Bài viết trình bày quan hệ Pháp – Trung từ sau chiến tranh thuốc phiện; sự xâm lược của Pháp và Việt Nam và phản ứng của nhà Thanh; thực dân Pháp hoàn thành việc thôn tín Bắc Kỳ và xóa bỏ quyền tôn chủ của Trung Quốc đối với Việt Nam...
NHIN LAI QUAN HE PHAP - VIET NAM TRUNG QUOC QUA CAC BAN HIEP U d C CUOI THE KY XIX v u D l / d N G NINH* T ijf giiia the ky XIX, quan he quoe te giiia nddc Phap vdi Viet Nam va Trung Quoe trci nen rfi't phdc tap Nguon goc cd ban Id sd tranh chd'p Viet Nam gida mot de qude thdc dan phddng tay vdi mot de che phong kien phddng Dong Nddc Phap xam Iddc muon bien Viet Nam trd thdnh thuoc dia, nhdng dieu dong cham den "quyen ton chu" ciia Trung Hoa doi vdi quoe gia cl phddng Nam Vdy nen moi mau thuin giiia Phap va Trung Qude ve vd'n de Viet Nam la dieu khong tranh khoi Qua eae ban hiep ddc da ky ket cung nhdng sd bien da xay vao n^a sau th§' ky XDC, chung ta nhin lai moi quan he diy phdc tap d khu vdc Quan he P h a p - T r u n g tii sau Chien tranh Thuoc phien Cuoe Chien tranh Thuoc phien ldn thd nhit Trung Quoe da buoc trieu dinh Man Thanh phai ky vdi Anh ban Hiep ddc Nam Kinh (1842), danh diu bdde diu tien cua mdl quan he b i t binh ddng giiia Trung Quoe vdi cac nddc phddng Tay Theo bdde ehan ciia Anh, nSm 1844, My va Phap cung gay sd, buoc chinh quyen Man Thanh phai ky Hiep ddc Vong Ha vdi My vd Hi$p ddc 'GS D^i hoc Quoe gia Rk Noi ,;ay Hoang Pho" vdi Phap Ngoai nhiing quyen ldi dddc hdcing nhd ngddi Anh ve vi^c td buon ban ci eifa bien (Quang Chau, Phuc Chau, Ninh Ba, Ha Mon, Thddng Hai), dddc thoa thudn ve mdc thue xuit nhap khiu, hdcing quyen lanh sd tdi phan, Phap eon doi them quyen td truyen dao v i tim each m6 ddcfng buon ban xuong vung Hoa Nam Cac nddc chau Au khae cdng gay siic 6p buoc Bic Kinh phai lin Iddt ky hiep Ude vdi Bi, Thuy Dien, Na Uy, Nga, Bo Ddo Nha Td ndm 1856 den 1860, lien quan Anh Phap dddc Nga va My ho trd da gay euoc Chien tranh Thuoc phien lin thd hai Quan xam Idde t i n cong Quang Chau, tien len Thien Tan, doa danh thang vdo Bdc Kinh buoc trieu dinh phai ky Hiep ddc Thien Tan (1857) md them nhieu eiia khiu cho nddc ngoii vdo buon ban Diu ndm 1860, 18 ng^n quan Anh v i ngin quan Phap dieu t i u chien danh pha eae e^a bien Dai Co, Thien Tan roi dda quan tien thdng vao Bdc ICinh Nha vua Ham Phong bo chay khoi kinh do, trieu dinh phai ky Hiep ddc Bie Kinh (1860) md them cang Thien Tan, md rong nhiidng dia Rghien cdu Lich sir s6 8.2010 cho Anh va Phap cl Ciiu Long v i Hddng Cang, boi thddng chien phi cho moi nddc trieu lang bac Den luc ndy, cac hiep ddc da ky ket d i y Trung Quoe id mot de che phong Iden td chu rdi " i o dia vi phu thuoc, chii quyen hi xam pham, nhieu quyen ldi thddng mai va quan thue rdi vdo tay td ban phddng tay Sii x a m l\idc ciia P h a p v a o Viet N a m va p h a n iing c u a n h a T h a n h Cung thdi gian do, nam 1858 thdc dan Phap md cuoe tien cong Da Ning, khdi d i u qua trinh xam Iddc Viet Nam Bon nam sau, Trieu (finh Hue ky Hiep Udc Nhdm Tudt (1862), nhddng eho Phap ba tinh mien dong Nam Ky (Gia Dinh, Dinh Tddng, Bien Hoa vd dao Con Ldn) Nam 1867, quan Phap danh chiem ba tinh mien tay Nam Ky Id Vinh Long, An Giang va Ha Tien The la chda d i y mddi ndm ke tii bo len Da Ning, toan bo Nam Ky rdi vao tay thdc dan Phap Vio d i u nhiing n a m 70, thdc dan Phap bat d i u tien h a n h t h a m roi tim each l i n ehiem Bie Ky Thang 11-1873, t h a n h Ha Noi bi t h i t thii ( l i n t h d n h i t ) , quan Phap md rong viec danh ehiem cac tinh dong bang song Hong (Hai Dddng, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh) Do gap phai sdc cho'ng cd cua nhan dan cie tinh, lai chda dddc chinh phu Paris tan t h a n h vi Phap bi thua cuoc chien t r a n h vdi Ddc (1870-1871) nen chinh quyen P h a p d Nam Ky phai thoa thudn vdi trieu dinh Hue tra lai cae tinh mdi chiem nhdng v i n nuoi y xam Iddc Bic Ky Viec Phap tien chiem Bic Ky gap phan dng td trieu dinh Man Thanh vi Trung Quoe v i n eoi Viet Nam la "thuoc quo'c" cua ho Sd x u i t hien doi quan td phddng Tay tdi, mot mat co the gay tinh trang m i t an ninh d phia Nam Trung Quo'c, mat khac de doa "quyen ton chii" cua Bic Kinh doi vdi nddc Nam Cho nen mau t h u i n gida P h i p vd Trung Quo'c ve v i n de Bic Ky b i t d i u x u i t hien Ve phia P h i p , mac d i u da buoc nhd Thanh phai ky mot so' hiep ddc b i t binh d i n g d Trung Quo'c n h d n g chda dddc sd c h i p thudn tii Pari nen chiia r a tay ma vdn dung bien phap ngoai giao de doi Trung Quo'c phai lui bdde d Bic Ky Giiia nam 1873, t h d cvia Thd'ng doe Nam Ky la Do do'c Duypre (Duprd) giii Tong doc Quang Dong va Quang Tay eo viet: "Quyen ldi ciia nddc Phap g i n chat vdi quyen ldi ciia An Nam Niidc Phap da chia tay vdi nddc (An Nam) thi ciing phai biet dn nddc khac (Trung Quo'c) Vdy toi de nghi ngai Tong doe eho n i t quan linh dang dong tren dd't An Nam eiing n h d Idiong grd them quan tvl Van Nam sang niia de tranh cho quan linh phai xa lang, xa nddc, t r i n h phai h a n h quan v i t va va nguy hiem Dddc sd ddng y ciia chinh phii An Nam, toi cam doan bao ve cd hieu qua sd buon ban va quyen ldi cua Trung Quo'c cung nhd quyen ldi ciia nddc P h i p N h d vdy la khong eo sd hieu l i m nao va tinh hiiu nghi giiia hai vddng quoe An Nam - Trung Quo'c v i n ben viing muon ddi" (1) Do siic dp cua phia P h i p va t h i i nhu nhddc eua trieu dinh Hue, Hiep Udc Gidp Tudt (1874) (2) dddc ky ke't, mang ten "Hiep ddc Hda binh va Lien minh", quy dinh ve vd'n de ehii quyen n h d sau: - "Vua nddc An Nam cong nhdn chii quyen d i y du va tron ven cua nddc Phap tren cac d i t dai nddc i y hien chie'm" (dieu 5) tdc la td r a n h gidi phia n a m tinh Binh Thudn trd vao Nam - "Nddc Phap cong nhdn quyen doc Idp cua vua nddc An Nam khong phai t h i n Rhin lai quan b& Phiip-Vi&t Ram phuc nddc nao, va biia Idii nao vua nddc An Nam c i n se giup dd de danh dep ma giii cuoe tri an nddc chong vdi nddc ngoai de'n xam lang vd pha tan bon cddp dddng q u i y nhieu d mot p h i n bd bien nddc An Nam" (dieu 2) - "Vua nddc Nam chiu y theo ehinh ngoai giao hien hanh Vua nddc An khong dddc Idp vdi mot nddc nao thddng ddc t r i i vdi thiidng ddc Idp vdi Phap hoac khong bao trddc Chinh P h i p " (dieu 3) sach Nam mot nddc phii Nhd vdy, vdi Hiep ddc Giip T u i t 1874, P h i p da chinh thdc hda viee chie'm d i t tijf phia nam Binh ThuSn trd vdo (ke ca ba tinh mien Tay Nam Ky md trddc dd chda ky hiep ddc nhddng d i t ) Ve phia b i c Binh Thudn, chda the thon tinh thi "Nddc P h i p cdng nhdn quyen doe Idp cua vua nddc An Nam Ichdng phai t h i n phuc nddc nao" Va hdn the niia, Phap cdn biia "se giup dd de danh dep m i giii cuoe tri an nddc chong vdi nddc ngoai de'n xam lang" Ro rang la Phap muon n h i m vao doi tddng Idiong dddc goi thang ten tren van Iden, chinh la Trung Hoa trieu dai nha Thanh Tiep theo, "Vua nddc Nam chiu y theo chinh sieh ngoai giao hien hanh" ed nghia Id tiep tue nhiing nhddng bo va le thuoc vdo chinh sieh ngoai giao eua Phap, phai bao trddc cho Phap biet nhiing thddng ddc ky vdi nddc k h i c vd khong dddc ky ke't dieu gi trai ngUdc vdi nhiing dieu da ky vdi Phap Dieu d6 cd nghia la hoan toan tach Viet Nam Ididi "quyen ton chii" ciia Trung Quoe Do chinh la ly Idiie'n cho chinh phu n h a Thanh phan iing dii doi dddc chinh phii Phap thong bao ve Higp ddc 1874 Dai sii Trung Quoe d Phap Tang Ky Trach nhieu l i n td thai phan doi gay g i t de'n Ngoai trddng Phap: "Chinh phu Trung Quo'c khong the b i n g quan ddi vdi nhiing sii viee dien eo the ldm thay doi tinh hinh chinh tri d mot nddc sat Trung Quo'c n h d Vddng quo'c B i c Kj^, mgt nddc den bay gid v i n nhdn i n tin cua H o i n g de Trung Hoa" De d i p tra, Ngoai trddng Phap viet thd tra ldi: "Bit cii mot hdnh dong chd h i u nao eua phia An Nam, b i t cii mot y mudn ton chu nao eua nddc thii ba doi vdi Viet Nam se triic tie'p chong lai quyen ldi ciia nddc Phap" (3) D i u nam 1882, mot l i n n d a Tang Ky Trach giii thd phan Idling de'n Ngoai trddng Phap Gangbetta (Gambetta), dai y la Chinh phu Trung Quo'c Idiong thiia nhdn Hiep ddc nam 1874 vd quyen tdn chii eiia Trung Quo'c doi vdi An Nam cung khong he thay doi du eho nddc Phap thiia nhdn quyen doc Idp cua An Nam Do dd nddc Phap khong the trien Idiai nhiing boat dong eua minh d Bie Ky neu Idiong eo sii thoa thudn eua Trung Qude Vao d i u nhflng n a m 80, tinh hinh nddc Phap da phuc hdi, gidi c i m quyen Phap d i y manh cong cuoe xam Iddc thuoc dia d chau Phi va chau A T h i n g 4-1882, P h i p dda quan Bic Ky d i n h chiem t h i n h H i Noi l i n thii hai Vdi sii e i u eiiu cua trieu dinh Hue, To'ng ddc Liidng Quang l i Tnidng Thu Thanh dang sd len vua Thanh, dai y ' T a nen miidn tie'ng sang danh giae md ddng gid eac tinh thddng du Ddi cd bien thi ta ehiem l i y nhiing tinh d phia b i c song Hong" (4) Trieu dinh lien sai dieu quan td cac tinh Quang Tay vd Van Nam sang Bie Ky cung vdi cie dd dang Thai Binh Thien Quo'c (Cd den, Cd t r i n g , Cd ving ) chd'ng tra quan Phap Thang 11-1882, tai B i c Kinh da d i i n cuoe thddng Iddng giiia Ly Hdng Chddng vdi Cong sd Phap d Trung Qude l i Buare (Bourr6e) Hai ben dong y tam thdi khong Rghien curu Lich siSr sg 8.201Q thao ludn vd'n de quyen ton ehu cua Trung Quo'c v i quyen bao ho eiia P h a p d Bic Ky m i b£i.n vdo nhiing v i n de cu the, di den ban diJ thao hiep ddc, bao gdm nhiJng ndi dung chinh sau day: - Quan doi nhd T h a n h se n i t khdi vimg lanh tho da ehiem ben ngoai bien gidi Van Nam vd Quang Tay Dap lai, phia Phap se tuyen bo' idiong lam b i t ed viee gi chd'ng lai sii v?n t o i n lanh thd eiia vua An Nam - Nude Phap se md eon dddng song Hdng ndi lien Van Nam vdi bien De Idiai t h i e dddng nay, Trung Quo'c chon Lio Cai de dat ed quan t h u thue xud't nhdp k h i u , md ciia h i n g , Idp kho tdng, va hang hda qua day eoi n h d nhap vdo Trung Qude - Hai ben se vach mgt dddng phan gidi song Hdng vd bien gidi Trung Quo'c, vung phia b i c thuge quyen Idem s o i t eua Trung Qude, vung phia Nam thuoc quyen kiem soat cua P h i p (5) Nhd vay, dieu kien khd chdiig lai quan P h i p , Ly Hdng Chddng c h i p nhdn nhQng nhddng bg n h i t dinh nhdm ehia se quyen ldi vdi Phap d Bic Ky, chie'm ta ngan song Hdng Id ndi co nhieu md khoang san, lai giinh dddc ldi ich tjong viec giao thddng v i n h i t Id dddc P h i p mac nhien coi Lao Cai nhd mot p h i n thuge lanh thd Trung Qude Nhdng phan iing eua chinh phu P h i p Giuyn Phery (Jules Ferry) ldm thu tddng ciing n h u Thdng do'c Phap d Nam Ky Le Mia dd Vile (Le Mjnre de Vilers) hodn toan ngUde lai Vdi chu trddng banh trddng thuoc dia tren pham vi the gidi, Phap bae bd ban dii thao, trieu hdi Cong sii Buare vi trddc sau P h i p v i n khong thiia nhdn anh hddng cua Trung Quo'c ddi vdi Bic Ky Ngoai trudng Phap Lacua (Laeour) canh eio Buare: "Tdi co nhiem vu Idiong thiia nhdn b i t cii mgt sii ddn xdp n i o cd gia trj nhu thira nhdn eho Trung Quoe mgt, thii quyen b a n can thi$p ndo dd, hoac se nhddng lai cho Trung Qude mgt sii e i t xdn d i t dai ndo dd nhieu hay it dugc t r a hinh" (6) Bo trudng Hai quan Giordghibery (Jaureguiberry) qua quyet r i n g "Bac K^ cd trien vong trd thdnh mgt p h i n thiet ydii eiia de qude Phap" va chu tnidng chiem cii h o i n t o i n xii (7) Do vdy, ban dii thao ve thoa thudn giiia Buare vdi Ly Hdng ChUdng Idiong dUdc thong qua, Buare bi trieu hdi ve nUdc Thiic d a n P h a p h o a n t h a n h viec t h o n tinh B a c Ky v a x o a bo "quyen ton c h i i " c u a T r u n g Quoe doi vdi Viet Nam Tiep tue theo duo'i chinh sieh thdn tinh hodn todn nUde Nam, thiic dan P h i p tdng cudng vien binh r a B i c Ky, ddng thdi dUa t a u chien v i o eiia T h u a n An de gay siic dp vdi trieu dinh Hue dang h e t siic roi ren sau vua Tii Diie bang hd 17-71883 Trong boi eanh dd, Hiep Udc Quy Miii (1883, phia P h i p ggi l i Hda Udc Harmand) dUdc ky ke't Trieu Nguyen chinh thiic thiia nhdn nen bao ho cua nUde P h i p , de cho Phap kiem s o i t todn bd ehinh sieh ngoai giao eiia Viet Nam Hiep Ude quy dirih nhiing dieu khoan cu the n h i m bie'n dd't nUdc ndy thUe sii thdnh thudc dia eiia chii nghia de quo'c P h i p : Binh Thudn thudc v l Nam Ky, tir Khanh Hda den phia Bie Ddo Ngang thuoc quyen quan ly cua Trieu dirih nhUng ben canh eo mgt Idiam sii ngUdi P h i p dUde tii vao yet Iden n h i vua; ttt phia Bie Ddo Ngang trd ra, moi tinh cd mot cong sii ngUdi Phap co nhi$m vy kiem soat h a n h dong ciia eac quan lai ngUdi Vi?t Quan linh P h a p ehiem ddng ciia Thudn An vd Ddo Ngang Rhin lai quan b& Phhp-Vi^t Ram D i u nam 1884, quan Phap md rong vi^c danh chie'm eac tinh thdnh Bic Ky Nhd Thanh tbd'y ro sii b i t liic eiia minh ve mat quan sii, biet Idiong chong cii ndi phai c i u hod Cuoc ddm p h a n giuta Tdng do'c Tnic L? Ly Hdng ChUdng vdi dai dien chinh phii Phap Id Trung ta hai quan Phuoenie (Fournier) da ke't thiie b i n g viec ky ket Quy Udc Thien Tdn 1884 (11-5-1884 tiie 184 nam Giap Than) mang ten "Quy Udc sd bo ve tinh hiiu nghi va bang giao giiia nUdc Phap va Trung Hoa" (phia P h i p goi l i Hiep Udc Fournier) Ndi dung Quy Udc (8) gdm diem chinh: - Phap biia tdn vd bao hd bien gidi phia nam Trung Qude giap gidi Bie Ky, chong lai sii xam lang cua b i t eii nUdc nao vio b i t eii thdi gian n i o - Phia Trung Qud'c n i t q u i n ddi dang d Bie Ky Ididi bien gidi, ton cac hda Ude da va se ky giiia P h i p vdi nUde Nam - Phap khong ddi hdi phia Trung Qud'c bdi thudng chien phi, song bii lai, Trung Qude phai de cho P h i p buon ban vdi Trung Qude doe bien gidi giip Bie Ky theo quy dinh eua thUdng Ude se ky giiia hai ben - Nude Phap cam ket se Idiong diing mdt cau chii nao l i m thUdng tdn the dien Thanh trieu hda Ude se ky giiia P h i p vdi trieu dinh An Nam ciing nhU xoi bd nhiing cau tUdng tii t i t ca cae hiep udc da ky trUde day - Ba thang sau ky Quy Udc nay, hai ben se bd nhiem nhiing nhd ngoai giao eo todn quyen de Idp mot hoa Ude chinh thiic tren cd sd nhiing dieu khoan tren N h u vdy, b a n Quy Udc sd bp nay, P h a p da dat dUdc nhuing ddi hdi can ban Id: - Trung Quo'c phai n i t quan Ididi Bie Ky vd se buy bd eac hiep Udc da tiing ky vdi Vi?t Nam, cd nghia tii bd "quyen tdn ehu" ddi vdi Viet Nam - P h i p se ldm chii B i c Ky, Idem soat dgc bien gidi Trung - Vi$t v i dUde tii budn ban tren vimg bien gidi TrUdc viee P h i p - T h a n h thoa thudn ve v i n de Bie Ky, n h a Nguyen phai c h i p nhdn viee siia ddi Hi?p Udc Quy Miii (Harmand) Ngay 6-6-1884, nUde P h i p ky vdi trieu dinh Hue ban Hi$p Ude Giip Than 1884 TrUde le ky phia P h i p ddi trieu dinh Hue phai trao lai i n tin eua Trung Hoa Hoang de trieu Thanh da c i p cho Gia Long nam 1803 Dai dien trieu dinh Id Nguyen Van Tudng Ididng de ddng c h i p nhdn ddi hdi ndy, sau ciing phai di den thda thudn Id qua i n se dUde nd'u chay ehii khong giii ve Pari Trieu dinh Hue mang i n bac cua vua Thanh ban eho vua nUde Nam - bieu tUdng "quyen ton ehii" eua n h a T h a n h - de p h i diie t h a n h Ididi bae tnide mat dai di$n Phap Nghi thiic budi l i dUdc ke lai nhU sau: "Den da dinh, moi ngUdi ngdi quanh mot chiec ban phdng tie'p khach ldn cua P h u Kham sii Cude hop r i t ddng ngUdi vi Dd do'c Cuoebe (Courbet) da ct( vao dd mdt sd' si quan eiia dng, eung nhiing si quan cua dpi quan ddng b d6 Tren bdn, ngUdi ta t h i y qua i n ciia Hodng de Trung Hoa: Dd l i mgt khdi bac dat vdng mdi be day 10 em, nang 5,9 kg cai c i n CO hinh mot eon lac d i n i m , tUdng trUng eho sit t h i n phuc NgUdi ta in mgt vai ban m i u ciia d i u i n n i y n g dai sii doe ban mo ta vd ki^m s o i t ^ tren d i u Trong d6, nhiing ngUdi RghiSn ciiu Lich siSr sg 8.2010 d o i n tiiy tiing dat d giiia phdng khach mdt e i i b i Id rdn vd mdt ndi n i u b i n g dd't Npn.tdi ta ddt Id len, vd thdi diem eho nung chay s i p tdi Mgt nhQng ngudi tham du c i m chiee i n v i s i p viit vao Id, thi Patdnot ngan ngUdi dd lai vd quay sang ndi vdi dng thUdng thU: "Hay cdn Idp, chiing ta se giQ lai d i u ndy, v i nd se dUde giii di Pari " n g Idiong tra ldi Ong ghd vdo tai ngUdi phu t i eua ong, rdi lam mot cii chi l i e d i u khong Ung thuan M i y phiit sau, t a n tieh cudi eiing eon sd md dUde cua mdt che b i ehii kdo dai ma Trung Hoa ap dat len dd't nUde An Nam da bie'n m i t , ehi edn lai mgt Ididi bae Idiong eo hinh thii" (9) Dieu eo y nghia bieu trUng viee chinh thQc ket thiic vai trd "Thien t r i e V ciia nhd Thanh ddi vdi nUde Nam Ngay 175 chinh phii Man Thanh tuyen bo phan ddi Phap ve sii kien - cie tinh phia b i c Ninh Binh cd chQc quan Cdng sQ (Tru sQ - Resident) vd phd Cong sQ ngQdi P h i p , t u a n theo menh Ignh cua Kham sQ C i e quan chQc P h i p khong tham gia v i o viec dan sQ cua dia phQdng, nhQng Cong sQ de nghi cich chQc vien quan ngQdi Nam ndo thi phai cich chQc - Ngoii cQa bien Thi Nai (Quy Nhdn) da md, se md them cac eang thong thQdng d Da N i n g (Quang Nam), Xuan Dai (Phu Yen) va cie ndi k h i c xdt t h i y e i n thiet Cie sd thQdng chinh ea nQdc d i u ngQdi Phap n i m nhQng ciia bien thong thQdng, ngQdi Phap va ngQdi ngoai qude dQdc tQ di lai, buon ban, mua ban ddng san v i b i t dong san - NhQng vu t r a n h c h i p , pham toi ciia ngQdi P h i p , ngQdi nQdc ngoii bode ngQdi Nam CO lien quan den ngQdi nQdc ngoii deu chiu sQ x6t xii cua ngQdi P h i p Hiep Udc Gidp Thdn 1884, P h i p goi Id Hiep Udc Patdnot (Patenotre) (10) gdm 19 dieu Idioan Noi dung chii yeii la: - Cac giio si dQdc tii t r u y i n dao v i ngQdi dan dQdc tii theo dao - Nude Nam cong nhdn va c h i p nhdn sU bao hg ciia nUdc P h i p , nUde P h i p thay mat nUde Nam sii giao thiep vdi nUde ngoai v i bao trd ngUdi Nam d nUdc ngodi - NQdc P h i p hQa giup vua An Nam "d?p yen bet giac cQdp d nQdc va ngoai coi" nen se xem xdt nhQng ndi c i n bd' phdng v i dilu quan doi Phap tdi dong giQ - Phia Phap dong quan thUdng xuyen d c i a Thudn An, nUde Nam triet bd cac ddn luy phdng thu hai ben bd song tQ Thudn An v l den Kinh thdnh NhQ vay, vdi ban Hiep Qdc Giap Than 1884, n i n tQ chii cua nQdc Viet Nam hi tQdc bd h i u nhQ todn bo Chii quyin qude gia, quyin ngoai giao, ngoai thQdng, quan sQ, tQ phap d i u chuyen vdo tay thQc dan P h i p - Dia gidi ciia nUde Nam tQ g^iap tinh Bien Hda d Nam Ky den giap tinh Ninh Binh b Bic Ky, cac quan chQc eai tri An Nam vdn giQ nhU cu Dat chQc quan Kham sQ ngQdi P h i p (Tong tru sQ - Resident gdndral) d kinh t h a n h n h i m giup dd viec giao thiep vdi nQdc ngoai Khi ed viee chinh tri c i n thiet, Kham sQ dUdc v i o tnic tie'p t i u trinh nha vua Kham sQ cQ t n i t h i n h Hue, cd linh P h i p bao ve Chien t r a n h Trung - P h a p va Hiep lidc T h i e n T a n n a m 1885 Trong thdi gian nay, cuoc chien d i u ciia nhan dan Viet N a m chdng quan P h i p xam iQdc v i n Idiong ngQng ndi len k h i p ndi Mac d i u ban Quy Qdc P h a p - Thanh da dQdc ky ket, Idii quan P h i p md rgng vi$c chilm dong cie tinh d Bic ky thi v i n gap sQ k h i n g cQ ciia quan Thanh ^ i n lai quan b& Ph6p-ViSt Ram Phia Phap ddi n h i Thanh phai triet thoai lap tQc quan doi khdi Bic Ky, boi thudng 250 tri$u quan t i l n francs Cung thdi gian do, P h a p dilu ham doi md cuoc tien cong vao Phuc Chau, phong toa D i i Loan, chilm dong Banh Hd, md rong cude chien t r a n h Trung - P h a p (tQ t h i n g 91884 den t h i n g 6-1885) Mae d i u quan Phap bi t h u a nang d trdn Lang Sdn (18-31885) nhQng phia Trung Qud'c cung t h i y Ididng the theo dudi cuoe chien tranh, lai bdn ron vi nhQng v i n d l xay d Tay Tang v i Triiu Tien nen tim each hda giai vdi Phap n h i m c h i m dQt chien tranh GiQa luc cuoc chien tranh Trung - P h i p dien quyet li§t, 4-4-1885 tai Pari da tien h a n h cuoc d i m p h i n giQa Kempheo (Campbell - n h a n vien thue quan ngQdi Anh d Bic Kinh dQdc chinh quyin nhd Thanh cQ lam dai dien ciia Trung Qude) vdi Bilo (Billot - Thanh tra chinh tri ciia Bo Ngoai giao Phap) Hai ben lap Bien ban thoa thudn: - Trung Qude c h u i n y ban Quy Qdc Phuoenie va nQde Phap s i n sang thi h a n h ban Quy Qdc - Hai ben lap tQc chd'm dQt cie cude xung dot, nQdc P h i p chd'm dQt viec bao vay dao Ddi Loan - NQdc Phap se cii mot quan chQc c i p cao den Thien Tan bode Bic Kinh de Idp boa Qdc chinh thQc vd dinh triet binh Sau do, quan Trung Quo'c ngQng b i n vd bat d i u r u t khdi B i c Ky, den thang thi h o i n t i t cugc rut quan Theo dilu ciia Bien ban tren, cuoc dam phan giQa mot ben la Dai sQ Phap tai Trung Quo'c Patdnot vd mot ben la Tdng dd'c Tnic Le Ly Hdng ChQdng (cung Tich T r i m , Dang ThQa Tu) da diin tai Thien Tan 9-6-1885 (At Dau) Hai ben ky Hiep Udc Thien Tdn 1885 mang ten "Hi?p Qdc Hda binh, HQu nghi v i ThQdng mai" (11) Hiep Qdc gdm 10 d i l u khoan, e6 noi dung chinh nhQ sau: NQdc Phap dam t r i c h viec td chQc v i tri an d cie tinh Viet Nam giip gidi vdi Trung Quo'c Mudn vay nQdc P h i p cd quyin sit dung cie bien phap c i n thiet n h i m giai t i n , true xua't nhQng iQc iQdng bi coi la giac cQdp; nhQng b i t cQ trQdng hdp ndo quan Phap cung Idiong dQdc vQdt qua dQdng bien gidi giQa Bic Ky vd Trung Quo'c Phia Trung Qud'c n h a n se giai t i n , true x u i t nhiing iQc iQdng i n nup cae tinh giap gidi Bic Ky, ngan chan cie nhdm dodn tren hoat ddng n h i i u loan nhiing vung thuoc quyen bao ho eiia nUdc Phap Trung Qude eiing tii c i m khdng dQa quan sang Bic Ky Trung Quoe cam ket idiong lam dilu gi tdn hai den cong cugc binh dinh cua Phap d Bic Ky v i hQa se ton trgng cae hiep Qdc dQdc ky ket giQa Phap vdi t r i i u dinh An Nam Trong viee giao thi$p giQa Phap vd An Nam Idiong dQdc cd d i l u gi l i m thiet hai den the dien eiia Trung Qud'c hoac vi pham ban hoa Qdc Trong thdi b a n s i u t h i n g sau Idii ky hod Qdc nay, hai ben se p h i i ngQdi den khao s i t tai cho bien gidi giQa Bic Ky v i Trung Qud'c; cho n i o c i n thi se trdng cdt mdc gidi d ndi d i t h i y Trong trQdng hdp hai ben Idiong the ddng y v l ndi Idp egt mdc gidi hoac v l diem n i o Idiie thi moi ben phai trinh len ehinh phu nQdc minh djnh lieu Sau bien gidi da dQdc xae dinh, nhQng ngudi Phap, ngudi Phap bao ho, ngudi ngoai quo'c d B i c Ky mud'n vQdt bien 10 gidi sang Trung Quo'c phai cd giiy thdng hanh n h i chQc t r i c h Phap xin n h i chQc t r i c h Trung Qudic d bien gidi c i p Cdn ngQdi Trung Quo'c thi chi c i n gid'y phdp ciia cie quan chQc Trung Quo'c d bien gidi c i p NhQng neu mud'n di dQdng bo thi eung phai cd giiy thong h a n h n h a chQc trach Trung Qude xin n h a chQc t r i e h Phap d bien gidi cip NgQdi Phap, nhQng ngQdi P h i p bao ho, ngudi Trung Quo'c dUdc phdp x u i t nhap k h i u hang h o i qua bien gidi Trung Qude - Bic Ky tai nhQng dia diem se dQdc chi dinh: mot d Lao Cai, mot d phia b i c Lang Sdn Ba t h i n g sau hiep Udc ndy dQdc ky, se CO nhQng quy dinh phu them cho viec buon ban tren bg giQa Bie Ky vdi cac tinh Van Nam, Quang Tay, Quang Dong Hang h o i trao ddi giQa Bic Ky vdi eic tinh Quang Tay, Van Nam se chiu mQc thue t h i p hdn mQc thue' hien hanh NhQng dieu khong ap dung ddi vdi viec buon ban hang hoa giQa B i e Ky vdi Quang Dong eung nhQ vdi cac cQa bien da khai thQdng Viec buon ban vu khi, dan dUdc tren d i t nQdc ndo se t u a n theo ludt le eua nQdc Viee x u i t nhap k h i u thudc phien se quy dinh hiep Qdc thQdng mai Viee giao thQdng qua dQdng bien giQa Trung Quo'c v i Viet Nam se co dilu le rieng Chinh phu P h i p se lam dQdng bo va khuyen khich lam dudng sdt de md mang thQdng mai va giao thong giQa hai ben V l p h i n minh, Trung Qude lam dQdng s i t thi se nhd cay ky nghe P h i p va chinh phu Phap se tim Idem cac chuyen gia ma Trung Quo'c cin NhQng khong dQdc coi dilu nhQ mot dac an rieng eho nQde Phip RghiSn curu Lich siSr stf 8.201Q NhQng d i l u khoan v l thQdng mai hiep Qdc se dQdc xem xdt lai vdo mQdi nam sau Ne'u s i u t h i n g trQdc bet b a n md khong cd ben nao mudn sQa doi thi nhQng d i l u Idioan tren se ed g i i tri mQdi nam tiep sau Sau hiep Qdc dQdc ky kit, q u i n P h i p se n i t Ididi Cd Long, chd'm dQt t u i n t i i u ngoai bien khdi va mot thang sau se triet thoai khdi cae dao Dai Loan, Banh Hd 10 Cae d i l u khoan da ky eic dilu Qdc cu, neu hiep Qdc khong sQa doi, thi vdn cdn hieu iQc Vdi ndi dung tren, Hiep Qdc Thien Tan 1885 v l cd ban da e h i m dQt cuoc chien tranh Trung - Phap, ddng thdi k i t thuc cuoc tranh c h i p kdo dai giQa Phap va Triiu Thanh v l v i n d l B i c Ky Mac d i u sau v i n edn eac t r a n h cai v l nhQng v i n d l cu the nhUng thiic dan Phap da thiic sQ loai bd anh hQdng eua Trung Qude de doc chie'm Bic Ky cung nhQ dat ach thdng trj tren todn bo nQdc Vidt Nam: "Hiep Qdc Thien Tan Idiong ehi c h i m dQt cuoc chien tranh Phap - Trung va quy dinh sQ triet thoai cac dao quan chinh quy Trung Hoa Ididi Bic Ky md cdn xae dinh sQ thQa nhdn cua Trung Qude doi vdi sQ chie'm dong cua P h i p d Viet Nam, co nghia Id sQ cao chung vinh viin he thdng t r i i u cdiig da tQng chi phdi quan he giQa Trung Qude v i Viet NamtQthekyX'(12) Nhin lai nhQng ban hiep Qdc da trinh bay d tren (13), cd the nhdn xdt sd bg r i n g vio nQa sau the ky XIX, ehu nghia thiic dan P h i p cung nhQ cae de qude k h i c d i u sQc xam chie'm thuoc dia, khai thac vd hoc lot phuc vu nhu e i u cua chu nghia tQ ban d Dong A, Phap t h a m gia cude tranh cQdp vd xau xd nQdc Trung Hoa, ddng thdi jUifai lai quan h^ Ph6p-Vigt Ram thon tinh lanh thd Viet Nam, Campuehia vd Ldo NQdc Trung Hoa rong ldn, tQ hao vdi n i n van minh lau ddi, nhQng dQdi t r i i u dai Man Thanh cung Idiong thoat khdi t h a n phan le thuoc, lan iQdt ky cae hiep Qdc b i t binh d i n g vdi tU ban Au My, dQa dd't nQdc rdi vao tinh trang bi no dieh Tuy vdy quan he vdi cac nQdc lan bang, n h i Thanh v i n giQ "quyin ton ehu", buoc cae nUdc phai t r i i u cong theo nep xQa, v i n eoi cae nQdc nhQ "ehU h i u " Do vdy Idii P h i p xam iQde Viet Nam, n h i t la tie'n quan Bic Ky thi t r i i u Thanh phan khang b i n g eic bien p h i p ngoai giao, chdng tra b i n g thu doan quan sQ NhQng nhQng hiep Qdc Phap - Thanh dQdc ky ke't lien tie'p da phdi bay sQ yeu hen cua ho, ddng thdi de 16 am mQu chia e i t vung anh hQdng giQa hai ke cQdp theo doc sdng Hdng Vdi Qu the v l iQc lUdng va t h a m vong nud't ca Bic Ky (eung nhU toan bo Viet Nam), thiic dan Phap buoc n h a Thanh phai chip nhan ban Hiep Qdc Thien Tan 1885 de n i m toan quyin viec cai tri Viet Nam Che "ton chu" cua de' che Trung Hoa ke't thiic nhUng t h a m vong banh trQdng v i n edn dai d i n g qua n h i l u the'he Cong Qdc P h a p - T h a n h n a m 1887 va nam 1895 ve v i e c h o a c h d i n h b i e n gidi Viet N a m - Trung Quoe Theo dilu eua Hiep Qdc Thien Tan 1885 thi c6 ba viec e i n t i l n hdnh Id: mdt, vdng thang, hai ben cQ phai dodn de'n thiic dia de khao sat, xae nhan dQdng bien gidi da c6; hai, chd nao c i n thi dat cot mdc d ndi d i thiy; ba, c6 sQ b i t ddng v l vi tri Idp cot mdc hoac v l mot v i n d l nao thi mdi ben phai bao cao len chinh phu minh dinh lieu 11 Do la cd sd p h i p ly de chinh phii P h i p vd nha Thanh tie'n h a n h viec hoach dinh bien gidi Viet - Trung (trong eic van ban hdi thQdng goi la Bien gidi Trung Quoe Bic Ky) Qua trinh hoach dinh bien gidi Viet Nam - Trung Quoe cua Uy ban Lien hdp giQa Phap vd Trung Quo'c d i i n tQ t h i n g 1-1886 den t h i n g 4-1887 trai qua bon giai doan nhd: - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Quang Tay giap Bie Ky dQdc tie'n h a n h d Ddng Dang tQ t h i n g de'n t h i n g 4-1886 qua phien hop, doan Dong Quang Tay giip Bic Ky dQdc chon ldm ndi hoach dinh d i u tien - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Van Nam giip Bic Ky dQdc tien hdnh tai Lio Cai tQ t h i n g de'n t h i n g 11-1886 - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Quang Dong va p h i n cdn lai cua Quang Tay (sau l i n tie'n h a n h nam 1886) giap Bic Ky dQdc tie'n h a n h tai Mong C i i va Dong HUng tQ t h i n g 11-1886 den t h i n g 3-1887 - Vide hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi tren Vinh Bic Ky dUdc tie'n h i n h d Mdng C i i tQ 31-3 de'n 8-4-1887 Tren ed sd ket qua dam p h i n v i hoach dinh bien gidi, hai ben da soan thao Cdng Udc hogch dinh bien gidi giiJCa Trung Qude vd Bdc Ky ky 26-6-1887 Ndi dung Cong Udc 1887 (14) ( P h i p goi l i Cong Qdc Congxtang) da c h u i n y nhQng ke't qua hai ben thdng n h i t y iden va giai quyet cac vd'n d l cdn dang t r a n h cai Cong Qdc nam 1887 da hoach dinh toan bo dQdng bien gidi Viet N a m - Trung Qud'c tQ vinh Bic Ky de'n Lai C h i u DQdng bien gidi dQdc hoach dinh eo khoang mot nxia la dQdng bien gidi lich sQ da tdn tai cho d i n 12 trQdc ky Hiep Qdc 1885 P h i n hi dilu chinh chilm mot ty Id khong nhd tren todn bd ehilu d i i dQdng bien gidi O Quang Ddng, tQ Bic Thi dd'n Bic CQdng Id dQdng bidn gidi mdi O Van Nam, doan tQ song Lo v l phia Tay dd'n Lai Chau, dQdng bidn gidi tnide nam 1885 h i u nhU hi thay ddi h o i n toin, trQ doan trdn sdng Hdng v i song Nam Si T i m nam sau, 20-6-1895 tai Bie Kinh diin euoc dam phan giQa Dai sQ Phap tai Trung Quo'c la Giera (Gdrard) va Qudn vQdng K h i n h , Tdng trQdng Dong ly Nha mon T h a n h triiu Luc nay, Phap da thdnh Idp Lien bang Ddng DQdng (10-1887) vd thon tinh xong nQdc Ldo (1893) Anh hoan t h a n h vide xam chiem Mien Dien VQdng quo'c Xidm tranh c h i p gay g i t vdi Phap vung d i t dai thuoc Lao Trong bo"! canh do, Phap muon ngan ehan eic ddi thu canh tranh va ldi dung sQ suy ye'u cua Triiu Thanh sau cuoc Chien tranh Trung Nhdt (1894-1895) dd' gianh lai mot so d i t dai d Bic Ky va Lao Hai ben dam p h i n di dd'n ky k i t Cong Qdc bd sung nam 1895 vdi tdn goi la "Cong udc bo sung Cong Udc hogch dinh bien gidi giQa Bdc Ky vd Trung Qude ngdy 26-6-1887' (15) (Phip goi la Cong Qdc Gdrard) Trdn cd sd cie Cong Qdc nam 1887 v i nam 1895 v l bidn gidi trdn dd't liln Viet Nam - Trung Qude, cie uy ban c i m moc bidn gidi dQdc t h a n h lap, Phap va nha Thanh tie'n h i n h khao sat thiic dia va phan gidi c i m mdc Qua trinh thiie hidn r i t v i t va dilu kidn dia hinh bet sQc phQc tap, trinh ky thudt cdn b a n che, ban dd r i t sd sai vd n h i l u vQdng mic, tranh cai theo ddi hdi ciia mdi bdn Viec c i m mdc dQdc tie'n hdnh tQ cudi nam 1889 den nam 1897, chia l i m doan bidn gidi: Quang Ddng - Bic Ky, Quang Tay - Bie Ky, Van RghiSn curu Lich siSr stf 8.2010 Nam - Bic Ky Ket qua la tren suot chilu ddi bidn gidi Idioang 1.450 km da c i m dQdc 314 cot md'c di qua cac doan dd't liln, sd'ng niii, sdng suoi Nhin lai q u i trinh thQdng thuyet giQa Phap va n h a T h a n h v l v i n de hoach dinh va c i m mo'e bidn gidi Viet - Trung cudi t h i ky XIX, CO the t h i y do, Viet Nam d vio tinh the bd't sQc b i t ldi Mot, day l i cuoc dam p h i n giQa hai nQdc Trung Quo'c va Phap v l v i n d l lanh thd bidn gidi cita Viet Nam nhQng Ididng cd tieng noi eua Viet Nam Rdi vao tinh trang thuoc dia, chu q u y i n hi tQdc bd, boat dong ngoai giao d Viet N a m d i u chinh quyin thiie dan n i m giQ, t r i i u dinh nQdc Nam cd nghia vu phai c h i p thudn va t u a n theo Cie sach sQ khdng ghi chdp gi v l sQ ban bac, tQ v i n hoac ydu c i u ciia t r i i u Nguyin vdi phai doan Phap trQdc Idii hg lam vide vdi p h i i doan Trung Qud'c Co nghia la moi vide v l bidn gidi lanh thd nQde ta d i u ngQdi Phap quyd't dinh Trong do, vua Quang Tii triiu Thanh lien t i l p ban chi du, vach r a nguydn t i e "Bidn gidi hai nQdc niii rQng, sdng sudi ngang doc, chQa p h a n r5 rang, cung Phap phan ro dQdng bien gidi nay" nhQng "pham lanh thd cu cua Trung Qud'c phai ldm cho ro, vide sQa ddi chut it dQdng bidn gidi hidn tai cung khdng dQdc lam tdn hai" Mud'n vdy, "cie trQdng doan e i n eii ngQdi cd nang liic mang theo nhQng ngQdi am hieu dia ly di Idiip bidn gidi, tidn hdnh Idiao sit, ve t h a n h ban dd de ldm b i n g chiing d i m p h i n " (16) Ro rang Id phia Trung Qud'c da c h u i n hi phQdng sieh r i t ti mi trQdc Idii dQa ban bac vdi phia Phap Hai, cae t h a n h vidn ngQdi Phap Idiong thdng thao v l dia hinh bidn gidi ciia Viet Nam, lai eang khdng hieu v l eac mdi quan Rhin lai qutin h^ Ph6p-Vi^» Ram he lich sQ cua cQ dan vung bidn gidi Trong Idii do, theo chi du eua vua Quang Tii, thdnh vidn eiia phai doan Trung Qud'c, ngodi cac dai t h i n thudc Tdng ly nha mdn la Chu DQc Nhudn vd Dang ThQa Tu edn co eic quan chQc cao c i p cua dia phQdng nhQ S i m Due Anh - Tdng dd'c Van Quy, TrQdng Chi Ddng - Td'ng dd'c LQdng Quang, TrQdng Khai Tung - T u i n phu Van Nam, Nghd Van Uy - T u i n phii Quang Dong, Ly Binh Hang - T u i n phii Quang Tay va n h i l u chuydn gia khae Ho la nhQng ngQdi c h i n g nhQng chiu t r i c h nhiem cao ddi vdi t r i i u dinh Bic Kinh ma edn la nhQng nha dam p h i n ed Idnh nghiem, quyd't gianh lai nhQng quyin ldi da md't phai tQ bd quyin "tdn ehii" ddi vdi Viet Nam Ba, phai doan eiia P h i p ludn hi de doa v l an ninh di Idiao sat thiie dia Tranh thu thdi gian dam p h i n , n h i l u toan quan chinh quy ciia n h i Thanh cung nhQng toan cUdp co vu trang ludn q u i y rdi vung bidn gidi n h i m l i n chiem them d i t dai vd de doa eic n h a n vidn ngQdi Phap (17) Dai sQ Phap tai Bic Kinh n h i l u l i n len tilng phan ddi nhQng v i n khdng ngan chan dQdc tinh trang Mdt quan chQc Phap la Pdlanh Vian phai than r i n g : "NhQng sQ Iden tQdng tii nhQ vay cdn dQdc tid'p diin chQng td r i n g chinh phii Trung Qud'c chQa chiu tQ bd cie t r u y i n thd'ng cu v l ngoai giao va qud'c t l " (18) Liy cd khdng the bao vd an toan cho Uy ban Lien hdp di khao sat thiic dia, phia Trung Qud'c de nghi phan dinh bidn gidi tren ban dd Trong n h i l u trQdng hdp, phia Phap c h i p thuan Doan bidn gidi Van Nam dQdc xae dinh trdn t i m ban dd ma ngQdi Phap khdng b i l t chinh xdc d i t dai Viet Nam bi e i t xdn nhQ thd' nao , , t 13 Bon, eai g i i cd ban n h i t de mdc ea cude dam phan Id phia P h i p c i n nhQng dilu Iden c6 ldi cho vide md mang thQdng mai d m i l n Nam Trung Hoa Idii phia Trung Qud'c mud'n gidnh Id'y nhQng p h i n lanh thd cua Viet Nam cdng n h i l u cang td't Trong cuoc ddm p h i n d Thidn Tan nam 1886, Ly Hdng ChQdng ndi vdi dd dd'c Phap Rdnid (Reunier): "NQdc Phap da doat dQdc n h i l u quyin ldi Idii chid'm Bic Ky, mot nQdc chQ h i u cua Trung Hoa 600 nam Vide la nhd sQ trung gian cua tdi No da gay eho tdi bao dilu p h i l n phQc Tdi nghi r i n g mot sQ d i n bu dudi dang nhQdng vai vung d i t nhd trdn vung bidn gidi la d i l u e i n thiet" Dai dien Phap la Cdngxtan - mot n h a n vat cd the iQc trdn chinh trQdng Pari - da ddi dQdc phia Trung Qud'c md cQa cho hdng h o i P h i p nhdp vao m i l n Nam Trung Hoa vd thid't lap cd quan lanh sQ eiia P h i p d Quang Tay, Van Nam Ddi lai, Phap tQ bd mdt p h i n lanh thd ciia Bic Ky, dd cd Td'ng Tu Long (Ha Giang) vd'n la md ddng thudc quyin sd hQu t o i n bd ciia Viet Nam, phai e i t p h i n 4, rdng chQng 750 km^ cho tinh Van Nam (Trung Qud'c) va mdt sd' dia diem khac Dai dien chinh phu Pari (Dureau de Vaulcomte) da giai thich sQ kidn tai Ha vidn Phap nhQ sau: "Chinh phu nghi r i n g nhQng nhQdng bd ve d i t dai cho Trung Qud'c se dQdc d i n bu bdi nhiing ngudn ldi ldn hdn ban Hiep Qdc thQdng mai mang lai" (19) Ndm, nhQng khd k h a n v l dia hinh hiem trd, vat lieu xay diing khdng b i n , khoang each giQa eic cdt md'c gidi Ididng diu, cd nhiing doan bd trd'ng hang chge km, khdng dQdc xic dinh ro rdng, n h i l u cdt md'c bi xdi mdn hoac d i hi xd dieh, n h i l u doan sdng sudi hi ud'n chay theo hQdng khic Vide eanh giQ va t u i n tra bidn gidi ciia 14 Rghifin cijru Lich siSr stf 8.2Q1Q chinh quyin P h i p h i u nhQ bi budng ldng Do dd, theo thdi gian, tac ddng eua thidn nhidn hay ciia eon ngQdi, n h i l u doan bidn gidi khdng edn giQ dQdc nguydn v^n nhQ ban d i u , cd nhQng vung d i t hi l i n chilm l i m cho vide bao toan lanh thd gap n h i l u trd ngai NhQng phan tich trdn eho tbd'y sQ thiet thdi v l phia Viet Nam cude dam p h i n giQa P h i p va Trung Qud'c v l vd'n d l bidn gidi lanh thd d Bic Ky TQ giQa the' ky XIX, mdc d i u quan he vdi eic nQdc ldn, Trung Qud'c da rdi v i o the yeu, nhQng nhiing v i n d l cu the v l bidn gidi giQa Trung Qud'c va Bic Ky, gidi cim quyin nha Thanh da tdn dung dQdc ldi the cua ho sQ hieu bilt sau sic dia hinh va cQ dan; sQ danh ddi eho Phap mot vai ldi ich v l thUdng mai de gianh mot so' vung dd't dai giau nguydn lieu; thdm chi dimg mdt sd' thii doan CQdp pha hoac gay xung dot vu trang de de doa, ngan ehan nhQng cude khao s i t thiie dia Sau Trung Qud'c thd't bai cude chien tranh Trung - Nhdt (1894-1895), Phap mdi gidnh lai dUdc mdt vai nhQdng bp ban Cdng Qdc bd sung nam 1897, cdn van de m i t nhilu vQng lanh thd vd'n thudc v l Viet Nam Tuy nhidn, v l mdt k h i c h quan, bdi canh lich sQ d i y kho khan thdi dd, vide hoach dinh v i c i m md'c bidn gidi Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c da dd' lai nliQng kdt qua dang ghi nhdn Toan bd cdng vide hoach dinh va phan gidi c i m md'c dQdc tie'n hanh tQ nam 1886 dd'n nam 1897, da dat t i t ca 314 cot md'c cung mdt so' md'c phu Nhd vdy bidn CHU gidi hai nQdc da dQdc phan dinh trdn hd sd ciing nhQ trdn thiic dia D6 Id dQdng bidn gidi dan xen giQa dQdng bidn gidi lich aii (trong Hiep Qdc 1885 goi Id dQdng bidn gidi hien tai) vdi dQdng bidn gidi mdi trdn cd sd e i t nhQdng mot p h i n lanh thd Viet Nam cho Trung Qud'c vd thu hdi mpt p h i n lanh thd Viet Nam hi T n m g Qud'c chid'm giQ tnide dd Uy ban hoach dinh c i m md'c bien gidi cua P h i p va n h a Thanh sau Idii hodn t h a n h cdng vide da de lai mdt bd hd sd v l kd't qua cua cdng vide (20) Nam 1994, chuydn t h a m chinh thQc Viet Nam, Tong thd'ng nQdc Cdng hda P h i p Frangxoa Mittdrang (Fran9ois Mitterand) da trao tang Chinh phu Viet Nam ban microfilm v l mdt so' tai lieu hoach dinh va phan gidi cim md'c bien gidi Trung Qud'c - Viet Nam nam 1886-1897 Mdt ban tQdng tii cung dQdc trao cho chinh phii Trung Qud'c NhQ vay, vdi k i t qua trdn, day l i l i n d i u tidn lich sQ nQde ta da xic dinh mdt dQdng bien gidi vdi Trung Qude bdi cac van ban phap ly va bg ban dd v l he thd'ng cdt md'c dQdc xay dQng mdt each tQdng ddi khoa hoe dilu iden trinh ky thudt cudi the ky XIX Do chinh Id ngudn tai li?u quan dQdc sQ dung ldm cd sd de thao ludn vd'n d l bidn gidi giQa hai nQdc Vi$t Nam v i Trung Qud'c khoang thdi gian tQ 1974 dd'n 1999, d i n tdi ban Hiep Qdc hoach dinh bien gidi d i t liln Viet Nam - Trung Qude dQdc hai chinh phu Cdng hda Xa hpi Chu nghia Vi$t Nam va Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ky kd't 31-12-1999 THICH (1) Jean Dupuis: Les origines de la question du Tonkin Paris 1890 D i n theo Trjnh Nhu: Quan h? Trung Phdp vd vdn di Viit Nam cuoi the'ky XIX Lu^n an Tie'n si Lich sii, Hft Ngi 1991,tr 32 LUu trfl t§ii Thu vi?n Quoe gia Uk Ngi (2) Tham khao Phan Khoang: Viet Nam Phdp Rhhi lai quan h& Ph6p-Vi0t Ram thuoc sd 1862 - 1945 Tu sach Sif hoc Sai Gon 1971, tr 229 - 236, Nguyen Xuan Tho: BUdc md ddu cua sU thiet lap he thdng thuoc dia Phdp d Viet Nam (1858 - 1897) Tac gia txf xuS't ban, in tai Mekong Printing, Santa Ana 1994, tr 472 480 (3) Tham khao Trinh Nhu: tldd, tr 32 (4) Trin Trong Kim: Viet Nam sd lugc Nxb 15 TT Tong hop Tp Ho Chi Minh 2005, tr 522 (5) DUdng Kinh Quoe: Viet Nam nhieng sU kien lich sH (1858 - 1918), Nxb Giao due, Uk N^i, 2001, tr 118 Th&i gian 6-1862 NMm Tudt 7-1864 Binh Ty 3-1874 Gidp Tudt 8-1883 QuyMid Quan hf Ngufdi k y Vi^t-Phap Bonard Carlos P h a n Thanh Gian, Lam Duy Hi$p Aubaret Phan Thanh Gian, T r ^ Tigii Thanh, P h a n Huy Vinh Dupr6 - L§ Tufih, Nguyin Van TUcfng Harmand - Trin Dinh Tvic, Nguyin Trong H i | p Fournier - L^ Hong ChUdng Quy Udc Thien Tdn Patenotre - Nguyin Van Tuclng, Ph^m Th^ Du^t, Ton Tha't P h a n Patctoot - Ly Hong ChUdng Hiep Udc Thiin T&n Constans - Qu^n VUdng Khanh Cdng udc hogch dinh bi&n gidi Trung Qude - Bic Ky nam 1887 Qu^ Gerard vUdng Khanh, S i m Dye Anh Cdng Udc bd sung nam 1895 Vi$t-Phap Vipt-Phap Vi$t-Phap 5-1884 Gidp Th&n 6-1884 GiapTMn Trung Phap 6-1885 XtDau Trung Phap 6-1887 BinhHi^ Trung Phap 6-1895 At Miii Trung Phap Vi$t-Phap (6) Trinh Nhu: Sdd, tr 47 (7) Nguyin The Anh: Viet Nam thcti Phdp dd kg Nxb Vfin hoc Rk Npi, 2008, tr 88 (8) Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr 313-314; Trinh Nhu: Sdd, tr 98-99; DUdng Kinh Quoe, Sdd tr 137 (9) Philippe Devillers: NgUdi Phdp va ngUdi Annam - Bgn hay Thii? Nxb Tong h(?p Tp Ho Chi Minh, 2006, tr 351-352, (10) Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr 315318; Nguyin The Anh: Sdd, tr 95-99; Ph Devillers Sdd tr 624-629, Nguyin Xuan Tho: Sdd, tr 484-487 Phia Viet Nam c6 Nguyen VSn Tu6ng, Pham Than Duat va Ton Tha't Phan ky Hi^p u6e (11) Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr 330333 (12) Charles Fourniau: La frontiere sino vietnamienne et la face franco-chinois a I'epoque de la conquete du Tonkin Xem Les frontieres du Vietnam Nxb L'Harmattan, Paris, 1989, tr 86 (13) Bang dUdi day giup ban doc tifn theo doi eae Hi$p dinh Phap-Vi^t vk Phap-Trung da dU(?e ky ket vao nhQng n i m cuoi the ky XIX (14), (15) Tham khao "Cdng Udc hogch dinh bien gidi gida Trung Qude vd Bac Ky tgi Bac Kinh ngdy 26-6-1887" Ban dieh toan vfin cua B$ Ngo^i giao Cpng hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Vi?t Nam (16) Tham khao Trung Quoe svt hoe hgi: Trung Phdp chien tranh, tap DSn theo Trjnh Nhu: Sdd, tr 124 (17) Ghi chii: Vfio thang 8-1886 cl vilng bien gidi Lfio Cai - Long P6, doan cano cua Phap di tren song Hong bi quan Thanh ph\ie ki'eh Ikm a quan va 11 Hnh h\ giet, tau bi bin chim Sau d6 eae cupc di khao sat t^i eho khong du