Tang cUdng eac bien p h a p thuc day qua trinh chuyen dd'i sang nen kinh te thi trUdng de ddng tien dUdc tU do chuyen ddi, hoan thien the che kinh te thi trUdng, tU dd ed dieu kien [r]
(1)20 SO 04-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
/ v '
BAN PHA CIA VA CHONG BAN PHA CIA
6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
Ths N g u y e n Tien Hiing
Vien Dai hoc Md Hd Noi
K e t u n a m 0 , k h i td'e hdi n h a p k i n h t e qud'e te cua Viet N a m t a n g n h a n h , b a n p h a gia va ehd'ng b a n p h a gia da dUdc n h i e u d o a n h n g h i e p , n h a q u a n ly, n h a k h o a hoc q u a n t a m Bai vie't n a y by vong he thd'ng hoa n h U n g va'n de cd b a n ve b a n p h a gia, ehd'ng b a n p h a gia, t i n h h i n h b a n p h a gia t r e n t h e gidi va Viet N a m h i e n n a y , tU dd de xua't mdt so' bien p h a p ifng phd vdi cac vu kien b a n p h a gia va ehd'ng b a n p h a gia d Viet N a m
1 NhiJng v a n d e cd b a n v e b a n p h a gia v a c h o n g b a n p h a gia
Theo dieu khoan ehd'ng ban pha gia A D ? (Anti D u m p i n g Provision) eiia WTO, "Pha gia nghia la san pham dUdc dUa ban d mdt nUdc vdi mUc gia t h a p hdn gia tri thdng thUdng ciia nd va san pham dUdc xem la b a n p h a gia, neu gia xua't k h a u cua nd tha'p hdn gia cua san p h a m tUdng tii dUdc tieu t h u t r e n thi trUdng ndi dia dieu kien budn b a n thdng thUdng" Theo do, mdt cdng ty nUdc ngoai bi khieu kien b a n pha gia h a n g xua't k h a u vao mdt qud'e gia ndi dia neu:
Mot Id, gia xua't k h a u tha'p hdn gia
ban h a n g boa dd d thi trUdng ndi dia
Hai Id, gia x u a t k h a u tha'p hdn chi
phi san xuat
Ba Id, gia xuat khau thap hdn gia ciia
hang boa dd vao thi trUdng mdt nUdc khac Cung theo dieu khoan ADP, WTO cho phep ap dung cac bien phap ehdng ban
pha gia, ehd'ng trd cap va cac bien phap tii ve; cac nUdc b a n h a n h Luat ehd'ng ban pha gia cua minh L u a t ehd'ng ban pha gia dUdc thdng qua n h a m ngan can viec cac n h a san xuat ban pha gia san pham ciia minh tren thi trUdng nUdc va nUdc ngoai vdi mUc gia tha'p mdt each khdng binh thudng Luat ehd'ng ban pha gia dau tien cua My dUdc thdng qua la ket qua vien r a ddi vdi viec DUc ban pha gia Chien t r a n h the gidi thif nha't NhUng luat ehd'ng ban pha gia khdng dUde sif dung nhieu trUdc nhiing nam 1970 Sau dd, chiing mdi dUdc ap dung phd bien Chd'ng ban pha gia gin lien vdi boat ddng n h a p k h a u eiia doanh nghiep
2 T i n h h i n h b a n p h a gia v a c h o n g b a n p h a g i a t r e n t h e gidi v a V i e t N a m h i e n n a y
a) Ban phd gid vd chd'ng hdn phd gid tren the gidi
(2)CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2009 21
Trong thang dau nam 2008 sd lUdng bao cao khdi kien cao nha't la cua Thd Nhi Ky - 13 bao cao; thU hai la My - 12; sau dd la An Do - 11; Argentina - 10; EU - 10; Brazil - 7; Han Qud'e, AustraUa va Colombia mdi nUdc 4; Ukraine - 3; Trung Qudc - 2; Canada, Chile, Indonesia, Israel va Nam Phi mdi nUdc 1,
Ddi tUdng ciia cac vu kien ban pha gia thudng xuyen nha't la T r u n g Qud'e vdi gan niia sd vu (37 vu) Cac vu khdi to' t h a n g dau n a m 2008 ve h a n g boa xua't k h a u cua T r u n g Qud'e gia t a n g 76% so vdi 21 vu dieu t r a mdi ciing ky nam 2007 DUng thU la Thai Lan - vu; EU va Indonesia - vu; H a n Quo'c, Malaysia, Dai Loan mdi qudc gia vung lanh thd - vu; Viet N a m - vu; Brazil, Canada, An Do, My mdi nUde vu; Argentina, Mondova, New Zealand, Na Uy, Peru, N a m Phi, Sri L a n k a va Thd Nhi Ky, mdi nUde vu
Cac vu dieu t r a chd'ng ban pha gia lien quan nhieu tdi eac m a t h a n g kim loai (21 vu), det (20), boa chat (10)
Trong t h a n g dau nam 2008 sd bien phap ap dung chd'ng ban pha gia mdi cao nha't la An Do 16 bien phap (vUdt 78% cung ky nam 2007 vdi bien phap) Tiep theo la EU - bien phap; Indonesia - 5; Argentina, Trung Qudc va Ukraine, mdi nUdc 4: Brazil va Xam Phi, mdi nude 3, Ai Cap, Han Qud'e va My, mdi nUdc 2; Canada -
Nhu vay, Viet Nam chUa cd vu khdi kien cdng ty nUdc ngoai nao ban pha gia tren thi trUdng Viet Nam
b) Ban phd gid vd chong ban phd gid d Viet Nam hien
* Ve bdn phd gid: Viet Nam khdng
thudc nhom qudc gia bi kien ban pha gia nhieu nha't tren the gidi Tinh tdi thdi diem 30/6/2008 Viet Nam da va dang do'i phd vdi 27 vu kien ban pha gia, dd cao nha't la nam 2004 va 2005, mdi nam ed vu; nam 2002 va 2008, mdi nam vu; nam 2006 va 2007 mdi nam vu; cac nam 1997, 1999, 2000 mdi nam vu
Nam So'vu
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 •AW i
2008'
lYiing 27 (*) So lieu nam 2008 tinh den 30/6
Cac san p h a m ciia Viet Nam bi kien ban pha gia la tdi, giay dep, bdt ngot, ca tra, ea basa, b a t liia gas, tdm, xe dap, den h u y n h quang, bdt san, dxit kem, chd't cai b a n g thep khdng gi Da sd' cac vu kien ket luan ban p h a gia deu bi ap dat mUe t h u e chd'ng b a n pha gia kha cao Canada kien Viet Nam vu lien quan tdi giay dep va tdi Thue chd'ng ban pha gia ap dung dd'i vdi tdi ciia Viet Nam la 1,48 CAD/kg EU kien Viet Nam ve giay dep, bdt ngot, xe dap, den huynh quang, giay - mii da, chd't cai bang kem MUc t h u e chd'ng ban pha gia ddi vdi bdt ngot la 16,8" EU da khdng (tanh t h u e ehd'ng ban pha gia dd'i vdi mat h a n g giay dep ciia Viet Nam vi td'e (to t a n g trUdng x u a t k h a u mat h a n g nav ciia Viet Nam t h a p hdn cac qud'e
gia khac la Trung Qudc, Indonesia va Thai Lan Ba Lan kien Viet Xam ve bat Ilia gas, vdi mUc thue chd'ng ban pha gia la 0,09 EUR/chiee Hoa Ky kien Viet Nam ve ca tra va ca basa tdm vdi thue ehd'ng ban pha gia ap dat tU :^.S - 64"
Vu kien Viet Nam ban pha gia ca tra va ca basa eua Hoa Ky tU ^ - 2002 da dUde xii ly, phan thang thudc ve Hoa Ky
(3)•^2 SO 04-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
thay ddi tem dan de p h a n biet ca ciia Viet Nam vdi ea cua Hoa Ky
Mdt nhUng ly dan tdi cac phan quyet m a n g t i n h ap dat la Viet Nam ky cam ket gia n h a p WTO phai chap n h a n nen kinh te phi thi trUdng vdng 12 n a m (tUe la bet 31/12/2018) PhUdng p h a p nen kinh te phi thi trUdng lan d a u tien dUdc ap dung nam 1967 dd'i vdi Ba Lan nUde gia n h a p GATT Cac quo'c gia nhU Hoa Ky, EU luat chd'ng b a n pha gia cd quy dinh rieng each ap dung va tieu ehuan d a n h gia nen kinh te, doanh nghiep van h a n h theo cd che thi trUdng Ngay ca mdt so nen kinh te' dUde coi la p h a t trien cung khd dap Ung dUde cac tieu ehuan cua Hoa Ky va EU vi cac nUde la p h a t trien nhUng van tdn tai thUdng mai n h a nUde; kiem soat gia cac mat h a n g chii liic, ddng ndi te khdng hoan toan cd k h a n a n g chuyen ddi; khdng hoan toan tii tuyen dung, di chuyen va sa t h a i lao ddng Luat ehdng ban pha gia ciia Hoa Ky va EU quy dinh khdng sii dung chi phi san xuat va gia eiia nUde xuat k h a u (ed nen kinh te phi thi trUdng) ma sii dung ehi phi san xua't va gia eiia nUde thU ba cd nen kinh te thi trUdng dUdc liia chon thay the Ket qua la gia san p h a m tai thi trUdng ciia nUdc xua't k h a u (ed nen kinh te phi thi trUdng) thUdng dUdc dinh gia cao bdn nhieu gia thiic te, dd bi ket luan la ban pha gia va ap dat t h u e ehd'ng ban pha gia cao
Nen kinh te thi trUdng (ciia nUdc thii ba) dUdc chon t h a y t h e thUdng la nen kinh te p h a t trien hdn so vdi nUde ed nen kinh te phi thi trifdng Mat khac, cac vu kien ban pha gia thudng dUdc xet xU bdi toa an qudc gia ben nguyen ddn can cU luat chd'ng ban pha gia cua ben nguyen ddn
Vi du, nam 2004, tdng thu n h a p qudc gia/dau ngUdi theo silc mua tUdng dUdng (PPP) ciia Viet Nam la 2.700 USD nhUng ciia Mexico (nUdc thU ba
t h a y t h e cho Viet N a m vu EU kien b a n p h a gia xe dap) la 9.640 USD; eiia Brazil (trong vu EU kien giay, mii da) la 7.940 USD; Bd ThUdng mai My (ODC) ap d a t chi phi lao ddng d Viet Xam b a n g gia tri hdi quy mUc lUdng va t h u n h a p cua n h i e u nen kinh te thi trUdng dd bao gom ca cac nen kinh te h a n g d a u t h e gidi n h u Thuy Sy, Hoa Ky, Anh va C a n a d a
T h a m ehi ca hai nUdc cd nen kinh te tUdng ddng (tren khia canh t h u n h a p qud'e gia/dau ngUdi) nhUng sii khac biet ve phUdng thUc va dieu kien san xuat cung d a n tdi ehi phi san xuat va gia cao hdn (Bangladesh, nUdc dUde chon t h a y the cho Viet N a m vu My kien ca tra, ea b a s a va tdm, khdng ed dieu kien tii nhien t h u a n Idi nhu Viet Nam ve nudi, trdng, che bien thuy san, nen ehi phi san xua't ca va tdm cao hdn r a t nhieu)
Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep xua't khau Viet Nam da so la doanh nghiep vUa va nhd hen viec nam bat, xii ly thdng tin rat ban che; viec bao cao day dii, kip thdi cac thdng tin toa yeu cau cung la mdt va'n de chUa dUdc dap Ung td't
* Ve chong bdn phd gid
Nhu tren da de cap, den Viet Nam ehUa khdi kien cdng ty nUde ngoai nao ban pha gia tren thi trUdng Viet Nam Thdi gian vUa qua Viet Nam ap dung kha chat che mdt so'bien phap nham ban che dinh lUdng ca'm n h a p khau, ban ngach, giay phep n h a p khau; quyen kinh doanh nhap khau, da md rong nhUng thiie te cung ehUa til hoa day dii; trinh nen kinh te edn tha'p nen hang boa nhap k h a u vao Viet Nam ed dUde ban pha gia ciing khd gay thiet hai Idn cho san xuat h a n g boa tUdng tii nUdc
(4)CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2009 23
tri t h a p hdn "gia thdng thUdng" Viet Xam d a n g tiep tue xay dung khuon khd phap l u a t va the che hoan chinh de thiic thi cac bien p h a p ehd'ng ban pha gia, chd'ng trd ca'p P h a p lenh ve cac bien phap t u ve da dUde Uy ban ThUdng vu Qud'e hdi thdng qua 25/5/2002; Phap lenh ehd'ng b a n pha gia h a n g boa nhap k h a u vao Viet N a m so 20-2004-P L - U B T V Q H l l 29/04/2004; 20-2004-P h a p lenh chd'ng trd ca'p h a n g hoa n h a p k h a u vao Viet N a m sd 22-2bo4-PL-U B T V Q H l l 20/8/2004 Nghi dinh sd 90/2005 11/7/2005 cua Chinh phu quy dinh ehi tiet thi h a n h mot so dieu ciia p h a p lenh ehd'ng ban pha gia h a n g hda n h a p k h a u vao Viet Nam
3 Mot so b i e n p h a p vfng p h o v6i c a c v u k i e n b a n p h a gia v a c h o n g b a n p h a g i a c u a V i e t N a m
a) Ddi vdi bdn phd gid
* Ve phia nhd niidc:
Tang cUdng eac bien p h a p thuc day qua trinh chuyen dd'i sang nen kinh te thi trUdng de ddng tien dUdc tU chuyen ddi, hoan thien the che kinh te thi trUdng, tU dd ed dieu kien tich ciic dam p h a n van ddng tUng dd'i tac sdm thifa n h a n dia vi kinh te thi trUdng eiia Viet Nam
Cd Id trinh, ehUdng trinh cai each boat ddng cua hiep hdi nganh hang; hiep hdi phai trd t h a n h td chUc dai dien cho doanh nghiep viec xU ly cac vu kien t u n g b a n pha gia De trd t h a n h td chUe dai dien doanh nghiep thi can bd quan ly cua hiep hdi phai ed n a n g liic nghiep vu chuyen mdn, hieu biet luat va thdng le qud'e te, cd ngoai ngU, ed nguon thdng tin chinh xac ve thi trUdng, dd'i t h u canh t r a n h , dd'i tac, Muo'n vay hiep hdi nganh hang can ed cd quan dai dien d nUdc ngoai boat ddng diia tren cac nguon kinh phi tii ed, kinh phi eiia cac doanh nghiep va dUdc hd trd mdt phan ciia nha nUde khdng cbi ve kinh phi ma edn Hnb vUc ngOcai giao
Chinh phu can phdi hdp giiia bd nganh de hd trd doanh nghiep ve dinh hudng thi trUdng xua't khau, xay diing hoan thien the che ve phap luat, ve chinh sach thUdng mai qudc te Khi dinh hudng thi trUdng xua't khau can lUu y eac thi trUdng de ed kha nang kien tung; hd trd doanh nghiep ve nguon n h a n lUc am hieu thi trUdng cd nghiep vu quan ly, hieu biet phap luat xua't n h a p khau, hd trd ve ddi ngii luat sU cd trinh giai quyet cac vu t r a n h chap thUdng mai; xay diing he thd'ng canh bao sdm diia vao mang ludi tiiy vien va cd quan nghien eUu thi trUdng de cd cac bien phap kip thdi iing phd
* Ve phia doanh nghiep
Ap dung he thd'ng quan ly cha't lUdng san pham theo tieu ehuan qudc te
Cd Id trinh xay diing, phat trien va quan ly thUdng hieu eua minh tU dd tii minh nang cao sUe canh t r a n h ciia hang hoa, cua doanh nghiep
Tuyen dung, dao tao bdi dUdng nang cao trinh nguon nhan liic hieu biet nghiep vu, phap luat, ngoai ngii
b) Do'i vdi ehdng bdn phd gid
Nha nUdc hoan thien be thdng van ban ve ehdng ban pha gia, hoan thien cd che boat ddng ciia cac td chUc chd'ng ban pha gia; td ehUe kiem tra giam sat cac cdng ty nUdc ngoai ban pha gia tai Viet Nam Hd trd viec phdi hdp boat ddng eua cd quan dai dien d nUdc ngoai viec cung ca'p thdng tin, hUdng d i n de doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau tham gia dieu t r a chd'ng ban pha gia •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1 Phan Huy Dudng • Tao nhieu cd hoi cho cac doanh nghiep nang cao nang lUc xuat khau • Tap chi Cong san so • 2004
2 Phan Huy Duong - Tranh chap va chien tranh thuong mai - Tap chi Cong san so - 2007
3 Phan Huy DUdng - Thay gi qua lam phat dau nAm 2008 • Tap chi Cong san dien tU so - 2008
4 Toan van cam ket cua Viet Nam gia nhap to chirr Thifong mai The gidi - NXB Lao dong Xa hoi
5 http-y/www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08 c/pro 12 ehtrn http://www.wto.org/english/news_ c/piv.-U.s e /pr'):io_e.htm
http-y/www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08 c/pr http://www.wto.org/english/news_ c/piv.-U.