Dịch tễ học phân tử: tổng quan và định nghĩa

Principles of Molecular Epidemiology Lecture 1: Molecular Epidemiology: overview and definitions National Institute of Infectious Disease Tokyo, Japan January 16-20, 2017 Lee W Riley, MD School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley What the course will cover  Basic epidemiology concepts  Laboratory methods used to conduct epidemiologic investigations  Principles of molecular epidemiology  Principles of evolutionary biology applied to infectious diseases  Practices of molecular epidemiology: examples  Modular exercises illustrating practical approaches to molecular epidemiologic investigations  Next generation molecular epidemiology  Paper discussion What is molecular epidemiology?  First paper to use the term “Molecular Epidemiology”: Huang, E S., C A Alford, D W Reynolds, S Stagno, and R F Pass 1980 “Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in women and their infants”, New England J of Medicine, 1980 Abstract: We studied cytomegaloviruses (CMV's) isolated from mothers and their children to determine whether recurrent infections and transmission to the fetus in immune women are due to reinfection or reactivation of endogenous virus … Endogenous CMV appears to be most frequent source of recurrent infection and intrauterine transmission in immune women; reinfection also occurs, but less commonly What is molecular epidemiology? Definitions:  Epidemiology: Study of the distribution and determinants of distribution of diseases in human (and non-human animal) population  Molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases  Study of the distribution and determinants of distribution of infectious diseases using molecular techniques  Study of the genetics of pathogens that determine disease transmission  Next generation molecular epidemiology:  Study of the distribution and determinants of distribution of infectious diseases using next-generation sequencing methods  Study of complex microbial niches that determine infectious and noninfectious disease occurrence Is this epidemiology?  “Molecular epidemiology of the sil streptococcal invasive locus in group A streptococci causing invasive infections in French children” We found 31 different emm-toxin genotypes among 74 group A streptococcal isolates causing invasive infections in French children The predominant emm types were emm1 (25%), emm3 (8%), emm4 (8%), emm6 (7%), and emm89 (9%) Sixteen percent of isolates harbored the streptococcal invasive locus, half of them belonging to emm4 Is this epidemiology?  “Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an urban area in Japan, 2002-2006” SETTING: Shinjuku City, Tokyo, Japan OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Shinjuku City to allocate resources efficiently and effectively for a successful tuberculosis (TB) control programme DESIGN: Observational descriptive study combining the genotype data of M tuberculosis with TB patient profiles RESULTS: The genotype clustering rate was significantly higher in males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.94, 95%CI 1.04-3.65, P = 0.038), patients aged