Trong thdi gian qua, viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao (bao gom noi dung chuang trinh dao tao, to ehuc quan ly dao tao, bao dam chat lugng dao tao, phuang phap dao tao...)[r]
(1)N g h i e n c u u - Trao ddi Tpp chi C d n g sdn
1 [:ji['; i f i ^
GOP PHAN BAN VE
CAI CACH GIAO DUC DAI HOC VIET NAM BUI A N H T U A N
C E ' ) ' :
Cdi cdch gido due dqi hoc coy nghia quan trong, quyet dinh tdi todn bo he thong gido due cdng nhu chien luqc phdt trien qudc gia Trong nhung ndm qua, ngdnh gido due vd ddo tqo (GD vd DT) Viet Nam da cd nhieu cdi cdch, ddi mdi mang tinh dot phd nhdm ndng cao chdt luong gido due dqi hoc nuac nhd Trong "hdnh trinh ndy", ngdnh GD vd DT da "khong dan thuong doc md" md keo duqc "cd xd hoi" vdo cuoc, thu hut duac su quan tam cua nhieu nhd gido due vd ddu tu qudc te Tuy nhien, phdt trien gido due dqi hoc Viet Nam cdn tiep tuc cd nhOng doi mdi, cdi cdch nhdm ndng cao chdt luong gido due, ddp iing nhu cau xd hoi, day nhanh qud trinh hoi nhqp qudc te i **•
1 - Doi mdi he thong quan trj cac trudng dai hoc co y nghia quyet dinh tdi su phat trien cua he thong giao due dai hoc Viet Nam
M6 hinh quan tri dai hoc Viet Nam hien nay, mac dau da c6 nhirng cai tien, dieu chinh nhat dinh, nhung van la mo hinh quan tri dai hpc mang dang dap cua thdi ky bao cap trudc day Mo hinh tap trung vao "quan ly thay va tro", tap trung vao hoat dong "day va hpc" thiiu di nhirng hoat dong khac can thiet ciia mot dai hpc thuc thu dieu kien ciia kinh tl thi trudng Chuong trinh va noi dung dao tao cham thay doi, nha trudng cham phan irng vdi nhirng thay doi nhanh chong cua xa hoi
Trong thdi ky doi mdi, mot sd mo hinh dai hpc ddi, nhu dai hpc tu thuc, dai hpc dan lap, dai hpc quoc te, dai hoc thuoc cac tap doan doanh nghiep hoac tong cong ty Nhin tdng the, cac mo hinh dai hpc ciing dugc rap
khuon tu cac trudng dai hpc cdng lap, co nhiing dieu chinh phii hpp hon vdi thi trudng''* Trong he thong quan tri dai hpc hien nay, giang vien thu ddng thuc hien trach nhiem giang day dugc phan cdng theo thdi khda bieu-kieu thu dong theo each cua "thg giang" Noi dung giang day ve co ban man thu theo chuang trinh giao due dugc quy dinh He thdng tap trung quyen luc vao ban giam hieu ciia cac trudng Cac khoa, bp mon hlu nhu khdng c6 vai tro dang ke xac dinh nhu clu dao tao, hoach dinh chien luge va xay dyng ke hoach dao tao, dao tao va phat trien nhan luc, cac hoat ddng doi ngoai ciia nha trudng Trong he thong khong cd dii cac chinh sach va
* PGS, TS, Pho Hieu truomg Truong Dai hoc Kinh li Quoc dan
(1) Luat Giao due hien chua bao quat h6t duoc cac loai hinh truong dai hoc tren thuc te, vay cln c6 sura doi bo sung de phii hop voi thtrc tien
(2)Nghien c u u - Trao ddi T p p c h i C d n g s d n
quy trinh hgp ly de khuyen khieh va tao dong lye cho dpi ngii giang vien, khong khuyen khieh sy tuong tac giiia cac khoa, bp mon, giang vien vdi doi tugng dao tao ciia hp la cac sinh vien Sau 20 nam doi mdi, kenh tuong tac giiia giang vien vdi sinh vien van chi tap trung d cac gid giang true tiep
Trong nhimg nam gan day, Bp GD va DT da CO nhirng chuang trinh va nhirng budc di dot pha cai each giao due dai hpc, quan tri dai hpc theo hudng phan quyen, tang quyen ty chu cho cac trudng dai hpc Mac dau nhieu kho khan, nhung ye lau dai day la dinh hudng dung dan va can tiep tuc thiic day de cac trudng dai hpc ty chu tuyen sinh, xay dung chuong trinh dao tao, quan tri nhan sy, tai chinh Hien na^, Bp GD va DT dang tiep tuc c6 nhirng thay doi manh me d tam quan ly vi mo he thong giao due dai hpc nude nha Trong do, nhin tir phia cac trudng dai hpc, cd the thay rang each thuc to chirc, quan tri dai hpc lac hau, khong theo kip vdi chinh nhihig cai each nganh GD va DT Nhieu trudng dai hpc cham thich iing, tham chi hien tugng tri tre cai each bp may to chirc, quan ly dao tao
Trong he thong dai hpc cung nhu tirng trudng dai hpc budc vao cong cuoc doi mdi, mau thuan giira cai mdi tien bp vdi cai cii lac hau, bao thu tri tre, ngai thay doi dang dien hang Mau thuan neu khong dugc giai quyet mot each dn thoa, se lam nan long nhirng ngudi cap tien, nhat la doi vdi luc lugng giang vien, can bp quan ly tre co trinh dp
Trong boi canh do, viec tiep tuc dly manh phan cap, khuyen khieh ty chii, tu chiu trach nhiem ciia cac trudng dai hpc la can thiet de dinh hudng va tao siix; ep cai each he thong quan tri dai hpc, he thong td ehuc quan ly dao tao ciia cac trudng dai hpc Bp GD va DT can dinh hudng va ho trg cho cac trudng dai hpc mot so van de sau:
Thu nhdt, tiip tuc nghien ciru xay dyng mo
hinh td chirc va quan tri cua trudng dai hpc Viet Nam bdi canh mdi Co thi nghien cuu dua mo hinh mlu lam ca sd cho cac trudng dai hpc xay dyng va hoan thien lai mo hinh to chirc va quan tri cua minh
Thu hq.i, dieu chinh cac quy dinh phap ly,
the che dl day manh phan cap, phan quyen den cac khoa, bp mon tao cho cac don vi co vi tri tuong doi doc lap ca cau to ehuc ciia cac trudng Can co nhin nhan day dii hon ve vai tro, vi tri cua giang vien cac trudng de tu dua cac quy dinh hgp ly doi vdi dpi ngu giang vien nham khuyen khieh tao dong lye cho dpi ngO giang day, nghien cuu
Thii ba, nghien ciiu thay doi quy trinh giang
day theo hudng phat huy sy trao ddi hoc thuat giua sinh vien vdi giang vien, neu can, c6 the tien tdi the che hoa quy trinh dao tao dai hpc, yeu cau giang vien phai co so gid gap ga sinh vien theo mot ty le nhat dinh ciia thdi lugng mon hpc
Thii tu, ho trg cac dai hpc ap dung cong nghe
thong tin to ehuc, quan ly dao tao Ha tang cong nghe hien cua Viet Nam cho phep cac trudng dai hge co the ap dung mo hinh ung diing cong nghe thong tin cua cac nude tien tien: thiet lap he thong ca sd dir lieu dien tu (gom ca dir heu quan ly va dir heu hge thuat); su dung he thong ICT va dir lieu dien tir lam phuang tien chu yeu cho giao tiep (ngoai gid giang) giira cac doi tugng lien quan
2 - Phat trien doi ngii giang vien ngang tam khu vuc va the gidi la chien luwc cd y nghia quyet djnh doi vdi su phat trien ciia giao due dai hoc
Chien luge phat trien doi ngii giang vien ngang tam khu vyc va the gidi co y nghia quyet dinh den sy phat trien ciia giao due dai hoc Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap Chien luge CO the bao gom nhirng uu tien chinh la: (1) Tich eye dao tao doi ngu giang vien thong qua cu di hge d nude ngoai, (2) Khuyen khieh va tao dieu kien de cac giang vien tham gia cac chuang trinh lien ket dao tao va nghien cuu vdi cac trudng dai hpc nude ngoai, (3) Thu hiit va su dirng ngudi tai lam viec cho cac trudng dai hge, ca quan nghien cuu
Cu can bp di dao tao tai cac ca sd nude ngoai la chien luge lau dai, c6 y nghia het siic
(3)Ngh: ien cuu - Trao ddi Tpp chi C d n g sdn
quan trpng ddi vdi viec phat trien giao due dai hoc Viet Nam Trong thdi gian tdi, thye hien chiin luge chiing ta can can nhae mot so vln dl sau: (1) D I co dugc dpi ngu giang vien dat trinh dp qudc te, can gidi han pham vi dao tao tai^ cac trudng Top 200 cua the gidi; (2) Doi vdi cac de an dao tao can bp d nude ngoai bang ngan sach nha nude, can giai quyet tot hon khau tuyen chpn, nhat la doi vdi doi tugng dao tao tien si va chii y dua nhirng chinh sach hgp ly hon viec bao dam dieu kien hpc tap, nghien ciru cho luu hpc sinh; (3) Cho phep va khuyen khieh cac nghien cuu sinh ty dm kiem co hoi tu phat trien them thong qua cac CO hoi nghien ciru, giang day sau tien si tai cac trudng hang dau d tren Dpi ngu giang vien se la cau noi cac co sd dao tao nude vdi cac ca sd dao tao co uy tin tren the gidi, tu se phat trien them cac chuang trinh hen ket qudc te ,,,.•• , ','^
Dao tao dpi ngir giang vien thong qua sy tham gia ciia hp (theo nhieu each khac nhau) vao nhirng chuang trinh dao tao, nghien ciiu c6 sy tham gia, ho trg ciia doi tac nude ngoai (sau day ggi chung la cac chuang trinh lien ket qudc te) Hinh thuc dugc gpi la "hpc qua cong viec" (Learning by doing) Mac dau tac dong cua hinh thirc c6 the Idn nhung khong phai trudng dai hpc nao ciing c6 dii vi the, uy tin va nang luc de cd nhieu chuang trinh lien ket, thong qua thye hien nang cao nang luc dpi ngii Thuc tien thye hien cac chuang trinh lien ket quoc te d mot so trudng dai hpc Idn d Viet Nam vira qua cho thay: (1) Muc tieu dao tao dpi ngii giang vien thong qua "Learning by doing" cac chuang trinh lien ket quoc tl doi hoi phai co sy chu dong, tich eye cua cac trudng dai hpc Viet Nam va ciia ban than nhirng can bp, giang vien tham gia nhirng chuong trinh nay; (2) Phai co sy dau tu nguon nhan lye va tai chinh cho thye hien muc tieu nay; (3) Tao moi trudng, dieu kien thuan Igi de dpi ngQ giang vien "co dat dung v6" sau qua trinh dao tao hay sau nhirng chuang trinh lien kit qudc tl ket thiic Bp GD va DT c6 thi tac dgng din qua trinh thon^ qua dinh hudng khuyin khieh hgp tac quoc te giua cac trudng dai hge cua Viet Nam vdi cac doi tac nude ngoai D6na thdi
khuyen khieh cac trudng dai hpc Viet Nam nghien euu tiep nhan ehuyen giao cdng nghe dao tao tu cac trudng dai hpc nude ngoai
Viec thu hut va su dyng nhan tai, tir gdc quan ly nha nude, khong the cd sy uu dai dac biet danh cho nhirng ngudi cd trinh dp cao vi uu dai dd se tao sy phan biet dai ngp, de CO nguy CO phan tac dung ddi vdi phat trien hoc thuat Bd GD va DT co thi chi dao thue hien thi diem, tien tdi the che hda viec lap va van hanh mot mang ludi trung tdm nghien ciiu xudt
sdc (center of excellence) thude cac trudng dai
hpc Mang ludi trung tam dugc dau tu tot ve CO sd vat chat, dieu kien lam viec, chinh sach nhan sy, co chl quan ly va la noi quy tu nhirng can bp khoa hpc c6 trinh dp cao, thye hien cac hoat dong nghien cuu co cMt lugng, thiic day hgp tac hpc thuat quoc te vdi nude ngoai Nhirng trung tam se cd anh hudng lan toa tich eye doi vdi cac bp phan khac cac trudng dai hpc
3 - Day manh ho tro* quoc te cd the giiip huy dong nguon lut can thiet de tao mot so khau dot pha cai each giao due dai hoc Viet Nam
Lam the nao de huy dong ngudn luc dau tu cho giao due dai hpc la mot van dl Idn Mac dau, ngan sach dau tu cho giao due dai hpc tang lien tuc thdi gian qua Tuy nhien, vl lau dai, kinh phi tu ngan sach nha nude se giam va CO the chl chiem 1/3 tdng ngudn thu ciia cac trudng dai hpc cong lap d Viet Nam Ngudn thu chu yiu tir hpc phi khong thi dap irng dugc nhu cau phat trien, nhat la nhu clu vl dao tao va phat trien nguon nhan lye, vl dlu tu co sd vat chat, trang thiltbi, ca sd dir lieu hpc thuat Vi the,jranh thu ho trg ky thuat va tai chinh qudc te van la hudng di quan trpng, cd the giup tao nhirng budc dot pha quan trpng giao due dai hpc Viet Nam
Bp GD va DT tiep tuc ddng vai tro tich cue xay dyng va dam phan cac du an hd trg ky thuat, tai ehinh quy mo idn Dy an Giao due dai hpc cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) la mdt vi du tieu bieu viec tranh thii hd trg qudc tl a
(4)Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T a p c h i C d n g s d n
quy mo Idn cho cai each giao due dai hpc Viet Nam Ben canh WB, Viet Nam co thi tranh thii ho trg ky thuat, tai chinh cua nhiiu nha tai trg khac nhu SIDA, JICA, ADB, EU va cac quy thuc day van hoa giao dire cua cac nude Mot dieu chac chan la cac dgng thai huy dgng tai trg de dau tu cho giao due se dugc cac td ehuc quoc te va cac nude iing ho vi phat trien giao due da trd mot nhirng uu tien chinh sach ho trg phat trien cua nhieu nude
Vi the, Bg GD va DT dong vai tro quan trgng va can chu dgng han trong: (1) Xac dinh uu tien hgp tac; (2) Tiep xiic va xay dung quan he vdi cac nha tai trg; (3) Xay dyng va dam phan cac du an kha thi quy mo Idn, tap trung vao mot so uu tien phat trien quan trgng Dii tiem nang huy dgng ho trg quoc te Idn nhung cac to chirc tai trg se khong ty den vdi Viet Nam Vi the cua Bg GD va DT vdi tu each la ca quan quan ly vl mo va hoach dinh chinh sach phat trien giao due Viet Nam cho phep Bg tiep can vdi cac nha tai trg Idn, xuc tien dam phan cac dy an cq quy mo Idn, tao mot so dot pha cho phat trien giao due dai hge
Ve phia cac trudng dai hge, nghien ciiu tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao tir cac trudng dai hge ciia cac nude c6 nen giao due tien tien la mot nhihig hudng di quan trgng giiip nang cao nang lye cua he thong giao diac dai hge Viet Nam Trong thdi gian qua, viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao (bao gom noi dung chuang trinh dao tao, to ehuc quan ly dao tao, bao dam chat lugng dao tao, phuang phap dao tao ) da dugc thuc hien qua nhieu hinh thuc khac nhu: (1) Thong qua cac chuong trinh lien ket vdi nude ngoai; (2) Thuc hien chuang trinh dao tao tien tien theo De an cua Chinh phii; (3) Khao sat, trao doi, hge tap kinh nghiem Doi vdi hinh thirc thir nhat, viec thye hien ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao co the dugc dien dudi hinh thuc ty giac va ty phat Trong cac chuang trinh lien ket dao tao vdi nude ngoai, mac dau, muc tieu ehuyen giao cong nghe ve dao tao luon dugc dat nhung tren thuc te muc tieu khong dugc quan tam diing mirc Viec ehuyen giao cong nghe ve dao tao du co muc tieu nhung thieu ke hoach va cac nguon luc (nhat la nguon nhan
lye) de thye hien Doi vdi hinh thuc thir hai, c6 the noi chuang trinh dao tao tien tien la hudng di dung cua Chinh phu thdi gian qua nham ho trg cac trudng dai hge nang cao nang lye dao tao theo chuan ciia cac trudng dai hge cua cac nude tien tien Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay viec tiep nhan ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao ciing nhieu han che nang lye noi tai ciia cac trudng dai hpc va thien chi cua phia cac trudng doi tac nude ngoai Mat khac, cac trudng mdi quan tam den tiep nhan noi dung chuang trinh dao tao ma chua quan tam den tiep nhan cong nghe to ehuc quan ly dao tao, day lai la diem yeu cua he thong giao due dai hge Da den thdi diem Bp GD va DT can co nghien cuu danh gia mot each khach quan ve cac chuang trinh lien ket dao tao vdi cac trudng dai hge nude ngoai d Viet Nam, nghien cuu danh gia day du ve chuang trinh tien tien de co dieu chinh hgp ly nham nang cao hieu qua cua cac chuang trinh nay, nhat la viec ehuyen giao cong nghe dao tao, viec chia se nguon lye giira cac trudng
4 - Dao tao dap iing yeu cau ciia xa hoi la mot chien linyc quan
Yeu cau ve nguon nhan luc het sire da dang va thay doi theo thdi gian Vi vay, he thong giao due dai hoc chi c6 the bao dam tao nhirng san pham dao tao dap irng tot nhirng yeu cau chii yeu, cot loi Sinh vien tot nghiep dai hge se phai trai qua mot thai gian nhat dinh de ehuyen doi tir nhirng kien thuc, ky nang ca ban da dugc trang bj nhiing kinh nghiem^ ky nang tac nghiep cu the Qua trinh ehuyen doi thudng dugc ho trg bdi cac no luc dao tao bo sung tai cac ca sd su dung nhan lye Dieu quan trgng la, neu sinh vien dugc dao tao de dap ung tot dugc nhirng yeu cau cot loi thi hg se c6 kha nang thich nghi nhanh chong vdi yeu cau cua cong viec cu the Khong c6 trudng dai hge nao tren the gidi co the trang bi cho sinh vien mpi thu ma nod su dung lao dgng yeu cau Yeu cau xa hoi nen dugc lam ro idiong chi gidi han d cac doanh nghiep Tuy theo doi tugng va ehuyen nganh dao tao, dap irng yeu cau xa hoi d day gom ca yeu cau ve su dung va phat trien nguon nhan luc cac to ehuc chinh tri xa hoi, co
(5)Nghien cuu - Trao ddi T^p chi C d n g s ^ "
quan hanh chinh nha nude, cac don vi su nghiep
Mot kho khan co ban cua dao tao dap iing yeu cau xa hoi xult phat tir thye te la cau ve dao tao dai hge nhiiu hon kha nang cung ciia cac trudng Ben canh do, du c6 sy du thira cue bp d mot so dia ban trpng diem, nguon cung cua cae trudng nho hon nhieu cau cua thi trudng lao dong Do do, mot so truong dai hgcdao tao khong dap iing dugc yeu cau nhung van c6 the tdn tai, phat triin ma khong bi dao thai nhu thye te d nhieu nude tien tien
Vi "sue ep thi trudng" khdng du mqnh,
cau Idn hon cung nin cdc ca sd ddo tqo khdng chiu dp luc thay ddi, cdi cdch Khi sue ep thi trudng khdng dii mqnh - mot dang ciia that hqi thi trudng - thi cdn cd sue ep hdnh chinh du mqnh tit phia ca quan qudn ly nhd nude vigido due Dieu dat cau hoi Idn la lam the nao
de tang "sue ep hanh chinh" van de nhung van bao dam tiep tuc ehu truong tang cudng tu chii dai hpc?
Vdi each dat van de nhu tren, xay dyng va cai thien thong tin thi trudng lao dong c6 the coi la mot trgng tam chien luge phat trien Ve phia cac trudng dai hge, thuc hien dieu tra sinh vien tot nghiep vong nam trudng, cong bo ket qua dieu tra rong rai, dua ket qua dieu tra vao thong tin tuyen sinh la nhimg budc di can thiet Thdng tin se giup thi sinh chpn lya trudng dai hpc de tham gia thi tuyen/dy myen Dong thdi, ket qua ciing se la dau vao tryc tiep de cac trudng dai hpc ty danh gia mirc dp dap irng yeu cau xa hoi ciia trudng Ve phia Bg GD va DT, c6 the can nhae mot so ho trg sau:
Thu nhdt, the che hda dieu tra sinh vien tot
nghiep, coi day la yeu cau bat huge cho tat ea cac trudng; quy dinh chung ve khung philu diiu tra (c6 \hi 60% Bg GD va DT quy dinh; 40% cau hdi cac trudng xay dyng); quy dinh thdi gian, quy trinh dieu tra; quy dinh ve each thuc thu thap thong tin, xu ly kit qua; quy dinh ve cac bieu mau can tdng hgp; quy dinh ve each thirc cong bo thong tin
Thu hai, trpng tam dieu tra nhin manh vao
thdi gian tim viec; muc dp phu hgp cua cong viec vdi ehuyen nganh dao tao; muc dp dap ung cac yeu clu cu the cua cong viec Co the di sau
han bIng viec dua mdt sd "gidi ban san" cho mdt sd chl tieu co ban, trudng dai hpc nao khdng vugt qua dugc nhirng "gidi han san" se phai chiu cIt giam ngan sach, tham chi sap nhap, giai the
Thu ba, tren ca sd dieu tra cua cac trudng,
Bp GD va DT se tiin hanh tdng hgp de tao ca sd dir heu qudc gia ve dieu tta sinh vien tot nghiep He ca sd dir heu se cung cap thong tin quan trpng cho thi trudng lao ddng, la nguon tham khao cho tiii suih (trong quyet dinh chgn trudng), cho cac trudng (trong ty danh gia), cho Bp GD va DT (trong hoach dinh ehinh sach)
Xay dung cong tac dy bao nhu cau nhan luc se la uu tien chiin luge Ve nguyen tac, viec du bao nhu cau nhan lye van dugc thye hien theo nhiiu each khac thdi gian qua Tuy nhien, cong tac nghien ciru dy bao chua phat huy dugc tac dung can thiet, chua bao dam dugc vai tro cung cap thdng tin cho thi trudng lao dong Viec xay dyng trung tam nghien euu dy bao nhan lye quoc gia phu hgp vdi dinh hudng chien luge Viec nghien ciru va dir bao nhu cau nhan lye can dugc thye hien ca nude, cho cae khu vyc, virng dia ly, va dia phuang (c6 the diing lai d cap tinh) Nhiem vu nghien ciiu, cung cap thong tin d cap dia phuang theo yeu cau cua trung tam nen dugc giao cho cac sd, cac phdng giao due tai dia phuong De bao dam thong nhat, trung tam Cling nen la noi phu trach cong tac quan ly nha nude ve dieu tra sinh vien tdt nghiep ciia cac trudng dai hpc
Cai each giao due dai hpc dieu kien cu the cua Viet Nam la qua trinh dau tranh Uong mau thuan giira "cai mdi tiin bp" va "cai cii lac hau" Tir goe dp quan ly^ se khdng thi hy vgng lap tire thay ddi de cho "cai mdi tiin bg" chiem vi tri Uiyet ddi Diiu quan trgng la tao dieu kien de cho "cai mdi tien bd" dugc phat trien, dugc lan tda, dan din thay thi "cai cii lac hau"
Qua trinh cai each can cd nhung dot pha, nhirng "cii hich" tao da cho sy phat triin Qua trinh ddi hdi tang cudng vai trd quan ly nha nude ve giao due dai hge theo each tiip can mod cua kinh te thi trudng Qua trinh ciing doi hoi cd nhimg ngudi dam nghi, dam lam va tam huyet •