Vai trò của lực lượng dân quân, tự vệ thủ đô Hà Nội một trong những nhân tố quyết định thắng lợi trong trận Điện Biên Phủ trên không năm 1972.
VAI T R d CIJA tirC LlfdmC DAI\ Q U A N , Tl/ VE TIIL » llA I^dl TIKOI\G TltAlV "DitiV UltN PIIIJ TKEI\ KlldlVG" N\n 1972 NCUVfeNHOtJDAO* S au nhflng thfing l(?i to Ifln nfim 1971, bflde vfio Xufin • Hd nfim 1972, qufin dfin mitfn Nam mfl cudc titfn cfing chitfn lUdc ldn trfin kh^p chitfn truflng, gfly cho My vfi chinh quytfn Sfii Gfin htft ngd ca vtf hudng titfn cfing vfi quy mfi ehitfn dieh Vflng giai phdng ciia ta dfl^c mfl rfing fl Trj • Thien, dong bfing khu 5, Tfiy Nguyfin, mien Dfing Nam Bfi tao thfinh thtf bao vfiy chia cfit dich Chie'n lUpc "Vifit Nam hda chitfn tranh" ciia My vfi chinh quytfn Sfii Gdn dflng trUflc nguy cd sup De cflu vfin tinh the My dung phtfn ldn hda lUc khdng quan, hai qufin "My hfia" trfl lai mitfn Nam va ndm bom pha hoai mitfn Bfic Cufic ehitfn tranh phfi hoai Ifin thfl hai mfi My titfn hfinh trfin mien Bfic vdi quy mfi, cuflng rtft ldn, dinh cao lfi chien dich dung mfiy bay B52 d^i bom xutfng Thu dfi Hfi N^i Khi titfn hfinh chie'n tranh pha hoai mitfn Bfic, gidi cfim quytfn Oasinhtdn da hd hdt: "dtfy Ifli mitfn Bfic vtf thfli k$ dd da" (1) vfi "khfing cdn nghi ngfl gi nfla My c6 thi phfi huy mitfn Bfic Vifit Nam mfit sdm mdt chi^u vfi bu^c hp phai diu hfing" (2) NhUng Mjf da bj thtft b^i tham hai "Vfl ky thufit My dfl hi§n d^i den dau cung khfing thi citu ke thfl khoi thtft bai Quytft dinh thfing l^i lfi ngUfli ã ViĐn Sfl h9c Vidt Nam ydu nUflc, dung cam, thdng minh" (3) Thu dd Hfi Ngi vfin dflng vflng vfi Iftp chitfn edng vang ddi Qufin dfin Hfi N^i dfi nhtfn chim phfio dfii bay B52 - vii hi^n dai ciia Mj Trong chitfn edng vi dai nfiy, lUc lugng dfin qufin, tu v$ thii dfi da ed vai trd htft sfle to ldn Dfin qufin, tU v$ thii dd da trfl thfinh mpt nhflng nhfin ttf quytft dinh, dfip tan cudc tfip kich chitfn Ifldc ciia khdng Iflc My Dtfn dtfu thang 10 nfim 1972, qua nhflng trfin phan kich gifing co vd ciing quytft li§t tren chitfn trUflng mitfn Nam, My vfi chinh quytfn Sfii Gdn da gianh gifit dupc mpt atf dia bfin mfi chung ta da giai phdng chitfn djch Xufin • Hd d mifi~n Bfic, vdi nhflng dpt ndm bom bfin phfi qui mfi ldn, chflng da phfi hiiy nhitfu cd sfl vfit chtft, sfit h^i vfi lfim thUdng vong nhifi'u ngufli Tuy nhifin, Mjf v5n khfing thtf xoay chuyln dUdc cyc di^n chitfn tranh Cfich mang Vi^t Nam v5n vflng budc di len Mitfn Bfic bin rdi hdn 600 mfiy bay, bfit stfng nhitfu gific Ifii My Cd quan tinh bfio My da tflng than thfl: Vitfc ndm bom fie litft khong ngfin chfln dupc B&c Vi^t Nam dUa ngufli vfi vu khi, trang b} vfio Nam Vat trd ciia luc lugng dfln qufln Diu thfing 10 nfim 1972, phfii dofin ngoai giao Vi^t Nam fl Hfii ngh; Paris chii dfing dua ban dU thao Hi^p dinh vfi" chtfm ddtt chid'n tranh, Ifip lai hda binh fl Vidt Nam TrUdc tinh thtf htft lpi trfin ca hai mitfn Nam - Bfic, trUdc dU lufin qutfc te vfi nUde ngfiy cfing phan doi cudc chitfn tranh ciia My fl Vi^t Nam; dfic bi$t, dfi' tfl cd thien chl, Itfy long ci( tri My cufic btfu cijt Td'ng thtfng My dfi chtfp nhfin ban du thao vfi xfic djnh cd the ky chinh thflc Hiep dinh vfio ngfiy 31 thfing 10 nfim 1972 Sau dd phia My tfl tri hoan dtfn trfio trfl nhflng difi'u ki$n da thfla thufin Ngfiy thfing 11 nfim 1972, Nichxdn trung cii Td'ng thtfng nhifim ky Cung tfl dtfy My da tri hoan, kdo dfii vfi cuoi cflng Ifit long ddi phai siia 126 diem ban du thao Hifip dinh Hfii nghi Paris btf tfic Ngay 13 thang 12 nfim 1972, Kitxinhgid, co vfi'n dfic bifit cua phai dofin My tuyfin btf bo hop vfi thdi ban Thuc chtft My da ehii trUdng sii dung bfii cufii cung lfi dung B52 quyd't gifinh thtf manh, rdi di dtfn giai phap chtfm dflt chitfn tranh fl Viet Nam cd ldi cho My Dua vao sfle manh quan sU, nhfi't lfi lUc lUdng khdng qufin ehitfn lUpc, 14 thang 12 nfim 1972, vdi ldi le nhU mfit ttfi hfiu thu, Tong thtfng My Nichxdn giti difin cho Chinh phii Vifit Nam ddi vdng 72 gid tdi phai trfl lai bfin dfim phan fl Paris Cung vdi viec gijti di$n cho Chinh phii Vidt Nam, Nichxdn lenh cho Bfi chi huy khfing quan chitfn lUdc va chitfn thufit chuan bi ndm bom mien Bfic, tha them phong tda cang Hai Phdng vfi cac ciia sdng, ciia bien khac My cdn thfinh Ifip Bd tU Ifinh sU doan khfing qufin chie'n lUpc lam thfli va ditfu dflng 48 mfiy bay F i l l sang thay thtf phi dofin F4 fl Ddng Nam A My rfio ritft chuan hi cho cudc tfip kich ehitfn lUpc bfing khdng qufin vfio Hfi Ndi, Hai Phdng Cufic tfip kich tren mang ten Linebacker II 47 (Laind bfi'chcd Cii sflt trUdc khung thfinh) Tofin bO 193 mfiy bay B52, hdn 1000 mfiy bay chifi'n thufit vflng Dfing Nam A dUpe huy dfing cho chifi'n dieh nfiy Mue dieh ciia Linebacker II lfi tfin pha nfing mpt stf khu vUe dfin eU, ehii ytfu lfi Hfi Nfii, Hai Phdng hdng gfiy hoang mang, tao sfle dp ldn nhtft vfi dfinh sup y chl quytft tam gifinh thtfng nhtft, dfic Ifip ciia nhfin dfin ta, phfi hoai tifi'm lUc kinh tfi', qutfe phdng, ngfin chfin tfl gtfc ngudn titfp ttf mifi'n Bfic vfio miS'n Nam, rfin de cfic nUflc dang troi dfiy dfi'u tranh chd'ng dtf qutfc My Nhfi Trfing vfi Lfiu Nfim Gdc tinh tofin, vfli mpt eufie titfn cfing dai quy md bfing khdng qufin hidn dai vfi mpt khtfi lUpng bom dan khong Id trut xutfng Thii dd Hfi Ndi, Hai Phdng se t^o dUpc "cu soc" dfit ngdt, budc Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cflng hoa chfi'p nhfin die'u kifin "hda binh" cua My My cdn cho rfing, hd thong phdng khong cua Bfic Vifit Nam se khdng thi phfit huy hieu luc trude sfl titfn cflng ciia My Nhfin ro ban chtft ngoan ctf Ifit long eua dtf quoc My, Bfi Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng va Hfii ddng Chinh phii Viet Nam chi dao quan dfin mitfn Bic, dfic bifit la quan dan Thii dfi Hfi Nfii de eao canh gific, sfin sfing chitfn dtfu vfi phuc vu chie'n dfi'u, dfip tan mpi hfinh dfing quan su ciia dich Bd Tong tham mUu Quan doi Nhfin dfin Viet Nam dfim theo ddi tflng dpng thai ciia dich vfi nhfin dinh: nd'u diing B52 ndm bora Hfi Ndi, My cho xufi't kich 30 lln/ehitfc, nhifi'u nhfi't 60 dtfn 80 ifinychitfe radi Theo sfl chi dao eiia Dang, ktf hoach cua Bp Tong tu Ipnh, ngfiy 30 thang 10 nfim 1972, Qufin chiing Phfing khdng - Khdng qufin md Hdi nghi chuyfin de vtf danh B52, to chflc tap hutfn cho can bp chi huy va cac kip chitfn dfi'u Cac ddn v\ Rada to chiic chong nhilu vfi phfit hi^n chinh xac may bay B52 Bp Tu lenh Thu dfi to chflc tfip Rghian ciJru L|ch sit, atf 8.2018 hufi'n bfin mfiy bay tfim thfl'p cho cfin bd chi huy dfin qufin, ti^ v$ Cfic thii trUflng cd quan, gifim dtfc nhfi mfiy, xi nghidp dUpc qufin tri^t thfim mdt bflde vtf si^ ktft hpp gifla chifi'n dfi'u vfi san xutft Cac khu vi^c nfii, ngo^i thfinh diln tflp bfin mfiy bay, dfinh djch dtf bd duflng khdng, ad tfin ngUfli vfi tfii san cfi'p td'c, cdng tfic cflu thUdng, cflu sfip gifl gin trtft ti^ tri an , Chua nfio qufin dfin Thu dfi Hfi N^i sfii ddng, khfi'n trUdng edng tfic chutfn hi vfi sSn sfing dfinh tra ndm bom phfi ho^i ciia My nhU luc nfiy Cflng vdi nhi^m vy lanh dao chu^n bj sSn sfing ehitfn dfi'u, ban lanh dpo Thfinh phtf Hfi Npi sfle dfin dtfc vific thi hfinh phdng, trfinh cfie ngfinh, cfic cfi'p Do ngUfli vfi cfic phUdng ti$n chie'n tranh ra, vfio phtf ngfiy cfing tfing khitfn nhflng dtfu mtfi giao thdng quan trpng nhu: bd'n phfi, cfiu phao, n h i ga, ben xe nhifi'u hi fich tfic euc bd Cac lUc lupng kiem soat qufin sU, cdng an vu trang, canh sfit, dfin qufin, tU vd dUdc to chflc bien che hdp ly dl dam bao giao thdng, trfit tu ndi dfing ngUfli Tfi't ca cfic chan hfing, kho hfing Ifln fl Ddng Anh, Yfin Vien, Giap Bfit dUpc lUc lUpng can bp, nhfin vien, nhfin dfin, hpc sinh, sinh vien ngfiy dfim phfin tan Tfi't ca cd quan, nhfi may, xf nghidp, bdnh vi$n, trUdng hpe hinh thfinh hai btf phfin: fl lai nfii thfinh titfp tuc san xutft, cfing tfic va aSn sfing chitfn dtfu, mpt b^ phfin vtf ndi sd tfin dl to chflc san xufi't, ttf chflc sinh ho^t vfi hpc tfip Cac ddn vi Phdng khdng-Khdng quan dflpc hufi'n luy^n mpi phUdng an dfinh djch Nhflng ddn vi phfio cao xa, ddn vi sung may, sung trUflng nang cao trinh dp Ngufli gifi, tre em, nhflng ngudi khdng cd nhi^m vu chitfn dtfu, san xutft sS sd tan khoi ndi thfinh Trung dofin mang ten 'T)oan Quang Trung bao vfi Thii dd" (4) dUpc btf sung dtfy dii stf qufin, trang bi dtfy dii vfi tfip hufi'n phUdng fin dfinh djch vfi khfic phyc hfiu qufi Thu dd Hfi N$i bj ndm bom Dfic bidt, sau tfn djnh ttf chflc, bifin chtf, Dofin Quang Trung phtfi hpp vdi mtft stf ddn v) b(k dpi ehii li^c thi^c hfinh cufic diSn tfip dfinh qufin dtf bp dudng khdng tai m$t stf khu vi^c nhu: Quang truflng Ba Dinh, Nhfi hfit ldn, Ngfin hfing Trung Udng, Vufln hoa Chi Linh Trong luc chitfn sM dang diSn quytft lidt, vi^c ttf chflc, dpng vidn vfi thuc tfip, trung dofin qufin dii nhi^m dfi cd tac d(ing ctf vu thtf chitfn dfi'u ciia cfic lUc lupng vu trang nhfin dan, khdi dfiy truytfn thtfng kifin cUflng chtfng gific ngoai xfim, bao vd Thu dfi ciia ngUfli Hfi Nfii Bdn canh dd, Bp Td'ng tham mUu cdn quytft dinh cho Hfi Npi thfinh Ifip thfim dai dpi ti^ v§ tfip trung, thofit ly san xutft O huy^n ngoai thfinh moi huypn to chflc mot dai dpi bfi binh tfip trung, trang bi sung dan, lfim nhi^m vy co dfing chitfn dfi'u dia bfin huypn Trong ndi thfinh, moi khu to chflc dai dpi phfio cao xa 100 ly (gdm khtfu dpi), tfing eUdng cho hfi thong bfin may bay ttfm cao Quan sd' cfic dai dpi nfiy chii yfi'u lfi cfing nhan ciia nhitfu nhfi may, xi nghipp tap trung lpi Ngofii lUc lUdng dfin qufin, tu vd dUpc bo sung, tfing cUflng; cfic CO quan xi nghitfp chutfn bi xe, mfiy, ngudi, phUdng tidn dl sfin sfing cd dpng khfic phyc hfiu qua phfi hoai ciia dich cd Ipnh Cflng vfli thfinh phtf, cfic cd quan khoa hpc, nghidp vy tham gia phdng trfinh vfi danh dich Cfic san phtfm mdi phyc vu chitfn dfi'u Itfn lupt dfli nhU: Ca nd khfing ngufli Ifii, ky thufit mdi Ifip rap cfiu phao, phfi xe liia Chi mpt thfli gian ngfin, Thii dfi Ha Npi da chuyln sang thfli chitfn Cufic chitfn dtfu quytft gifinh thfing ldi cua qufin dfin thii dd da chutfn bi sfin sfing Vfio 12h ngfiy 18 thang 12 nfim 1972 khfing quan My bfit dtfu titfn danh Thu dfi Hfi Npi Mfl dtfu, hfing loat may bay B52 tfl Vai h^ ciia lijrc lirqng dan qufln dao Guam vfio sfin bay Utapao (Thai Lan), cd may bay ehitfn thutft yim trp Ifin lUpt xufi't kich bay vtf hudng Vi§t Nam Dofin mfiy bay hon hpp kdo dfii hfing chyc kildmdt, tfm am ngupc sdng Mfi Kdng Ifin Tfiy Bfic rfii theo cfic day nfli bay vfio ddng b^ng Btfc Bp Tfl 19h40' dtfn 20hl8' nhitfu td'p B52 (mfii top chifi'c) dfii bom xud'ng cfic khu vyc sfin bay Npi Bfii, Dfing Anh, Yfin Vifin, Gia Lfim vfi nhifi'u ndi khfic fl Thii dfi Hfi Npi Tfl dfinh nho dfi'n dfinh ldn, danh ban dem vfi danh ban ngfiy, danh lifin tuc, dfl ddi vdi cuflng dd mfii ngfiy mdt tfing, dtf quoc My hong khufi't phyc quytft tfim sfit dfi chtfng My, giai phdng mien Nam, thd'ng nhfi't To qutfc ciia qufin dan Hfi Ndi ndi rifing, nhfin dan Vifit Nam nfii chung Dtf qud'c My quye't gifinh thfi' manh, quytfn chu dfing bfin dfim phfin ngoai giao tai Paris NhUng mfit ifin nfla de quoc My da tinh tofin sai lfim, chiu thtft bai va chiu hfiu qua nfing ne Cupc tfip kich chitfn lUpc bfing khfing qufin ciia My vfio mitfn Bfic Viet Nam ma Thu Hfi Nfii lfi muc tieu ehu ytfu da dien lien tuc 12 dem, 11 ngfiy, Trong 12 ngfiy ddm ay My da sii dung 726 Ifin chitfn B52, gfin 2000 Ifin chifi'c mfiy bay chie'n thufit Rifing fl Thii dfi Ha Nfii, My sii dung 444 Ifin chitfe B52, hdn 1000 Ifin chien may bay chifi'n thufit ndm xutfng khoang hdn 10000 tfi'n bom, gifi't hai 2380 ngfldi, lfim bi thUdng 1355 ngufli (5) Trdn dia bfin Thu dd Hfi Ndi cd ga xe liia thi ga hi phfi hong Trong chitfe cfiu, ben phfi thi My pha sfip vfi hong cfiu, phfi Cang nhtft fl Ha Ndi lfi cang Sfing Hdng hi My ndm bom khdng boat ddng dUpc binh thudng Mfit phfin ba td'ng stf 200 nhfi may, xi nghiep cflng b^nh vi^n, dfii phfit titfng ndi Vi^t Nam, nhitfu cdng trinh kinh ttf, khoa hpc ky thufit, vfin hda, trUflng hpc, khu dfin cU, cfiu ctfng, duflng xfi hi phfi 49 hiiy hofic thipt hai nfing; 67 xa ngoai thfinh vfi 39 khtfi phtf npi thfinh h\ bfin phfi (6) Vdi khtfi lupng bom dan, dtf qutfc My da tfin pha ciia vfi ngufli Vipt Nam Quan dfin miin Bfic, Thii dd Hfi Npi chufin bj ttft vtf thtf trfin tinh thfin, chii ddng sd tfin, phfin tfin, de vfla chifi'n dtfu dat hipu qua cao, vfla phdng trfinh ttft, ndn thipt h^i vfi thUdng vong thfi'p Trong 12 ngfiy dem, 81 mfiy bay My bj bfin rdi trfin mifi'n Bfic, dd cd 34 may bay B62 Hfing trfim gific lai My, phfin ldn lfi gific lai B52 hi chtft, mtft tich vfi bi bfit song Thu dfi Hfi Npi, khu vUc myc tidu chii ytfu cua ehitfn dich, 23 may bay B52, mfiy bay F i l l vfi mfiy bay chifi'n thufit khfic hi bfin rdi (7) Vdi Linebacker II, My dfinh chung ta bfit ngfl, nhung ehinh ehung bi bfi't ngfl Chung bfi't ngfl ve stf lUdng B52 hi tieu diet, vtf y dd gay sfle dp trfin mfit trfin ngoai giao khfing dat My tfl eho bat ngd rdi dtfn than phuc ve tinh thfin binh tinh, vflng vang ciia qufin dfin Thii dd Hfi Npi trUflc mUa bom, bao dan ciia eupe tfip kich chie'n lUdc bfing khdng quan ma chung titfn hanh Trong Hoi ky ciia minh, Nichxdn da phai thu nhfin: "Die'u lo ngai chinh cua tdi tufin le nfim bom dau tidn khfing phai lfi nhflng ddt phan doi gay gfit fl nfldc ta vfi thtf gidi, die'u da dupe dU tinh, mfi ehlnh lfi thipt hai nfing ne ve B52" (8) Thfing ldi vi dai, oanh liet 12 ngfiy dem ciia "Trfin Dien Bien Phii tren khdng" cudi nfim 1972 la qua to Idn eiia tofin Dang, tofin qufin vfi tofin dfin ta Nd bfit nguon tfl nhitfu nhan to, dd phai ke dtfn vai trd to ldn ciia dpi ngii dfin qufin, tU v^ thii dd Dfim 18 thang 12 nfim 1972, dfim dfiu tien My dung B52 nfim bom danh phfi Thii dd Hfi Npi, lfi dem gfin trifiu ngUfli Hfi Nfii gfin nhu khdng ngii Hang chuc trifiu ngufli fl cac tinh, thfinh phtf khfic eung hUdng ve 50 Hfi Ndi xuc dpng, lo fiu Hfi Npi vfin dflng viSng Cfic cd quan Ifinh dgo Dang, Nhfi nUdc vfi qufin dpi vfin lfim vipc fl nhflng cfin hfim thfinh phtf B^ Chinh t Trung Udng Dang, Chinh phii vfi Bd Ttfng TU Ipnh dfic bipt chu trpng theo sfit vfi chi dpo cutfc chitfn dfi'u fl thii dfi Gifl vflng thii dd luc nfiy lfi gifl vflng nilm tin cho ca nUflc Vfli y dfi khfing cho doi phUOng khfic phye hfiu qua, nhflng trfin bom dfim vi!ra dflt My titfp tyc eho mfiy bay chitfn thufit vfio bfin phfi ban ngfiy, Cflng vdi chitfn dtfu, viPc khfic phyc hfiu qua vfi ttf chflc sd tfin trfl thfinh nhipm vy cfi'p bfich cua thfinh phtf, Dong chi Trfin Duy Hflng, Chii tjch LTy ban Hfinh chinh thfinh phtf cflng nhitfu cfin b$ Dang, chinh quytfn, Bfi Tfl Ipnh Thii dd dfi tdi cfic trfin dia phfio, dfii phfit thanh, cfic khu cdng nghiep, nhflng dia bfin dfing dfin cu Yen Vien, Gia Lfim, Dong Anh , nghien cflu to chflc chitfn dtfu vfi khfic phyc hfiu qua Lpnh sd tfin tript dl, khtfn cfi'p eiia Chii tich Hpi ddng phfing khfing dUpc cdng btf tren cac phUdng ti^n thdng tin dai chung Tfi't ca ngUfli gifi, tre em, nhflng ngudi khfing cd nhidm vy fl lai ndi thfinh phai sd tan htft Nhflng ngUfli fl lai tranh hoi hpp, tu tfip Ctfp ttfe dfio, siia ehfla them hfim, hfio Cfic luc lupng khfic phyc hfiu qua sfin sfing cd dpng lfim nhipm vy Uy ban Hfinh chinh thfinh phtf cdn chi thj cho cfic khu, huypn, cac ngfinh, dofin thi dinh chi nhflng cupe hpp; hpc sinh tam thfli nghi hpc, phfin tfin, giai tfin nhanh hfing hfia, kho tfing Mpi hoat ddng ciia thfinh trfl nen gtfp gap Hfing trfim roi hfing nghin xe chfl ngufli, hfing hda, tfii lipu, mfiy mde di sd tan Nhfl cd ktf hoach chu^n hi tot, dupe cac ctfp chinh quytfn, li^c lUpng an ninh, dfic bipt lfi dfin quan, tU vp ddng dao gdp sfle nen moi vipc dii khtfn trUdng nhung vfin binh tinh, sudn se, cd trfit ty Rflhito curu Uch aJr atf 8.2012 Cupc chitfn dtfu cua qufin dfin Hfi Npi va cfi mitfn Bfic difin hfin titfp vfli cudng dp ngfiy cfing fie lipt Lfin lUpt, cfic khu vUc quan trpng Thfinh phtf Hfi Npi bj dpi bom nhu: Ga Hfing C6, Bp Giao thfing vfin tai, Ttfng Cdng dofin, sfin bay Bach Mai, khu cdng nghiPp vfi dfin cU Dfing Anh- Ctf Loa, Gifip Bfit, bpnh vipn Bach Mai, khu phtf Khfim Thidn T^i Bpnh vipn Bach Mai, trung tfim y ttf vfio lo^i ldn nhtft miin Bflc vfio thfli ky nfiy, lue 3h45' ngfiy 22-121972 bj B52 dpi bom Hfing ttfn may mde, thitft bj, thutfc men b) hu h^i, 28 bfic si, y si, y tfi, nhfin vifin phyc vy cflng cfic npn nhfin cua cfic vy ndm bom trUdc, cfic b$nh nhfin dang di^u trj bj chtft vfi bj thUdng; Dfii titfng ndi Vipt Nam chi ngfiy, lfin B62 My dpi bom dfinh phfi, gfiy thUdng vong 130 ngufli; hfing trfim nhfi fl, vufln cfiy, gieng nUdc, cfing trinh cfing cpng bj san b4ng Vfio dem ll Nfien (26-12), B52 dpi bom rai tham bao trum gfin htft chieu dfii phtf Khfim Thifin, gitft hai 287 ngUfli, lfim bi thUdng 290 ngufli, san bfing, pha sfip gfin 2000 ngfii nhfi, dtfn chfla, truflng hoc, tram xfi, hfim ho ciia cd quan, gia dinh Cd gia dinh cd ngufli khdng mpt song sdt (9) Thfinh phtf Hfi Npi rung chuyen bfli titfng Sling, tifi'ng may bay, tifi'ng bom ntf Trong khdi lila vfi cdng vipc btf bpn, vipc bao vp ngufli, cd sfl vfit chtft ludn ludn dUdc dfit len hfing dfiu TrUflc nhflng dien bitfn phflc tpp, dfin dfip sU tfin fie ciia gific My, Phu Thu tudng da tripu tflp nhflng cufic hop khtfn cfi'p vdi cfic hi thu, chu tjch mdt stf tinh dl giai quytft nhflng vtfn dtf ctfp bach vfi chitfn dfi'u, phdng trfinh va chi vipn cho Thii dfi Hfi Npi Bp Qutfc phdng, Bp Giao thfing vfin tai tfip trung lyc lUpng, phUdng tipn de khfic phuc b$u qua, giai tda giao thfing Cfic tinh Vinh Phfl, Hfi Tay, Hai HUng, Hfi Bfic sfin sfing chi vifin sfle ngUfli, sfle ciia cho Ha Npi Vipc di chuyln ngudi Voi frd Clio lyc lugng dfln quAn vfi tai san nhd nudc khoi Thii dd vfin lfi cfing vipc cfi'p bach nhfi't Chfi'm dflt sfl phfin tan thifi'u ttf chfle, chi ch^y tfl phtf nfiy sang phtf khfie hofic sfing sd tan, tfii quay vtf Lanh dao thfinh vfi cfic cfi'p cfie ngfinh da ctf gtfng dam bao toi thieu vtf eh6 fin, ehS fl cho ngufli di sd tfin Nhilu bidn phap rfl't cu thi ciia Dang, Chinh phii vfi lanh dao Thu dd kip thfli giup qufin, dfin Ha Ndi chifi'n dfi'u gidi, phdng trfinh ttft vfi gifl gin trfit tU trj an Ben cpnh nhflng ddn vj, nhflng tfi'm gUdng chitfn dfi'u dung cam, mUu tri dfii mfit vdi quan thfl trfin trfin dja, ed bifi't bao nhflng hfinh dfing eao dpp tifiu bieu eho truyin thtfng htft khutft eiia Thii dd diln trfin cac mfit trfin phyc vy chifi'n dtfu, khfic phyc hfiu qua bom dan ciia lUe lUdng dan qufin, tu vfi Cd gai di?n thoai vien Ld Thi Van, bUu difin Gia Lam lifin tyc 10 ngfiy dfim thuflng trUc bfin dfii, bfin mfiy, bom no each ndi lfim vific 100m vfin binh tinh nfii day, cung dong dpi bao dam lifin lac O dpi cfing ty cau dudng nfii thfinh, dpi truflng bj thuong, mfit dfi't edn hoc khdi, dpi phd Trfin Thi Tuytft vfin xdng len ehi huy ddn vi thu don nhanh ehdng, giai phdng mfit duflng cho xe chay Cac chj Pham Thj Bfic, Ngd Thj Dfiu (bpnh vidn Vipt - Dflc), Le Thj Ba (bfinh vien Dtfng Da), Nguyen Thj Thuflng (bfinh vipn Xanh Pdn), cac chj em fl nhfi hfl sinh B (khu Hai Bfi TrUng) vfi rtft nhieu can bfl, nhan vien y ttf fl cfic bpnh vien, tram xfi da khdng quan mpt nhpc, hy sinh, dem tfin tyy cflu chfla ngUfli bj nan Nguyen Thi Sao, ciia hfing phd ciia hfing fin uong Yen Vifin bj bom vui Itfp da tu bdi ciia hfim cflu minh vfi dpng vifin chj em bam try lo cdm nfldc phuc vy lUc Ifldng dtfn khtfc phye hfiu qua Bi thU dang iiy vfi chu tjch cfic xa Giang Bien, Thach Bfin, Uy No, Due Tfl, Nhfin Chinh, Ml Tri hfiu htft lfi nfl, nhUng rtft xfing xao Bom d^n vfla 51 dflt, cac chj dfi nhanh chdng huy ddng lUc lupng dtfn khfic phuc hfiu qua, on dinh tU tuflng vfi san xufi't dja phUdng Cfic chj Trfin Thj Kim Dung, Trfin Thj Hfing Sfim, cfing nhfin nhfi may dpt 8/3 Ifi nhflng dpi vifin xung kich lufin cd mfit sdm nhtft dl cflu may, cflu ngUdi cd dich ndm bom vfio nhfi mfiy Cfic chitfn si cdng an Pham Xuan Dat, Lfi Thj Khuyen, TrUdng Cfing Sam bj bom vui Itfp, sau dupe cflu thofit, ngfldi cdn thUdng tich nhUng dfi kifin tri theo sd dfi khu vUc cflng dong dpi dUa hdn 40 ngUfli khoi vdng nguy hiem Vfi, cdn bie't bao tfi'm gUdng sang dang dupe ca ngdi ciia chifi'n si, dfing bfio fl cfic bp, cfic ngfinh, cfic etfp,, Cflng vfli cac chitfn si tfin liia, cao xa dfinh djch, cac cd quan tai khu phtf, huyfin chii ddng chi vifin ehitfn dfi'u, phuc vu chifin dfi'u Cfing trUdng 57 titfp dan phao 100 ly cho trfin dia khu Ba Dinh Trung dpi nfl dan quan thfin Thanh Mai tifi'p dan cho trfin dia phfio Hai Bfi TrUng Trfin dia khu Dtfng Da, Hofin Kitfm va nhie'u trfin dia trfin khfip Thii Hfi Npi da dUdc dfing dao dan quan, tU vp, hpc sinh, smh vien, xa vifin ho trd Mfic cho bom dan uy hie'p, chitfn si quan sat tren cfic ndc nhfi Ngfin hfing Trung Udng, Hpc vien Thuy Lpi, Dai hpc Bach Khoa, Cd Quang Trung, xa Tri Hipp, Khu Van Ho, Dai hpc Su pham vfin kien quytft bam try theo ddi tinh hinh, bfio efio kip thfli cho sfl chi huy O chdi quan sat xa Giang Bien (Gia Lfim), btfn ed gai Nguyen Minh Ty phy trach bam try tfl dfiu chitfn dich vfin kien cUdng bude ngUfli vfio thfinh sfit dl khoi bfit xutfng dtft bom no gfin, dfinh dfi'u tflng khu vfle bj ndm bom, bfio cao vtf ban chi huy huypn dpi Bfin canh dd, dan qufin, tU vp Thii dd Hfi Npi da Ifip dflpc nhflng chitfn cdng xutft sfic Trfin dja cua cac ehitfn si tU vp Vfin Don, bfing khtfu phao nha dan cung mdt thfli Rghian ciru Lich sCr atf 8.2012 dilm b^n mfiy'bay F l l l A ciia gific My (9h dfim ngfiy 22-12-1972) Dfiy lfi chitfe F l l l A dfiu tifin vfi cung tfi mfiy bay chitfn thufit hi^n dpi nhfi't ciia My Iflc bfi'y gifl Trong trfin nfiy, cfie khfi'u dpi trfldng Nguyin Thj Hicu, Nguyin Vfin Hai, Bfli Mai, Nguyin Hflng, Phpm Thj Viin da dflpc ctfp trdn khen ngdi vfi dUpc Chii tjch Tdn Dflc Thfing, Dgi tfldng Vo Nguyfin Gifip vfi nhic'u cac ddng chi lanh dpo Dang, Chinh phii vfi thfinh phtf xuong tfin trfin dja dPng vifin, tfing qufi vfi chyp anh lUu ni^m Vfi, tfl kinh nghipm bfin rdi mfiy bay FllA eiia tU vp trfin dja Vfin Dfin, Bp Tu ipnh thii dfi da chi dao cfic khu phtf, huyfin nhanh chdng ttf chflc 23 trfin dja tfip trung khfie sfin sfing danh djch Moi trfin dia ed tfl dtfn khtfu phao, bo tri thfinh cym, ddn long cfic dUdng bay ciia dich Cfich danh djch cung rfi't phong phu, da dang Khu vfle nfiy khdng ddn dupc may bay, anh chj em lai chuyen trfin dja sang khu vUe khae PhUdng tifin vfin chuyen cua efic trfin dia cung rfi't thd sd, linh hoat; bfing d td, may kdo, lue bfing xe bd, xe eai tid'n hofic khifing vfic, Chinh efic trfin dja phao ciia dfin qufin, ty vp thu dd gdp phfin gifing lUdi liia, btf vfiy uy hifi'p vfi qufit nga may bay eiia gifie My nhflng chitfn dtfu vfi phyc vy chitfn dtfu gioi mfi cdn gdp phfin khfing nho vipc sd tfin ngufli vfi tai san ciia nhfi nUflc khoi vflng chitfn sy; cflu nhitfu ngUfli vfi tfii san ciia nhfi nUflc khdi bj thipt hai, bj thfldng, bj chtft Dfin qufin tU vfi dfi ddng vai trd to Ifln, quytft djnh vipc nhanh chdng khac phyc hfiu qua phfi hoai ciia gific My tflng gid, tflng ngfiy Dfic bifit, dfin qufin ti^ vfi da phffi ktft hdp vfli cfic lUc lupng vu trang, dam bao tot trfit tU, an tofin xfi hpi Dfin qufin, ti^ vfi thu dfi thUc sU lfi mfit nhfin ttf quytft djnh thfing lpi ciia trfin "Difin Bifin Phii tren khfing" eutfi nfim 1972 tren hfiu trfli Hfi Ndi Cudc chifi'n dtfu chtfng chitfn tranh phfi hoai lfin thfl ciia dtf quoc My mfi dinh cao la 12 dfim cuoi nfim 1972 tren hfiu trfli Hfi Npi da di vfio ljch sit Vifit Nam vfi thtf gifli nhu mpt dfi'u son chdi lpi Chflng minh nhfin djnh dung dfin, sang suot cua Chii tjch Hfi Chi Minh: "Phai dU kitfn mpi tinh hutfng cfing sdm cfing ttft Nhfl lfi truflc thua fl Trifiu Tien, dtf qufic My da hiiy dipt Binh Nhuflng d Vipt Nam, My se nhtft djnh thua NhUng id chi chju thua sau thua trdn bfiu trdi Hfi NSi" (10) Tr$n "Difin Ngfiy 30 thang 12 nfim 1972, My bupc Bifin Phii tren khdng" cutfi nfim 1972 tren phai ngflng ndm bom bfin pha mifi'ii Bfic bfiu trfli Thii dfi Hfi Nfii se lfi dtf tfii cho Ga Hfing Co, Yen Vien, Giap Bfit, Vfin Diln nhitfu nhfi qufin sU, chinh trj, sii hoc trfin lai ntfi dua ngudi, vu khi, trang thifi't thfi' gidi nghien cflu, khai thfie vtf tinh chtft bj vfio miin Nam Bp dpi chu li^c, bp dfii dja anh hiing cua Vipt Nam, ciia quan dfin Thii phUdng, dan quan, ti; vfi chtfn chinh ddn vj, dfi Hfi Npi vfi vtf nhflng sai lfim cua dtf qufic Cling CO trfin dja, tich eUc tufin tilu Nhfin My, Dl lfim nfin khuc ea khai hofin ve vang dfin thii dd lai bfit tay vfio cupc hfin gfin vtft fl'y, cfi vj tri, vai trd to Ifln ciia lUc lUdng dfin thUdng chitfn tranh, tifi'p tye san xutft, tfn qufin, tu vfi thii dfi Lue lUdng dan quan, tfl vp thii dfi Hfi Npi da khJing dinh vai trd to dinh cupc song Rd rfing, dan quan, tU vp da gifl mpt vj ldn lfi mpt li^c lupng ndng ctft cufic tri vfi cflng quan trpng trfin "Difin chifi'n tranh nhan dfin Viet Nam dufli sU Bien Phu tren khfing" nfim 1972 fl Thu dfi lanh dao ciia Dang Hfi Npi Dfin qufin, tU vP thij dfl chfing (Xem tidp trang 59) Tham hhio mOt cutfn 56ch CHU THtCH (1) T4n cutfn sfich: Histoire Terminates ES,L,S Le Monde de 1945 d noajoura Collection Laurent Bourquin Edition Belin, Paria 2010 (2) Phfip CO Profesaeur k I'UniveraittS, Maitre de Conference fi I'Univerait^, Proreaseur au lyc4e (3) ChUdng trinh g6m 18 chUdng c6 ti^u dfi nhu aau: Phdn I: Thg gidi tU ndm 1945 din nay: L Th«' gidi aau Gu^ Th^ chitfn thfir Hai Sy chuyan bi^n vl kinh ttf NhQng ki^u sfi'ng mdi NhOng mfiu hinh ldn v l y thCic h$ Sy thS'nK trj thufic dja cua ch&u Au Phi thyc dfin h6a vg ay ddi cua Thi* gidi thul Ba Sy dtfi d£u Dfing - Tfiy cho dtfn nhiing nfim 1970 Ti£'n tdi kg't thiJc thtf gidi hai cvic tir nhang nfim 1970 de'n 1991 M$t t h i gidi khong on dinh t£c 1991 din ngfiy Phdn H: Chdu Au tic ndm 1945 din 10 TSy Au cho dtfn cuETi nhiing nfim 80.11 Thdi ky ciia cfic nin dfin chu nhfin dfin 12 Cii dxKfc vk cfii mfi't cua chfiu Au tfl nfim 1989 (4), Lfi'y vi d\i trang Lich sii vd ngh§ thudt thuOc chiftJng (tr, 170 - 171) mang ti6u dl Hollywood vd Vi^t Nam g6m biic anh tit phim chiiu vi chifi'n tranh Vi^t Nam, Cu^c hdnh trinh din cu^ dia nguc cua Michael Cimino (1978), Ngdy tdn thi ciia Francia Ford Coppola (1979), Trung ddi cua Oliver Stone (1986), ChUc gidp cua Stanley Kubrick (1987), Sinh ngdy thdng Bdy cua Ohver Stone (1990) Dildi mSi tffm anh diu c6 chii thfch ve tac gia, n9i dung cuon phim vfi ldi binh lu^n Qua d6, hpc sinh c6 thi nh^n biet du^c chiin tranh Vi^t Nam dildi cfii nhin Lua phim anh vfi dilu ki^n cua nUdc Phap, vi^c xem nhOng cu^n phim n&y khong phai \k dieu khd (5) Chfl vifi't tdt theo tie'ng Phap, ta thUdng diing theo tilng Anh, vf dy OTAN lfi NATO, OTASE lfi SEATO VAI TRO CUA LlJC LlJOlVG DAW QUARf, TlJ VE (Tiep iheo trang 52) CHU THICH (1), (2) Bfio Qudn dgi Nhdn ddn ngfiy 6-21973 (3) Dai tudng Vo Nguyen Giap, Tdng tdp HSi ky, Nxb Quan doi Nhan dan Hfi N^i 2006, tr, 11346 (4) TJofin Quang Trung bao v§ Thii d6" A\it}c thfinh Ifip vfio ngfiy 21-6-1972 Trung dofin chu y^u lfi bd d6i chuyln ngfinh dang hof t d$ng fl khtfi cflng nghidp Ban Chi huy gom cfic d&ag chf: Phdng 'Vfin Thfii - Trung dofin trudng, LUu Quang Hfing Chfnh uy (5), (6), (7) Thd dd Hd Ngi Lick khdng chien ch&ng My cUu nUdc (1954-1975) Nxb Quan dpi Nhfin dfin, Hfi Noi, 1991, tr 245, 254, 255 (8) Hoi ky cua Nichxdn Nxb, Cflng an Nhan dfin 2004, tr 907 (10), Hi Chi Minh, bien niin sU kien vd tU lieu vi qudn st^ Nxb Qufin d§i Nhfin dfin, Hfi Npi, 1990, tr 203, (9) Thd dd Hd Ngi Lich si khdng chii'n chSng My cUu nUdc (1954-1975) Nxb Qufin dpi NhSn dfin, Hfi Npi, 1991, tr 255 ... thflc Hiep dinh vfio ngfiy 31 thfing 10 nfim 1972 Sau dd phia My tfl tri hoan dtfn trfio trfl nhflng difi'u ki$n da thfla thufin Ngfiy thfing 11 nfim 1972, Nichxdn trung cii Td'ng thtfng nhifim... chutfn bi sfin sfing Vfio 12h ngfiy 18 thang 12 nfim 1972 khfing quan My bfit dtfu titfn danh Thu dfi Hfi Npi Mfl dtfu, hfing loat may bay B52 tfl Vai h^ ciia lijrc lirqng dan qufln dao Guam vfio... Dien Bien Phii tren khdng" cudi nfim 1972 la qua to Idn eiia tofin Dang, tofin qufin vfi tofin dfin ta Nd bfit nguon tfl nhitfu nhan to, dd phai ke dtfn vai trd to ldn ciia dpi ngii dfin qufin,