2 - Xu hudng mdi trong khoa hoc vd cong nghe Budc vao the ky XXI, xu hudng thdm nhap vdo nhau giica khoa hoc tu nhien vd khoa hoc xd hoi (ca ve tri thiie, phuong phap va sii dung tha[r]
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NHUNG BIEN DOI QUAN TRONG GIAI DOAN 2011 - 2
VA VAN DE XAY DUUG
DOI NGU TRi THU^C VIET NAM
TRAN NGOC HIEN *
' Su hinh thdnh vd phdt trien dgi ngd tri thiic luon gdn lien vdi nhiing • dieu kien lich sii cua ddn tgc vd thoi dqi Dgi ngd phdi Id sdn phdm cua
giai doqn phdt trien cua ddn tgc vd thdi dqi Vi vdy, nghien ciiu vdn de xdy • dung dgi ngd tri thiic nudc ta giai doqn 2011-2020 cdn chu y den giai doqn dy CO the cd nhiing Men doi gi sitphdt trien khoa hgc vd cong nghe, gido due vd ddo tqo, phdt trien kinh te vd xd hgi Dd Id nhiing Men doi y hinh thdnh moi tritdng hoqt dgng vd phdt trien cua tri thiic Do do, phdi xdy dung dgi ngd tri thiic phu hgp vdi moi trudng Men doi giai doqn 2011 - 2020 Tren ca sd nhiing dubdo Men doi giai doqn mdi md nhin lai thuc trqng dgi ngd tri thiic Men nay, tii dd tim phuong hudng vd gidi
'' phdp phdt trien tri thiic cho giai doqn tdi
Du" b a o n h i m g bien doi giai d o a n phat uien, nhung khung hoang xa hpi va tan 1 - 2020 CO q u a n h e t r u e tiep d e n Pha moi trudng cua tit ca cac nln kinh te thi
vai tro va traeh nhiem tri thiic va J™^- ^^^c diu tranh cho tiln bo xa hoi va
bao ve moi truong cang sau rong o pham
dinh huong xay dung doi ngu tri thuc vi the gidi tao sue ep thay doi
Bai vilt chi neu van tat mdt so van de chu O nudc ta, viec doi mdi mo h'lnh phdt trien yeu sau day: ; ciing da trd van de cap bach nhirng
I - Bien ddi quan trpng nhat la doi mdi mo hau qua ve xa hpi va moi trudng qua trinh h'lnh phdt trien cong nghiep h6a nhung nam qua Chi c6 doi
Kinh tl thj tnrdng tir hudng phat uien phien mdi mo hinh phat Ulen thi mdi chuyen qua dien nhim tang cua cai (cho ehu dau tu) chuyen trinh tdng trutmg so lugmg hien sang qua sang hudng phat uien dpng thdi ve kinh te, xa
(2)trinh phdt trien chdt luqng, tren co sd ay ma dat den so lupng nhieu hon Neu khdng, sd lupng da dat dupe ciing se giam dan, dan so tang len, van de xa hpi va moi trudng se tram trpng hon
Doi mdi mo hinh phat trien la van de cudc song dat va phai thuc hien giai doan tdi, khong the cham hon Nhin vao thuc tien kinh te the gidi, mo hinh phat trien ben viing phai dua tren nen tdng kinh te tri thiic Vi vay, nhu cdu doi mdi mo hinh gdn lien vdi nhu cdu xdy dung doi ngd tri thicc, va ca hai deu cd tinh cap bach
2 - Xu hudng mdi khoa hoc vd cong nghe Budc vao the ky XXI, xu hudng thdm nhap vdo giica khoa hoc tu nhien vd khoa hoc xd hoi (ca ve tri thiie, phuong phap va sii dung tuu khoa hpc va cdng nghe) eang tac dpng manh vao hoat dpng khoa hpc va cong nghe, giao due va dao tao, vao mdi ngudi tri thirc, dan dan hinh the he tri thux; mdi va ngirdi tri thuc mdi Trong the ky XX, xu hudng da dupc mpt sd it nha khoa hpc tu nhien, dd c6 nha khoa hpc vl dai Anh-xtanh the hien hoat dpng khoa hpc cua minh Ong la ngudi phan doi Chien tranh the giiii thu nhat va viec sir dung bom nguyen tii Chien tranh the gidi thii hai Anh-xtanh cho rang "O thdi dai ehung ta, cac dai dien cua khoa hpc tu nhien va gidi ky su phai ehju traeh nhiem dao ly dae biet Idn"^'^ Ong neu phuong hirdng: Mpt nha vat ly phai dong thdi la mdt nha triet hpe va nen lap "Hiep hpi vi ttaeh nhiem xa hpi khoa hpc" Trudc d6, xu hirdng dupc C.Mac phat hien nghien cihi kinh te thj trudng tu ban chu nghia C.Mac du bao rang: sau nay, khoa hpc tu nhien va khoa hpc xa hpi se tham nhap vao nhau, hinh mpt khoa hpc - khoa hpc ve ngudi
Khong nhan thux dupc xu hirdng mdi khoa hpc, tach rdi khoa hpc tu nhien vdi khoa hpc xa hpi, coi khoa hpc chi la cdng cu cua chinh tri la mpt nguyen nhan sau xa dan den su sup dd cua mo hinh chu nghia xa hpi d Lien Xd
Hien nay, xu hudng tham nhap vao giiia hai linh vuc khoa hpc dang trd nen tang cua nen khoa hpc va cdng nghe miii cua thi ky XXI, la co sd vimg ben cua dinh hudng phat trien ben viing ve kinh te, xa hpi
Djnh hining phat trien kinh te thi trudng nude ta giai doan tdi phai la phdt trien ben vitng - ndi ham cua dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia kinh te Vi vay, xay dung dpi ngu tri tiiu-c theo hudng "khoa hpc ve ngudi" mdi c6 the ddng gdp to Idn vao phat trien kinh tl giai doan tdi Neu khdng, dpi ngii tri thux; se chi la nhiing ngudi lam cdng an luong, vd traeh nhiem trudc nhirng van de xa hpi va moi trudng phat trien kinh te - xa hpi
3 - Xu the chuyen hutrng gido due, nhdt Id gido due dqi hoc
Nhieu hpi n^hj the gidi ve giao due dai hpc da thao luan van de chuyen hudng giao due tu hon 10 nam eho thay, chuyen hudng giao due la van de sdng cdn cua phat trien kinh te va xa hpi Tat ca cac hpi nghi the giai deu nhan manh: "Gido due dqi hoc Id cong cu co bdn de doi ddu thdnh cong vdi cdc thii thach cua the gidi hien dqi vd de ddo tqo nhiing cong ddn cd khd ndng xdy dung mot xd hoi cdng bdng ton trong quyen ngudi, cdng chia se su hieu biit vd thong tin" (tai lieu UNESCO)
Dinh hudng mdi cua giao due dai hpc la vua cd chuc nang vun tdi ndng, vua ed chux nang phat hien, thu'c tinh tai nang, hudng tdi hinh luc luqng lao ddng tri thiic tren mpi linh vuc Trong dd, tri thu'c la nhirng ngudi tich hpp dupc tiem nang tri tue cua dan tpc va thdi dai
Ba xu the tat yeu ve kinh tl, khoa hpc, giao due ndi tren dang tac ddng cang tang ddi vdi mpi nudc phat trien va hdi nhap D6i vdi nudc ta, day vua la co hpi chua timg c6, ddng thdi la thach thu'c chua tung thiy Biln thach thiic co hpi thirc hien ba xu thi tren la tien^ de ca bdn de xay dung dpi ngu tri thirc va che dp mdi Trong dieu kien nudc ta, chi co
(1) Albert Einstein: Thi giai nhu tdi thdy, Nxb Tri thuc, 2005, tr 28 i • '
(3)N g h i e n ctiu - Trao ddi T p p c h i C ^ n g s d n Dang va Nha nudc mdi cd the tao nhihig tien
de CO ban ay ' •
Dac diem, tiem nang va ban che chu yeu ciia tri thiic niio'c ta
Tri thux; nude ta hien dupc hinh eupe khang chien gianh doc lap dan tpc va cong cupc ddi mdi hpi nhap kinh te the gidi Vj vay, hp cd nhimg tiem nang va ban che chu yeu sau day:
Thic nhdt, tinh thdn ddn toe, yeu nudc sdu sdc la dac diem, la tiem nang noi bat cua tri thux; nudc ta
Tinh than yeu nudc thuong ndi la mpt pham chat npi sinh tir truyen thong dan tpc cua mpi ngudi Viet Nam Vdi tri thiic, yeu nudc la mpt dong luc sdng tgo, tim toi cai mdi de xay dung dat nudc Hp ciing la ngudi biet ke thira nhung gia tri tdt dep cua cha ong va the gidi, biet phe phan nhirng gi can trd su phat Uien cua dan tpc
Tu nhung tam guong cua tri thiic Cach mang thang Tam va khang chien cd the nhan ro rang, tiem nang tri tue vdi long yeu nudc ciia tri thiic la tai san quy gia cua dan tpc, se phat huy sue sdng cua no moi trudng tien bp
Thu hai, suphdt trien cua moi ngudi tinh than hieu hpc la mpt uu the cua tri thux, la co sd de xay dung dpi ngii tri thuc nudc ta
Khi nudc ta chuyen sang kinh te thj trudng va hpi nhap qudc te thi co hpi cho sir phat trien ca nhan giao luu, canh Uanh se Idn hon bao gid hit Nhin xa hon, khong co su phat Uien ca nhan thi khong tiie cd tien bp xa hpi va tang Uudng kinh te ben vung Nhin tiie gidi, su phdt trien cd nhdn cua tri thuc moi trudng kinh ti thi trudng la nhan td chu yeu tao cac cupc each mang khoa hpc va cong nghe thuc diy kinh tl tiij Uudng va xa hpi phat uien len nhimg nic thang cao hon Kinh nghiem ljch sir cho thiy: chi Uong moi uudng tu tudng, kinh tl va chinh Uj tien bp thi mdi c6 si; phat triln ca nhan, mdi xuat hien nhirng hien tai dong gdp cho sir phat Uien cda dat nudc
Thu ba, dnh hudng cua vdn hda, tdm ly tieu nong Id nhung han che cua tri thicc nudc ta
l\x mpt nudc nong nghiep lac hau, chuyen sang kinh te thi tnrdng, den gan 70% dan sd nudc ta la nong dan Vi vay, Ui thirc nudc ta hau het deu xuat than va boat dpng moi trudng ay, nen chiu tac dpng ve van hoa, tam ly, loi song cua tieu nong va cua thi trudng Tam ly tieu nong thudng ky thj vdi ngudi hieu bilt hon minh Trong trudng hpp cd quyen luc, tam ly dd c6 the chuyen thai dp ngai sir dung ngudi gioi, tham chi co thai dp ta khuynh cue doan, coi tri thuc la "doi tuqng sd mot" Tam \y ciing bieu hien d khdng it can bp Uong ddi xii vdi dong nghiep
Hai nhan to (tam ly tieu nong cua tri thux va tac dpng cua thai dp chinh tri, chinh sach khong dung) da thuc day mat han che cua tri thuc; mpt so sa vao dudng ham danh lpi; mpt so chi biet lpi ich rieng, khong c6 thai dp hpp tac chan vdi ngudi khac; mpt sd ehju anh hudng sau sac cua chu nghia giao dieu sach vd nen khong CO nang luc tu bien chirng trudc thuc tien bien ddi nhanh; mpt so song kieu "duy tinh" ma khong gan vdi "duy ly" v.v
Do nhirng han che tir mdi trudng, tir moi ngudi noi tren nen dpi ngii tri thirc hien chua phil hpp vdi vai tro va traeh nhiem cua nd giai doan tdi Van de xay dung dpi ngii tri thux da trd mpt nhiem vu quan trpng va cap bach
Phuong hiimig va giai phap xay dung doi ngii tri thik niio'c ta giai doan 2011 - 2020
(4)nhau, thi khong tranh khdi roi vao trang thai ehung ehung ve ly thuyet, each xa thuc tien cude sdng Bdi vi nhirng ngudi Ui thu'c bp may elm quyln la nhidig cong chuc, sdng va lam viec theo Luat Cong chuc va su chi dao true tilp cua thu Uudng Con dong dao tri tiiu:c ngoai iiha nude (kl ca tri thuc ve him) cang tang thi lam viec theo nhu cau eua xa hdi, Nha nudc, doanh nghiep Hp phai tim toi nhung giai phap tdi uu cho nhiing van de thuc tien ddi tac, hay Nha nude va to chire xa hpi dat Hp tdn tai va phat ttiln dua vao nang lux ca nhan va hpp tac vdi dong nghiep va dupc danh gia bang chdt luqng cong viec quan he canh tranh ve tri tue
O day, ehung tdi xin phan tich nhiing van de thupc dpi ngu tri thuc hien dang boat dpng Uong he thdng khoa hpc va cdng nghe Uen ea nudc vdi ten gpi la Lien hiep cdc Hoi Khoa hoc vd ky thudt Viet Nam (VUSTA) da hinh tiianh 26 nam Su gan bd boat dpng giira tri thtic va ngoai nha nude la truyen thong lau nam bat dau tir lap "Hpi Pho bien khoa hpc va ky thuat Viet Nam" vao nam 1963 dupc Bac Hd du va dan tri thux Den Lien hiep da bao gom 68 Hpi khoa hpc va ky thuat Uen pham vi ca nudc vdi 245 Hdi vien (trong dd cd Tdng hpi: Y hpc, Xay dung, Dja chat, Co vdi 80 Hdi vien) va 55 Lien hiep Hpi khoa hpc va ky thuat cua tinh,
Tir thue tien boat ddng cua tri thiic ngoai nha nudc, cd the rut nhiing phirong hudng va giai phap sau:
a - Hqp tdc lien ngdnh khoa hoc vd cong nghe Id cdch hoqt dong cd hieu qud
Su hpp tac lien nganh cua VUSTA ngoai giai quyet cac van de khoa hpc va cong nghe dat ra, cdn dua den su phat trien cac td chuc khoa hpe va ky thuat Hien da c6: 43% so hpi c6 chi hpi Uong cac doanh nghiep nha nudc; 15% so hpi ed chi hpi Uong eae doanh nghiep khae; 70% - 75% eae chi hdi d cae trudng dai hpc, eao dang, cac vien nghien cun, cac co sd nghien cun ; d mpt sd lien hiep hpi dia
phuong tinh, cdn cd sir tham gia cua cac vien thupc Hpi Van hpc - nghe thuat, Hpi Nha bao, Hdi K I hoaeh boa gia dinh, Hdi Nan nhan chat dpe da cam, Hpi Sinh vat eanh
O dau cd nhu cau ve khoa hpc va cong nghe thi d sdm hay mudn cd cac to chiic khoa hpc va ky tiiuat Do dd, gan day Lien hiep Hpi d Ha Ndi, Thanh Hda, Ha ITnh, Quang Binh, Lam Ddng da phat triln td chux; xudng cac quan, huyen
Phuang hudng tii nhu cau khoa hpc va cong nghe ma phat trien td chiie cua tri thiic de dap ung, nen VUSTA da thu hut dupc khoang 1,8 trieu hdi vien, dd cd 80 van hdi vien la tri thiic, chilm 1/3 tdng sd tri thu-c ca nudc
b - Hoqt dqng tu vdn, phdn bien, gidm dinh xd hoi cdc chu truang, cdc du dn ddu tu
Day la mdt hudng quan trpng xay dung dpi ngu ui tiiiic tir thuc tien dupc thue hien gan 10 nam theo quyet djnh cua Dang va Nha nudc Hoat ddng nay, mpt mat, giup cae co quan dang va nha nude cd co sd khoa hpc tin cay thuc hien dudng ldi, chinh sach; mat khac, la phuong thiic bdi dudng, xay dung tri thiic thuc tien Phirong hudng va giai phap cd hieu qua tot the hien d chat lupng tu van, phan bien cae du an thuy dien Son La; dudng Hd Chi Minh; thay nudc Hd Tay; bao ton khu di tich Hoang Thang Long va di tich Cot ed; phdng, chdng dich cum gia cam; quy hoaeh phd Ha Ndi hai ben bd song Hdng; xay dung nha may dien nguyen tii v.v
(5)N g h i e n ciiu - Trao ddi T p p c h i C ^ n g s d n dpng tu van phan bien, giam djnh cua dja
phuong
c - Hoqt dong khoa hoc vd cong nghe theo hudng phdt trien ben viing
Hoat dpng khoa hoc va cong nghe nham bao ve moi trudng va on djnh xa hpi la phuong hudng quan tam thudng xuyen cua VUSTA va da dat nhting ket qua tot:
- Xay dung cong mo hinh ldng sinh thdi a noi dieu kien sinh thai khic nghiet (ddi trpc, vung eat trang, vung ngap nudc) dua tren su hpp tac giira tri thuc vdi nong dan
- Thuc hien Chuong trinh md phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai h6a d 20 tinh, co giai phap lien ket "bdn nha" (nha nong, nha khoa hpc, nha doanh nghiep, Nha nudc) doi mdi nong nghiep, nong thon
- Coi trpng viec thuc hien cac du an bao ve mdi trudng nhu: du an thoat nudc thj, he thong xu ly bai rac thai Nam Son (Ha Npi), cac khu cong nghiep d Ha Npi, Thanh Ho Chi Minh, Ddng Nai, Binh Duong
- Hoat dpng j)hat trien cpng dong, x6a doi, giam ngheo, nhat la d viing kho khan, vung sau vung xa Dong dao cac to chuc khoa hpc va cdng nghe da tham gia thudng xuyen va co ket qua Nhd d6 nguon tai chinh huy dong nudc va tai trp quoc te cang tang (nam 2008 da huy dpng dupc trieu USD)
d - Hogt dong gido due, ddo tqo vd bien kien thuc
Day la phuong hudng ma dpi ngii tri thuc co vai trd, traeh nhiem lau dai Nhieu hpi khoa hpc va cong nghe da lap hoae bao^ Up lap gan ehiic tnrdng dai hpe, cao dang, Uung hpc day nghe, tham gia tich cue vao qua trinh xa hpi hoa giao due va dao tao, to chux hang van khda dao tao chuyen nganh
Phd hiln kiln thux la giai phap co hieu qua, kilu "mua dim thim lau" 197 td bao, tap chi, tap san, ban tin, trang tin dien tu' cua VUSTA lam nhiem vu ly Dac biet Nha Xuat ban Tri thuc eua VUSTA trd khau chuyen tai nhimg gia tri, tinh hoa cua Uie gidi vao nudc ta
theo xu hudng gan bo khoa hpc tu nhien vdi khoa hpc xa hpi
e - Hoqt dqng hqp tdc quoc te la hudng phdt trien rut ngdn ddn trinh cua tri thuc Viet Nam vdi the gidi
Day la nhu cau biic thiet ttong xay dung dpi ngii tri thuc nudc ta VUSTA da thue hien bang nhieu hinh thiie nhu Thiet lap quan he hoae ud thanh vien cua cac to chuc nhu: Lien doan cac To chuc ky su ASEAN (AFEO), Trung Quoc, Han Quoc, Nga, Nhat Ban, O-xtray-h-a; to chirc mpt so hpi nghj khoa hpc quoc te; xay dung moi quan he vdi mpt so to chuc phi chinh phu cua the gidi nhu: Quy Ford, Quy Rockerfeller, UNDP, Oxfam Anh, Hong Kong, Care Dan Maeh, ICCO Ha Lan v.v nham thu hut tai trp va nang cao nang lire can bo hoat dpng cua Hpi Ngoai ra, VUSTA da thuc hien mpt so boat dpng hd trp cho su phat trien cua Lien hiep Hpi khoa hpc va cong nghe Lao
Viec thuc hien cac phuong hudng va giai phap xay dung doi ngu tri thu'c ngoai nha nudc van d muc thdp, chua dap ung dupc yeu cau chien lupc xay dung nen khoa hpc va cong nghe quoc gia - mpt dieu kien quyet djnh de phat trien ben virng va thang lpi hpi nhap quoc te
Tir goc nhin xay diing dpi ngu tri thuc giai doan 2011 - 2020, nhihig cdng va nhihig han che vira qua co nguon goc tir nhan thuc vai tro, traeh nhiem ciia tri thuc tnrdc yeu cau phat trien cua dan tpc, tir viec thuc hien cac chi thj, nghj djnh cua Dang va Chinh phu ctia ca quan qudn ly nhd nudc Kinh nghiem rut la: Xay dung va khong ngung nang cao moi quan he giira vai tro, Uach nhiem cua Dang va Nha nudc vdi vai tro, traeh nhiem cua dpi ngii tri thux Nang cao moi quan he phai tir tam nhin giai doan 2011 - 2020, tir nhihig xu hudng cua thdi dai va su doi hoi cap bach phai phat huy toi da tiem nang dan tpc, trudc het la tiem nang tri tue cua dat nudc, nhat la d dpi ngu tri thirc, Uong dd cac chuyen gia dau nganh c6 vai u6 rat Idn Uong xay dung doi ngu ui thirc Viet