Bài viết tìm hiểu về từ bèn trong một trạng thái đồng đại lịch sử: Bèn của tiếng Việt trong khoảng thời gian từ thế kỉ XV đến thế kỉ XVII. Nguồn tư liệu khảo cứu của bài viết lấy từ một số văn bản Nôm đã được các nhà nghiên cứu Quốc ngữ hóa.
S5 (244)-2016 NG6N NGC & Dcn S6NG 17 DUNG HOC V6l MIEU TA DONG DAI LICH SU^: Ttr «BEN" TRONG TIENG VIET T f THE Ki XV DEN THE KI XVII PRAGMATICS THROUGH A HISTORICAL SYNCHRONIC PERSPECTIVE: "BEN" IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE XV TO XVII CENTURIES NGUYEN VAN C H I N H (PGS.TS; D?i hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hd NOi) lA DONG (TS; 0^i hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Ha Ngi) Abstract: The current paper examines the word ben (then) in some Vietnamese ancient documents from a historical synchronic perspective The meanings and usages of the word ben has involved many processes, such as the temporal denotation; the causa! shading; the speakers' evaluation on the anomaly and contrary which bypass the conditional and logical prerequisites; and the loss of factors on epistemic state and the causal interaction in the epistemic development causing ben becomes a word emphasizing on the exactness The paper suggests that prospective studies on historical grammar can provide profound and systematic insights into the grammatical system in the past and pave the way to studies on grammaticalization and cultural-linguistic textual analysis Key words: historical synchronic description; pragmatics; causality; conditional and logical prerequisites; textual analysis Trong mOt bai viet trudc day, chiing tdi bdn ngft dieu tra ngdn ngft dfi bifin soan dd cd dip phan tich vfi tft ben tilng Viet tft diln hay khdng Xin dan cy the: Bfin; mas, porem: fed Ben chfta chung hifin dai (xem 4) Bdi vifit di ngugc ddng thdi gian, tim hilu vfi tii ben mOt trang tdi mas liura nos: fed libera nos [1,37] Phin dich tilng Viet: thai ddng dai lich sft: Ben cuati&igViOt Ben: Nhung Ben chfta chiing tdi: khodng thdi gian tft the ki XV din thi ki XVn Ngudn tu lipu i^hao cftu cua bdi viet lay Nhung xin cftu chiing tdi [1,37} Tft diln tft cl cfta Vuong LOc Id mgt tft mOt sd vdn bdn Ndm dd duge cdc nhd cdng trinh nhilu cdng phu, cung d p eho ta nghifin Cliu Quic ngft hod Cd die thiy rang, su quan tdm danh cho mdt khoi lugng tii co khd phong phii, song ben tieng Viet hien dgi dd it ma cang ciing khdng thay ed m|t tft ben thuOe phgm ngugc ddng thdi gian lai cdng it di Trong tii vi md ngft phdp quan tdm (chi cd mOt tii ben diln Viet B La ciia A de Rhodra, ben ehi cd vdi nghia Id 'cdnh hoa') Cd le, ngudi dd mOt nghia nhit dugc thu tiiap vd cho cdc ddnh cho tft ben ngft phdp xua su quan tirong duong Bl Dao Nha, La tinh vdi gid tij tdm nghifin eiiu rifing biet Id N.V ngft nghia, theo cdc tac gjd phifin dich bO tft Stankevitch Song, nhiing nhgn xet cfta bd dien ndy tilng Viet hiOn dgi Id nheng; them nhdm vdo mat ngft nghia chftc nang ciia tft nfta, todn bO tft myc lgi chi ed vdn v^n ben, qua bdn thdo md chinh tdc gid gfti tdng nhat mOt vi dy ma ngft cdnh thi lgi qud chiing tdi, cung mdi chi Id mOt ddi y buoc hpp, khdng dft dl xdc minh ^fiu kiOn diing dau, cd phin dai luge, gidi han mOt Cling nhu tmh xdc thvrc cua nd Th|im chi, nhdm ngft cdnh vd khudn khd khdo sat ngudi ta cd tbl hodi nghi rdng, UOu A de mgt van bdn (Truyln Id mgn lyc gidi dm) Rohdes cd hilu dung tft ndy cuatiengViet qua Cd the trich ddy nhiing dilm quan trpng su truyen dat dien ^di ciia cac cgng tdc vifin nhdt: 18 NG6N NGIJ* & B(n S6NG So (244)-2016 nhilu bmh diOn Chdi^ han ngbia vd sy Ufin h^ logic ngtt ngjiia giiia cdc phdt ngdn, dgc trung cua hanh vi ngdn ngft, ngft nghia cua vj tii, s^ vgn dOng cua thdng tm vd logic bfin c% sy phdt tiien nglua, Dudi (My chung toi xi| di vao nhftng cdch dftng cy thi cua ben Ben tnrdc het cd thi dugc diing vdi nghia thdn gjan: Sy tinh dugc ndi tdi diln lik sau m i c khdng cd sy gian cdch keo dai nhu cd the nghi, cd the chd dgi Vdi •y nghia 66, ben tuong duong vdi "liip tftc, tiic M, ngay, Uln" tiong tilng Vift hifn dai Tieu diem chii y ciia ngudi ndi trudng b^ chinh Id dgc tinh diln tiln, tilp nli ciia sir tiiji so vdi mdc Cdi m l e dd ed thi Id mot s\i Ihih ndo dd khac theo l l i hii chitinhIVBJC Ki fliyc, eang ^ sau vdo tu hpu ddt doi h o ^ Id thdi dilm cua hdnh vi ngdn ngft tugng vao tieu dilm chft y dfi phan tich nd mpt nhihig ngudi tham gia giao tilp tiiyc hiOn, tfe edch nhilu chiiu, nhilu tang bac vd he thing thdi ^fim ndi Trong each diing ndy ben c6 ihl hon cai^ thay nhftng hieu biet cua chftng ta ve di voi nhftng vi tft rlt khdc nhau, cd kilm to ben Ijch sft, nOi dung ngft nghia chuc hay khdng kiem tia, miln sao, dd Id nhftng s\i ndng ciia nd, each diing ciia nd giao tiep tiidi cd the din, cd thi diln ra, xdy hay dugc ro rdng edn thilu rlt nhilu Thvrc t l cho thiy thyc hiOn d mOt lftc ndo dd trfin ddng v§n dong rang, d the ki XV - XVII, ben da la mOt eiia thdi ^an, nhin nhu mOt cdi g^ ffiem tinh nhftng ylu t l ngdn ngft duge sft dvmg khd rOng Nd cd the di sau vd ndm bfin tam tac rai Sy van dOng phat trien nghia ciia nd theo dOng cua ylu to phu dinh, mdt khdc, ciir^ hudng ngft phdp hod, tinh thdi hod ddp ftng khdng bj bd hep phgm vi nhftng sy tinh nhftng nhu cau giao tifip nhan thftc mOt thdi da dien ttong hipn thvrc md cd flie xuit hi?n eiia cOng ding da Idm hinh ca mOt mgng cd nhftng nOi dung sy tinh mang tinh ngft nghia chftc ndng da dgng hon ngdy tiem tdng gan vdi mong muon, clu khiln nhilu, ding thdi gdn liln vdi nhung nhdn to Quan sdt mOt vdi vi dy cy the: ngft dyng, phan anh nhilu m?it cua tuong tde (1) Ta m&i vdng m$nh Di qudn [di cdc lifin nhdn Dilu dan tdi may hO qud Thft nai xem x^tj Song vi cd nguoi din Uioan nhit Id, ben chii yeu dugc sft dyng vdn khoan chdng ben di [2] xudi vd van van mang tinh kl chuyOn (2) Cdc c(fv cd, hay vi ta nuoi giit dk Chinh d ddy, edc hdnh dOng phdt ngdn gdn bd ndy thi ben md rpng long] [3,41] vdi nhilu chiiu (sy kien - sy kipn; Vl dy (1) la mOt ngft ednh rat fien hlnh cho sy kien - tam H nhgn thftc hanh dOng cfta eon Ally rd gia trj thdi gian vira ndi tdi cua ben ngudi; n^rdi ndi - ngudi nghe - ngudi ke day ben ndm tam tdc dOng ciia yeu tS chuyOn; ifiem m i c - thdi gian vd nhan qud, ) phu ffinh (vi ed nguoi den khoan khoan chang kfio theo sy xuat hien vdi tdn so cao cua ben bfin di = vi ed nguoi din nen dl chim chaml^ Thft hai Id, viOc tim hilu mOt ylu t l mang d ^ chdng di ngay) Ta thiy, vipc di ciia nhan tinh nhu vgy ddi hdi phai xuit phdt tii sy phdn v|it la tiidng tin ^ lui vdo hau trudng, da n k tich ngft c^ih nghifim ngdt theo chiiu sau vd tirong vimg tika gid dinh cua nghia Dli tu^Qg cd hO thong, chu y linh hoat tdi nhifiu nhan t l cd di thyc hipn lOnh cfta Dfi quan^ cdi nSn 'Trudc dOng tii cd thfi diing tii ben (43 lan), ndi chung d bdn Gidi am, hu tft ben chi cho chung ta tiily rdng, cd mOt hanh dOng da hodn tit sau cd hdnh dOng tiudc vd cd thi, la hau qud cua hdnh dOng trude Ndi ehui^, ben Gidi dm dieh ben Id rat phft hgp (vdi ban Hdn vdn - chiing tdi ehu tiifim LD, NVC), b^n la hu tft c6 Han ViOt nhung cd Ie nd chua thyc sy dugc ViOt hod" O mOt cho khdc mang tinh tdng kit chung, ba vilt thfim "hfi tiling hu tft ban Gidi dm vl co ban la an khdp vdi hO thong hu tft tieng Vipt Men dai, chi cd hai ^ e m khac Id vin edn thilu se va van dang edn dung ben (hu tir den tilng Vifit hien dai thi thifin ve cd sac thdi tu tii)" (xem 3) S62(244)-2016 NGON NGtr & DOfl S N G 19 thdng bdo chinh thftc vdo luc ndi va bi Nhdn din quan tren cim^ budn ban, chdn phft dinh chi la tinh chit Uln moc cua lua nudi tdm cdc moi diiu cdu xin khdn vdi dt thdi gian thvrc hifin bdnh dgng md thdi Vi dy dugc bang long (= tham chl din, quan tren (2) Id mOt phat ngdn dang Idiuyin lOnh tryc Cling ngudi budn bdn, ke trdng Ida nudi tdm, tilp "Cdc cdy cd, hay vi ta nudi giit diea contit thdy mgi difiu cau xm khan vdi diu duge thi ben m& rpng Idngl" (= Cac cdy cd, bangldn^)[3,51] cd thfi vi ta nudi gift dfta ndy thi md rOng Cd the nhdn tlidy rdng, viOc clu xin Byt phft n^y longra!).O day, ben cung ndm tifiu hO cfta khdp chiing smh dien khdng theo ^em cua Ipnh, cdi mdc,ttongtrudng hgp ndy, mOt trinh ty kl tiep kh^h quan nao, khdng chinh la hdnh dOng phat ngdn cua ngirdi ndi: phdi Id hMi ty cua su kipn Chdng hgn, viec lap tftc md rOng Idi^ ra, sau clu xin eon thfta ty, viec clu xin thuan lgi ngudi ndi ndi Idi yfiu eiu ndy ldm dn budn ban, chfta trft tat bOnh, cd Quan sat them mgt vM vi dy thuOc dang Idi the diln quanh nam xen ke khdng bat ndi gidn tilp buOc phai ketiepnhau theo trinh ty cl dinh ve (3) Trdi th^ dn qudc tham long/ Tinh mdt thdi gjan; vipc cau dao theo lOnh ciia nha thdn sdm cudp hp Hiing vk toy/ Sai tdi ben nuoc ciing phai thugc vao tinh hinh miia xudng mdi ddv/ Ddu thai muon me rdy mang cy the, nam cd ndm khdng, vy ed vy sinh (Sai tdi ldp tftc xuIng mdi nha nay/ khdng Sy sip xep trudc sau d day r5 rdng chi DIU thai, mugn me md sinh ra) [4.33] Id sy sip xep theo gdc nhin chft quan ciia (4) Truang Vi khdn kheo qud u/Khien ngudi ndi, ngudi ndi Ivia chpn dl UOt kfi cdc ngudi ben gang cdm cd ciea doanh (Khien luOn cft md thdi Ngudi ndi, ttong vi dy ndy ngucri lap tftc co ging cdm ed d cfta doanh) [4, trude hit ndi den nhftng viOc cd ^ ngjua d^ 96] biOt, ed tam anh hudng d pham vi quoc gia vd Tft sy kl tiep tiirc tiep, tiic thi vl ni|t nhd nuoc ban lenh, ehi dao thvrc hipn rdi thdi gian cfta mOt sy tinh so vdi moc chuyin tilp theo la nhiing viectiiuOcpham vi ca nhan sang nhftng cdch dung ma tinh tftc thi bj mat nhung lai la dieu ddc bifit quan trpng theo quan di chi cdn Igi Id sy ndi tilp, tilp flieo sau sy niem van hod, dao n ^ a phuong Ddng viOc da ndi, dd kl ttong thdi gian Thgm ehi, (chuypn sinh cdi nli ddi tdng dirdng) rdi ben cd ihl dugc md rOng sy ke tilp culi cimg mdi Id din viOe efta ed nhdn thudc ciia nhiing ngi dung dugc trinh bay, tftc Id du mpi tdng^ ldp edng viOc ldm dn trinh ty sdp xep, trinh ty Uet kfi cde sy kiOn ma Sy nditifip,ke tiep thdi gian, nhu ngudi ndi Ivra chpn theo mgt gdc nhin ndo do, mOt quy lugt bien, cd the di kfim vdi mOt thft trinh ty sifiu ngdn ngft Chiing ta hay nhftng sac thdi nhdn qud, hO qua dii logi ldm ca quan sat vd cimg phdn tich Id" vi du sau ^ y : sd cho sy hinh thdnh f nghia mdi gdn vdi sic (5) [Ddt Cd Chdu, B\tt Phdp Vdn rdt linh thdi nhdn qud, hf qud dd Ching hgn, so sanh thieng ] ndng ndi sdu bp binh tdt vdng m$nhtrongtiengNga gifta Siedavat' (theo, ti^ theo, nhd nu&c din cdu ddo thiea bao nhieu tai nan kl theo) voi Sleduet, sto; SledovatePno (tft dd deu khdi (= ndng ndi sdu bg bpuh tat vang md, the la, thft, vi vdy) hay lifin hfi them mOnh nha nude den cau ddo thi thay bao nhieu vdi nhiing each diing gin vdi ttft ty thdi gian tai nan nhu vdy diu qua khdi hit); vd nhdn qua cua lifin tft 'va' cfta tl hgp 'tii dd' Ben din quan lang, sfthUr chung ddn hiimttong tilng Vipt ciing nhu tuong duong cua cimg dy din chua cdu xin deu thdi du^rc chiingtixmgnhieu ngdn ngft khdc MOt tinh nhu thita mudn (= rli / rli nfta/ tiep dd, din Mnh nhu vgy eiing dd xdy vdi tft ben quan lang sT thft ehiing ddn hiem ciing din qua khft ddy cln ph^n hai trudng hgp chfta clu xin diu thdi dugc nhu y muon) ldn: 20 N G N NGf & B(n S N G 4a Trudng hgp thft nhit, cftng Id each diing nhat cua ben vhi cdn duge tiep tyc luu gjft cho den tgn ngdy troi^ cac each dftr^ Ididc dd roi ryng m i t (cui^ xm ndi thfim ring khdng nfin coi day Id cdch diing chi don thuan mang "tinh tu tu", mOt cdeh dinh tinh ^ cd tft Idu thudng vdi ham ^ yeu td ngdn ngft dugc xfit khdng cd mOt gjd tii ngft nghm chftc nang dich thyc ndo ngodi cai gid tri tu sftc, dua day dugc thfim vdo cho sinh dOng ldi ndi thugc mOt phong each chftc ndng) trudi^ hgp ndy ben chi ring hdnh dgi^ ftng xft dugc thiic hiOn Id mOt hanh dOng phdn ung cd ehd dich, cd Ivra chpn mang ti'nh he qud cua ehu thfi dftng tiirdc mpt tinh huong, hodn cdnh nao dd ciia ddi song, cd sy thuc diy ciia nhiing nhdn t l thuOc nhan thftc d chft thi Chii flifi tren co sd nh§n thftc tinh cdm ciia ban than minh trude mOt linh huong ma chu dOng hinh thdnh f do, myc dich vd thvrc hiOn hdnh dOng ftng xft tuong thich Chinh dac tinh ngft nghia dd ben tnrdng hgp ndy gid dinh nhftng sy tinh md ehd thfi Id eon ngudi, hay it eung la nhiing doi dugc xem Id cd y chi y thftc nhu ngudi - ma qu^, thin thdnh chdng ban Vd, dirong nhifin hdnh dOng phan ftng dugc ndi tdi cung Id cdi ed sy tham gia kiem tra, kilm sodt eiia f chi Quan sdt mOt vdi vi dy cy thi: (6) Rupu hdu say, mudn ngu Thdy mpt ngudi din tru&c cd ldi rdng: "Vdng chieu chi vua ta, phiin nguoi din ndi kho Hp Hd ben v^i vdng khep nep sda sang [2, 30] (= Rugu gan say, muon ngft Thiy mOt ngudi din trudc cd ldi ring: "Vang chiiu ehi vua ta, philn nguoi den ndi chuyOn, hp Ho ben vOi vang khfip nfip sfta sang) (7) Dem chiim bao th^ gdi mdc cdi luc, Mu thuang xin tha mgng Den sdng n^^ cd gd hdng chdi ldy cdi rim vd Ivc rudi den ddng Ngudi Phan ngd chiim bao thiea cdm ben budng sdng ddy [2] (= Dem chifim bao thay ngudi eon gai mac cdi mdu luc kfiu thuong xm Iha mgng Den sdng ngdy, cd ga hang chdi mang rua mai xanh mii din dang eho minh Hg Phan ngd 66 S l (244)-2016 Id chuypn gdy thuomg cdm tixmg mo, ben tha cho nd sing (8) 7am Kha nghe biit td hidng/ Ben jaj quy su tim ddi Hdu Ca [4,166] (9) M^ cha chui mdng hom mai/Ndng ^ m&i noi su hdi dim [4,148] (10) Tinh ca dy hp Trdn chai Thay lg ben hoi: "dy ai? " Rdng: "tdi Id ngudi qid dHoa Lu " [4,1S7] 4b Tnrdng hgp thft hai, sy thih dupc din nhdp bdng bin ciing dugc nbin nhu Id ket qu^ kit cyc cua mgt hay nhftng sy tinh ndo d6 (K ndi tnrdc Song, dd khdng phdi Id hdnh d$ns ed lya chpn ed y d l nhdm tiudc cda chu M trudc tinh hulng cua ddi sing Do dd d dfiy ben cd flil kit hgp cd vdi nhihig vi tii chi tinh chit, trgng thdi, vi tft tinh thdi, hay nhftng vj tit ehi sy boat dOng hiln doi ngodi sy kilm so& cua y chi ^ thftc Vi dy: { (11) Ndng Thu^ Tiiu tinh ngd sdng hdr^l ngudi Nhudn Chi dpc sdch thdi ldng gra! ddy bin hay dpc nin [2, 304] (= Ndng Th^ Tifiu ban tfnh sdng ldng, thudng nguW Nhuan Chi dpc sdch thdi I§ng ghi nhd fli^ \i rdi cd the dpc dugc) (12) S&m mai di nghe gidng hhng thay hai gdi ( ) triu gh^o cudi c0 hodc Ichi ldy trdi ngon gieo cho day hodc ldy hoa tot nem cho ddy Cdu ddy ngdy dd Idu ngudi nhdn gid chdng hay dinh dupfc long ben nin gdn bd vgy [2, 111] (= Thirdng g$p hai ngudi gdi ( ) ttfiu ghpo cudi cgt c6 lay ttdi ngon tung cho c h ^ g , cd ldy hoa dpp nfim cho chdng Gift cdi 10 ly da Ifiu ngdy ngudi nhan gid chdng t h i khn nfin du(j« ldng niia ay t h i Id thdnh gdn M vdy) Cdch dung thft tu cfta bin gdn vdi sy ddnh gid cua ngudi ndi v l tinh bit thudng, ttdi ngugc bd qua nhftng tiln d l dilu ki^ hay logjc v^n dOng bhih thirdng ddng phdi c6, ddng phai theo eiia sy vifc Ndi cy till hon, cdch diing ndy gid dinh cdc nhan to sau: Trudc het Id nhihig tri thftc nfin ve C& chuan, cai hgp logic, hgp chd dgi in6 sl (244)-2016 N G N N G C & DOfl S N G 21 lunh the gidi cua nhiing ngirdi fliam gia giao thom ma lai cd thi biin ddi huyin hodc thing tilp: (A) ddngraflilphdi (B) ngayranhu thi) b) Ddnh gid chft flil eiiatinhtiidi,tiicngudi (15) Nguai dd ldm nghi$p hgc trd, dpc ndi: dilu dugc ndi tdi Id cdi dien ra, xayrahay truy$n sdch thdnh hiin hd chdng biit quy thdn dugc tiiyc hifin trvrc tiep chinh cdi chung ldm ddc md ben cimg khinh ldn lgt, ddt hoan cdnh