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hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa xdi heo lanh ching ai biet tdi. Mac du ve mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng ba dia diem nay cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii hoac tham chi [r]
(1)«'
MOT CACH NHIN Tir BIEN •
BOI CANH VUNG DUYEN HAI MIEN BAG VA TRUNG VIET NAM (Tiep theo vd het)
LI TANA*
NGUvflN T I £ N DUNG (Dich)'
4 V a n D o n v a H a i DUdng
Tff nhiJng t r a n h lufin tren cd the thfi'y r i n g Van Don - eang thi chfnh eiia Dai Viet thdi Trfin va dau thdi Le sd - khdng phai chinh quyen lua chpn n g l u nhien, va vao CUOI thdi Dudng, nd cQng khdng the phat trien thinh dat ndu nhu Cao Bien khdng di ddi nhQng chudng ngai vat dpc theo bd vinh Bae Bp (Ca John Whitmore vfi Momoki deu chl r i n g , cae eang thi eua Dai Viet vfio giai doan sdm la thupe vCing Nghe An -Ha Tinh) (46) Su that thi dudng nhu Van Ddn, mpt dia diem n i m vifa each xa va vCla tach biet lai dupe lUa chpn nhu mpt eang thi chinh cua qud'c gia Dieu dd gdp p h i n minh ehiing eho quan diem r i n g , eae trieu dai Viet Nam mud'n cho boat dpng ngoai thUdng dupc td chiSe b nhQng vj tri cfing xa kinh dd cfing tdt vfi gia dinh r i n g nhQng boat dpng rat quan trpng dd'i vdi nen kinh td Thd nhung, ndu chiing ta lien tudng den thd ky XV, dudng thiiy chfnh nd'i kinh dd ciia Dai Viet vdi bd bien Trung Hoa chinh la sdng Bach D i n g (sau Ifi
mpt n h a n h chfnh ciia sdng Hong, ngfiy la nhanh ehi'nh kdt nd'i Nam Dinh vfi Thai Binh), vfi nhu hien chiing ta thfi'y Van Ddn la mpt tuyen giao thdng chi'nh Tuydn dudng thiiy da phat trien "Cach mang thUdng mai" lan thQ nhfi't ciia Trung Qudc dudi thdi Td'ng, va n i m b trung tam eiia vung thudng mai vinh Bic Bp giQa Hai Nam va Kham Chau Ca hai ndi nfiy Ifi diem dQng chan thudng xuyen eiia cac thUdng nhan Phiie Kidn, Chfim vfi thUdng nhan Hoi giao (47) Chfnh sach Uu cua nhfi Nguyen vdi cac tin Hoi giao vfi thUdng n h a n b Phuc Kidn chic chfin la dpng lUc thuc day sU vUdn dfiy ciia vung thUdng mai ngUdi Hdi giao giQ v\ tri trung tam nfiy
Su ton tai ciia mpt vung thUdng mai ke tren eang trd nen ro rang ehung ta kdt nd'i ehiing vdi cae trung tam san xufi't gdm sQ ciia Dai Vipt vao thdi gian nfiy Su phat trien dang kinh ngae ve dan sd vfio nhQng nam 1200-1340 (theo Yumio Sakurai thi dan sd tfing gfi'p ddi thdi gian nfiy)
(2)chfic hfin da tao su phan hoa lao ddng vfi khuyen khich phat trien cac mat hang thu cdng (48) Gdm sQ dupe san xufi't d nhieu ndi, chfing ban nhu Thanh Hoa, Thien TrUdng (xem ben dudi) TQ nhQng nfim 1350 trd di, mpt so'Id go'm tu nhan dUde xay dung d Hai Dudng da san xua't nhQng mat hfing go'm sQ tinh xao, danh da'u mot budc phat trien mdi ve san xufi't gdm sQ cua Dai Viet H i u hdt sd tam Id go'm nfiy deu dupe tim thdy b Chu Dfiu, dia diem n i m khdng each xa Van Don la ma'y Thi trudng tieu t h u cac san phdm gdm sQ chu ydu Ifi b cac khu vUc eua ngUdi Cham va Hoi giao vfi can phai nhfi'n manh r i n g sU thinh dat eiia gdm sQ Viet trung hdp vdi thdi hofing kim cua Champa dudi thdi vua Chd Bong Nga Cd b i n g chQng cho ring, go'm men lam dUdc san xua't la dfit hfing cua cac thudng nhan tdi tQ thi trudng Tay A, tham chi nhQng san pham tinh xao cdn dUdc xufi't khau den Ba Tu, Ai Cfip va Thd Nhi Ky Do gdm Viet cung dupe tim thdy cl cac khu vUc gan vdi ngUdi Hoi, chang ban b Sulawesi vfi trung tam vfi Nam Philippines Go'm Chfim tQ Gd Sfinh cung dUdc tim thfi'y d cung cac dia diem (49)
Vdi vipc thidt kd gdm sQ de danh rieng eho xufi't khau da cho tha'y moi tUdng tae giQa qud'e gia vdi thi trUdng khu vUc Chung ta biet r i n g nhQng go'm vdi nhieu hinh dang khae dUde san xua't danh rieng cho Ddng Java, theo mau dat hang cua trieu dinh Majapahit Dua theo nhQng hinh dang ciia gdm dd, chiing ta cd the doan dinh r i n g , ehung dupc s i n xufi't d vung Hai Dudng (50) Mot dieu thu vi r i n g nhieu dd gdm sQ Viet Nam dUde khai quat tQ tau d i m d Nam Philippines vao nam 1995 bao gom ea nhQng chuoi hat gdm va nhQng vdng b i n g dong Dieu cho tha'y
su da dang hang hoa trao ddi thdng qua cae he thd'ng thUdng mai ndi tiep d Ddng Nam A NhQng md'i quan he giQa Cham - Philippines thdi ky nfiy dupc nghien cQu ky bdi Geoff Wade etmg cfi'p them bang chdng cho he thd'ng budn ban mang tinh phQc tap, rdi loan vung (51)
Chung ta cung ed the ap dung each nhin hudng bien dd'i vdi nganh nghe thii cdng d Hai Dudng Ra't nhieu thudng nhan d Thfing Long tdi tQ 36 phdphUdng co nguon gdc tQ Hai Dudng Hp la thd xay dung, thd mpc, thd nhupm, thd lfim da giay va nhQng thd thii cong lanh nghe chuyen ve due, khae go hoac la in a'n, hay la thd kim d phd Hang Dong, Hang Bac Mpt gia dinh ed nghe gia truyen lam kim khf gan day cung tim tha'y nguon gd'e ciia minh la d Hai Dudng (52) Ta't ca nhQng boat dpng buon ban khae biet nfiy gdi y ring, Hai Dudng dfi cd lich sQ lau dfii ve buon ban hang thii cdng, my nghe, cd le la hdn ca Hfi Npi Qua thUc, vao dau the ky XIII, khu v\fc da dupe biet den vdi nghe thu cdng ndi tieng la lam ndn Ma Ldi, c6 nhieu diem khae biet so vdi nghe lam ndn cua Hud xufi't hien vao t h e k y XVIII (53)
(3)62 Rghien cuu Lich siir sd 8.2009
nganh nghe thii cdng b Hai DUdng chfing ban nhu lam dudng, chuyen ehd dudng thiiy chfic h i n cung rfi't ldn (55)
Day la nen tang cho "sU phat trien eiia thi trUdng phd thdng" (56) nhu Momoki Shiro da chi Nganh san xufi't gdm sQ ciia Hai Dudng vi the khdng phai dUde hinh thanh mpt each ngfiu nhien bdi ndng dan b cac lang xa va khdng phai chiing tach biet vdi viec trao ddi budn ban Gid'ng nhu nhieu trung tam thUdng mai b Trung Hoa, nd Ifi nganh thu cdng ed tfnh cha't dfic biet, cd mdi lien he mat thiet vdi cac nganh khae c h i n g ban nhu cac nganh da ke b tren, vfi nd cung cd lien he mfit thidt vdi cac nghe ddng tau thuyen, lam mud'i, hay may mac Ket qua la, nganh s i n xufi't phuc vu xufi't khau cua Dai Viet khdng the chi dupc danh gia ddn gian dUa tren phan tram ddng gdp eiia nd vdi tong the boat dpng ciia nen kinh te qud'c gia, nhU Kishimoto Mio da chi bdi canh Trung Hoa (57)
Trong ehung ta tiep tuc phai nghien cQu nhieu hdn nQa cac td chQc s i n xufi't thii cdng, thi eae den chua Phfit giao ed the ddng vai trd chii dao viee ket ndi tang ldp quy tpc, s i n lUdng, va thi trudng Cd mpt dieu rd rang r i n g , den ehua Ifi ndi tieu thu nhieu nhfi't gdm sQ vfi cac vat lieu xay dung Chl rieng ve vai vdc dfi eho thfi'y nhu ciu cua hp gfi'p nhieu Ian so vdi trieu dinh Cung cd the ehinh nhfi chua dQng Ifim chii hoac hfiu thuan cho cac ngfinh thii cdng Mdi lien he cua hp vdi ngoai thudng the hien ra't rd Qua nhieu the ky giao thUdng, cac di vat tdn giao Ifi boat dpng quan trpng thUdng mai Trung Hoa -Nam chau A cung vdi cae loai hUdng lieu phuc vu cho le nghi tdn giao (58) Nhieu hpc gia b cac nUde Ddng Nam A luc dia cung nha'n manh r i n g , sU phat trien ve
kinh te dUdc tfip trung cho viec xay dUng eae dinh chua vfi ngUdc lai, dinh chua phat huy vai trd phan phdi, dieu chinh lai kinh td dia phudng Vdi each nhin nfiy, ehung ta ed the cfi'u tnic lai mpt md hinh vdi nhieu boat dpng kinh td khae cung mpt bdi canh vfi tha'y dUdc mdi lien he ciia chiing vdi xa hpi Dai Viet vfio thd ky XIV Dong thdi, nd cung chi phan tfch dinh lupng ve nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai thUdng ca'u tnic cua nen kinh te (59)
Mpt dieu thii vi ehung ta thay ring, nui Yen Tii, trung tam Phfit giao eua Dai Viet vfio cudl thd ky XIII, lai n i m b vung Udng Bf, thupc Quang Ninh Day Ifi ndi ma vua Tran Nhan Tdng lfip nen mpt thien phai Phat giao eiia rieng Viet Nam Ifi Tnic Lam, n i m trun^ tam ciia vung thUdng mai Mpt chua khae, Quynh Lam, cung dUdc xay dQng d khu vUc bdi mpt nha sU ndi tieng, Phap Loa, ngUdi da due 1.300 tUdng Phat sud't cupc ddi ciia minh (60) Viec lfim cua dng ta chfic chfin ddi hdi rat nhieu tien vfi cdng sQc, nhQng dieu dang chu y la ve sd lUdng dong dung de due, mfi n h u ehung ta dfi bidt Dai Viet thdi gian khdng san xufi't dong Cd ngudi cho r i n g Champa, thdng qua mdi quan he vdi cac thUdng nhan tQ Trung A, cd the da cung cfi'p loai dong nfiy Bing chQng ve sU cung cfi'p ddng ciia Champa cd the tim thfi'y danh sach eae dd cdng tfing cua Lam Ap tdi Trung Hoa gdm 10,000
catties vang, 100,000 catties bae, vfi
(4)Khu vUc ddng thdi eung Ifi trung tam chfnh tri thUe thu eua trieu T r i n vdng hdn 150 nfim Nhu nha T r i n da tU thQa nhfin r i n g , ddng hp T r i n khdi dUng ti!f vQng bien Vfio d i u nam 1239, trieu dinh T r i n xay them mpt loat cac cung dien cl que hUdng Thien TrUdng, gin vdi Nam Dinh ngfiy nay, la ndi gin bien hdn ra't nhieu so vdi Thfing Long Gid'ng nhu Ayutthaya sau nay, trung tam ehinh tri nfiy dupe bao bpc bdi eae eon nUdc va bd bien thi trfin ngfip hoa thdm Thuyen be di lai vui ve nhu chdn bdng lai Vua thudng xuyen d Thien TrUdng hdn Ifi b Thang Long, lam cho khu vUc mang dang ve ciia mpt kinh dd Nhu Whitmore da ehi ra, mac du kinh dd khdng gin bd bien nhu Pegu vfi Ayutthaya, nhUng vung duyen hai thUe sU ddng vai trd nhu Ifi mpt kinh dd (63)
NhQng trung tam ve ehinh tri, tdn giao, vfi thUdng mai tren thudng d gin va thudng g i n vdi cac trung tam s i n xufi't gdm sQ chinh Dieu nfiy giup k h i n g dinh md hinh ciia cac chinh the thdi cd d mien Trung Viet Nam, md hinh mfi cac hpc gia Vipt Nam vfi Nhat Ban da ap dung tQ nhieu the ky trUdc Chinh the dUa vao sdng nude la td chQc bp ba quyen lUc, dd trung tam tdn giao (thudng d vung nui), trung tam chfnh tri (d ddng b i n g phu sa) vfi eang thi dupe nol kdt vdi bdi dUdng thuy (64) Vi dy ve sU lien ket giQa trung tam tdn giao vfi eang thi cd the ke den My Sdn vfi Hpi An b mien Trung, giQa Cat Tien (Lam Ddng) vfi C i n Gid (ngay Ifi quan ngo^i thfinh cua Tp.Hd Chi Minh)
NhQng lap luan b tren da cho thfi'y mpt viing vdi nhieu mdi tUdng giao khu vUc vfi npi vQng mfi trUdc day da khong dUde ehi Cac hpc gia da coi Dai Viet nhu la mpt thi,le the n i m dudi anh hUdng ciia Trung Hoa cdn Champa lai bi quy dinh bdi vfin
hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa xdi heo lanh ching biet tdi Mac du ve mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng ba dia diem cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii hoac tham chi la khdng cd diem ehung ve van hoa va kinh td NhQng bing chQng ve khao CO hpc d mien Trung Viet Nam vfii the ky qua da tiet lp nhQng bing chQng khdng the chdi eai ve sU anh hUdng cua vfin hoa Chfim, eung vdi An Dp Trong mpt vai anh hudng cua Trung Qud'c tdi trUc tidp tQ Trung Hoa lue dia, phan ldn ehung dupe dUa tdi thdng qua vai trd trung gian cua Giao Chi, Hai Nam nhd vfio boat ddng thUdng mai NgUdc lai, anh hUdng cua Champa vfio dai Viet dUdng nhu sau sfic hdn nhQng gi ehung ta da thQa nhfin Kdt qua khai quat gfin day nha't d eung dipn cua nha Ly, T r i n va Le sd d Hfi Npi da cho tha'y nhQng anh hUdng manh me eiia nghp thuat va kien tnic Cham, qua dd gpi y ve sU anh hUdng qua lai manh me giQa hai khu vUc (65)
5 Mot b a n dd sac toe k h a e
NhQng thao lufin tren da gpi md eau hoi ve nhQng ngUdi sd'ng quanh vung vinh Bic Bp thdi gian nfiy Ddng bing song Hdng da dUdc md ta la bao tdn tinh thuan nhfi't cua ngUdi Viet sud't cac thdi ky lich sii Day gin nbU la trUdng hdp nhfi't so' cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A Dieu c6 the xay sau the ky XV, nhUng Viet sit
luge, bp sii dupc viet vfio the ky XIII, ghi
(5)64 Rghien cuu Lich si3r sd 8.2009
hda trdn sic tpc ea ve chieu rpng va sau NhQng mdi quan he cung nhQ nhQng tiep xuc dd khd cd the ddn gian hoa b i n g thuat ngQ Viet hoac Han de tQdng phan vdi nhQng eU dan mien nui, ma phai la ket q u i ' tQ qua trinh giao thoa va tich hdp lau dai Sau qua trinh nfiy, tinh b i n sac mdi dUde dinh hinh chat che va chic c h i n hdn d thdi hien dai
Theo Linh ngogi dgi dap vfio the ky XIII, mpt nUa dan so' Dai Viet den tQ vung Nam Trung Hoa Chac chan day la sd phdng dai, nhUng nd cd the chQa dQng dd mpt phan sQ that Gid'ng nhu the, mpt ngudn tfii lieu quan trpng dupc bien soan tQ thdi Td'ng ed chep ve dan tpc 'T)an" (phd bien d vung Nam Trung Hoa) cd ngudn gd'e tQ Giao Chi Hp dUdc ghi chep nhQ Ifi "Dan Giao Chi" (Jiaozhi Dan) Dien hinh cho each sd'ng sdng nUdc, hp la nhQng ngUdi den tQ Kham Chau mang theo ca va nhQng thQc pham tQ bien khae de trao ddi vdi gao va quan ao (67) Khdng ed b i n g chQng rd rfing r i n g , hp ed phai Ifi nhQng ngUdi dupc mieu t i cud'n Dgi Nam
nhdt thd'ng chi la da di chuyen tQ dao tdi
ddng b i n g sdng Hdng va sd'ng dQa vfio danh ca vfi lfim mudi, ben canh viec trdng lua nQdc Vi nhQng cU dan dd khdng ndi thao tieng Viet, ngdn ngQ cua hp dUdc cho la "tieng vung bien" (68) Mpt so' ddi den duyen hai Nam Trung Hoa, trd thfinh hofic bda nhfip vdi dan tpc 'T)an" Mpt nhQng ngUdi lam nghe chai lUdi Ifi Mac Dang Dung, ngUdi thiet lap trieu Mac d Dai Viet vfio the ky XVI, da xay dung va phat trien quyen lUc sau nfiy Ong ta Ifi ngUdi Hai Dudng, nhUng td tien cua dng ta la tpc ngUdi "Dan" den tQ Quang Dong (69)
SQ pha trpn cU dan thUdng xuyen vfi lap lai nfiy lfim tfing them sinh mdi cho nha Ly va nha T r i n Nhu phan ldn cae
quo'c gia Ddng Nam A, b Giao Chi den giQa the ky XIV thieu n h a n lUc mpt each t r i m trpng Nhu da trinh bay b tren, ngudi Hoa dupc mua ban nhu nhQng nd le NhQng tpc ngUdi du mue d Quang Tay thudng dot kfch cU dan dia phUdng - hp cd the Ifi ngudi Nung (Zhuang- Choang d Trung Qudc) hofic cac nhdm tpc ngUdi khae vung -va ban hp den Giao Chi (70) Hdn nhan eung dien giQa ngUdi Viet vfi ngUdi Hai Nam, nhu dudc chi truyen thuyet ve ba chua Li TrUdc "Ky nguyen thUdng mai", Giao Chi la dia diem ly tudng nhat de ngUdi Hoa di cU va t n i an Khi Mdng Co xam lUdc Dai Viet, ehung da b i t hdn 400 quan chQc ty nan eua nhfi Tdng d Dai Viet, vi thd khdng nghi ngd r i n g so' lUdng ngUdi Hoa cd the cdn nhieu hdn NgUdi Champa va ngudi Lao cung cd the ed mat nhieu b Dai Viet Chfnh quyen nhfi T r i n thUdng nhic lai sic lenh han chd nghiem ngat ddi vdi each ndi cua ngUdi Cham va ngUdi Lao eung vdi viec fin mac theo ldi ngUdi Hoa (71)
Theo nhu mpt eau chuyen tQ thdi Tdng, khu vUe thUdng mai Kham Chau Ifi ndi da md dudng cho hoang tpc T r i n den Viet Nam Cau chuyen chi ring, vua T r i n d i u tien Ifi ngudi tQ huyen Changle cua Phuc Chau
(Fuzhou) Nha vua da mao hiem danh ddi si^
giau sang eiia gia dinh de tdi vung Kham Chau Vi nhiing quy tpc ngUdi Viet thUdng den dd de budn ban, dng gap chau gai cua nha vua, ngUdi ed tinh cam vdi dng ta vfi sau hp kdt hdn vdi Trong eau chuyen dUdc xem nhu mpt cau chuypn hu ca'u, nd bd sung cho eae cud'n sii bien nien ve ngudn goc nha T r i n Do dd hofing de diu tien cua nhfi T r i n la hau due ddi thQ tU cua ngUdi nhap cU den tQ Phuc Kien (72) Nd eung gdp phan xac minh ghi chep tQ Linh
ngogi dgi ddp, dd la budn ban tien hfinh cl
(6)tdc ngudi Viet tharn, gia tich cue vfio cac boat dpng
Ngudn gdc Hoa eiia nhfi Tran dUdc biet den vfi dupc thQa nhan tfip sii bien nien Todn thU Mpt cau hoi Ifi, sQ ndi len ciia nhfi T r i n la tU t h a n vfi ngfiu nhien nhu each hieu thdng thudng cho tdi nay, hay Ifi hp dUa vao cac mang ludi lien minh ciia minh? Ndu la lien minh, vay day la kieu lien minh gi? Cac hpc gia da ddng y r i n g chinh tfnh linh hoat the chd chinh tri vfi xa hpi da giup nha T r i n phat trien Chung ta cung e i n tha'y r i n g , mpt quan cai tri dudc coi la thfinh dat d Ddng Nam A Ifi ngUdi vupt len tQ mpt nhdm cae thii linh dia phUdng hoac quy tpc rudng da't khdng ngQng canh t r a n h l i n Moi ngQdi deu xay dung cho minh mpt he thdng lien minh Trong bdi canh nay, cau hoi dfit la lieu khu vUc mfiu dich vinh Bie Bp cd eung cfi'p mpt vu dai cho nha T r i n phat huy the lUc vUdt len cac ddi thu khae NhQng gi da xay cd le la nhu vfiy (73) G i n day, cae hpc gia Viet Nam dUa quan diem r i n g , cd sd kinh te nha T r i n bao gdm chai ludi va ndng nghiep da giup hp gianh dUdc ngai vang (74) Quan diem nfiy thQa nhfin nhQng t h a n h p h i n kinh te khae hdn Ifi ndng nghiep da tham gia vao qua trinh hinh thfinh lich sii kinh td Viet Nam, cQng nhQ nha'n manh vai trd quan trpng eua bien ddi vdi sQ phat trien ciia nha T r i n Dat nhfi T r i n vfio bdi canh lich sii ehung, ehung ta thfi'y hien mpt ddng hp vdn xua't t h a n la ngUdi Phuc Kien, sdng bing nghe di bien va thong gia vdi vUdng trieu L^ nhd vao sU giau cd Day Ifi md hinh lich sii ehung eua nhieu qudc gia Ddng Nam A thdi ky nfiy Dat T r i n Qudc Tufi'n bdi canh ljch sU cung nhfic cho ehung ta thfi'y ngudn gdc Hoa cua ngudi anh h u n g loi lac ciia dan tpc Viet
Nam, dupe coi nhu ngUdi "Cha" dan gian ciia ngudi Viet (75) Tfi't ea dieu giup ehung ta nhin nhfin lai tinh ddng nha't ve ban sic vfi vi tri dia ly cua dan tpc Viet, nhQng thQ da bi phQc tap hoa vfi xdi mdn bdi niiQng cau truyen t r i n g den, dung sai each chdp siJ mang dam tfnh dan tpc chii nghia
6 Ket l u a n
NhQng thao lufin tren day dfit nhieu cau hoi hdn la giai dap de mpt chQng mQc nfio dd cd the lam hai long cac hpc gia Cach nhin hQdng bien da dfit nhQng nghi ngd ve nen tang ndng nghiep cua mo hinh kinh td, chi'nh tri vfi tpc ngUdi eua Viet Nam giai doan sdm, tUdng ddng vdi cac the ehe khae d Ddng Nam A NhQng gi mfi ehung ta vQa chi chi Ifi nhQng dieu khiem nhUdng bQc tranh tdng the ve viing duyen hai Dai Viet Cd the thfi'y nhQng mdi lien kdt da trai rpng tQ bd bien nfiy den bd bien khae d vung vinh Bic Bp cung nhu giQa vinh Bic Bp vdi vung hai dao va xa hdn nQa Qua la ehung ta eon bidt rat it ve vi the trung gian khu vQc mfiu dich nang dpng nay, chfing ban td chdc s i n xua't gdm, mdi quan he eua nd vdi sQ phdn thinh va suy vong cua cac trung tam, khu vUc thUdng mai
(7)66 Rghien cijru Lich sir, sd 8.2009
tQ ngpn gd'e Vi the, ehung cd moi tQdng quan ve ngudn go'c Cach nhin tQ bien cho tha'y nhQng cau chuyen mang nang tinh dan tpc da ehe da'u nhu the nfio sU nfing
ddng ciia mdt vung mfi tren cd sd dd cac qud'e gia dupe hinh thfinh sau
Hieu dinh: Pham Vdn Thuy
CHU THICH
(46) Whitmore, "Elephants can actually swim" trong Marr va Milner, Southeast Asia, p 130; Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp 11 - 12
(47) VI "Cugc cfich mang thfldng mai" (the cgmmercial revolution) dflde thao lufin Mark Elvin, 77i,e pattern of the Chinese past, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1973; vl Bach Dang xem Dfio Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, p 37
(48) Victor Lieberman, Strange parallels:
Southeast Asia in global context, c 800 - 1830, volum 1: integration on the mailand, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2003, p 368, trich tfl tfii lieu vilt tay eua Sakurai nhan de Vietnam after the Age of Commerce (Viet Nam sau ky nguyen thfldng mai)
(49) Rosanna Brown, The ceramics of Southeast
Asia, Oxford Universityn Press, Singapore, 1988, pp
88 - 89; John Stevenson vfi John Guy, Vietnamese
ceramics: A separate tradition, Art Media Reosources,
Chicago, 1997, p.54 Do go'm nfiy trinh bfiy tuyen tfip quo'c gia, e6 sfl tham gia hen kit vdi gom sfl Trung Quoc d Van Nam va d diu thdi Minh VI Go Sfinh xem Champa ceramics pnxiuction and trade
-Excavation report of the Go Sdnh kiln sites in Cental Vietnam, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2002,
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