A study on making and accepting apology in english and vietnamese = nghiên cứu về lời xin lỗi và cách chấp nhận lời xin lỗi trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

428 Vinh UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT _ Nguyen thi ngoc mai A study on making and accepting apology in English and vietnamese (Nghiên cứu lời xin lỗi cách chấp nhận lời xin lỗi tiếng anh tiếng việt) GRADUATION THESIS field: linguistics Vinh, May 2015 i Vinh UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT _ A study on making and accepting apology in English and vietnamese (Nghiên cứu lời xin lỗi cách chấp nhận lời xin lỗi tiếng anh vµ tiÕng viƯt) GRADUATION THESIS field: linguistics Supervisor: Tran Thi Ngoc Yen, Ph.D Student : Nguyen Thi Ngoc Mai Class : 52B1 - English Vinh, May 2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During the process of carrying out the study, I have received many invaluable assistances from many people First of all, I would like to send my deepest thanks to Dean and all the lectures of Foreign Languages Department of Vinh University who gave me a chance to study the thesis Secondly, I would like to express my deepest and sincerest appreciation to my supervisor, Ph.D Tran Thi Ngoc Yen, for her enthusiastic guidance, excellent suggestions as well as insightful comments on the thesis Also, I would like to acknowledge my dear family and my friends who always stand by me, encourage and help me so much in this study Finally, I am aware that despite all the meaningful advices and assistant helps, shortcomings and mistakes are inevitably avoidable; therefore I would be extremely grateful to receive all your attention as well as comments to make this thesis perfect Nghe An, May 2015 NGUYEN THI NGOC MAI iii ABSTRACT Communication is an important part of daily life People must talk to each other to work and satisfy their own communicating need Apology is a popular speech act in daily conversation But how to make and accept apology effectively by people who are speaking these two languages, this study is a solution The thesis presents apology and its forms Data used for analysis in this study were mainly collected from many books, literatures, stories, documents and dialogues in daily conversation to analyze more clearly Finally, some main similarities and differences in making and accepting apology between English and Vietnamese have been identified, implications on learning and teaching were made iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLE viii PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Justification of the study Aims of the study Scope of the study Methods of the study The design of the study PART II DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 SPEECH ACTS 1.1.1 Definition of speech act 1.1.2 Types of speech acts 1.1.3 Direct and indirect speech acts 1.1.4 Felicity condition 1.1.5 Apology as speech acts 1.2 CONVERSATION THEORY 1.2.1 The concept of conversation 1.2.2 Conversational structure 1.3 POLITENESS THEORY .9 1.3.1 Politeness and Face v 1.3.2 Strategies of Politeness 12 1.4 APOLOGY THEORY 13 1.4.1 Definition of apology 13 1.4.2 Value of apology 15 CHAPTER SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAKING AND ACCEPTING APOLOGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 16 2.1 MAKING APOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 16 2.1.1 Making apology in English 16 2.1.2 Making apology in Vietnamese 19 2.1.3 Similarities and differences of making apology in English and Vietnamese 23 2.2 ACCEPTING APOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 26 2.2.1 Accepting apology in English .26 2.2.2 Accepting an apology in Vietnamese 27 2.2.3 Similarities and differences between accepting apology in English and Vietnamese 29 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .31 3.1 LIMITATION .31 3.2 IMPLICATION ON LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING .31 3.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES .32 PART III CONCLUSION 33 REFERENCES 34 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS P etc e.g : : : Page Et cetera Exampli gratia FTAs : Face-threatening acts vii LIST OF TABLE Table 1.1: The five general functions of speech act (Yule, 1996, p55) Table 2.1 Summary the similarities in form of making apology in English and Vietnamese 23 Table 2.2: Summary the differences in form of making apology in English and Vietnamese 24 Table 2.3 Summary the similarities in form of accepting apology in English and Vietnamese 29 Table 2.4 Summary the differences in form of accepting apology in English and Vietnamese 30 viii PART I INTRODUCTION It is included in five parts: (1) justification of the study, (2) aims of the study, (3) scope of the study, (4) methods of the study, (5) design of the study Justification of the study In daily day, we always need to communicate Communication can be done in variety of different forms and media However, it’s undeniable that speech act is basic and most important form of human being In which, the speech act of apology is often used in communication of community in the world including Vietnamese and English It can be said that the appearance of apology occupies a large frequency in our daily language Obviously, apology is offered when we feel really faulty Apology here always goes with a regretful feeling and expecting to be forgiven more than an usual action in civilization However, different language has different ways to form its apology Especially, when English and Vietnamese not share the same language type, these differences become more obvious Although in all languages the central function of apologies is to provide for an offence and restore harmony, the way of making and accepting apologies are not the same in every language Researching apology in English and Vietnamese have been carried out by numerous researchers However, there is no in-depth study on making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese, specifically is the forms of making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese That caused leaners of foreign languages many difficulties and misunderstanding in the target language The study about apology will contribute to help Vietnamese learners more success in communication with English native speakers through finding the similarities and differences in making and accepting apology between Vietnamese and English For the above reasons, I decided to choose the topic “A study on making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese” Aims of the study The study aims to point out the similarities and differences in the form English and Vietnamese native speakers making and accepting apology Besides, it is intended to provide some implications for teaching and learning apology – making and accepting to English majors in Vinh University Scope of the study The research is towards a study on making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Within the scope of study, we mainly focus on the forms and structures which English and Vietnamese speakers use to making and accepting apology in order to achieve effectiveness in communication Methods of the study Because of limited time, the author mainly collected records of apology in daily communication, from books such as New Headway, English 8, and stories, internet, etc They are then analyzed to find out the similarities and differences in making and accepting apology for the process of comparative and contrastive analysis in the thesis Moreover, she also uses some quotes from literature to analyze Although this dialogues were castigated in accordance with the writer’s intentions, it still remains characteristic (emotional property, specific property) and the function (rational communication, emotion) of daily life style in view of the functional style Hence, the dialogues in natural language and literatures which used to analyze are reliable scientifically The design of the study The thesis is organized into three parts as follow: PART I: INTRODUCTION The introduction deals with the justification, aims, scope, methods and design of the study PART II DEVELOPMENT Chapter Theoretical Background Chapter The similarities and differences between making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Chapter Implications and suggestions PART III CONCLUSION relationship in communication Therefore, choosing appropriate vocative depends on objects and communication situations Besides, in communication, Vietnamese often use phrase word “Xin lỗi” in order to hedge their fault, the same as “Excuse me” in making apology in English: (36) Xin lỗi, kể ngang chuyện anh (Lê Lựu, 2004) (37) Xin lỗi hỏi, có phải nhà Hương khơng ạ? (Lê Lựu, 2004) (38) Xin lỗi, bác hỏi có việc ạ? (Lê Lựu, 2004) By using this way in making apology, the nature of the apology is hedged It mitigates face-threatening as well as violates of personal freedom, even apologizer’s self-esteem That is the way to ensure the politeness in interaction Form 5: Performative sentence with “Xin lỗi” and politeness marker namely: ạ, (39) Tha lỗi cho em lời lẽ khiếm nhã anh (Lê Lựu, 2004) (40) Em xin lỗi cô ạ! Form 6: Performative sentence with verb phrases: “tha lỗi, tha thứ…” It’s not always the apology is also used with the performative verb “xin lỗi”, in some case it’s displayed through these phrases such as: “tha lỗi, tha thứ, lượng thứ…” to make apology: (41) Em thành thật xin anh tha lỗi cho em làm anh phiền lòng (Lê Lựu, 2004) (42) Sài ơi, tha lỗi cho bố Bố ăn ác với nên lúc nhắm mắt bố không gặp con, Sài ơi! (Lê Lựu, 2004) (43) Nếu có có lịng để mắt đọc điều tơi viết, xin lượng thứ cho (Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, 1997) Those phrases are synonymic with “xin lỗi” in the mentioned context, hence, the content of apology is unchanged Moreover, it also gives the hearer a sense of the degree of the sincerity in saying b) Direct apology in form of “if” sentence: 21 Just like in English, Vietnamese also use form of “if” sentence to make apologize: (44) Xin lỗi làm phiền bạn c) Direct apology with yes/no question: In order to make direct apology, Vietnamese people also use yes/no question to show their politeness In this form, the word “sẵn lịng, có thể” are frequently used: (45) Bạn có sẵn lịng/có thể tha thứ, tha lỗi cho tơi khơng? 2.1.2.2 Indirect apology To make an acceptance apology, Vietnamese also have direct way by using affirmative sentence a) Indirect apology with affirmative sentence Similar to English, the affirmative sentence is used to take fault or make a promise for the offence: (46) Cha bảo: Lỗi bác Tao mày có chửa (Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, 1997) (47) Vợ tơi ịa khóc: Em thật có lỗi với anh, với (Nguyễn Huy Thiêp, 1997) In interaction, Vietnamese people make apology by admitting responsibility, displaying the weak ability That means the speaker is face-threating himself/herself and intended to placate the hearer In many case, Vietnamese people don’t make apology directly, but they express through implication In more detail, the apologizer promises for forbearance, not repeat the wrong actions which has happened This form is the feature in Vietnamese’s behavior culture Such forms are often signaled by the performative verb “hứa”: (48) Con lạy cậu…cậu tha con…Lần sau không dám Con mà cậu đánh chết (Nguyên Hồng, 2003) (49) Thưa thầy, em hứa (Lý Lan, 2011) b) Indirect apology with imperative sentence Instead of using performative verbs “xin lỗi, tha thứ, tha lỗi”, people use imperative sentence to make apologies in Vietnamese Although it has the same 22 structure as a request, the listener can understand the sincerity of apology This form is used in a situation that the speaker has higher status than the listener (50) Chú biết cháu từ lúc nhà Bấn quá, thông cảm cho (Lê Lựu, 2004) 2.1.3 Similarities and differences of making apology in English and Vietnamese 2.1.3.1 The similarities in making apology between English and Vietnamese Table 2.1 Summary the similarities in form of making apology in English and Vietnamese Examples in English Example in Vietnamese I’m sorry I’m busy now Em xin lỗi Sorry, sir/madam Xin lỗi cậu Sorry! Xin lỗi! Performative sentence with extra words (9) I’m terribly sorry, James (New Headway, p.26) (29) Tuấn à, thành thật xin lỗi, bận không giúp bạn Apology in form of “if” sentences Sorry if I’ve disturbed you Xin lỗi làm phiền bạn Apology in form of yes/no question Are you willing to forgive for me? Will you accept my apology? Bạn tha lỗi cho khơng? Apologizing word/sentence + sentence/clause of taking responsibility (21) It’s my fault (46) Cha bảo: Lỗi bác Tao khơng biết mày có chửa (Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, 1997) Apologizing word/sentence + sentence/clause of promising I’m sorry I won’t be late again (49) Thưa thầy, em hứa (Lý Lan, 2011) Category Form 1.Apology in forms of performative sentence Performative sentences with a subject Performative sentences without subject Invisible subject and object 2.Apology in form of “if” sentences 3.Apology in form of yes/no question Apology in form of affirmative sentences 23 Firstly, from the above table, we can see that making an apology in English and Vietnamese can be expressed in some similar ways People choose the appropriated way depending on each situations Some opinions show that brief and condensed way of indirectness will help to express speaker’s personality Besides, it’s perhaps more politely than direct way of speaking The second similarity is that both English and Vietnamese have the verb phrase that contain the apology meaning They are “(be) sorry/apologize/excuse/forgive/pardon and “xin lỗi, tha lỗi, tha thứ” in Vietnamese These phrases are all used in performative sentence Besides, the similarity in making an apology in Vietnamese and English is that “Excuse” in English and “xin lỗi” in Vietnamese have the same meaning and usage in some circumstances Sometimes, people use them to express the politeness to the listener For example: (51) Excuse me, can you show me where the zoo is please? (52) Xin lỗi, bạn giúp địa nhà cô Hường không? Next, both English and Vietnamese have words to express the sincerity apology They are “so, very, extremely, and terribly” in English and “hối hận, ân hận, tiếc…” in Vietnamese Although they are different in usage, they are similar in function People use these words in case they really feel sorry and hope to receive forgiveness of the hearer Finally, the similarity between making apology in English and Vietnamese is that the verb phrase: “(be) sorry, regret, pardon, excuse, and forgive” in English and “xin lỗi, tha lỗi, tha thứ” in Vietnamese don’t need to appear in apology: (53) I’ve broke your glasses (54) Mình áy náy khơng giúp cho bạn 2.1.3.2 The differences between making apology in English and Vietnamese Table 2.2: Summary the differences in form of making apology in English and Vietnamese Form Performative sentence with subject and object Performative sentence with politeness marker Apology in form of imperative sentences Examples in English Examples in Vietnamese (27) Con trót dại đuổi nhà đi, xin lỗi ông bà cho nhà (Lê Lựu, 2004) (39) Tha lỗi cho em lời lẽ khiếm nhã anh (Lê Lựu, 2004) (50) Chú biết cháu từ lúc nhà Bấn quá, thông cảm cho (Lê Lựu, 2004) 24 Though making apology in both English and Vietnamese are similar to in the number of forms, they still have three different forms Look at the above table, we can realize that forms of making an apology in Vietnamese can be more complex than in English In Vietnamese culture, Vietnam belongs to high-context communication The meaning or intention is conveyed through the context and the non-verbal communication They don’t tell directly Moreover, they focus on using the system of address in order to maintain the affection and gratitude of their friends and relatives… which depends on gender, age, social status, hierarchy… The addressing system of Vietnamese has more complex than English: Ông, bà, cha, mẹ, chú, bác, cậu, mự, anh, em, cháu, tao, mày, cậu, tớ…Therefore, Vietnamese not just use personal pronoun as English “I, you” in any conversation There are ways to make apology depending on objects and communication context On contrast, making the apology in English is unique and neutral nuance The apologies don’t depend on objects (55) People are the same hierarchy: - Mày cho tao xin lỗi, hồi tao nóng tính thật (In Vietnamese) - I’m sorry for leaving you alone (In English) (56) Relatives: - Cháu quên, cháu xin lỗi mợ (in Vietnamese) (Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, 1997) - Sorry, it’s my fault (in English) (57) Teacher and student: - Em xin lỗi học muộn (in Vietnamese) - I’m sorry I’m late (in English) In addition, Vietnamese often use words expressing modality: “ạ, nhé” in making an apology These words appear in Vietnamese speech act of apology when they want to express the politeness to the older people such as: parents, teachers, grandparents…It is also feature in Vietnamese culture which people show the respect of hierarchy, the status admission of the listener The politeness behavior is not only personal politeness strategies but also the choice in vocabulary: (58) Muốn khỏi bất nhã, ơng Văn Minh nói to với Xuân: - Xin lỗi nhé? (Vũ Trọng Phụng, 2008) (59) Em xin lỗi đến lớp muộn English belong to low- context communication They mainly use verbal message to communicate Vietnamese are influenced by collectivism and higher 25 hierarchy, so they tend to be harmonious and restraint In Vietnamese, social hierarchy plays an important role Social hierarchy include: superior and interior, teachers and students, parents and children… In making an apology, they always consider the social order and base on social status, age, relationship…that result in the speech act of apologizing of Vietnamese is quite different in each situation While English are influenced by individualism and equality, so they are more simple and direct in communication Especially, English don’t care about social rank They may use the same type of apology speech act to apology anyone, regardless of the social status That means the apology varies and depends on whom they are speak to in each situation such as: director, teacher, and parents…For example: (60) Con lạy cậu! cậu tha cho con…con trót dại (Nguyên Hồng, 2003) Especially, Vietnamese people sometimes use form of imperative sentences to make apology This form has the same structure as a request Therefore, the speaker only use in a situation that he and the hearer have a very close relationship or the speaker has higher hierarchy 2.2 ACCEPTING APOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Before we get to know the definition of phrase: “accepting an apology”, we will first clarified the meaning of the verb “accept” According to Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, to “accept” means to take willingly something that is offered, to say yes an offer, invitation, etc thus, in author’s opinion, accepting an apology means that you are willing to receive offender’s apology After these definitions above, we can defined the meaning of accepting an apology It means saying yes to an apology 2.2.1 Accepting apology in English 2.2.1.1 Direct acceptance In English, people usually accept an apology directly To express agreement to an apology immediately, English people often use the declarative sentence Let’s see some examples below: (1)- Anna: I’m sorry, sir I’m late - Teacher: That’s all right Go to your seat (2) - Nam: Excuse me, you know where my book is? - Tuan: Sorry, I don’t know 26 - Nam: It’s okay (3) - I’m very sorry I know I behaved badly - It’s all right (New Headway, p.52) Direct acceptance are extend by using the phrases: That’s right, it’s alright, that’s fine, there’s no need to apologize which show someone that you not mind what they have done However, when people say: never mind, no problem, don’t worry, please don’t be worry, it doesn’t matter… to tell someone that you knows well that you not mind what they have done (4) - I’m sorry I can’t come tonight - Never mind Perhaps another time (New Headway, p.13) In many situations, the way of accepting apologies can be considered to imply the politeness because they give face to the offended: (5) - Sorry I’m late - It doesn’t matter You’re here now (New Headway, p.13) Besides these ways above, English people have some other expressions by saying “thanks”, to accept an apology For example: (6) - Colleague 1: I’m sorry to hear that you’ve not been feeling well - Colleague 2: Thanks I just have a headache It’s nothing too serious - Accepting with hesitation: (7) - Son: Daddy, I’m sorry I forgot calling for you? - Dad: Ok…never mind But next time don’t forget 2.2.2 Accepting an apology in Vietnamese Similar to English, in Vietnamese, people often use the direct way to accept an apology Here are some common forms of accepting apology: 2.2.2.1 Direct acceptance a) The offended show his acceptance by saying: “không đâu mà/ thôi/Vâng/cứ tự nhiên” (8) - Xin lỗi tớ vô ý - Không đâu mà (9) - Cô Duyên…cứ để nhẫn lại đây, tơi bù tiền mặt gì? 27 - Được thôi…- Bà khách dễ dãi – Nếu chị trúng giải chị nhớ chia lộc cho em được… (Nguyễn Huy Thiệp, 1997) (10) Muốn khỏi bât nhã, ơng Văn Minh nói to với Xn: - Xin lỗi nhé? Xuân tóc đỏ vừa thở vừa đáp: - Vâng Xin tự nhiên Cái vơ hại (Vũ Trọng Phụng, 2008) Besides, in some situations, to make acceptance more polite, the listener may say: “mời, xin mời” (11) Xin lỗi bác, xin trước Vâng Mời bác b) Exclamatory sentence Vietnamese people sometime use exclamatory words to show that they are really surprised and they not mind what the apologizer have done: (12)- Cháu xin lỗi khơng thể đến thăm bác sớm - Ồ, có nghiêm trọng đâu mà cháu phải xin lỗi Cháu đến bác vui c) Accepting apology with hesitation By using this form, besides accepting apology, the offended want the offense to not offended again: (13) - Em xin lỗi cô Em học muộn - Được Em vào lớp đi, lần sau cịn tái phạm tơi có hình phạt em 2.2.2.2 Direct acceptance Besides directly accepting apology as mentioned above, in Vietnamese, the offended may accept apology indirectly by saying some ways: (14) -Mình xin lỗi Mình quên mang sách trả cậu - Mai cậu mang mà Or when the offended accept your apology for soiling accidently their clothes: (15)- Em xin lỗi anh Em lỡ tay ạ! - Lần sau em cẩn thận 28 2.2.3 Similarities and differences between accepting apology in English and Vietnamese 2.2.3.1 The similarities in accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Table 2.3 Summary the similarities in form of accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Forms Apology acceptance in form of declarative sentences Examples in English Examples in Vietnamese Never mind Không đâu That’s right Được mà No problem Khơng vấn đề đâu Forget about it Qn chuyện Don’t mention about it Đừng bận tâm đến chuyện (7) - Son: Daddy, I’m sorry (13) - Em xin lỗi cô Em học muộn I forgot calling for you? Apology acceptance with hesitation - Dad: Ok…never mind But - Được Em vào lớp đi, lần sau tái next time don’t forget phạm tơi có hình phạt em Accepting an apology in English and Vietnamese is almost nearly the same: Firstly, Both English and Vietnamese usually reply an apology directly By the act of accepting, people express that they are willing to forgive for apologizer’s offences Moreover, the offended also show their positive emotion on their acceptance Secondly, in some situations, not only English but Vietnamese also accept with hesitation That means they want to remind the apologizer should not repeat offence again 29 2.2.3.2 The differences in form of accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Table 2.4 Summary the differences in form of accepting apology in English and Vietnamese Form Example in English Example in Vietnamese 1.Apology acceptance (6) - Colleague 1: I’m sorry with thanks to hear that you’ve not been feeling well - Colleague 2: Thanks I just have a headache It’s nothing too serious Apology acceptance with exclamatory sentence (12)- Cháu xin lỗi khơng thể đến thăm bác sớm - Ồ, có nghiêm trọng đâu mà cháu phải xin lỗi Cháu đến bác vui Although there are some similar, acceptance apology in both language exist some different in the ways they express The first difference is that the way an English person accept apology is less complex than those in Vietnamese In English, people often answer such as: that’s right, it’s ok, never mind… while Vietnamese often accept with complex sentence: (16) - Thành thật xin lỗi làm bẩn áo anh - Không đâu mà A giặt lại lại thơi The purpose of this kind of sentence is to save the speaker’s face and reset the relationship between participants Moreover, besides using direct way in accepting apology, Vietnamese also accept in indirect way That means though the offended is willing to accept the apology, they want to remind the offense to not offend again 30 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 3.1 LIMITATION The research has been performed with our great effort However, it certainly exists some weakness due to the researcher’s limitation of time, knowledge, materials and other factors Although the samples of making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese is collected form conversations in literature and daily life, it has some limitations The study has just addressed the issues of apologies and acceptance of apologies in term of syntactic feature Other elements are not completely considered Last but not least, making and accepting apology is affected by social factors such as sex, age, profession, education and so on, but they are not mentioned in the study 3.2 IMPLICATION ON LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING After analysis and contrast between making and accepting an apology in both English and Vietnamese, I have some implications for English and Vietnamese teaching and learning to foreign languages department at Vinh University Firstly, teacher should give students with the common forms of making and accepting an apology as much as possible that English speakers often use in daily communication in order to help students to understand which is an apology or acceptance to an apology Secondly, when students practice communication in new language, misunderstanding of culture can become disadvantage in their learning and practicing communication Thus, teacher should teach students the culture of two countries that are English and Vietnamese By teaching the culture, students can have background knowledge about the country so that they can use that language of that country accurately For teacher, besides the language competence and the knowledge about the culture of country, they need to knowledge about the communicative style or the culture of leaners It will help teachers understand the difficulties of students and use the appropriate methods, techniques of teaching to create the connection between learning and teaching Next, misunderstanding of politeness strategies in different language with inappropriate use of certain speech acts, can cause cross-cultural pragmatic failure In different situations, students may be ensure the cultural implications of what the native 31 speaker are saying Thus, teacher should help students overcome the difficulties in studying the second language Besides, teacher can provide their students with interesting lessons through modern technology in teaching language Instead of teaching the theories in textbooks, teachers can use dialogues, conversations from internet, video, television or caste to help leans’ students more effectively Finally, teachers should motivate students to practice making and accepting an apology as much as possible They can design many tasks which provide students opportunities to practice them in discussions, dialogues, conversation They can suppose some activities like role play or small game These activities are very useful for students to use the patterns of making and accepting an apology easily and help them remember these patterns longer By applying in practice, students not only practice the patterns, but also practice pronunciation, vocabulary and the way to respond accurately in daily communication 3.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES Though similarities and differences between making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese have been investigated so far in the thesis, it cannot cover all the aspects relating to issues As a result, the following suggestions for further studies are raised: A study of apology strategies in English and Vietnamese A study on how to make and accept politely apology in English and Vietnamese 32 PART III CONCLUSION Making and accepting an apology used very commonly in daily life It often expresses the politeness of each individual, therefore, it plays a significant role in communication By apology and response, both the offense and the offended feel more comfortable An acceptance not only reduce lose face of the apologizer but also make a relationship better The study has made an analysis on making and accepting an apology in English and Vietnamese Through this study, we can have an overview of making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese In order to perform the thesis effectively, I have read a variety of theoretical material related to speech acts as well as other theories concerning the study Then I designed an outline to determine the steps of the study Because the limited of time, I mainly collect the statistics from daily communication, some dialogues in textbooks, literatures And from that I analyze, contrast the forms and the structures of these patterns in both language From the analysis and contrast of the forms of apologies provided by English and Vietnamese sources, we can conclude that Vietnamese speakers use more apology and acceptance of apology forms than those of English speakers In addition to eight common forms used in making apology in both languagues including performative sentence with subject; performative sentence without subject; invisible subject and object; performative sentence with extra words; “if” sentence; yes/no question; sentence of taking responsibility; and sentence of promising, there are three other forms in Vietnamese: performative sentence with subject and object; performative sentence with politeness marker; and imperative sentence With regard to acceptance forms of apology, both languages are mostly similar, excepting the differences in making apology with thanks in English and making apology with exclamatory sentence in Vietnamese I hope that this study is useful for both teachers and students of foreign language department also other speakers who use English as the second language Understanding in interaction between two languages help leaners achieve second language effectively and improve their language day by day 33 REFERENCES In English Austin, J.L (1962) How to things with words Oxford University Press Bộ giáo dục đào tạo (2004) English 8, 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Languague and Language Use 312-327 London: Heirman Educational Book in association with the Open University Press 26 Trosborg, A (1995) Interlanguage pragmatics: Request, complaints, and Apologies Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter 27 Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford University Press 28 Yule, G (1997) Pragmatics Oxford University Press In Vietnamese Cao Xuân Hạo (1971) Tiếng việt sơ khảo ngữ pháp chức Nxb Xã hội Khải Hưng (1936) Thưa chị Nxb Đời http://truyenviet.com/trang-chu/truyen-dai/107-khai-hung/1857-thua-chi Lê Lựu (2003) Thời xa vắng Nxb Hội nhà văn Lý Lan (2011) Ngơi nhà cỏ Nxb Văn hóa – nghệ thuật Nguyên Hồng (2003) Những ngày thơ ấu Nxb Giáo dục Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (1997) Tướng hưu Nxb Văn học Nguyễn Thị Lành (2013) Sự biến đổi lời xin lỗi lời cảm ơn giao tiếp tiếng việt từ 1930 đến B.A thesis, Vinh University Vũ Trọng Phụng (2008) “Số đỏ” Nxb Sài Gòn 35 ... IMPLICATION ON LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING After analysis and contrast between making and accepting an apology in both English and Vietnamese, I have some implications for English and Vietnamese. .. studies are raised: A study of apology strategies in English and Vietnamese A study on how to make and accept politely apology in English and Vietnamese 32 PART III CONCLUSION Making and accepting an... researchers However, there is no in- depth study on making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese, specifically is the forms of making and accepting apology in English and Vietnamese That