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VAI NET VE "LANG VAN" VA "LANG HO" CUA XA HOANG LOG ( H O A N G HOA, THANH HOA) THOI TRUNG DAI MAI PHUONG NGOC D fldi thdi trung dai, d mdt so Ifing xfi, thdng thfldng lfi nhflng vflng qud cd truyin thing hpc hfinh, thudng ddi efie Hdi tu vfin, ndi tfip hpp cua nhflng Nho sinh, ke SI Ifing, trd thfinh thfinh vidn ciia Hdi tu vfin lfi vinh dfl ldn mfit ciia ca Ifing, ca xa Do vfiy, cfic cdng tiinh nghien cflu ve Ifing xa diu danh mpt dung Iflpng dang ke tim hilu v l hoat ddng eiia Hpi tu vfin Ddi vdi trfldng hpp xa Hoang Ldc, cd mdt dilm dang chii y lfi, bdn canh Hdi tfl vfin dupc gpi vdi cfii tdn dfic trflng hdn: "Lfing vfin", thi edn mdt to chfle xa hdi khfic, dd lfi 'Tjfing hp", ndi t^p hpp cua nhflng trai dinh tfl 18 tuoi khdng dflpc hpc hfinh, ed nghia vu phu phen tap dich Nghia lfi, eiing m$t cdng ding cfl dfin thd'ng nhfi't lai dupc phfin chia thfinh hai t^p hpp dfin vdi nhflng dfic trung rieng vl nghia vu, quyin ban Dfiy lfi dilm doe dfio so vdi tfi't ca efie Ifing xa khfic, lfi dilu chiing tdi muon tim hieu ki hdn bfii vilt nfiy Doi n e t ve viing dfitt Hoang Loe thdi t r u n g dai Xa Hofing Ldc, huy§n Holing Hofi, tmh Thanh Hda von cd tgn c l lfi Ke Vut, roi trd thfinh trang Dfldng Bdt vfio the ki X Tfl * ThS Khoa Lich sit - Trfldng Dai hoc Vinh thdi trung dai cho din dfiu t h i ki XDC, viing dfit nfiy lfi dia phfin hai xfi: Bdt Thupng, Bdt Ha, sau nfiy lfi Bdt ThUdng vfi Bdt Thfii Sfich "Cdc tdng trdn danh bi ldm" ghi ro hai Ifing Bdt ThUdng vfi Bit Thai thudc tong Hanh VT, huydn Hofing Hda, phu Hfi Trung, Thanh Hoa ndi trfin (1) Nam Minh Mdnh thfl (1821), Thflpng thu Bd Hd lfi Hfla Dflc lfim ban tfi'u trinh len vua Minh M$nh vl vide sfla doi mdt sd' ten tong xfi, thdn ca nfldc Trong dd, Bdt Thupng dUdc doi lfi xfi Hofing Dao Tfl nuta cudi t h i ky XDC, xufit hidn tgn hai xfi Hoang Nghia Bdt Hiing vfin tren cd ad dia dfl vfi thfinh phfin cfl dfin cua Ifing Ho4ng Dao, Bdt Thfii, nghii lfi hai xa da ton tai canh dfldi nhflng tgn goi mdi Mfic dfl dflde ehia lfim hai xa hd thong hfinh chinh nhfi nUdc qufin chii, t h i nhflng tren thflc t l ndi day vfin la khoi edng dong cii dfin dfi tdn tai In dinh vfi bin vflng tfl lfiu ddi Mpi boat ddng diu mang tinh chfit cdng ding, cfic gia dinh, ddng tde vfin qufiy qufin ciing ngd xdm Minh chflng ro ndt nhfit lfi ca hai xa diu thd chung thfin thfinh hoang tai Bang Mdn Dinh, Tuy mli xfi cd tdn ridng nhflng mpi ngfldi vfin thfldng gpi la lang Hofing Bdt hay Lfldng Bdt hoac Nhi Bdt Rghien ciiu L|ch siV stf 6.201; 34 Nhac din Hoang Bdt lfi nhae din mdt viing dfit hpc O xfl Thanh cd eac cfiu phfldng ngdn noi tie'ng dflpc Iiiu tniyin nhfl: "Cam Ndng Cdng, cd Qudng XUdng, vdn chuang Hodng Hda", "Thi Hodng Hda, khda Bdng San" Trong ndt chung "vfin chUdng Hofing Hoa" ay thi noi bfit lfi Ho&ng Bdt: "Ddng San tii Bdn, Hodng Hda ludng Bdt" Neil nhfl diidi thdi trung dai, Thanh Hofi cd 206 ngudi dai khoa thi rieng huyen Hofing Hda cd 48 ngfldi vfi Hofing Ldc c6 tdi 12 vi Tiln si Thd'ng kg tfl Bdng khoa luc Thanh Hoa vfi Qud'c triiu hUOng khoa luc cho bilt hai Ifing Bdt cd 117 ngfldi dd trung khoa (2) Bdi v^y, hpc hfinh, khoa bang lfi dac dilm nd'i bfit eiia vung dfi't nfiy, cung lfi diem chi phdi mpi boat ddng cua cdng dong Ifing xa Lang v a n v a L a n g ho H o a n g Bot Lang vdn Tae gia Phan Dai Doan eho rfing: Hdi tfl vfin xufi't hidn rfit sdm, cd t h i da cd tfl the kl XV, tri, phfit trien vfio cac t h i ki XVm, XIX vfi dfiu XX (3) d Holing Bpt, gia pha hp Bui cd ghi lai sU kiln; vfio thfing nfim 1581, Bui Khfie Nhfit da 49 tuli, vfin lam v i ^ d bd Hinh Ong trdng coi vide nguc khdng de can khufi't, thien ca ngdi ( ) Hai Ifing Hot Thflpng, Bdt Thai theo phong tuc Vfin hdi lfim bfle trfldng din mflng dng (4) Nhfl vfiy, cd t h i khang dinh rfing Hdi tu vfin d Hofing Bdt phai cd tfl trfldc nam 1581 Day la mde ddi sdm so vdi mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d cae vflng khae cua xfl Thanh Trong cfic tfii lieu ve van bia vfi hfldng fldc d Thanh Hda, chung ta thfldng thfi'y nhfic din cfic hdi tu vfin vao the ki XDC Mdt trudng hpp khac, Hdi tu vfin cung dflpc danh gifi lfi ddi kha sdm, song ciing sau "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt it nhfit gfin 80 nfim la trfldng hpp Hdi tu van xa Vfin Nhflng, huyen Ddng Sdn Bia mieu Vfin thfinh xa nfiy Pham Cdng Trfl (Tiln si khoa Mfiu Thin - 1628), Ta thi lang Bd Hd, tfldc Yin Dinh bfi) soan, tao nfim Thinh Diic thfl nhfi Le cho bilt moc ddi ciia Vfin hdi d day: xa Van Nhflng lfi ndi danh thfing, lai cd nhilu ngfldi dd dat, dng Thai thfldng tfl khanh, chfle Thfii bao, tfldc Van Nguyen bfi l | p Hdi tfl vfin (Nhfl vfiy, Hdi tfl vfin ddi nfim 1656 - TG), nhan 3d di^g nhfi tfl Vli ba gian lfim ndi thd cflng tien hiln, diing bia khfic tdn ngfldi dd dat (5) Nhidm vu eiia Hdi tfl vfin lfi khuyen khich viec hpc tfip, xfiy dflng vfi triing tu vfin ehi, vilt vfi doc van t l d ^ n h mieu.'dU ddi ciia mdi vfin tfl, vfin chi d|u gfin liln vdi vai trd va hoat ddng cua Hdi tu vfin Bia vfin chi xfi Qua Nhud Ha, huydn Thp Xuan, tinh Thanh Hda, tao khfic nfim Tri Dflc iht 23 (1872) cd ghi: "Cfic dng Le Xuan Qu^, Ld Vfin Tham, Ld Si Thu ciing cac bfic trgn dfldi vfin hdi xa Qua Nhu$ Ha, tong Thfldng Cdc, huydn Ldi Dfldng, phii Tho Xuan dung bia ghi sfl vigc: fip ta tfl xfla da cd ngfldi Hfldng tig'n, lfim quan dg'n chfle Huydn te Ban fip tflng lfip van ehi, xfiy cfit vfin tfl Tfl dfiy, vfin tfl cung ddi ba Ifin diidc tu sfla nhflng qui md chfla dflpc to ldn Nay, vfin hdi ban fip bfin bae md rdng vfin chi, xay cfi't lai vfin tfl Cdng vide xong xudi, b^n cho diing bia d l lflu truyin lai " (6) Doi vdi trfldng hdp xfi Hofing Ldc, dilm dfic biet ciia vung qud la vfin cl;i dfit t^i lang chinh la vfin chi ciia huydn Tfldng truyin rfing: Vfin ehi trudc day dfldc dfit tai dia diem thudc xa Hofing Lflu ngfiy Nhflng chi sau mdt ddm, Vfin chi da dflpc cfic fim binh khieng v l d^t sat canh Bang Mdn dinh Hidn nay, Vfin chi edn lai n l n eu, mdt vfii tfim bia dupe khfic lai, nhflng dfi'u v i t cho thfi'y dfiy lfi Vfin chi hfing huydn vfio loai ldn d Thanh Hofi Vfin chi lfi ndi de cac bfic tuc nho, cfic nhfi khoa bang, cac ke si thflc hien nghi II thd phung Via n6t v& lang vfln Inng h^ Khong Tii va nhflng ngfldi dat cua mdi viing dfit Vfin chi hfing huypn dflpc dfit tai Hofing Li$c cho thfiy vi tri cua viing dfit nfiy dli vdi sfl hpc ciJa Hofing Hda Dilu nfiy cung cho thfiy 'Tjfing vfin" khdng chi ed vai trd ddi vdi ddi sing lfing Hofing B^t xfla mfi cdn cd vi the to ldn vi$c gifl gin truyin thong, maeh nguon khoa bang ciia huy^n quan Cdn dfip l l thi tinh cho hfiu dfii Gian lupc thi khdng cfiu nd mdi viing, miln, Hdi tfl van diu cd cfic chinh sfich cu t h i dw dai vdi eae b^c dat, thfinh danh tren bflde dfldng khoa efl cua lfing Bia vfin chi xa Quang Chilu, huydn Ddng Sdn, tao khac nfim 1898 da ghi lai quy fldc ciia Hdi tu vfin nhfim trpng dai hiln tfii gom nhflng dilu nhu sau: 1) Tfl ve sau, xa ed ngfldi dl Tien si thi Vfin hoi sfla ll mflng va mflng tiln eho 12 quan Dli vdi ngudi thi T^o si vdi bgn vo eung nhfl thi; 2) Ngudi thi dS Cfl nhfin, hofie trflng Vii eii (ben vd) dupc mflng tiln quan; 3) NgUdi thi dl Tu tfii, dflde mflng tiln quan ( ) (7) - Trung trfldng IQ thu Tham nghi, tflc trflng cac ehflc Hien phd, Thilu khanh, Vidn Ngoai lang, Tri phu, lfim ll Khai ha, chieu phat eho thdn trdn dfldi co tiln lfi quan nam mach, ehilu theo Id vinh thfing phfim trfit Ll khai cung nhU vfiy O Hofing Bdt, hUdng Ude ciia lfing cung quy dinh: "Phfim lfi nghiep vfin mfi trflng Tid'n si thi ea thon ehinh te fio mii, bfiy dfiy dii le vfit ddi vdi t l tidn thi c5 Sa Lao con, xdi bfin, rupu vd, trfiu cau mdt phong Ban thdn miing quan tien Nlu tning Tam khdi, thi c§ tiln mflng la quan Tiep dd'n lfi khdng k l h§u bae, ban thdn cflng suy phong lfim quan vign cac chfle lfing Lfim le mflng vui, ban thdn se mflng quan trfim mach V l quan v5 tfl Qufin cdng trd len thi nhfl the' - Triing tfl trfldng Hfldng thi thi yet kiln t l tidn xdi mot mfim, nidu vd, thit milng, trfiu cau phong, nhfl lfim ll khai h£i thi ban thdn gdp tiln dflng mpt llu d l ti^n vi$e fin uong Cdn theo tren dfldi phfin chia diu Nhu n$p tiln thi chufin lfi quan, ban thdn lfim ll miing cd tiln lfi - Hfldng thi trung Tam tnidng thi yet kiln to tien cfin xdi mdt hdm, thit mdt mang, nidu mdt vd, trfiu cau mdt phong Khi lfim li khai ha, ban thdn miing tiln lfi mach, Lai trung thfl tofin cflng hdi Tri vfin cung nhu vfiy (TG nhSii m^nh) - Thi tning trudng Id thu Tri thfla, thi theo Id Chieu khfim dien Hfin lam Tu soan, Tri huyen, Hufiii dao, Tri b^ cfic chfle lfim ll khai thi ehilu phfit cho ban thdn trdn dudi miing tiln lfi quan mach Dfip le chilu theo dilu kidn hidn tai Vd thi tii Vd uy trd len, tfl Huyen thfla trd len thi li nhri vfiy" (8) Nhu vfiy bdn canh quy dinh ciia lfing xfi dfinh eho nhflng ngudi dd dat thi Hdi tfl vfin ciing cd c h l dp khuydn khich dfinh eho cfic si tfl dupc vinh danh khoa efl Sri ddi eua Hdi tfl vfin phan finh vai trd ciia tfing ldp tri thflc lfing xa Viet Nam truyin thong Dfic biet, Hdi tfl vfin lfi td chfle xfi hpi ddng vai trd chu chit cfic boat ddng ll hdi - dinh cao ciia sinh boat vfin hda cdng dong Trong nhiing ngfiy te Ii tai vfin tfl, vai trd ciia Hdi tfl vfin cd tinh chfit quylt dinh Ngudi chu t l nhiing ngfiy te le "xufin thu nhi ki" thfldng lfi ngfldi dflng dfiu h^i (Hdi trfldng, hofie Trflm tfl vfin) Khofin ride lfing Nhfin Vuc (ting Lo Hfldng, huydn Hofing Hoa), dflpc b l sung dfldi thdi Bao Dai (1925 - 1945), quy dinh cu thi: ' T l ll chfinh phd li mdi eu, hfldng chiic vfi trflm tfl vfin phu trfich" (9) Trong khoan ride thdn Nam, xfi Binh s& Hda, ting Nam Ban, huydn Td'ng Sdn, phii Hfi Trung, soan nfim Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) vilt: "Khi ban thdn cd vide eiing tl" phiing Sri thfin thfinh ( ) eac vi quan vien, trflm lao, hpi tfl vfin theo chfle vi lfim l l nhfl nghi thiie Vi nfio vang mat, khdng cd li chfnh dfing, ban thdn phat gfi, rflpu" (10) Sau dli ll, mfim cd cflng dripc chia phfin theo diing nguydn tfic, dd Hdi tfl vfin cd phfin quan trpng, Khofin udc thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda ndi rd lfing cd vide fin uong, "Id bilu dng thii tfl mot ed, li tnidng mpt eo, ban thdn hai co, hoi tfl vfin hai co, tufin phien hai co" (11) O Holing Bdt, tuc te thfinh hofing ciing "Lfing vfin" dam nhidm, Ngfiy mflng mdt Td't, vfin thfin lfing lam Id te trdi, dfi't sau dd lfim le t l hofing Nguyin Tuyen Trong lfing md hdi t l ll d Dinh dun (tflc mdt n l n dfit rpng, bfing phdng, eao rfio trridc Bang Mdn Dinh), thi Bang Mdn Dinh, Hdi tu vfin td' chfle dfing doc ngpc pha vfi khen thudng nhflng bfi vp nudi chong fin hpc tfii, khuyin khieh em "sdi kinh nfiu sii", nhac nhd nhiing ngfldi cii xfl trai vdi lufin thfldng dao ly, trfii vdi nho phong Nghi ll nfiy thfldng dripc gpi lfi "Bdm dgo" Nghi thflc thfldng nien nfiy chi diln d dinh lfing, mdt Ifin hilm hoi nfim Mdt ndt ddc dfio la chig'u ngdi cho cfic vj tri buli Dfim dao cung tufin thii tri^t di nguygn tfic tren - dfldi, - ngofii, cao - thfip rfit rd rfing - Hfing gifla tren nhfit, trai chilu cap dilu (cd sfich ndi chieu hoa) dfinh cho cac hpc vi Tie'n si - Hfing gifla tilp sau, trai chieu cap xanh, dfinh cho cfic vi Hfldng cdiig, Cii nhfin - Bdn ta: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic hpc vi Tu tfii Rghien curu Lich sil' stf 6.2013 - Ben hflu: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic Nho sinh chria dd d^t • Cum hfing giiia: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic ly hridng dridng chfle ngdi ghi chip nhflng quylt dinh da dripc bfin bae Cac hfing chilu xd'p thfl bfic tren dfldi, chilu diu Ifi'y t u l i thp Ifim trpng Cling mdt hpc vi, cao tuoi hdn thi Bgoi trgn, it tuoi ngoi dfldi Thi du, vfio ddi Thidu Tri (1841 -1847), lfing Hofing Bdt cd mpt ngridi Ifi Nguyen Bfi Nha, thdng minh, hpc gidi, Hofing giap nfim 22 tuoi (12) Lfing rfit tri hfio vl Hofing gifip Nguyen Ba Nha vfi gifinh cho dng mdt cho ngdi cao nhfit d Bang Mdn (finh Nguyen Ba Nha tiing gifl chfle Tri phii Hfim Thufin thdi Thidu Tri nhring khong may dng bi bao benh vfi mfit sdm sri nghiep cdn dang dd Tfi'm gridng "cfin lao kho hpc" cua Nguyin Ba Nha ddn vfin dflpc truyin tung "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt ngridi cd hpc thflc eao nhfii; lfing dflng dfiu, gpi lfi Hdi trfldng Hdi trfldng Hdi tri vfin bfiu (gpi lfi che dd "dfiu trfiu") "Lfing vfin" cdn c6 mdt Hap trfldng lam chfle nfing thfl kf Hap trfldng la ehflc danh lfing dfit ra, cd nhilm vu giii vfi ghi so sach, td' chfle vige t l ll d vfin ehi, xuan thu nhi ki Khi Hap trfldng qua ddi thi dflpc hfldng vinh dfl ngang vdi cac dng tii tfii, nghla lfi lfing vfin sS ddng trdng d van chi bao hieu dl lfing din dfl tang ddng dii (13) Mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d efie lfing ven bien huyen Hfiu Ldc thi giup vile cho Hdi tnidng lfi Diln vfin vfi Ta vfin Cdng vide chinh cua Diln vfin lfi lo gifiy td sd sach eho Hdi, tham gia soan vfin td' ho£ic giao cho Ta vfin lo soan eac dip t l II Khing Tfl tai vfin chi vfi t l thfinh hofing lfing hfing nfim Van te Khing Ttt lfing Y Bieh vfi vfin te thfinh hofing lfing An Gifio (huy^n Hfiu Ldc) d i u ghi Dong tU vfin hdi soan (14) Vai n a ve lang vfln va lang hp Dilu dfing chu f d Hoang B^t lfi mdi Ifin "Lfing vfin" bfiu Hpi tnidng se cd sfl tham di;I cua nhilu quan vien ehflc sfic vfi Hdi trfldng Hdi tfl vfin ciing phai dflpc sU chfip thufin ciia quan trdn Hdi tnidng hay Hap trfldng lfi efie chfle danh dflpc lfing xa trpng vpng, vl vfiy gia pha cfic ddng hp d Hofing Lpc ghi lai nhilu Irridng hpp nfiy Gia pha hp Hfi (Hfi Duy Phidn) cd ghi lai: d ddi thfl 9, hd thfl hai, buy lfi Doan lfim Hdi trfldng Hpi tfl vfin ban xfi ddi thfl 11, buy lfi Cfldng, tri lfi Tinh Chinh, lfi Hap trfldr^ Hdi tri vfin ban xa (15) Gia pha hp Nguyin Hfiu eung ghi lai: 'Tien to khao, Nho sinh trung thflc, kidm ban xa tfl vfin vfin trfldng Nguyin Qu^ Cdng, tri On Nha", "Ong Nguyin Vy lfim Hap trfldng d xfi, tfl Lac Thi^n", "dng Nguyen Tuyln lfim 1;^ tnidng, Hap trfldng xfi nhfi" Dfing ehu f lfi hidn tflpng dng Nguyin Tl, tri Phiic Holing, lfim chfinh ly txfldng rii lfim "Hap trfldng xa nhfi 30 nfim" (16) Trong gia pha ddng hp Nguyen Hfiu tai xa Ho4ng Loe (Hofing Hda) eung ghi lai v i ^ Nguyin Hoa (1701-1783) (15) sau v l tri tai qud nhfi (nfim 1765) da tham gia Hdi tfl vfin eua lfing Trudc dd, dng to ddi thfl tu cua ddng hp nfiy, sdng vfio khoang cuoi t h i ki XVII ciing dripc bfiu Ifi Vfin trridng "Lfing vfin" (17) lufin phien cho cfic gia dinh ed ngfldi Vfin hdi cfiy cfiy, hoa lpi diing vfio vide ehung (20) Tfii lidu xfi chi ciia xa An Gifio, huypn Hfiu Ldc eho bilt: cfic thfinh vidn tfl 18 tud'i trd ldn cd t h i gia nhfip Hdi tfl van Ll thflc nhfip h$i ciang dflpc qui dinh mdt cfich chfit ehe: cfic Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh thfldng chuin bi mdt cdi trfiu, siia mpt li gdm xdi, gfi mang tdi trtnh hdi trridng yet ll tai dinh hofie vfin chi Sau trtnh bfio nhfip hdi de trd thfinh hdi vien chinh thflc, vi Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh phai lam li vpng Hdi tri vfin So tien vpng h^i dupe qui dinh lfi 36 quan tien dong Nlu khdng cd tiln nop phai gfin rudng dfit cho hpi So tiln vpng hpi dripc dem mua rudng dfit, so dfi^t gfin cho hpi diu dripc sfl dung vfio muc dich eua hdi thdng qua vide phfit canh thu td, Td mfi Hdi tri vfin thu lfi bfing xdi nd'p thdm mfi ngridi nh§n rudng cd trfich nhidm nfi'u dl phue vy vfio nhflng ngfiy tl^ ll Khing Tfl tai v&n chi, cfic dip te le xufin thu nhi ki tai den thfinh vfi thfinh hofing d dinh (21) O Hofing Bit, ddi vdi thfinh vidn cua minh, "Lang vfin" cd hinh thfle gifio due ddi hdi phai dam bao tfl cfich dao dflc tot, gifl gin danh tLd cua ngfldi cd hoc Nhflng ngfldi khdng chfip hfinh dilu 10, cd hfinh ddng, Cfic nhfi khoa bang, nhflng ngfldi bilt thfii dp trfii vdi 10 lfing, phdp nfldc, thi se bi chfl Hfin, CO phfim chfit dao dflc td't, to tidn xofi ten s i lfing vfin, Ngfldi dfin khdng lfim dilu ^ hai lfing hai nudc, dfi Hofing Bdt tfl hfio vl 'l^ang vfin" vfi truyin ng^ cfl d lfing it nhfi't ba ddi theo 1^ "Tam thd'ng khoa bang, hilu hpc ciia minh: dai thfinh tl*', ndp 1$ phi eho lfing tfl 10 den San sdt ddu hdu nin tUdng, ddng trdm 20 quan, thi dflpc vfio "Lfing vfin" (19) Dilu anh ndt got chen vai; nfiy lfi thdng 1$ chung cua efie Hdi tri vfin Chan chan vach Khdng sdn Trinh, nhd d$c biet lfi d t h i ki XDC, Hfii tfl vfin xa thi liliin tudng gidp mdi Quang Chilu huy^n Ddng Son qui dinh: (Thdc Udc vdn Idng Hodng Bgt} (22) Nhflng ngfldi tfl 18 tuli trd ldn, muon vfio Lang hg H(Si tfl vfin thi ndp h^i phi, tinh mSi tuoi quan tien Din nfim Thfinh Thai, Dinh Dfiu Tnidc hit, cfin phai ndi rfing nhiing (1898), Hpi dfi cd quy rupng mfiu sfio nguIn tfl lidu vl "Lfing hd" thiic sri it di Rghian ciiu Lich SIS', stf 6,2013 Cac nguon tfii li$u chinh vfin hfiu nhri khdng ghi chdp v l dilu nfiy, hofie gia ehi tan man ddi chflt Sd dl nhfl vfiy bdi "Lfing hd" bao gom cfic dfin dinh tfl 18 tudi khdng dripc hpc hfinh, phai lfim cfic nghia vu phu phen tap dich nhri khidng kidu, trai chilu cac ngfiy le hpi, ddn rridc Cfic cdng vide cua "Lfing hd" lfi nhflng vipc nfing nhpc, hen kdm, bdi vfiy khdng dfldc lfing xa coi trpng, du rang s i "Lfing hd" chfic chan se phai ddng dao hdn nhilu so vdi "Lfing van" hay Hdi tfl vfin NhQng trai dinh khdng bid't chfl, tfl 18 tuoi trd len dripc bign vfio so "Lfing hd" cua Hofing Bdt Dflng dfiu "Lfing hp" lfi dng Thu hp Day lfi ngridi cd uy tin "Lfing hd" vfi dripc quan tren phe chufin Trong ki fle cua nhflng ngfldi dan hp Bfli cdn nhd ddng hp minh trfldc dfiy cd dng Thii Hpp (dng Thu hp tgn lfi e l Hpp) la ngfldi lfim vide dripc dan lfing kinh trpng, quan tren Dfi'u tich ciia "Lfing hd" cdn dripc Iriu gifl d dia dilm gpi Ifi dilm canh ciia lfing, cung gpi lfi dilm lfing hp Dieu nfiy cho phdp chung ta suy lufin rang, khdng chi lfi phu phen tap dich cfic ngfiy l i hpi, "Lang hd" cdn cd ehflc nfing thiic hidn vi$c canh phdng cho Ifing Dia dilm did'm eanh lfing hd eung ehinh lfi ndi didn phidn chd chuyen ban vai vfio cac ngfiy 4; fim lich, gpi lfi chd Diem Cung d diem canh, "Lfing hd" hpp vfio ngfiy mung Tit Day lfi Ifin hpp nhfit nam cua dan hd Tai buoi hpp nfiy, khdng diln trang nghiem, trfit tfl, thfim chi tri nhd cua nhiing ngfldi dfin Hoang Ldc, "Lfing hp" hpp, nhiing ngridi di ngoai dilm cflng phai nhe nhfing, khdng dripc gfiy on anh hfldng de'n buoi hpp, Dfiy la cude hpp quyg't dinh vi$c phfin cdng cae nghia vu "Lfing hd", tfl vide cfit cii nhiing ngfldi khieng kidu, trai chilu phu phen tap dieh cac dip le hpi, cd quan ve lfing hay cd ngfldi dS dat dfldc vinh quy bfii to; d i n phfin cdng nhflng ngfldi lfim khfin chp vfi rao mo Cd mdt diem cfin Iriu ^ lfi, vdi dfit Hofing Bdt, manh dfit khoa bang thfinh danh nen nhflng ngridi rao md dfl lfi cfl dfin ciia "Lfing hd" khdng dripc hpc hfinh song lai ^hai lfla chpn c^n thfin Dfiy phai lfi nhflng ngfldi du khdng biet chfl, nhring cd t h i chuyin efie npi dung cfin truyin dat din lfing xdm thfinh nhiing bai vd thu vi Ngfldi dan Hofing Ldc cho biet: theo cac cu k l lai, trfldc dfiy, dfldi thdi Nguyin, d lfing cd cu co Thii rao mo hay den mflc tri huyen di qua nghe dripc da thfldng cho cu hfio bae Trong cfic cdng vipc eua "Lang hd", edng vi$c cd "danh gifi" hdn ca cd le ehinh lfi cfii chfle "khan chp"! Dfit Hofing Bdt ed chd Qufing - mdt chp ldn cua tinh Thanh Chp nhdn nhip nhri cau ca tflng midu ta: "Cha Qudng phiin dgi, ngUdi dgi cUng di", khdng chi ngridi huydn mfi ca eac huydn Ifin cfin eung v l day budn ban Trong chp phan chia tflng khu hfing rieng, hfing vai ngdi gfin khu dinh Bang Mdn, roi din hfing xdn, hfing thit ngoi phia ngofii Chinh vi ^'fiy, vide tim dflpc mdt cho ngoi chd de thufin tidn cho budn ban thi phai "nhd cfiy" d i n dng "khfin chp", ciing dd mfi vi tri cua dng "khfin chp" cung tr5 ngn quan trpng hdn nhilu! Theo tfii lidu dien da ciia chflng tdi, c6 mdt dilm dfic biet ve "Lfing hd" d Hoing fept la mfic dfl quanh nfim phai thflc bidn cfic nghia vu nfing nhoc, song cd 'Xfing hd" dflde "quyin Irie" quan trpng lfi ngfiy Td't: mflng 1, 2, 3, hp dfldc di den nhfi efie quan chuc tet, dupc dpn cd bfin mdi fin, dripc thridng tiln mflng tud'i mang vl Dfiy lfi nhflng ngfiy mfi ngridi dfin hd cd thdm eai quyin dripc ton trpng cua lfing xa, dl roi Vai n6> ve lang vfln va lang hQ sau ba ngfiy tit, hp lai trd vl vdi thfin phfin phuc dich cua minh Dfiu di ehfing nfla, truyin thong nfiy ciing phan finh mdt n i t vfin hda dep ciia ngridi Hofing Bpt! Mac du vfiy, nhflng cfl lidu tren chfla cho phdp ehiing ta khfing dinh vl ho^t d^ng cua t l chfle "Lang hd" t^i cfic vflng nfiy Doi vdi trfldng hpp Hoang Bdt, dilm ddc dao Trong cac nghidn eflu vl lfing xa Thanh chinh la d chd, hai to ehflc "Lfing vfin" vfi Hda, ngoai trfl eud'n sach vilt vl Hofing L^c "Lfing hd" t i n tai cflng cfic xdm ngd, •"Hoang Ldc ddt hiiu hgc" thi hfiu nhfl song cd cfic quy dinh vfi t h i c h l sinh boat khdng de cfip de'n to ehflc nfiy Mdt vfii tfii khfic "Lfing hp" d dfiy khdng tfich bi$t lidu cd nhfic dlh cfic nhfin vfit "thu hp" vfi khdi cong dong dfin cri, dilu nfiy dl phan "dfin hd" nhu: Khofin udc lfing Hflu Le, xa bidt vdi cac trUdng hpp "Lfing hd" cua cfic Muc Sdn, huyen Ldi Dridng, phu Thp Xufin, "khfich hd" phai cU ngu ngofii Ifing O lfing nfim Thfinh Thai thfl 18 (1906), dilu Bdt, hp vfin qufiy qufin Ifing xdm, thfl 18 CO ghi: "Pham ngfldi nfio mfit trfiu song khdng dripc dfl hpp d dinh Bang Mdn, bo, phai lfip tflc trinh vdi thu hd (TG nhfin ma phai don diem eanh cua "Lfing hd" "Lfing hd" lfi luc Iridng dam trfich cfic manh), hogc trflm trridng dl danh ba hii " (23) Dilu 24 khofin fldc tid'p cdng vide nfing nhpc, vfi't va cua lfing Thofit tuc nhfic din nhfin vfit "thu hd": "He dd'n ki khdi dia vi "Lfing hd" lfi fldc md cua ban quan thfin phu than lfim l l cfiu phiic, mpi trai dinh lfing xa mpi ngudi thdn, tfl tuoi trd Idn, diu Mot vfii n h a n xet tfl den linh cfio giai ( ) Chfl vidn khuynh 3.1 Ciing Ifi efie Ifing khoa bang, nhring hang, tfl khfin hd trd ldn, thu hd (TG nhfin lfing Md Traeh (Hai Dridng) hay lfing Qu^nh manh) trd xuong, cfl theo thfl tfl canh Ddi (Nghf An) khdng cd sri phfin chia cri dfin phdng ling tnie, dl bieu thi cfii nghia trgn "hai lang" nhri trridng hpp Hofing L^c dfldi tfldng thfin tridng trd" (24) Trong ciing mdt lfing xfi, ngo xdm, ddng hp, Khoan ride thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda, tong Nam Ban, huydn Ting Sdn, phii Hfi Trung, soan nam Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) thi nhfic tdi nhfin vfit thu hang: "Cfic hang dinh nam, nlu nghe thfiy hoi trd'ng phai dd'n dinh hpp v6i cae cu trflm lao Ne'u bfin vide ridng, trtnh vdi li trudng hay thu hgng (TG nhfin manh) thi dflpc miin" (25) Phai ehfing, dfiy ciing lfi mpt each gpi ciia Thu hd? Ben canh dd, khoan ride lfing Nhan Vfle, tong Lo Hridng, huyen Ho^ng Hofi cung ghi rfing: "Ai ed chuydn tang nhd dfin Ifing tong tang thi tfl trflm tnidng din ki dich diu fin mfic dfla tang Bdn hd (TG nhfin manh) tfl bfin trd xuing ndn di dfla tang" (26) Cd phai "dfin hd" dflpc nhfic din khofin fldc ciing chinh lfi "dfin hd" cua "Lfing hp"? thfim chi cd cflng mdt dai gia (finh, cfic thfinh vidn nam lai dripc phan chia hai to ehflc tfip hpp dfin khae bift: "Lfing vfin" va 'Tifing hd" - hai to ehflc vdi nhflng quyin ldi vfi nghia vu khae Vfiy tai lai cd hidn tridng nfiy? Theo chiing tdi, cdi nguon cua vfin dl xufit phfit chinh lfi tfl truyin thing trpng bpc edng dong lfing xa, Khdng phai ngfiu nhidn d hai lfing Bpt cd Bang Mdn Dinh Tren miln Bfic vfi miln Trung cd hai ngdi dinh mang ten dinh Bang, t h i nhflng hai ten gpi nfiy mang hai y nghia hofin tofin khfic bigt: nlu Dinh Bang d Tii Sdn (Bfic Ninh) dflpc dfit theo tgn gpi ciia lfing (Ifing Dinh Bang), thi Bang Mdn Dinh lai lfi cfii ten mang hfim y khuyen khieh si^ hpc ciia lfing: Bang Mdn: c^a ddn vdo bdng Vdng, Rghien cflu Lich siS* stf 6.2Q13 khoa bdng Khdng phai ngfiu nhien mfi tu Phign am: hfldng I m d dfiy tnidc tign lfi "trgng khoa Si quan tfl Ifip thfin phu ngridng vd quy han trgng hogn" (trpng ngfldi dd dat, cd hpc Hfldng am tflu di ll trfldng fi'u hflu lufin vi, hdn lfi ngfldi phfim trfit quan tridc), sau Dich nghia: dd mdi theo nguydn tfic: "HUu quan nhUOng NgUdi qudn tti lap thdn dUdc thua quan, vd quan nhUOng ldo" (Nghia lfi; Nlu ed quan tudc thi nhfldng ngfldi cd quan tfldc khdngthen Ldng liin hoanphdi co litren diM ddng bgc cao, cdn nlu khdng cd quan ehflc thi nhfldng ngfldi nhilu tuoi) Din Hofing Ldc, Hofie: chflng ta dflpc nghe nhilu cfiu chuyen dfin gian mfi dd, ngridi ta dfinh chilu trdn Bg s: as It jE r ft n )tt ^ 3fe tai Bang Mdn Dinh, dfinh sfl tdn kinh cho Hofing gifip Nha tre tuli hdn ca Thflpng Phign fim: thri Ha Duy Phien (27) dfiu trieu! Nhflng Hflu dpng hflu lufin tfl lidt tdn ti phd dilu nfiy lfi minh chiing cho thfiy vai trd thinh hdi eua si^ hpc cdng dong Ifing xa Chieu vfin chidu dd trang nghidm n^i Chinh vi vfiy, sfl ddi cua 'T,fing vfin" ngoai trfing vinh quang vfi "Lfing hd" cung khdng n^m ngoai muc Dich nghia: dich trdn Sfl phan biet cfl dfin cua hai Cd ddng CO hoc sdp dgt trin di^ bdy hMtu "lfing" cd f nghla tdn trpng, dpng vien, Sdng vdn sdng phep trang nghiim khuyd'n khich ngudi ed hoc Nlu cha dng lfi dan "Lang hd" nhflng den chau dupc ngodi dep ednh quan 3.3 Tfl trridc din nay, nghidn cflu vl hpc hanh thi cd the dripc vao "Lang vfin" Vdi ngridi dfin Hofing Bdt, dd la ca sfl thay t l ehflc xa hdi cua lfing xa Vigt Nam truyin dli thfin phfin Chinh mdt sd' dilu phfin thd'ng, chflng ta vfin cho rang "Lfing vfin" bidt gifla dfin hai "Ifing" ndn nhilu gia hay "Lfing hd" la nhiing to chfle cd tinh dinh, dfl nghgo khd dd'n dfiu, cung cl" eho chfit "phudng hdi" ddn thufin, khdng phai em theo ddi but nghidn chfl nghia d l cd mpt td chfle nam bd mfiy quan li xa dip vfio "Lfing vfin", dl cd vi tri cfic hpi Song qua trinh diln da thflc tl, hoat ddng eua lfing xa Dilu nfiy gdp phfin chung tdi nhfin thfiy rling: cfic t l ehflc nfiy, thflc dfiy tinh than hpc tfip cua mpi ngfldi dfic bidt lfi Hdi tu vfin tai nhflng ndi co dfin lfing, dfl dd la gia dmh gifiu eo, truyin thong khoa bang nhri Hofing Bdt, c6 hay nhflng gia dinh quanh nfim "bfin mi^t vai trd quan trpng nhilu hoat ddng cua lfing xa, nhfit lfi cfic sinh hoat tin cho dfi't, bfin Iflng cho trdi" ngridng cdng dong Hdn nfla, mfic dfl khdng 3.2 Sri t i n tai cua hai to ehflc "Lfing nfim thflc quyin, nhring "Lfing vfin" lfi b$ vfin" va "Lfing hd" cujig cho thfiy mdt xfi hpi tham mriu, vach ke hoach quan ly mpi mfit ngdi thfl nang ne d Ho^ng Ldc thdi trung cho chfle dich thi hfinh "Lfing vfin" cd uy dai Bang Mdn Dinh hidn cung cdn tin vdi dfin lfing, quan trdn cung phai kinh nhilu cau ddi t h i hign ro dilu nfiy: nl Ly trfldng chfle dich neu tham nhung hdng hach vdi dan, "Lfing vfin" cd kiln nghi d l nghi quan tren, thi se hi efich chfle Si^ il!S^ i i Ki ^ g «j W ^ cd mfit ciia cfic quan vien cfip trdn dl phg Vai n6> ve lang vfln va l&ng hO duypt buoi "dfiu trfiu" doi vdi cfic chfle Hpi trridng Hdi tri vfin vfi Thii hd nhri trfldng hpp Hofing L§c thdi trung dai da eho thfi'y tfim quan trpng vfi anh hfldng eiia efie to chiic nfiy ho?it ddng chung cua lfing xfi CHUTHtCH (1) Thanh H6a n6i tttfn; Vio cull the ki XVIII, diu t h i ki XIX, viing &&t Thanh Hda v i Ninh Binh dUdc chia t h i n h : Thanh Hoa noi tri'n, tljtc tinh Thanh Hda v i Thanh Hoa ngoai trloi, tutc tinh Ninh Binh sau niy (2) Sich Hodng Lgc ddt hiiu hgc ch6p ten 256 hiidng cong, cii n h i n diidi triiu LS v i triiu Nguyin Diy l i nhiing t h i n g kg du^c d i n ngudn chu ylu tii gia p h i cic ddng ho, v^y tinh chfnh xic cin dUA: kilm chutng th&m Sach Trgng nguyin, tien si, huang cdng Viit Nam ch^p 98 ngUdi H o ^ g L ^ d$u trung khoa diy, chihig t£i thfi'ng k i tit B&ng khoa luc Thanh Hoa (nguygn vfin tfin sich l i Thu tt di danh ki) kl h i | u 78ffiC 3.086 liiu tgi phdng Dja chf tinh Thanh Hda, cdng trinh ddi khoang cuSi n i m 1875, dfiu n i m 1876, 3iJu t i p chi tilt v i cdng phu ve cic v} t m n g khoa cua Thanh Hda cho d i n n i m 1875 v i sich Qudc triiu huang khoa lgc cua Cao X u i n D^c (3) Phan D^i Doan, Ldng Viet Nam da nguyin vd chgt, Nxb D^i hoc Qufic gia H i N^i, H i N^i, 2006, tr 19 (4) Gia pha ho Bui, ban chd H i n , lUu t^i xa Ho^ng Ldc (Ho^ng H6a, Thanh Hoa) (5) Vien NghiSn ctiu H i n Ndm, Van khdc Hdn N6m Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc x i h^i H i Ngi, 1992, tr 936, (6), (7), (20) Vi^n Nghi&n ciiu H i n Ndm, Vdn khSc Han Ndm Viit Nam, add, tr 930, 933, 933 (8) Hiidng Udc xa Ho^ng Nghia, ban chii H i n , tii li^u siiu t i m t ^ dia phUdng (9) Vi$n Nghiin cfiu v i n hda d9n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h$i H i N^i, 2000, tr 337 (10), (11), (23), (24), (25), (26) Vi^n Nghign cfiu vin hda d i n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, sdd, tr 118,119, 199, 201-202, 124, 335 (12) Nguyin B i Nhsi h i | u l i Long Chiu, ngfidi x i Hoing DEIO sinh n i m N h i m Ng? (1822), d3 HiiOng cong khoa T i n Svlu, niin hi$u Thieu Tr) thfi n h i t (1841) Khoa thi Hdi n i m QuJ Mio (1843), dng d5 Df nhi giip Tiln xufiTt t h i n thfi n h i t (tfic Hoing giip), dng 22 tuli Diy l i khoa thi d i u tign nhfi Nguyen Ufy Dg n h i t giip v i ngiidi dfi IKnh nguygn, D§ n h i t giip Tiln cftp d | D§ tam danh (Thim hoa) l i Mai Anh Tulfn, ngiidi Thach Gian, huygn Nga Sdn, hoc trd ciia Nhfl B i Si (13), (19) Bfii Khic Vi|t, Nguyen Dfic Nhu^, Hodng I4c - ddt hieu hoc, Nxb Thanh Hda, Thanh Hda, 1996, tr 61, 62 (14) Xem thgm: Phaim V i n Tuf&i, Ca cdu td chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cia lang Viit ven biin huySn Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u ^ i n Tiln si afi hoc H i NOi, 2008, (15) Gia phd hg Hd (Hd tgc phd ki), t i i li^u sUu t i m tai dia phUdng (16), (18) Gia phd Nguyin Hdu, tii ligu sfiu t i m t^i dja phiidng, tr 8-9 (17) Nguyin Hoa thu$c ddng doi Tien Nguyen Thanh.(1506-1545), Tien khoa T i n Siiu, triiu M^c Phiic Hai (1541), hai l i n thi H^i chi dl tam trUdng, song d^y h9C r i t gidi, dUdc chfia Tqnh mdi v l kinh dd giang sich t^i phu Minh Dd Vfidng CPrinh Doanh) (21) Xem them: Pham V i n Tufin, Ca cdu td chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cda lang Vi^t ven biin huy^n Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u i n i n tien si sfi h9c, H i Ndi, 2008 (22) Thuc Udc v&n lang Hodng Bdt, t i i ligu aUu t i m t^i dia phfidng (27) H i Duy Phien (1791-1852): dS Hfidng cong Khoa Ky Mao, nien higu Gia Long thfi 18 (1819), l i m quan d i n ThUpng thu bd H§ ... Vio cull the ki XVIII, diu t h i ki XIX, viing &&t Thanh Hda v i Ninh Binh dUdc chia t h i n h : Thanh Hoa noi tri'n, tljtc tinh Thanh Hda v i Thanh Hoa ngoai trloi, tutc tinh Ninh Binh sau niy... Neil nhfl diidi thdi trung dai, Thanh Hofi cd 206 ngudi dai khoa thi rieng huyen Hofing Hda cd 48 ngfldi vfi Hofing Ldc c6 tdi 12 vi Tiln si Thd'ng kg tfl Bdng khoa luc Thanh Hoa vfi Qud'c triiu... o ^ g L ^ d$u trung khoa diy, chihig t£i thfi'ng k i tit B&ng khoa luc Thanh Hoa (nguygn vfin tfin sich l i Thu tt di danh ki) kl h i | u 78ffiC 3.086 liiu tgi phdng Dja chf tinh Thanh Hda, cdng