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Bài viết khảo sát, phân tích sự hiện diện của giới từ trong câu tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt theo ba bình điện: kết học, nghĩa học và dụng học. Việc giới từ hiện diện hay không trong câu chịu ảnh hưởng của hàng hoạt các nhân tố như: ngữ pháp, ngữ nghĩa của câu, nguyên lí tiết kiệm ngôn ngữ, và văn bản (văn kiện, pháp luật,...).
S62(244)-2016 N G N N G f & Ddi S N G 77 gjgQALNGir VOl BAN NGUl DOI CHIEU SV HIEN DIEN VA K H N G HIEN DIEN CUA Gldfl T f TIENG HAN V6l GI61 TU" TIENG VIET A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF COVERT ON THE PREPOSITION OF CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE LY YftN CHAU (LI YANZHOU) (ThS-NCS; D»i hpc KHXH & NV, DHQG H i Npi) (ThS-NCS; Dji hpc KHKT Quang T4y, Trung Qudc) Abstract: In this essay, we will discuss the covert on the preposition of Chinese and Vietnamese from the three aspects theory: syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and find out their own similarities and differences in the mechanism of covert on the two languages The results of research: the rules of covert on the preposition of Chinese and Vietnamese affected by the following factors: grammar, semantics ofthe sentence, "The Principle of Economy", and the gerue of writing (documents, law, ), the genre of literature (poetry, prose) and the dialogues background, etc, Key words; contrastive study of covert; preposition; Chinese; Vietnamese M& ddu (3) a » y l * R » f f i a ' t t * t t ^ « Trong bdi ndy, chung t6i khdo sdt, phdn • a y A R * f f i S l + W * < i ¥ ^ (4'l^AR tich s\r hien dipn vd khong hien di^n cua gidi tCr tiong cau tidng Han va tieng Vi^t theo ba »«HKi*aM) binh dipn: kit hpc, nghta hpc va dyng hpc (4)iiai®@*4, smm-xn^'n ViSc gi6i tit hiln dien hay khong cdu chiu anh hudng cua hang lo^t cdc nhan to nhu: cdc vi dy tien, gidi ttt ft (d), »t (ddi vdi) ngii phdp, ngii nghia cua cau, "nguyen 11 tilt kipm ngon ngQ", vd vdn ban (vdn kien, phdp edu 1, cau dttng d ddu cau thi cd ludt, ), thd tai vdn hpc (vdn, tha) vd hodn canh thi khdng hipn dien md khdng dnh hudng din ddi thoai, v.v y nghia cua cdu; gidi ttt S (khi), SR?, (theo) dung d gitta cdu 3, cau thi chung Bdi chieu cv the fliudng phdi hi$n dipn, nlu khdng se dnh 2.1 Xdt tir binh difn ci phdp Vi tri cii phdp cda doan ngtt gidi tCr (gidi hudng ddn cau tnic va ^ nghia cila cda Gidi ttt tidng Vipt: ngtt) c6 dnh hudng ldn doi vdi s\r hipn dipn vd khdng hien d i ^ ciia gidi ttt Thdng thuong, (5) vi vifc rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt nhttng gidi tir gidi ngtt dirng d ddu cdu ngng —• Vi^c rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt de luiyc bd, cdn gidi tu gidi ngii dimg d ndng (Budc dudng cung) gifla cdu hodc piia chii ngtt va vi ngtt thi khd (6) Trone trudng hfip thgt cdn thiit vt li lupc bd dupc Vidu: qudc phong, an ninh vd vi lgi ich quoc gia, Gidi tir tilng Han: Nhd nude tnmg mua hogc trung dyng cd boi (1) ^x\iU' Sffl"SSia"3ft'ret"?^;d-"iX thudng Idi sdn ciia cd nhdn hoic Id chic theo ^ i i l _ 4^8 tffl"^B)|"*««"?^7^"S thdi gid Ihi trudng - • Trudng h(?p thit cdn ^iSl (W4>:^*) thiit vi // qudc phdng, an ninh vd vi lgi ich (2) M ^ ^ * ' ^ss^fflffi'J^•l:.- -* ft quoc gia, Nhd nude trttng mua hodc tntng dung cd boi thudng tdi sdn cita cd nhdn hoifc 78 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG td chuc theo thdi gid thi trudng (Hidn phdp VietNam) (7) Chi Ddu chimg cung rdt rudi vi su phdm dn ctia —> * Chi Ddu chimg cUng rdt ruOl s^phdm dn cua (Tdt den) (8) Thing be hdu ddi nudt vdi miing khoai mi$ng.~* *Thing be hdu ddi nuot vdi mieng khoai mieng (Tdt ddn) Trong cac vi du tren, gidi ttt 'Vl", "trong" cdu 5, cdu diing d ddu cdu thi cd thd khdng hi$n di$n md khdng dnh hudng ddn ^ nghia cila cau, nhung gidi ttt 'Vd", "trong" diing d gifla cau cau 7, cau thi thudng phdi hi^n dien, ndu khdng se dnh hudng den cau tnic vd -y nghia cua cau Ben canh dd, syr hi^n difin vd khdng hi$n di$n cua gidi ttt cd lien quan ddn mttc dp phlic tap v l cdu tliic cila cau Cy thd, dOng ttt chinh cdu mang theo phdn cd lifin quan cdng nhieu, cdu tnic cau cang phttc t ^ , thi c ^ g phdi ddi hdi sy hi$n d i ^ cda gidi ttt dl ldm noi bdt tinh chdt ciia cdc thdnh phfin dd, vd ldm rS quan h$ cdu tnic gitta dpng ttt chinh vdi cdc thdnh phdn cd hdn quan Vi dy: (9)as-*"ai«sigft"i? (10) «^5f*1!e3C-*"jffiltiggft" H.) (ft, tji: gidi ttt chi dia dilm) ) g S - * " j a i * i g i g S " ( * T , dd/vi: gidi ttt chi myc dich) (12) ; * & W f t « l « S i g t t , 9.m\%^ iSM-m^mr-* "mmmmm-^a (^, cho: gidi ttt chi ddi tupng) i a f e " i ( I f S , theo: gidi ttt chi Cdn cft) Trong cdc thi dy tifin, cdu (14) la phftc tap nhdt, cy Uil Id dd stt dyng gidi ttt: " ^ "(diM), "ffiS"(cdn ctt), "ft"(tai), "^"(cho), dd bilu fl4 myc dich, can cft, dia dilm vd ddi tudng; nlu lupc bd nhflng gidi ttt tren, cau ndy sS trd nen khd hilu h o ^ khdng hilu dupc 2.2 Xdt tir binh difn ngir nghid s d (244)-2016 Thft nhdt, nhflng gidi ttt chl ddi tuprng, dli vai tham td (participant role) thudng khdng thd lupc bd; ndu lugrc bd chiing thi dnh hudng ddn y nghia hojc ctt phdp cua cdu Vi dy: (14):t5fe4 a f i B « » « W ( a « i ) - ' J (15) ttsaôiiiaôô*, 0Mn-mm (16) msm-R^mknsm mằ) -ãam (17) Toi da ndi vdi cu Nghi Qui d thdn Doai (Fit den) —> *Toi dd noi cy Nghi Qui d thdn Doai (IS) Sao u lgi di chj ay ngd d ben ay? (Til din) —> * Sao u lgi chi ay ngu dbSniy? (K)si ngudi chit vt hin cting khd nhiiu (Si{ £>d) —>* So ngudi chit hin cimg khd nhiiu Thu hai, nhttng gidi ttt chi flidi gian, gidi ttt chi noi chdn, gidi ttt chi phuong di$n vi gidi ttt chi ph^m vi, mdt sd trudng hpp cd fill khdng hipn di$n md khdng dnh hudng den y nghia vd oil phdp ctia cdu Vi dy: - Gidi tir chi thdi gian; (20) m-sss*a*s?w*4, M'^m (21) Khong biit luc dau Sm, lgi bf hdnh hg nhu thi, anh dy co thi sing dugc den mai hay khdng (Fit den) —» Khdng biet luc dau 6m, lgi b} hdnh hg nhu Ihi, anh dy c6 the sdng dufrc den mfli hay khdng -Gidi ttt chl noi chon: (22) BPffigaE#^jis±, iija^sAtfflR aW;d«ffl*#*l»l (23) Khdng dupc cutriid nhimg nai da bi cim cu tru; chap hdnh nghiem chinh cam kit cua minli Irong viec tudn thti phc^ ludt (Ludt thi hanh dn MnhsifnudcCHXHCNVN) -^ Khdng dugc at tri nhiing nai da bi cam cu trd; ch^ hdnh n^iem chinh cam kit cua minh Irong vi^c ludn thuj^ lugt Gidi ttt chl phuong di$n: (24) ^fwmi^i.^ nen^mifi m ii»7 (i*t>^*) - f^#w4T, mim Mle4^2016 N G N N G C & Bcn S N G 79 (30) VM cdi sdc khde mgnh, vdi cdi tinh _l.^}J^^ """ '^'^ngi' f™ ^>do chiec changndt, 'd'chlDdudntSnhdichdngyitinhlmhIrongnhd nhanh nhdu, vdi cdi dire chiu thuang chiu Uto tit^ghdmquadingid (Tat den) -*Mdi mu Cuu nghi c^ thuS cudc mudn, nhOng ndm ngqi tgm vao chiec chong not, rii chi Dgu on tin son rdi, vft chdng nhd anh cOng v&t Uim dirftc hoi chdng linh hinh trang nhd lit sdng hdm qua din ftoadn(Tdtden) get Gidi ttt 'Vdi" vi dy tien cd flil chi -Gidi ttt chi pham vi: hipn dipn ldn, cung khdng dnh hudng ddn (26) ^ S t t A * , « f e ^ f f i « ' J \ -> & S A ngtt nghia va cdu Thtt hai, mdt s6 dodn ngft (hai am tidt ho|c (27) T^dch rihiem cua ca quan, td chdc, cd nhdn c6 lien quan Ihi hdnh dn hinh su, bien nhieu dm tidt) chi cdng cy, phuang fliftc, nguyfin nhan, flidi gian, Ufin ddi, flieo ngtt cdnh phdp lu phdp (Lugl Ihi hdnh dn hinh sir nu&c CHXHCNVN) — Trdch nhi?m cua ca quan, td hojc nguyen U tidt kipm thi chttng cung khdng chiic, cd nhdn cd lien qucm Ihi hdnh dn hinh sv cdn gidi ttt ndi h i a Vi du: Khdng cd gidi bi?n ph^ tuphdp cd gidi ttt 2.3 Xit tir hinh difn ngit dttng Chi Chet Chel vi ddi Chit Andre Martinet (1960) dng xudt phdt ttt nguyen Chil benh yibenh chftc ndng giao tidp cua ngdn ngtt da dua nhan Nguyfin li tilt kipm (The Principle of Chi cdng Phdt dien hgt Phdt di^ I Economy) ctta ngdn ngtt [Dan tiieo 5].Sy cy nhdn hgt nhdn khdng hi^n dipn cua gidi ttt phtt hpp nguyfin (phuong Dich mieng Dich i litifitkipm ctta ngdn ngu Trong giao tiep, cd fliiic) mifng ngudi ndi va ngudi nhdn ddu hi vpng tim Chi ttidi CUQC Ihi giOa Cudc thi d_giila dupc mpt each dan gidn va dat dupc hipu qud gian h ^J^ ki cao nhat qua trinh giao tidp Vi du: Chi lien Vgn chuyen Vi vgn chuySn (28) A: Cgu sang Viet Nam bdng cdch ddi hdnghda \ hdnghoa ndo? Ketlu^n B: Ta di tdu hda (Td dibing Idu hda) Cd the ndi, sy hipn dipn va khdng hi$n dipn Vi dy trfin Id mOt doan ddi flioai fliuemg cua gidi ttt tidng Hdn va tidng Vi$t chiu anh dilng cudc sdng giao tidp hang ngdy: hudng tft nhilu phuang difin khdc Vi flid, gidi ttt chi cdng cu "Aa«g" cd thi khdng hi^n can cdn ctt vao ngtt cdnh d l xem xdt chftng T A I L i f u THAM KHAO dien (hlnh thdi Zero) nhung ciing khong dnh hudng ddn giao tifip Nguyen Diic Dan (2005), NhOng gidi lit Ndu bai vdn cd ngtt cdnh, mpt gidi khdng gian: str chuyin nghia vd in dvi Tap chi til cd thd chi phdi (Governing) cttng Ittc Ngdn ngtt, Sd (9),ti-.42-50 nhilu ddi tupng, didu ciing phu hpp vdi Ldm Quang Ddng (2005), Vi sir hifn nguyen li tidt kipm Vi dy: difn/khdng hifn difn cda giai lu "cho" cdu chia vi Ut cd ^ nghia cho/ldng, Tjp chi (29) Anh ta ludn ludn trung thdnh vdi sif nghiep cdch mgng, quan chung nhdn ddn Id Ngdn ngtt, sd (12), ti-.26-33 j l / d ' c v r * ' (Khau ngtt) ^ Gidi ttt "vdi" d cdu trfin cd thd chi phoi cym danh ttt: "sy nghipp each mpig", "qudn chung nhan dan" vd "td qudc vi dai" Ddi khi, s\f ddi hdi cua ngO cdnh, phdi cd mdt hi|u qud ngin gpn va fliong nhat, cdu rdt can sy hi^n di$n cua gidi ttt, vi dy: ^Mt (1996), xis^fi-mmi/i-isimm nn^m (2001), g;am'Ksmmm mmm am), ^T/^g^^ffaMm