Bác cho cháu gặp Hạnh (Can I have a talk with Hanh?) H: Hạnh (I‟m here) XVI D: Dung mà (It‟s me, Dung) H: Ừ, Dung Cơm chưa? (yes, Dung Have you eaten?) D: Chưa Hạnh làm đấy? Bn chuyện tí khơng? (Not yet What are you doning? Can we chat on the phone now?) ………………… H: Ừ (yes) D: Ừ (Yes) H: Thơi, nói lâu rồi, tớ ngừng (Well, we‟ve talked so long Goodbye) H: Ừ (Yes) D: Thế Nghỉ ngơi nha (That‟s all Take a rest please) H: Ừ Thế (Yes That‟s all) D: Khỏe nha (Good health) H: Cảm ơn nha Dung (Thanks You‟re, too) D: Ừ Nói chuyện sau nha (yes Talk to you later) H: Thế nha, chào nha (That‟s all, goodbye) D: Ừ, tạm biệt nha (yes, bye) T25: C: Út cưng à, khỏe không? (My dear sister, how are you?) U: Chị Em khỏe Chị khỏe chứ? (My sister I‟m fine How are you?) C: khỏe Đang bận à? (Good Are you busy?) U: không (I‟m not) ……………… U: Thơi em phải chuẩn bị có tí việc (Well, I have to go out for some business.) C: Ừ, (Yes, that‟s all) U: Dạ Em chào chị (Yes Good bye) C: Ừ (Yes) T26: Q: Mẹ Bố quê chưa ạ? (Mum, It‟s me Has our father come back from his homeland?) M: Chưa (Not yet) XVII Q: Hôm trước mẹ nói mua thứ đưa …(Last time you told me to buy some things …) ………… Q: Có đứa bạn gọi di động cho con, để nghe máy (Oh, my friend is calling me over the mobile phone.) M: Ừ (Yes) Q: Vậy nha mẹ (That‟s all) T27: D: Tôi nghe (I‟m listening) M: Bác cho cháu gặp chị Dương chút (Can I have a talk with Duong?) D: Chị Dương (It‟s me, Duong) M: Em mà Chào chị Chị khỏe ạ? (It‟s me Hi How are you?) D: Ừ, chào em Chị khỏe (Well, hello I‟m fine) M: Chị bận không em hỏi chút việc (May I ask you something if you are not busy now?) ….…………… D: Ừ, có đám cưới, chị chuẩn bị Thế (Yes, There is a weeding I‟m going to attend ot That‟s all) M: Dạ Em chào chị (o.k Good bye) T28: H: Em à? Hôm nhà buồn khơng? (honey? Are you bored?) W: Có Tivi nên đỡ (not very bored because I‟m watching T.V H: Thế có mệt khơng? Ăn uống khơng? (Are you tired today? Were you able to eat?) W: Không nhiều Anh đâu vậy? (not much Where are you?) ………… W: Ui bắt đầu phim rồi, anh nha (Oh, the film is beginning I should stop here) H: Ừ, mai anh (Yes, I‟ll come back tomorrow.) W: Dạ (O.k) H: Em xem phim nghỉ ngơi nha Thế nha (You watch film then take a rest That‟s all.) XVIII W: Dạ Mai gặp (O.k see you tomorrow.) T29: M: Alo (Hello) D: Chị (It‟s me) M: Chào chị (Hi) D: Mọi việc ổn chứ? (is everything alright?) M: Vâng (Yes) D: Nghe nói gặp rắc rối à? (I‟ve heard that you had a trouble?) M: Thì khơng có nghiêm trọng đâu Chuyện là….(Not very serious… ……… M: Vâng (Yes) D: Nói chung bình tĩnh giải từ từ (You should keep calm and then solve it in steps.) M: Vâng (yes) D: Ừ, chị gọi hỏi thăm Cố gắng (Yes I just call to inquire you Try on) M: Vâng, cảm ơn chị quan tâm (Yes Thanks for your care.) D: Cho chị gửi lời hỏi thăm tới ông bà (Give my regard to your parents) M: Vâng.(yes) D: Chào nha (Good bye) M: Chào chị (Bye) T30: T: Alo Ai (Hello Who‟s that?) Đ: Anh Đông Thái phải không? (I‟m Dong Is it Thai?) T: Dạ Có chuyện anh? (Yes Why are you calling me?) Đ: À, anh hỏi việc tí …(Well, I want to ask you…) …… T: Vâng (Yes) Đ: Giúp anh tí nha (Help me please) T: Dạ (O.k) XIX Đ: Thôi muôn nghỉ (It‟s late now Take a rest please) T: Vâng (Yes) Đ: Khỏe Gọi cho sau (Take care of you health I‟ll phone you later) T: Vâng Chào anh (Yes Bye) Đ: Bye XX APPENDIX #4 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (For American Native Speakers) Dear Sir/ Madam, I am carrying out a study on openings and closings of telephone conversations between friends and relatives with the hope to get better understanding about your culture of telephone talking I would be very grateful if you could complete this questionnaire The data will be used for the research paper only, not for any other purposes You not have to write your name in this paper Gender: Male ……… Female ……… Location of living: Country …… City ……… Age: Under 22 ………… From 22 to 60 ……… Over 60 ……………… Please put a tick (۷) in one of the frequency levels in each situation Questions How often you have a conversation over the phone? a you pick up the receiver but When the phone remain silent until the caller rings, speaks first b you pick up the receiver and talk first a By saying the phone number (e.g: It‟s number How you answer 63498) to summons (bell of the b By saying your name (e.g: phone)? Mr A hears) c By saying Hello/ hi d By asking name of the caller(e.g: Who‟s that?) Frequency Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never XXI e Others: ……… How often you recognize the callers/ callees? a you greet him/ her b you ask about his/ her health c you ask him/her how the things are going on When you recognize the caller is your friend or your relative, d you ask him/ her if he/ she has eaten e you ask what he/ she is doing f you ask if he/ she has been busy recently g you go straight to the purpose of the phone h Others: …………… a you speak first at the right When you phone your friend/ relative, time he/ she picks up the receiver b you speak after he/ she answers to the summon When you phone your friend/ relative, you go straight to the purpose of the call? When you are the callee, you initiate final closing When you want to end the phone, you give the reason(s) for ending 10 Before closing the phone, you use term(s) such as “Well” “Uhm”, “Okay”… as a signal to come to the closing of the conversation 11 Before final closing, a you summarize the topic of XXII the call b you express your joy about engaging in the conversation (e.g: It was pleasure to talk to you) c you tell your friend/ relative to take care of his/ her health d you give well-wish(es)(e.g: good health, good luck) e you give regards to other members in the family f you make an arrangement or promise (e.g: I‟ll call you later) g Others: ……………… 12 Before putting the receiver off, you exchange “bye/bye” in the end of conversation? 13 Do you get the last word in the conversations if you are the callee? THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR COOPERATION! XXIII APPENDIX #5 BẢN CÂU HỎI KHẢO SÁT (Dành cho người Việt ngữ) Quý vị kính mến, Tôi tiến hành nghiên cứu phần mở đầu kết thúc hội thoại qua điện thoại bạn bè người thân với mục đích hiểu sâu văn hóa nói chuyện điện thoại đất nước quý vị Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn quý vị bớt chút thời gian hoàn thành câu hỏi Dữ liệu sử dụng cho mục đích nghiên cứu, khơng mục đích khác Q vị khơng phải nêu danh tính khảo sát Giới tính: Nam … Nữ … Nơi ở: Nông thôn …… Thành thị ……… Tuổi: Dưới 22 ………… Từ 22 đến 60 ……… 60 ……………… Quý vị đánh dấu tích (۷) chọn mức độ thường xuyên tình sau: Mức độ thường xuyên Câu hỏi Luôn Thường Thỉnh Hiếm Không thường thoảng Quý vị có thường xun nói chuyện qua điện thoại khơng? a quý vị nhấc ống nghe giữ Khi điện thoại đổ chuông, im lặng tận gười gọi lên tiếng trước b quý vị nhấc ống nghe lên tiếng trước a Bởi số điện thoại (ví dụ số 63498xin nghe) Quý vị trả lời chuông điện thoại nào? b Bởi tên quý vị (ví dụ: A xin nghe) c Bởi nói “Xin chào/Alo” d Bởi hỏi tên người gọi cho bạn (ví dụ: ạ?) XXIV e Khác: ……… Quý vị có thường nhận biết người gọi hay người nghe điện thoại không? a quý vị chào người b quý vị hỏi thăm sức khỏe người c quý vị hỏi người dạo Khi quý vị nhận người gọi bạn hay người thân quý vị, d quý vị hỏi người ăn cơm chưa e quý vị hỏi người làm f q vị hỏi người có bận hay không g quý vị chuyển đến nội dung gọi h Khác: …………… a quý vị người lên tiếng trước Khi quý vị gọi điện sau người nhấc ống cho bạn hay người thân nghe mình, b quý vị nói sau người nhấc ống nghe lên tiếng trước Khi quý vị gọi tới bạn hay người thân mình, q vị vào mục đích gọi 8.Khi quý vị người gọi, quý vị người khởi xướng kết thúc gọi 9.Khi quý vị muốn kết thúc gọi, quý vị đưa lí kết thúc XXV 10 Trước quý vị kết thúc điện thoại, quý vị nói từ “À” “Ừ”, “Được rồi”… tín hiệu muốn kết thúc nói chuyện a q vị tóm lược nội dung gọi b quý vị diễn tả với bạn hay người thân quý vị vui nói chuyện với người 11 Trước gần c quý vị nói người giữ gìn ngừng nói sức khỏe chuyện điện thoại, d quý vị chúc sức khỏe người e quý vị gửi lời hỏi thăm đến thành viên gia đình người f quý vị hứa tạo hẹn (ví dụ: gọi lại sau) g Khác: ……………… 12 Trước đặt ống nghe cuống, quý vị có trao đổi “chào tạm biệt/ tạm biệt” phần cuối điện thoại không? 13 Nếu quý vị người gọi, quý vị người nói từ cuối kết thúc nói chuyện CẢM ƠN SỰ HỢP TÁC CỦA QUÝ VỊ! ... topic ? ?An Investigation into Telephone Conversation Openings and Closings between Friends and Relatives in American English and Vietnamese? ?? with the attempt to find out the similarities and differences... opening and closing telephone conversations, realized by Vietnamese people? What are the similarities and differences in starting and closing telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese? ... similarities and differences in opening and closing telephone conversations in American English and Vietnamese In other words, this study aims specifically at: - Exploring a formula of the beginning and