Viec ngfldi Tay Nguydn hi6n sinh cho cac Iinh hdn ngfldi che't ndy sinh khdng chf ddn thudn tfl long thfldng tie'c ngfldi qua cd' ma cdn xua't phat tfl mdt sfl sd hai trflde mdt the' lfl[r]
(1)Nghien curu Ton giao Sd2 - 2010 LE 41 HOI TRUYEN THONG - BIfC TRANH VE DCfl SONG TIN NGI70NG CUA GAG DAN TQG THIEU SO TAY NGUYEN TRUNG THI THII THUY'*' T ay N g u y e n du'dc bie't de'n nhfl mdt ddc dao, v.v ma Tay Nguyen cdn difdc t r o n g bdy vflng vdn hda cfla ca bie't de'n nhfl la vflng d a t cfla le hgi vdi nflde, tiep giap vdi mien nui Q u d n g N a m nhflng phong tuc tfn ngfldng m a n g d a m vd phfa Bac: ddng b a n g Ddng N a m Bd vd chat tfl n h i e n va n h a n van khie'n phfa N a m ; hai nufdc Lao va C a m p u e h i a vd ngfldi khdng chi gdn gfli va hda ddng vdi phfa Tay; ddng b a n g duyen Nam thien nhien md cdn hda ddng gifla T r u n g Bd vd phfa Ddng Tdng dien tfch tfl ngu'di vdi n h a u tao t h a n h mdt cdng ddng n h i e n eua k h u vflc n a y khoiing 60.000 gdn kdt ben chac bai km'', chiem 20% dien tfch cfla ca nu'dc, bao gdm n a m tfnh: Lam Ddng, Dak Ndng L e h o i t r u y e n t h o n g - Sfl p h a n a n h ddfi s o n g t i n ngufdng s i n h d o n g Dak Lak, Gia Lai va Kon T u m Cho ddn d Tay N g u y e n cd k h o a n g 50 tgc Le hdi vdn k h a n h ddng sinh t r e n ngfldi sinh sd'ng vdi d a n s d ' t r e n 4,6 trieu cd sd nidm tin tfn ngfldng tdn giao, vi vay ngfldi, t r o n g dd cac tgc ngfldi cfl t r u k u le bdi cfla ngufdi Tay Nguyen k dip de hg ddi chiem so' 12, bao gdm: E De Gia bdc Id mgt each sd'ng ddng q u a n m e m vd Rai, Chu Ru, Raglai, Ba Na, Xd Dang, v a n viit hflu linh Hay ndi each khac, mdi M'ndng, Kd Ho, Gie-Trieng Ma Brau Rd le hgi ddu hfldng ddn viec d a m bdo cho M a m : Hg ndi hai ngdn ngfl chfnh Mdn- mdt sfl trfldng tdn cfla cdng ddng Nhflng Khdme (ngfl h e N a m A) va Ma Lai Da le Ddo (ngfl he N a m Dao) Tay N g u y e n k h d n g chi dfldc bfet ddn la vflng van hda vdi kho t a n g sfl thi phong phfl cflng h a n g t r d m tac p h a m dfldc trinh hdi truydn thd'ng cua ngfldi Tay N g u y e n la sfl t h a m gia cu the cua nhflng h u y e n thoai truydn t h u y d t lien q u a n va ddn Ifldt nd, h u y e n thoai k i k suf cu the hda cua mdt q u a n niem tfn ngfldng tdn dien t r o n g s i n h b o a t cdng ddng nhfl ndn giao Vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen, h u y e n thoai am n h a e cdng c h i e n g ma tidn t h a n cfla nd va nghi id dfldc lflu gifl tfl xfla, dfldc k nhflng bd d a n da tidn sii; Bd luiat tuc t r u y e n k i qua nhidu the' he, nhflng gi bdng van vdn t r u y e n mieng chfla dflng t h d n linh da k m tfl budi khdi n g u y e n td nhflng tri thflc d a n gian phong phfl; Dieu k h a c tfldng n h a md, m! t h u a t t r a n g trf * ThS Khoa Van hoa va Phat tricii Hgc vien Chfnh tri-Hanh cliinh khu \urc III Da Niing (2) Nghien curu Ton g i j o ^ r / j - 2010 42 tien ndi tiep khdng thay ddi thi ngdy ngfldi phdi lap lai dung nguyen nhfl vay, gid'ng nhfl ngfldi lfl hanh dam len bflde chan nhflng ngufdi da vach nen nhflng eon dfldng mdn khdng the phai md vd mdt van ddng lien tuc Tren cd sd ndn tdng kinh te-xa hgi ciia cfl dan trdng trgt nfldng rdy, he thd'ng le hdi cfla cac tgc ngfldi cfl trfl lau ddi d Tay Nguyen dfldc binh va phan chia hai true chfnh chi phdi sd'phan ciia tflng ca nhan va cd cgng ddng Dd k le hdi ndng nghiep va le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi 1.1 Le hgi gdn nghiep vdi sdn xudt nong Day dfldc xem k mang quan trgng ciia le hdi Tay Nguyen Trong quan niem cua ngfldi dan, cae le thflc tfl chgn da't, phat rflng, dd't ray, tria hat, chdm sdc va thu hoach la nhflng md'c quan trgng cfla ca chu trinh canh tac trdng lfla; Cac le thflc sfla lai Id ren trufdc mdi mfla canh tac, cflng ben nflde, cung rfla tdi ldi, cau mfla, sfla lai dfldng len ray, dn lfla gidng cdn lai sau tria mflng nam mdi, v.v la sfl hoan chinh cho he thd'ng 16 hdi ndng nghiep truydn thd'ng Thieu cac nghi le thi toan bd hoat ddng canh tac ndng nghiep ddu bi ngflng tre Dflng nghi cac nghi thflc la cai ndm ngoai quy tririh canh tac ma nd thflc suf tham gia vdo cac boat ddng ben thiim chf la cai chfnh yeu ciia qua trinh canh tac ay Dd la chudi cac le thflc chuyen tidp hoan chinh mdt chu trinh canh tde nfldng ray Cd dufdc quan niem mdi chfnh trfldng eiia sfl nhii't quan dd k dan gian, hdn lfla, than Lua k cai quyet dinh suf sinh cay lua, mdi chfnh k sfl quyet dinh cho sfl phong ddng cua cay trdng, thidu cai dd thi ban than hoat dgng lao dgng san xua't ciia ngfldi cung trd nen vd nghia Do vay, md dau vu gieo trdng va sau phat dot, ngfldi ta lam nghi le rflde hdn lua tfl kho nfldng ray, gifl chan hdn lua sud't qua trinh chdm soc tai cac rdy thieng; kdt thflc vu thu hoach, ngfldi ta chang day rflde hdn lua trd ve kho lua v.v Trong tam thflc ciia cac cfl dan ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen, hdn lua, thdn Lua hien len vdi hinh dang ciia mgt vi nui thdn Ngfldi Ba Na cd nhflng cau chuyen ke ve mdi tinh eua than Lfla vdi than Sam Set; ngfldi Xd Ddng xem than lua hien t h a n dfldi hinh dang ciia cdc xfl xi hay mdt ba gia xa'u xf; ngfldi M'ndng gdn thdn Lfla vdi hinh dnh cua ngfldi phu nfl gia dinh, ngfldi dfldc chgn de bat dau cho le thflc gieo tria ray thieng, v.v Vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen, lua la phu nfl, lfla k sfl sd'ng nen chi cd dan ba mdi biet each cham lo cho nd tfl tren nfldng cho den bep nfle na'u nfldng Tuy nhien, cung d cdc tde ngfldi nay, hdn lua thdn Lfla cac boat ddng nghi le, nhdt la le thflc tra hat va le thflc thu hoach lai dfldc hien thflc hoa t h a n xdc me lua, thfldng la ngfldi phu nfl gia dinh, n h a n vat chfnh cua cac Id thflc Hg la ngfldi ddu tien rdy gieo nhflng h a t lfla dau tien tai rdy thieng; la ngfldi ddu tien ngdt nhflng bdng lfla chi'n tfl rdy thieng ve dd lam thfl Ifldng thflc dang cung than Lua Sti gdn bd thdn bf gifla tfnh phi nhieu ciia ddt va sfle m a n h sang tao eua ngfldi phu nfl la mgt nhflng trfle cam ed ban cfla didu cd the ggi la y thflc ndng nghiep (3) Trung Thi Thu Thuy LS hdi truyen thdng 43 Rd r a n g , chu t r i n h canh tac nfldng ray thai; tieng hea ( ) k mdt nhflng ciia cac tgc ngfldi Tay Nguyen, ma cac hinh thflc cfla linh bdn t r f l d n g h g p chu t r i n h ndy lai dfldc quydt dinh bdi mdi k mdt chim"'" Ngu'di M i i d n g cho trfldng tfl n h i e n va khf h a u n h i e t ddi gid rdng: mfla vdi h a i mfla mfla n a n g rd ret, tao (heeng), mdi hdn cd nhidu d a n g va cd the nen n h i p sinh hgc va h a n g loat cae sinh ndi la cd each cfl xfl rieng; hdn t h a c h a n h boat v a n hda tfn ngfldng, m a n g tfnh chu t r u d s a u t r a n , hdn nhiet t h o a t r a ki Tfnh c h u ki cfla cae boat ddng le thfle khdi ddu ngu, hdn t r a u dfldc cac t h d n ngdy n a y qua k h a c dfldc h d n (yang) nudi dfldng t r e n trdi"'-' Ngfldi Xd sau va cd d i n h t r o n g nep sd'ng cfl dan D a n g b i n h d u n g mdi ngfldi binh Chfnh didu ndy cflng gidi thfch vi thfldng bao gid cung tdn tai sau linh hdn nhflng didu kien k i n h td t h a y ddi, chuyen tdn ggi mdi linh hdn thdng thfldng dfldc tfl c a n h tac nfldng r a y s a n g trdng trgt cac ggi trflng vdi so' thfl tfl cfla linh hdn ay, vf loai cay cdng n g h i e p nhfl ca phe, cao su, du: linh hdn thfl n h a t dfldc xem k bdi ldi, tieu, didu, v.v thi cac b o a t ddng hdn chu, k le hdi g a n vdi t r d n g trgt nfldng ray cflng thd, cua nhip tim, ciia sfl sd'ng; linh hdn thay ddi theo, tao n e n nhflng "Mdi ngufdi cd nhidu hdn linh linh hdn cua mau, cfla hdi khoang thfl h a i k linh hdn cfla sfl hda hieu trd'ng t r o n g nghi le va phong tuc cua cac gia dinh: linh hdn thfl ba la linh hdn cfla tgc ngfldi ndi day sfl c h a m chi k o ddng kheo leo, tai ba; 1.2 Le hoi gan vdi vdng ddi ngitdi Day c u n g k h e t h d n g le hdi ddng vai trd q u a n t r g n g k h d n g kem ddi sdng t a m linh cua tgc ngfldi Tay Nguyen Cac le bdi vdng ddi ngfldi h i n h t h a n h tren cac ndn t a n g q u a n niem va (luan he xa hdi khac n h a u Trflde hdt, nghi le vdng ddi linh hdn thfl tfl k linh hdn cfla sfl hieu khach; linh hdn thfl n a m k linh hdn cua sfl t h a t tha, t h a n g ; linh hdn thfl sau k linh hdn dam bao ngfldi trflde t h a n linh r d n g ngfldi se hi trflng tri ndu vi p h a m quy c h u a n truydn thd'ng, v.v l.,inh hdn gan vdi the xac, vay hinh t h a n h tfl q u a n n i e m vd linh hdn ngfldi eii't tieng khde chao ddi da phdi ngfldi Tfly theo tflng tgc ngfldi ma (juan thflc hien le k h a i tam, le thdi tai Ldn hdn niem ve linh hdn cd sfl k h a c n h a u , sd' nfla phdi k m le trfldng t h a n h , 16 cfldi Ifldng linh h d n t r o n g tflng ngfldi cung Khi dau d'm, b e n h t a t tfle k lflc hdn di k h a c n h a u Dd k lang t h a n g h a y hi cac t h d n ac bdt m a t cai gd'c cua sfl h i n h t h a n h , tdn tai t r o n g ddi sd'ng cua mdi phdi lam 16 ggi hdn, le an t r a u cdu sfle ngfldi Ngfldi Ba N a q u a n niem ngifdi khde Va cudi eung k cuidc chia lia td't ydu cd ba hdn vdi mdt hdn chfnh n a m d dfnh xdy r a gifla l m h hdn va the xac bdng ddu, h a i hdn p h u n d m d t r a n va cd nhflng Id thflc t a n g ma Id bd ma the Ngfldi E De cho rdng: "Cd ba h n h So vdi 16 hgi ndng nghiep, 16 hdi vdng hdn k h a c n h a u t r o n g mdt ca the: m'gat ddi ngfldi g a n bd m a t thie't vdi mdi trfldng sinh cac giac md va dfldc cdu k h a n sau che't; m ' n g a b la hdi thd cua suf sd'ng, nd di lang t h a n g s a u ngu'di che't, trflde tim dfldc t h e xac khac de ddu Dam Bo Mien ddt huyen Nxb I loi nha \'an Hii Ngi 2003 G Condominas Chimg toi an rimg dd than Gd Nxb The gioi Ha Ngi 2003 (4) Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2 -20W 44 xa hdi Dd la vice t h d n g qua cac nghi 16 vd k h d n g theo k i e u p h i n h a n tfnh nhfl phong tuc mdi ca n h a n xac k p mdi q u a n ngfldi h i e n dai cfl xfl vdi cai tfl nhien vo he vdi cdng ddng cdng ddng hda ca n h a n tri giac H a y ndi each khde, dd la cung khidn cho t r o n g xa hgi cd tru.\'6n each m a ngfldi cfl xfl vdi mgi vat vdi ngufdi va cdng ddng gan ket vdi n h a u lam tif each la cai b e n t r o n g , cai cflng chu the mgt, khien cho ca t h e r a t kbd t n i thiinh chfl k h d n g phdi la cai k h a c h t h e theo kieu ca nhiin cd ca tfnh nhif t r o n g xa hoi bien tfl chu t h e - k h a c h t h e t r o n g tfl dai T h d n g (pia cac 16 hgi vdng ddi, cgng hien dai ve mdi q u a n h e gifla ngfldi ddng Ihfl'a nhiin suf hien dien va tiing na'c v d i tif n h i d n •/-• i •• trifdng t h a n h cfla mdi t h a n h vien t r o n g Trong cai tfldng tac m a n g tfnh "ben cgng ddng Do vay, xet tfl phifdng dien trong" a'y, ngfldi each thflc cfl xfl nao dd, t u y cac 16 thflc vdng ddi ngifdi chi vdl mgi vat, du hflu h i n h (tfl nhien) hay vo n h a m vao tflng ca n h a n cu the, chi k h u d n binh (than linh), ddu t h d n g qua kenh diem p h a m vi gia d i n h nhifng nd bao bao, ddu tin vao ,sfl m a e h bdo cua linh hdn chfla tfnh cgng ddng s a u sdc Diem bao nhflng giae md, vdi ngufdi mgi Tay Nguy6n, la mgt t h d n g diep a n va ngfldi q u a n he xa hgi mgi 16 hdi gan vdi chu ta cd cd mdt h e thd'ng cac chia khda de giai t r i n h c a n h tac nfldng ray vdi vdng ddi ma y nghia cfla nd Va chf lflc nay, quydn ngifdi va s m h hoiat v a n hda deu dfldc hinh ndng cfla cac p d k u (thdy cung) mdi dfldc t h a n h , tdn tiai t r o n g cai k h u n g xii hgi the Inen rd net Chi cd hg mdi du kbd nang budn lang, ndi nhfl G (Condominas, dd la dc gidl dap nhflng chdm bao thdng qua cac mgt diang "khdng gian xa hdi" Trong giiac md Nidm tin vao cac phfl thfly, vdi k h d n g gian xa hgi tif b a n t h a n mdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen ed thd xem k bdn dai h a n h vi cfla ca n h a n dien r a budn nha't va m a n h me nha't'* Vdl cac tgc ngu'di Tay Nguyen, k n g vd phufdng dien t a m linh h a y luiat tuc ddu lien q u a n trfle tid']) de'n budn k n g chiu suf che chd h a y trflng p h a t cuia N h u ' n g b i e n doi 16 hoi truyen t h o n g Tay N g u y e n t h a n linh H a n h dgng t r o n g cac 16 thflc Cd mdt thflc tc' la xa hgi va v a n hda thfldng gaj) k lii'y m a u cfla vat hi6n T a y N g u y e n , t r o n g n h f l n g giai doian lich sinh bdi len ngfldi Ion mgi v a t lang n h d m xda di sif rui ro tdi ldi ma ke nao dd t r o n g l a n g da p h a m phai hoiac t r u e tie'p xflc p h a m tdi thiin l m h • ' •''' Gdp p h d n k h d n g nhd tao nen sac dien t r o n g be t h d n g 16 hdi ndng nghiep va 16 hgi vdng ddi ngu'di k kidu tfl "hien thufc h u y e n do" (chu' d u n g ciia GS Ngd Dfle T h i n h ) T r o n g q u a n m e m cua ngfldi Tay N g u y e n , mgi vat ddu cd lmh hdn, didu khidn cho ngu'di cfl xfl vdi moi Viit theo b e quy chi6'u n h a n tfnh chfl Nguoi Tay Nguyen co cii mgt he ihong cliia klitia dc' giiii ma nhCrng giac mo vf dii: - Mo thay song niroc: dirge mua - Mo thiVy minh giau: minh ngheo - Mo thay ca_\' da co nhieu canh: ngiroi den mua ilia dong nhu chim tren cay da - Mo thay cau dtrgc ca tre ca trau: di buon dirge lifi to - Mo thay bat du'Oc klii: thang giac va biit dtrgc nhieu tii binh - Mo tliay nguoi lang khac bit dugc khi: bi thua tran \'a hi biit - Mo thay chay cay cd: lang co dich - Mo thay m'inli rung mgt rang: mgt ngiroi than Slip chei v.v (5) 45 Trung ITii lliu ITiuy Le h()i truyen thi'mg sfl, cd nhflng t h a y ddi r a t to ldn va cang s i n h k h d n g cdn chd dflng t r o n g cac k n g ngay, td'c t h a y ddi dd didn cdng k chien cua Chfla trfl phi cd sfl hd n h a n h chdng Cd nhflng bid'n ddi chflng ta trd cua Sd Vdn hda The t h a o va Du lich cd t h e n h a n cac t i n h t r o n g viec p h u c dflng lai nghi le tha'y dfldc trflde mdt, cd nhflng bie'n ddi didn a m t h d m d be an trau c u n g nhfl nhflng nghi 16 cd m a t chim cfla cd tdng van bda-xa hdi t r u y e n k h a c T r o n g nhflng ddt dien da truyen me vao cdc n a m 2004, 2005 va 2008, gia khdng k e m Con van hda tflng tgc l a n g d cac k n g ngfldi Ba Na ven thi xa ngfldi tu'dng chflng vflng chdc trd nen Kon T u m cho c h u n g tdi bidt, chi nao mong m a n h , r a t cd nguy cd t a n vd Sd Van hda Thd t h a o va Du lich dai thg thd'ng nhflng cung manh Ddi vdi 16 hdi ndng nghiep cay ca phe, cao su, bdi ldi, v.v thay the cho nhflng rdy lua truyen thd'ng; dicn tfch lua nflde t a n g ddn len; ngfldi bie't dflng t r a u cung p h a n bdn cho n h u n g m a n h rudng cua minh, v.v thi tfnh chfnh the cfla nd da hi pha vd d nhieu khau Trong dieu kien dinh c a n h dinh cfl nhfl hien cflng chinh sach giao d a t giao rflng cho cac hd ndng dan ((udn If, cac Id thflc chgn da't l a m ray, phat rflng, dd't riing l a m ray v.v khdng cdn difdc thufc hien phd bidn H a n buu cflng cd nhflng trifdng hdp dfldc tidn h a n h nhflng chf d vflng s a u v u n g xa nhfl Tu Md Rdng k i n h phf thi l a n g mdi cd didu kien lam 16 an t r a u mflng n a m mdi hoac le k h a n h nha Rdng nhflng dd cflng k nhflng dip hidm hoi N h i e u k n g da ba bd'n n a m n a y k h d n g cdn td chflc 16 dn t r a u nfla • •• "i' - •' '••• '''!' i Tfl nhflng van dd viec thay ddi vd n h a n thflc, mdi trfldng xa hdi, chuydn ddi cd cau kinh te-xa hgi, v.v cfla ngfldi ban dia khidn cho he thd'ng 16 hgi lien quan tdi cay trdng bi suy gndm, cd ndi cd lflc bi mai mdt hoan toan ma he qud keo theo la tiao nen sti hut b a n g vd ddi sd'ng tam hnh, tao nen khoang trd'ng de nhieu thfl t a m h n h khac thiim nhap va khda lap hoae D a k Glei (Kon T u m ) , Ea H'leo (Dak He thdng 16 hdi vdng ddi k h d n g m a t di Lak), v.v Nhflng Id thflc sfla lai Id ren nhfl he thd'ng 16 hdi ndng nghiep t r u y e n trflde mdi mfla t r d n g tria: cung t h d n Lfla thd'ng m a thufdng la, mdt m a t , cac le hdi trflde dd't rdy cdu cho mfla ray td't dd hi mai mdt di, c h a n g b a n nhidu nghi 16 tfldi; cung t h d n Sii'm, t h d n Nflde cdu mfla thi6n t a n g h a y t a n g ma eiia cai chet xa'u nhflng ldn b a n b a n ; cflng t h d n n h a da trd t h d n h qua khfl; 16 bd md ctia n h d m Rdng t h d n ben nifdc k n g cd Gia Rai M t h u r sd'ng tai cac budn Chai, nhflng ke q u a n he ba't chfnh, v.v chi cdn Tring, Bdu, Bdng thudc vflng Cheo Reo k da t h a y thd cho tuc bda thieu: 16 chuy6n bdng md kf fle cua ngifdi gia Nhflng le thflc n b u (4ign me Lfla 16 bdi kng m a u cho lua Id ddng cifa kho lfla, 16 dfla c h a n g th6 xdy r a vdi nhflng lang da dinh lfla 16n ehdi, 16 cflng lfla d a n g thi, 16 an cuf, v.v M a t k h a c , lai dfldc bd s u n g cac lfla gid'ng, id lam dfldng, 16 m a n g nflde nghi 16 mdi giao lflu, ti6p xflc tfl cac da trd t h a n h q u a khfl; 16 dn t r a u mflng tgc ngfldi k h a c , dac biet la tfl dfldc mfla cdu ki va d a m miiu sac hi6n K m h , the hien rd d cac 16 cfldi xin, t a n g kbi k n g cd ngufdi chd't du ngfldi (6) 46 ma Ddn cii vf du, trflde day ngfldi Tay Nguyen khdng lap ban thd tai gia dinh de sung kfnh linh hdn ngfldi chd't ma hg cd canh rflng thieng, ndi ay k diem gap gd gifla hdn ngfldi sdng va linh hdn ngfldi chet Bdi quan niem ciia ngfldi dan, eai che't va sfl sdng k sfl tach biet Ngfldi sd'ng khdng ed quydn xam pham den thd' gidi cua ngfldi che't va cflng tfldng tfl nhfl the', ngfldi che't khdng cdn dfldc eai quyen thfldng xuy6n cfl ngu d k n g ngfldi sd'ng Viec ngfldi Tay Nguydn hi6n sinh cho cac Iinh hdn ngfldi che't ndy sinh khdng chf ddn thudn tfl long thfldng tie'c ngfldi qua cd' ma cdn xua't phat tfl mdt sfl sd hai trflde mdt the' lflc sieu nhidn vd'n ndm ngoai cdm quan cfla ngfldi nhflng lai cd vai trd to ldn cuge sd'ng ciia hg Trong mdi giao hm vdn hda vdi ngfldi Kmh, ngfldi Tay Nguyen da bat ddu thd td tidn dng ba ben canh cac 16 hien sinh thfldng nien Hg lap ban thd dng ba ngdi nha ciia minh Dd k ldp van hda mdi da de dang bam re ddi sdng tam linh cua ngfldi ban dia Dac biet cdn lflu y la sfl giao lflu, tie'p xflc lai khdng dufa trdn sfl ngang bang ve trinh do, sfl tfl nhan thflc ve gia trj bdn sac van hda ma mang nang tinh tie'p thu thu ddng Trong qua trinh van dgng ciia lich sfl, nhieu id hdi ciia ngfldi Tay Nguyen da hi mai mdt ddn, chf cdn k qua khfl hoae kf fle ciia ngfldi gia Tuy vay, cd nhflng nghi Ie van tri dfldc ddi sd'ng cua nd nhfl li cung nflde gigt, 16 mflng nam mdi, le an lfla mdi, v.v he thd'ng nghi le ndng nghiep; 16 khai tam, 16 cflng sfle khde, le cfldi, 16 tang, v.v he thd'ng le hgi vdng ddi ngfldi Nhflng id hdi edn dfldc bao lflu thi tfl ban Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd 2-2010 than nd cung da ed nhflng thay ddi vo cflng phong phfl, dfldc bieu hien d mat sau; - StX thay dd'i ve khung thdi gian cua le hgi Hdu he't ta't ca nhflng le hgi ndng nghiep hoac 16 hgi vdng ddi ngfldi cdn tdn tai ddi sd'ng cgng ddng cfl dan Tay Nguydn deu cd nhflng thay ddi nha't dinh ve thdi gian Trflde he't, d thdi diem td chflc cua 16 hdi Ddn cuf nhfl le khai tam cua ngfldi Xd Dang, ne'u nhfl trflde day nd phdi dfldc td chflc vao thfl ba dfla tre sinh thi bay gid, thdi gian dd khdng nha't thie't nfla Ne'u san phu qua yeu hoac sinh nd d benh 'vien, ngfldi ta se td chflc sau dd cung vdi le eflng udng mflng rung rdn Khung thdi gian ciia 16 hdi cung da thay ddi theo hfldng gian tien Le an trau ki mflng sfle khde ciia ngfldi Ba Na theo quy dinh phai dfldc td chflc bay va khach phai d lai k n g trgn bdy nhflng bay gid thi khdng can nfla Hg cd the ve sau an mdt mieng thit trau va ud'ng mgt kang rfldu cdn Le bd ma eua ngfldi Gia Rai cung vay, thay vi phai td chflc bay nhfl trflde day thi bay gid ehi keo dai khoang ba Trong Id cflng mflng nam mdi, de de'm thdi gian tie'n hanh cac Id, nhflng vi tinh tu, vi trf cua Mat Trdi, Mat Trang khdng edn tac dung, gia chu trdng cay vao quyen lich va chiec ddng hd deo tay Thdi gian vdi ngfldi Tay Nguyen dfldc dong dem khuc chiet - Ldi cung cung Id mgt ye'u tdthay ddi khd dam net nhdng O cac k n g theo Cdng giao, ldi khan giau hinh tfldng, phdn anh ldi tfl eu the, cam tfnh dfldc thay the bdng nhflng ldi cau nguyen dfldc trfch ddn tfl Kinh (7) 47 Trung Thi Thu Thiiy Li hdi truyen tluing Thanh ta't ca eae 16 hdi Qua phdng van nhflng ngfldi gia eua k n g thudc xa Dak Rd Wa, thi xa Kon Tum vao thang 7/2005, chung tdi dfldc bidt rang, nhflng 16 hgi cfla k n g thfldng dfldc bdt ddu bang nhflng ldi cdu kinh cua giao phu, cau bien cflng cae chi6n, rdi gia k n g ndi trd'ng bao hieu budi 16 chfl khdng he cd nhflng 16 thflc cung thdn cung cac ldi khan xfla Ngay ca cac k n g ma tfn ngfldng cd truyen dan dat tam linh ngfldi thi ldi cflng cd cac 16 hgi da khdng cdn nhieu Ngfldi ta k p lai cac cau cdn nhd nhflng ddi k vd thflc Ldi cung hien gid trd nen gidn tien va ngdn ggn N6'u ldi cflng cac 16 hdi dn trau xfla thfldng dai va hay, ngan nga nhfl hat, ggi ta't cd thdn linh va danh thflc linh hdn mudn vat thi bay gid ngfldi ta qudn nhidu, cbi cdn nhd mgt vai doan va cung khdng hay nfla Trong tam thflc cua ngufdi Tay Nguyen xfla, nhflng an fle ve lfla gao, vd sfl binh yen cudc sd'ng, vd sfl no dfl trfldng tdn cua cdng ddng, v.v tha'm dam nhflng ldi khan Ngfldi ta cdu xin, mac ca, tham chf didu kien vdi than linh vd nhflng nhu edu gian di cfla cudc sd'ng, thi hien tai, bat cfl le hgi nao, ldi cflng eung deu gan vdi tfnh thflc dung, ngfldi ta cdu xin xe may, may keo cat set, ti vi, nha cfla, v.v - Sii thay ddi ve le vdt Mdt quy tde cfla hidn sinh k viec ngufdi dang 16n th6' lflc sieu nhien nhflng thfl ma vdi hg k gia tri hdn cd Vi vay he gia tri ft nhieu thay ddi lap tfle nd di vao cac 16 hdi Khdng chi dang cho thdn linh thfl rifdu ghe ma thdn ydu thfch, ngfldi dan cdn dang cho cd thfl rfldu trdng (rfldu d6) mua d cac quan eiia ngfldi Kinh Trong 16 bd ma, nhflng 16 vat dang cho ngfldi qua cd hien gid cflng khdng phdi k chieng, che, khd, vay, v.v ma phd bien hdn k dd Tay, tidn mat cflng vdi vat hidn sinh Tinh trang "chdy mau cdng chieng" khie'n cho nhflng bd chidng quy cfla ngfldi E De, Gia Rai, M'ndng, Ba Na, v.v thfla vang ddn ddi sd'ng 16 hgi, ddi sdng tam linh cfla chfnh hg ao qudn, tidn mat, v.v thi ludn san dd Cd the chd mua hay ddi nhflng vat pham ngang gia hoac ban di bat ki thfl gi dang gia gia dinh - Sii thay ddi ve thde dn Trong 16 hgi cua ngfldi Tay Nguyen, bfla an bao gid cung mang tfnh cdng cdm ldn nha't, ndi dd thd hien sfl phong phfl eac mdn dn, the hien sfl kheo leo pha cb6 bay ndu nfldng Hay ndi each khac, bfla an 16 bdi k suf kdt tinh "nghe thuat dm thflc" cfla ngfldi dan Cbi mdt 16 bd ma md tac gia Ngd Van Doanh da thd'ng ke nhflng mdn an vdi nhflng chflc nang rieng eua nd Vf du, mdn d6 cflng ma (tai kidm) mdn d6 ud'ng rfldu (nhdm pai), thit dap 16 (nhdm he), thit chia cho nhflng ngfldi tham dfl 16 bd ma (nham rd pa), thit d6 mdi ngfldi che't cflng an (nham pa), v.v hoac nhflng mdn dfldc che bien tai 16 bd ma de mgi ngfldi cflng thfldng thflc nhfl thit d'ng (nham dmh), thit bdm (nham tab), thit ndi (nham go), cdm nfldng d'ng (brdng kuach), v.v '" Hien tai, tham duf bat ki 16 hgi nao cua ngfldi Tay Nguydn, dieu khi6n chflng ta d6 nhiin thii'y chfnh k sfl ngheo nan cfla nhflng mdn an truydn thdng va sfl pha trdn vdi mdn an cua ngu'di Kinh Ngfldi ta mua san nhflng gdi Ngo Van Doanh Le hdi hd md {pa tlu) cdc ddn ldc Bdc Tdy Nguyen - Ddn tde Gia Rai Ba Na Nxb Van hoa dan toe Ha Noi, 1995 (8) 48 Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010 mi an lidn na'u cflng vdi thfl rau hai d rflng hoac vfldn nha; ngfldi ta ndu thit theo each cua ngfldi Kinh vdi nhflng dd gia vi mua sdn; mdn ca hap dufdc cac tidu thfldng ngfldi Kinh dfla len cung tham gia vao bfla an cgng cam v.v - Sa thay ddi cu.a trang phue Dieu eflng the hien kha rd cac 16 hdi cdng ddng Trang iihuc truydn thdng ft tha'y xudt hien, nhflng vay, ao, khd, dfldc det mgt each tmh xao hdu nhfl khdng cdn nhieu, thay vao dd ngfldi ta mua san nhflng thfl vai re tien d chd cfla ngfldi Kinh Trang phuc truyen thd'ng dfldc ngfldi dan danh de ban cho khach du lich hoac nhflng khach dat hang; Vdi hg 250.000 ddng de'n 300.000 ddng/tam vai qua la so' tien qua ldn so vdi "sfl chdi vdi" ciia trang phuc truyen thd'ng nd khdng cdn xua't hien nhidu d 16 hgi Thanh nien vao 16 bgi vdi (jiidn jeans, ao sd mi, ao pun Dieu cac cd gai quan tam k ao (judn ma ban minh mac dfldc mua d dau? Bao nhieu tidn? chfl khdng phdi la cau hdi: ao det bao k u ? Vay theo hoa van gi? ,, ,, ,,, Ta't cd nhflng bieu hien cua sfl thay ddi trdn ndi 16n mdt didu rdng dfl le hdi edn dfldc bao lflu cung da cd mdt sfl thay ddi ldn ve mat tinh than ciia nd Neu xfla 16 hdi dn trau mflng sfle khde hoae mflng chie'n thang hay mflng ddi dfldc nd k 16 hgi tdi linh thieng, bao trflm bdy nghi 16 la sfl e sd va kfnh can, ngfldi khdng bao gid dfldc phep nhdc ndi ciia mieng cau "chflng tdi dn trau" thi bay gid didu cam ki dy khdng chi dfldc ndi ma cdn cham khde len cd trang thd gia dinh Hien nay, tham dfl nhieu 16 hdi ciia ngufdi Tay Nguydn, chung ta de nhan tha'y khdng khf trdn tuc ua vao cac cdng doan cua nghi 16 Ddi ndi ngfldi ta thflc hien ddn gian va qua loa Dam nien thfldng say mdm va hat nhflng bai nhae tre Ngfldi ta den vi phdn bdi nhieu hdn phdn 16 Dan cdng chieng xfla dfldc coi la tieng ndi thieng lidng ciia ngfldi thdng quan vdi thdn linh, chi vang 16n cac 16 thflc thi bay gid cdng chieng dfldc thd tuc hda, vang len eac dip hgi he vui nhgn Trong cudc vui, ngfldi ta cd thd danh nhflng bai chieng nhfl "chieng an com", "chieng ddng cfla kho lua", tham chf cd "chidng tang 16", v.v ma chang phdi lo sd hay kieng ki gi Nhflng thfle hanh truyen thd'ng bi bo qudn, trdi dat vd mien qua khfl hay chi "vfldng td long" vdi ngu'di gia Ta't ca cac xa hdi va van hda loai ngfldi ddu thay ddi qua thdi gian dfl td'c bien ddi cfla chung cd the khac nhau: dd la mdt qua trinh tfl nhidn, mgt sfl tdt ye'u eua lich sfl Ndu khdng he chuydn ddi gi cd thi xa hgi dd, vfln hda dd se hi hda thach va chac chdn se tidu vong Tuy nhi6n, ndi nhfl nha nhan loai hge ndi tieng ngfldi My, Franz Boas nhflng ndm ddu the ki XX, mdi ndn van hda nhan loai k mgt eai gi dgc dao va hdn the nfla, la mdt cai gi bet sfle quy bau Sfl ma't dl cfla bat cfl mgt nen van hda nao cflng k m cho ca nhan loai ngheo di Vi vay, viec bao tdn nhflng nen vdn hda thieu so', cho dfl chflng ludn thay ddi, cd tdm quan trgng to ldn./ (9)