Bài viết trình bày quan niệm về tư duy lịch sử của các nhà giáo dục Lịch sử Nhật Bản; phát triển tư duy lịch sử cho học sinh trong thực tiễn giờ học Lịch sử Nhật Bản bằng tư duy phê phán của Kato Kimiaki...
L|CH sCr Vdi^NHA TRUdNG' TIM HI^U Vg "Tir DUY LjCH SlT' VA " P H A T TRIEN TIT DUY LjCH SUT" CHD HOC SINH QT NHAT BAN TUT SAU N A M 1945 Oiu NAY NGUYfiN QU6C VUONG* P hat triln tU cho hoc sinh hoc tfip ljch sd lfi mfit nhflng vfi'n d l quan thu hdt sy quan tfim nghifin edu vfl flng dung vflo thUc tiln eua cfic nhfl gifio due ljch sd Nhfit Ban hifin dai Sau nfim 1945, cufic cai efieh gifio due tofln difin nhfim xfiy dUng nUde Nhfit hda binh, dan ehu bfit dfiu, hinh anh ngUdi efing dan cd tU doc Ifip da trd thfinh ndi the hifin tfip trung tritft ly mdi cua nen gifio due (1) Giao due lich sii cdng vdi gifio due dja Iy, giao due efing dfin the hien tfeh hpp mfin Nghien cUu xd hgi (Social Studies)-thudng dupe gpi tfit Ifl mfin Xd hgida trd hat nhfin cua cfing cufic cai each gifio due thdi hflu chitfn Trong qua trinh dli mdi sit hpc vfi eai each gifio due lich sd, nhflng vfi'n d l nhU "tU ljch sd la ^?", nflm thtf nflo d l phfit trien tU Uch sd cho hpe sinh?" da trd thflnh cac chu de tranh lufin hoc thuflt sfii noi va da cd mot stf lupng ldn cfic "thitc tien gido due" dupc tien hfinh (2) Bfli vitft nfly se dilm lai mpt vai nfit chu ytfu v l sU phat triln d ca phUdng dien ly lufin vfi thuc tifin xung quanh vfi'n d l tU Ijeh sd vfl phat trien tu ljch sd cho hpc sinh d Nhfit Ban td sau Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thd Hai dtfn Q u a n nifim ve tuf d u y lich suf cua cfic nhfl gifio d u e lich svf Nhfit Ban Trudc Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai, chUdng trinh hpc tfip d cac trUdng p h i thfing Nhfit Ban cd ton tgi mfin Quo'c sd (Ljch sd Nhfit Ban), nhien tritft lyrauc tifiu giao due luc bfl'y gid lfi giflo due nfin nhiing t h i n dan trung thflnh vdi thign hofing, vi the chflc nang cua bfi mfin Ueh sd ddn thufin ehi Ifl cung cfi'p cfic su kifin, nhfin vfit Uch sd dUpc "chpn Ipc" phfl hdp vdi lpi feh eua nhfl nUde chuyfin che Vfl'n d l "tu Ijch sd" vfl "phfit triln tU lich sd" khong dUdc cfie nhfi gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban quan tfim, nghien cdu Tuy nhifin, tfl sau thfing nfim 1945, bfii canh lfin sdng cai each giao due diln mgnh me vfl tritft ly giao due thay dfi'i, vfi'n d l "tu lich sd" da dUde dfit vfl tranh lufin sfii noi (3) Cac nhfi gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban tranh lufin ve tU lich sd dfi ddng d nhilu gfic dp cung nhU vfln dung nhilu hpc thuytft khflc vi vfly eac y kitfn dUa rfl't phong phu, dfii khac 'ThS Khoa Ljch ad - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hfl Nfii Rghifln cdu Ljch aiir atf 11.2Q12 54 bi§t vfi khd di dtfn m§t djnh nghia hofln ehinh, thtfng nhfi't D5 ed ra0t stf luyng ldn tfli Ii$u lifin quan dtfn vfi'n d l dfl dUpe cfing btf, nhifin khufin k h i hfli vitft nfiy chdng tfii chi gidi thi$u nhflng y kitfn cda cfie hpc gifi Nhflt Bfin v l tU Ijeh sd d hai nhfim: nhfim nhin nhfin "tu ljch sd" mfii quan hfi vfii "hpc lyc" vfl nhdm nhin nh$n tu ljch sd mtfi quan h^ vdi y thflc ljch sd vfl nhfin thflc ljch sd 1.1 Tti lich svt mSii hi vdi "hoc luc'* quan "Hpc lyc" Ifl mfit vfl'n d l quan trpng khfing t h l thitfu vi^c dfinh gifi chfi't lupng gifio dye vfl hifiu qua giflo dye Cfic nhfl giflo dye Nhtft Ban cho rfing dinh nghia thtf nflo Ifl "hpc lUc" Ifl vific lflm rfi't khfi khfin (4) Them nda, phUdng thdc titfp c&n "hoc lue" rtft da dang nfin trgn thye ttf d Nhfit Ban cho dtfn thdi dilm hifin tgi nhflng tranh lufin ve v l "hpe lUe" vfin chUa di dtfn hfii ktft Trong stf cae y kitfn v l hpe lUc, dang chd y Ifl y kitfn ciia nhfl giao due hpe Tanikawa Akihide n g cho rfing "hpc lUc" bao gom ba nfii dung: u Hpc lUc muc tiiu: hgc lUc vdi tU cdeh Id tha hudng di'n cdn diidc hinh thd,nh vd Id tha cdn phdi dgt dapc b Hgc lUc lUdng: hgc lite vdi tU each Id tha dd hgc dagc, cd thi tiin hdnh dugc c Hgc lUc tiim tdng: hgc lac vdi tU edch la khd ndng hgc tdp trUdc cdc vdn di mdi (5) Cfie hpe gia Nhfit Ban cho rfing, ntfu tfin thfinh npi dung trfin thi "hpe lye muc tieu" mfin Xd hgi xem xfit d phgm vi rong se trd thflnh "nhfln thflc xa hpi" hay "phlm cha't cfing dfin" hofic cung ed t h l Ifl ca hai TUdng tu nhu the, "hpc lUc lUdng" mfin Xd hgi dUpc coi Ifl efie "tri thfle kl nfing cd bfin" vfi "hpc lUc tilm tflng" tUdng flng vdi "nfing lyc tU duy" (nflng Iyc tu ljch sd, nflng lye tU dja ly), nfing lyc sd dyng tu U$u Ngofli "hpc lyc" theo Tanikawa cdn t h l hi^n d "mtfi quan tfim, lfing mong mutfn, thfii dfi" cua hpc sinh Quan dilm v l "hpc lyc" vfi "nfing lyc tu duy" cua Tanikawa duye nhilu hpc gia khfic tfin ding, nhifin thye ttf vific coi cfi a, b, c cfi phfii lfi "hpc lyc" cua mfinXa hdi hay khfing vfl ba hoc lUc trfin thl hpc lyc nflo dfing vai trd trung tfim Ifl vtfn d l gfiy tranh efli khfi di dtfn thtfng nhtft Cfi nhflng y kitfn eho rfing "hpc lyc" phai dupc titfp cfin tfl gdc dfi xem xfit ctfu tao hfin cua nd Nhflng dgi difin tieu bilu tfin thflnh phUdng cfich titfp cfin nfiy Ifi Hirooka Ryozo, Katsuta Shuichi, Nakauchi Toshio, Honda Koei Trong dfi dang chu y lfi y kitfn cua Honda Koei (6) Honda da dUa ed cfi'u hpc luc mfin Xd hgi dUpc hinh thflnh tfl "y thdc ngUdi Iflm chu" "Hpc lflc" nfiy lien quan mflt thitft dtfn qufi trinh "hinh thfinh ngudi" vfi "nhfin thflc xa hfii mot cfieh khoa hpc" xufi't phfit tfl tri thflc cd ban v l sy vi$c, sU vfit, hifin tUpng vfi lunh thflnh khfii nifim Theo "Ban hUdng dfin hpe tflp mfin Xa h^i" cua BO Gifio dye Nh^t Bfin thi quan niem "hpe lye" bao gfim "hilu bitft v l cufic song xa h^i" vfi "phlm chfl't cong dfin cd ban" (7) Hai thfinh phfin nfiy dUde Bfi Giao dye Nhflt Ban ci^ t h l hda bfing ytfu ttf: "mdi quan tdm, Ibng mong mudn, thdi ddi vdi hiin tUdng xd hdi", "tU phe phdn xd hdi", "kl nang quan sdt, sd dung tU li^u, trinh bdy", "hieu biet, tri thac vi cdc hiin tugng xd hdi" Nhu vfiy, ehdng ta thtfy rfing d dfiy cac hpe gifi Nhfit Ban d mfit mfle dp nfio da dUa ctfu tao, dfie dilm cua tu ndi Tim hitfu v& "tir lich ai^ , chung vfl tu mfin Xd hdi (Ljch sdDia ly-Gifio d\ic eong dfin) ndi rifing Tuy nhifin, d dfiy vfi'n di ey t h l "thtf nfio lfi tU ljch sd?" vfin chUa dupe chi ro vfl nhilu trudng hpp khfing tfich bgeh "tu duy" vdi "hpc lfle" cfich tuy$t dfii nhu "chfin ly hiln nhifin" lfi khfing thl Nhfl gifio dye Ijeh sd Tanaka Masatoshi tiStng thfla nhtfn rfing "nhfin thflc" v l "sy thye" cua fing cd gidi hgn vfl fing "chi efi t h l nhtfn thfle dupe cfii cfi bi$t, mOt phfin hifin tgi hay ehi lfi m$t mfit 1.2 Tu Uch sut mdi quan cfii hi$n thye tofln t h l phong phd" (9) Nfii he vdi y thUc tich sul*' vA "nhdn thdCc m^t cfich ngfin gpn, theo Tanaka "sy thye lich ad" chi Ifl m^t hfy phtfn nhfln thdc cua Uch sti** ngUdi dfii vdi hi§n thye vfi ngudi Khi dtft cfiu hdi "tU ljch sd Ifl gi?", cdng chi nhtfn thflc hi^n thye m$t cflch phfin dfing nhflng ngUdi cd lifin quan dtfn tong hpp, phdc tgp thfing qua trung gian Ifi gifio due ljch sd d Nhfit Ban thudng cho m(tt bfi phfin sy thye ljch sd tUdng ty Ldc rfing nd lfi "cflch nhin, cfich suy nghi v l Ijch nfiy, hifin thye vfla cfi nghia Ifl hifin thye xa sd" dfiy "cflch nhin, cflch suy nghf nfly h^i eua mfit thdi dai nhtft djnh qufi cd hai n0i hflm: nd chi "cflch nhin, cfich khfl, vfla cd nghia lfi hifin thUc cua hifin nghi" vdi tU efich Ifl sy hUdng v l qufl khd, thye xa hfii ehdng ta dang sinh stfng Khi nhfln thflc qufi khfl eua ngUdi, mflt dd, tu v l cfic vfl'n d l xfi hfii dang xfiy khfie cung la "nhfln thfle hifin tai" nhfim hifin thye dupe coi trpng Ndi cu t h l dpc hilu cfic hifin tUpng hifin tgi xufi't phflt hdn thi dd Ifi vific "tU dUdi gdc lich tfl cfich nhin nhfln qufi khfl Trong tU sa vi hiin thitc nham gidi quyet cdc vdn di dan cfii, tUdng h6 cua nhftn thdc qua dang ddt ra" (10) khd va nhtfn thflc hifin tai nfly, "cfich nhin, Xufl't phfit tfl quan nifim tren, hifin d efich suy nghi v l lich sd" se dUde lfim sfiu sfic thfim Trong tfin thflnh quan nifim Nhat Ban, efic gid hpc, gifio vifin quat tren, cac nhfl giflo due lieh sd hudng dfin hpc sinh truy tim mm quan he Nhfit Bfin cho rfing "tU lich sd" (nfing gifla "sy thuc Uch sd" vdi "nhfln thdc hifin lUc tu Ijch sd) Ifl "tU so sfinh qufi thUc" thfing qua bp lpc cfi nhfln dang trd khfl vfl hifin tai", "tu ve sU thay doi vfl thflnh vfl'n d l quan dupe quan tfim bitfn chuyen", "tim kitfm sU khdi nguyfin sfiu KSC cua sU v|it", "tu v l mtfi lifin quan vfii Cting vdi vific xem xfit tU lieh sd cac dieu kifin xa hpi" (8) Tflc Ifl vfi stf cac moi quan hfi vdi nhfin thdc ljch sd, thao tac eua cae dang thde tu phong cae nhfl giao dye lich sd Nhfit Ban phd vfl n l n tang hoat dfing cua nfi nhU '"dpc quan tam dtfn mfii quan hfi gifla f thflc lich hilu su thflt ljch sd", "danh gifi y nghia sU sd vfl tu lich sd (11) Dai difin tifiu bifi'u thfit lich sd" vfl vfln dyng vflo cufic song cho xu hudng nfiy Ifl Saito Hiroshi, ngUdi vtfn dUde coi lfi hpe gia cfi nghifin cdu sdm hifin tgi Cac nhfl gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban cho nhtft ve y thdc Ijeh sd d Nhfit Ban (12) rfing, ntfu nhin tfl quan dilm tu Ijch sd Trong nghifin cflu fing da sd dung phUdng Ifi "cfich nhin, cfich nghi v l Uch sd" thi "sU phfip tien titfn thdi bfi'y gid Ifl bang hdi d l th§t lieh sijf Ifl thfl chi "thUe" vdi tU cfich Ifl phdng vtfn 1.800 hpc sinh tilu hoc, trung san phtfm cua nhfin thflc dfii vdi xa hfii ban hpc cd sd Saito da titfn hanh dilu tra dya trgn gia thitft dfit Ifl y thflc lich sd (duyc than chdng ta Theo dd, sU thUc ton tai mot Rghifln eflru L|ch aiSr atf 11.2012 hilu Ifl d i n g nghia vdi tu ljch sd) cfi cfl'u tgo tfing vfi ktft qua Ifl fing dfi djnh hinh hda dupe cfic giai dogn phfit triln y thdc ljch sd cua hpe sinh tfl tilu hpc tdi trung hpc cd sd Nflm tfing bfic cua y thflc ljch sd (tu ljch sd) duye Saito chi lfi: Y thac vi qud kha Y thac vi sU khdc bi^t giQa qud kha vd hiin tgi Su hiiu biit vi sU biin thiin vd phdt triin Ndm dugc mdi quan h^ nhdn qud cda lich sa Hiiu biit visa phdt triin cda lich su" Saito cflng phfin tfeh cy t h l nfii dung cua tflng tfing bflc tU Ijch sd dfi chi d trgn, "Y thflc v l qufi khfl" lfi sU suy nghi bfing thudc thdi gian vtf cfle hifin tUpng cua qufi khd Ong cho rflng tU nfly sfi dupe nfing cao d hoc sinh Idp 3, ldp trd di "Y thdc v l sU khac bifit gifla qua khfl vfi hign tgi" Ifi sy tU dd hpc sinh cd the so sfinh dpng hUdng cua tofin t h l xa hpi qufi khfl vdi hign tai Tu nfly dupe nfing cao tfl Idp 4, Idp cfi'p tilu hpe "Sy hilu bitft v l sy bitfn thifin vfl phat triln" lfi khuynh hUdng eo gfing nflm dUpc rfing cfic hifin tupng xa hfii tie'n triln mfii tUdng quan lfin Tu nfiy dupe md rfing tfl cfl'p trung hpc cd sd "Nflm dupe mfii quan h§ nhan qua cua ljch sd" Ifi kha nflng tu da difin, da chilu mtfi lien quan gifla nguyen nhfin vfi kfi't qua cua sy vfit, hi^n tupng "Hilu bitft v l sy phfit triln cua Ijch sd" dUdc h i l u Ifl vific hpc sinh nfim ddgc rfing cae yeu to chfnh tri, xa hpi, kinh ttf, vfln hda cd lifin quan mfit thitft vdi vfi phfit triln m^t cfich t i n g hdp Sau Saito, eac nghifin cflu tUdng tu cung duyc ehu trpng d cfi'p trung hpc cd sd vfi trinh bfly cac hfii thao khoa hpc Cfic nhfi gifio due Ueh sd Nhfit Ban da lfim ro nhilu vfl'n d l lifin quan dtfn logi hinh eiia tu ljch sd vfl dudng phfit triln tu Tuy nhifin, tfl thtfp nifin 80 cua thtf ki XX trd di, chju tflc d^ng tfl nhflng thay dli vl ly lutfn sd hpc xung quanh cfic vtfn d l nhu "nghifin cdu v l ljch sijt xa h$i cua phfli Annal-Phfip", "cutfc tranh lutfn vl sU hinh thflnh qutfc gia-dfin t0c d Nhflt Ban", "ly lufin v l hfi thtfng thtf gidi" nfing lUc "tu ljch sd thdc tiln nhfim giai quytft vtfn dl" dfin duye coi trpng stf cfic nfing lUc tu da dtf ctfp d trfin G i n dfly, qufi trinh cai cflch gifio dye nhfim thfch flng vdi xu hUdng tofin cfiu hfia vfl dfin chu hfia, cac nhfi giao dye ljch sd Nhtft Ban Igi chd trpng nhilu hdn tdi "tu lich sd phfi phfln" O dfly, xin dupe gifii thifiu khfli qufit v l quan dilm eua nhfi gifio due ljch sd Kodama Yasuhiro, mfit nhflng dgi bilu nhtfn mgnh tfim quan trpng cua "tu ljch sd phfi phfin" Kodama khfing dinh, nflng lyc tu ljch sii d nghia rfing Ifl hoat dfing tinh thin vfl xfit v l bfin chfi't nd Ifl hoat dfing tu ciia mfii cfi nhfin ngn nd khfing phai Ifl thd cfi tfnh chfl't djnh hUdng m^t cfieh cufing chtf bdi ngUdi khfie Tuy nhifin, fing cung nhfi'n mgnh gifio due trUdng hpc (gifio dye ljch sii mfin Xd h^i) sfi dam nhfin nghia v\t cai tgo tflng phfin tU nfii tren lflm cho nd trd thflnh thd "co hiiu qud, tdc dung hdn ddi vdi bdn thdn ngudi dd vd nhiing ngudi khdc sinh sd'ng xd hdi ddn chu" (13) Ong dUa ktft lutfn dd vi cho rfing, cting giong nhU nfing lUc tfnh tofin hay nfing luc ngfin ngfl, vdi tu c&ch Ifl nfing lUc, tu lieh sd lfi khfing t h l thitfu vfi "gifio dye nflng lye tu lieh silt dl hoc sinh ed t h l ddng vai tro chd t h l phfi phfin sy giai thfch ljch sd nhtft djnh" ngfly da trd th&nh yfiu c l u dfit cfi'p thitft vfi yfiu elu nfiy chi ed t h l duyc giai quytft Tim hilu v& "hr lieh ad" dUa vflo cac mfin hpc nhfl trUdng Kodama cho rfing, xa hfii lfi xa hfii da nguygn hda vfl eac gia trj da dgng cdng ton tai vi thtf di kfim theo nd lufin Ifi sU hifin hiiu cua nhdng sU giai thfch lieh sd khfic nhau, doi Iflp vfl va chgm vdi (14) Ddng sau sU giai thfch lich sd phfin Idn eac trudng hpp lfi cfic gifi trj quan nhfi't dinh vfi sU dfii Ifip trd thflnh hai dudng thfing song song Theo fing, phfin ldn cac trudng hpp ngUdi ta chi dUa cac sy thUc lich sd cd lpi vfi d l cho sU dfii lap ndi trfin khfing kfi't thdc mfit cfieh vfi vi, nhat nheo mfi dem lai thfl hflu feh hdn, thd vj hdn, nfing lue ly giai khfich quan quan dilra lich sd vfl su giai thfch ljch sd dUpc dfit Ong cho rflng sU giai phdng bfin than khdi su bd bufic bdi quan dilm Uch sd cung sU giai thfch Ueh sd nhfi't dinh vfi dUa dtfl thoai thudng tdi tUdng lai thong qua Uch sd lfi nfing lUc cfin thie't xa hpi toan cfiu hda Kodama da khai qufit mfi hinh mfiu vl "tu Uch sd phg phfin" vdi mflc nhu sau: MOc 1: Tu mang tinh sit thUc = tuduy hiiu dUdc sit gidi thich - Su thuc Ueh sd tai lai xay ra? (tU ve nguyen nhfin, die'u kign, mue dfch, ly do) - Su thye lich sd da xay nhU the nflo, vl sau nd sao? (tU ve ktft qua, anh hudng, chflc nfing, y nghia, phitdng hudng) - Y nghia, ban chfl't eua sU thflt lieh sd lfi gi? (tu v l dac dilm, ban chfi't, y nghia ljch sd) Miic 2: Tu "phdn tinh" = tU xem xet mgt cdeh phi phdn sit gidi thich - Su thUe lich sd dfing vai tro lfi cfln cd cua giai thich la gi? - Cfic efin cfl mang tfnh sU thUc chdng minh cho giai thfch ed dfiy du hay khfing? (tu vl mfii quan h$ tUdng h i gifla sU that Uch sd vfi giai thfch lich sd: su thUe lieh sd vfl giai thfch ljch sd phfln chia m0t efich tUdng dfii thflnh hai ting, cfii sau thuytft minh cho cfii trUde, cfii trUde lfi cfln cfl eiia cfii sau) - Su giai thfch dd hflu dung dtfn mde nfio? Nd cd kha nflng thuyfi't minh cho sU thUc Ijch sd khflc hay sU trifin khai vl sau khfing? (tu vl gidi han nflng lUc thuytft minh eua sU giai thfch nhfl't djnh) • Cd sy thye nfio bi eoi nhg hay khong dupc dua vdi ly khfing t h l thuyet minh bfing giai thfch dd hay khong? (tu v l vific chi dUa trfin sU giai thich /ly lufin nfio dd thi cac sU thUc khfing bao ham dd se bj loai trfl) - Cd sU giai thieh nflo khac hay khong? Neu nhu cd giai thfch khac thi eai nfio hflu dung hdn (tu dUde rang cae sU thUc trd nguyfin lieu phan chflng doi vdi giai thieh /ly lufin nao se trd thflnh nguygn ligu tao giai thieh khac) Mac 3: Tu phdn tich gid tri - Su quan tam vfi'n d l cua ngUdi xay dung giai thfch dfi la gi? Tinh hinh xa hfii vay quanh nhu the" nflo? Mo'i quan hfi cua nhiing thfl nfiy vdi sU giai thich nhU the nao? - Tai cung vdi sU thay dfi'i moi quan tfim dtfi vdi vfi'n d l hay thdi dai ma sU giai thich edng eac sU thflt dupe dUa lai eiing thay dfi'i theo? Su thay do'i dfi dien nhU the nfio? Mac 4: Ta mang tinh ly ludn ' Bfing viee nghien cdu so sanh nhilu giai thich cd t h l hinh thfinh nen giai thich mdi nhu thtf nfio? 58 • Sflc thuytft phyc cua gifii thfeh mdi cd d mflc d$ nfio? Nfi cfi hflu di^ng dfii vdi cfi cfic sy thye d khu vvte khfic hay thdi dgi khfic hay khfing? Dl cfi duyc nfing lyc tu trfin thye ttf thi ngudi hpc phfii trfii nghidm tU thfing qua bfli hpc Ijeh sii ey thl Tfl sau nflm 1945 dtfn nay, giflo dye ljch aii Nh^t Ban da phfit triln qua nhilu ch$ng dUdng vfl dgt dupe nhilu thflnh tyu dd cfi cfic thye tiln ehu trpng phflt triln tU ljch sd eho hpe sinh O p h i n titfp theo, chdng tfii sfi gidi thifiu thye tiln gifio dye cua Kato Kimiaki nhu lfi vf dy tifiu bilu Ph&t tritfn tit d u y lich suf c h o h p c s i n h t r o n g thi^c t i l n *'Gid h p c Ijch sti N h ^ t B a n bfing tt^ d u y phfi ph&n" c u a K a t o Kimiaki Kato Kimiaki sinh nflm 1950, tot nghi$p cao hpc trudng Dgi hpc Waseda nfim 1976 vfl giang dgy Ijeh sd Nhtft Bfin tgi cfic trudng trung hpc thfing tinh Chiba, Nhfit Ban Tfl nflm 2005, fing trd thflnh giang vifin thinh giang ttUdng Dgi hpc Yamaguchi Kato giai dogn dfiu khoang nflm mdi vao n g h l da titfn hflnh gid hpc tjch sd kilu thuytft trinh vdi trung tfim ifl nfii dung sfich giao khoa, chu trpng truyin dgt thfinh tUu sd hoc tdi hpe sinh Tuy nhifin tfl nfim 1983, fing bfit d i u titfn hfinh cai cfieh gid hpe lich sii nhfim hUdng tdi gid hoc d dfi hpc sinh sfii n i i hpc tfip vfi tU minh hinh thfinh nfing lUe eua ban thfin d l trd thfinh ngudi lflm ehu xa hfii ThUe tifin giao dye nfly dUde ong dfit tfin Ifl "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt Bdn bdng tU phi phdn" (15) Theo Kato, "Gid hgc lieh s& Nh^t Bdn bdng tu phi phdn" Id m^t loat gid hgc d hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng suy ngdm vi lich su! tU edch la chu thi, thdng qua qud trinh thdo ludn, trao doi y kiin Rghifln eihi Ljch a& atf 11.2012 giao liiu, phi phdn ldn md phdt triin nhdn thUc Ipch sit cua bdn thdn, hinh thdnh vd ndng cao ndng lyle nhdn thOc lich sa khoa hgc (tinh th^c chang, tinh Id-gic, tinh chd thi) (16) Theo quan dilm eiia Kato thl dfiy khfing phfii lfi gid hpc gitfng nhu thfing thudng d dfi gifio vifin gifing gifii, thuytft minh cfie khfii ni$m, Bd ki$n thfing set mi^t chilu, mfi trudc htft giflo vifin sfi sii dyng cfic sy thye ljch sd lflm cho nhflng tri thflc ljch sd thfing thudng hay quan ni$m ljch sii mfl hpc sinh dang cd dao dtfng hoflc bj phu djnh khitfn cho hpc sinh dtft c&u hdi "tai lai thtf?", "thtft sy thi dilu dd Ifl nhu thtf nflor Titfp nhtfn vtfn d l dflt ra, tflng hpe sinh se titfn hflnh efic hogt d$ng dilu tra thfing tin, nghifin cflu tU lifiu, huy dtfng tri thflc sfin cfi di tgo efic cfiu trfi ldi cua chfnh minh Titfp dd, ktft qua nfiy sfi duyc mfli sflc qua vi§c tranh lufln trUdc ldp vdi trung tflm lfi vi^e phfi phan lfin vfl nhd dd nhfln thflc ljch sd cua bfin than trd nfin ting hop hdn, khoa hpc hdn Cd sd ly lufin cua gid hpc kieu nfly Ifl viec Kato cho rfing: "Miic dich cua gido due lich sa la ldm trudng thdnh nhdn thOc lich sU cua hgc sinh vdi tU edch Id chd thi" vfi de dgt dupe myc dfch nfly c i n phai nflng cao "hpc Iyc ljch sii" ciia hpc sinh Cy t h l hdn, Kato dfl dua djnh nghia v l "hoc lUc lieh sii" nhu sau; "Vifiy thi hgc /ut lich su" Id gi? Tdi cho rang Id ndng lUc tU dung dan vi lich sii tdc Id ndng lUc nhdn thOc lich sii mdt each khoa hgc Mgt cdeh cu thi cd thi tdm tdt lgi thdnh ndng lUc tU dUa trin cdc sU thUc dd dUOc kiim chiing hay cdc nguSn sd liiu phong phu (tinh thiic chOng), ndng lUc tU thdng nhdt, l6-gic (tinh Id-gic) vd ndng lUc tU bang chinh cdi ddu ciia minh sut dung cdm tinh vd tri thac cua bdn thdn cha khdng phdi Id subat chudc ngadi khdc" (17) Tim hilu vi "hr lieh sd" day ta thfi'y, Kato cung xem xfit tU lich sii mfii quan hfi vdi hpe lye lich sd vfi nhfin thfle lich sd gitfng nhU efie hpc gia khac mfi chdng tfii da d l cfip d p h i n tren Thfing thudng "Gid hpc lich set Nhfit Ban bfing tu phfi phfin" cd cfi'u trdc gfim phfin: "Gido viin di xUdng vdn dt, "Hgc sinh thiii lap gid thuyit vd tUn hdnh thdo ludn", Hudng ddn hgc sinh hgc tdp sau thdo ludn Theo Kato thi sy thflnh bgi eua "Gid'hgc lich sU Nhdt Bdn bdng ta phi phdn" phu thufic phfin Idn vflo vfl'n d l dUpe di xufing Theo fing mfit vfl'n d l hay, thfch hpp phai dgt dupe dilu kifin cd bfin: Phdi Id vdn di CO sUc cuo'n hut, hdp ddn khiin cho hgc sinh mong mud'n suy nghi vi nd Phdi Id vdn di md edng suy nghl sdu sdc thi hgc sinh cdng eo dupe nhdn thUe lich sU diing dan; Phdi Id vdn de md hgc sinh cd the dUng trin nhiiu lap trUdng di suy ngdm, tnidc kei la lap tnidng cua ddn chung; Phdi Id vdn de eo khd ndng triin khai thdnh cugc thdo ludn sdi noi vdi cde y kien khdc biet Trfin cd sd ly lufin ndi tren, Kato da titfn hanh kilu gid hpe thao lufin chu ytfu nhfim phat trien tU lich sii (nhfln thfle Uch sd) cho hpe sinh: Kiiu 1: Gid hgc thdo lugn si? dung tranh dnh lich sU Kiiu 2: Gid hgc thdo ludn sie dung tU lieu cha vii't Kiiu 3: Gid hgc thdo ludn si dung kenh cha sdeh gido khoa Dudi dfiy xin dUdc tdm due cua Kato cd tgn "Tgi chdn d u vo sd?" di lflm phfit triln tu Uch stt Kato tflt thye tiln gifio eho lgi dagc ro cac bifin phfip cho hpc sinh cua 5S Gid hpc duye bfit d i u tfl mfit bflc finh Dfiy Ifl bflc anh Itfy tfl cutfn 'Xjeh sd thflnh phtf Chiba" Tfl'm finh chyp b0 xUdng chfi efin nguyfin Iflnh duye phfit qu$t d di chi y vo sd Kasori Dfi'i vdi hpc sinh thi u vd sfi lufin dupe xem nhU lfi ndi nfim rflc cua ngUdi Jomon vi thtf vific phfit hi$n bfi xUOng chd cfin nguygn vpn trd thflnh sU thye ngofli sflc tudng tupng Hpc sinh bfit dfiu hinh thflnh nfin cfiu hdi tgi vfl hpe sinh rdi vflo trgng thfii mong mutfn tu minh suy nghi tim kitfm cfiu tra ldi thda dfing (18) Sau gifio vifin di xUdng vfi'n dl, hpc sinh sfi xfiy dyng gia thuytft, phfit bilu gifi thuytft vfl titfn hfinh thfio lufln Khfio sfit "hd sd gid hge" eua Kato cho thfl'y tdy theo nfim hpc vfl cfic ldp mfl cd sU khfic bifit nhUng nhin chung hpc sinh da tfeh eye giai quytft vfl'n di dUde dUa (19) Vi dy thye tiln 'Tai ehd lgi dUpc chfin d u vd so?" (nfim 1993), hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nen gia thuytft: 1, "Con chd ndy Id chd nu6i ldy thit" 2, "Con chd ndy Id cho sdn" 3, "Con cho ndy Id cho ritng" 4, "Con chd ndy Id cho gia nhd" 5, "Con ehd ndy la ddi tUOng cua tin ngudng" (eho thdn) 6, "Con chd ndy Id vdt nudi ldm cdnh" D l thuyet minh hpp ly cho gia thuytft "tgi chd thdi Jomon lgi cd nguyfin hinh dang ban dfiu khai quflt?", hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nfin gia thuytft dUa trfin chfnh kinh nghifim, tri thfle, hinh finh (bilu tupng) v l thdi ky Jomon cua ban thfin Titfp dfi, thfing qua qua trinh thao lufin nhdm vfl tranh lufin d cfi'p dp ldp, hinh anh thdi ky Jomon cua hpc sinh se titfn gin hdn dtfn sU thflt lich sii Cufii cflng sau phfin thao lufln d vflo thdi dilm gid hpc ktft thuc se cd hogt dfing bd phitfu de danh gifi cac gia thuyet Rghifln cihi Ljch aJr atf 11.2012 Theo Kato, vi$c titfn hflnh bd phitfu d dfiy khfing phfii Ifi d l xfic djnh tflng gifi thuytft dd ddng hay sai dtfl vdi vfi'n d l dflt Tdy theo tlnh hinh ldp hpc, phUdng thdc triln khai thao lufin mfi khfing phfii nfio gifi thuytft thu dupe nhilu phitfu ung hO nhfi't eung trflng khdp vdi thflnh qufi nghifin cflu sii hpc mdi nhfi't Do dd d gid hpe thfio lufin dgng nfiy thi phfin ktft lutfn cutfl cflng lufin d dgng md Sau gid hpc ktft thdc, Kato thudng dua d l tfli vifi't tilu lutfn (bfio cfio) cho hpc sinh Vific yfiu clu vitft tilu lufln nfiy nhfim phfit triln vfl lflm sflu sfic thfim nhfin thflc ljch 8ii-tu ljch sd cua hpe sinh Trong qufi trinh dUa gifi thuyfit vfl thao lufin trgn ldp se ed rfi't nhilu dilm tranh lufin dupe dUa vfl dflt hpc sinh vflo tlnh huong phai xem xfit lgi y kitfn cua ban thfin xem nd cd dung dfln, 16-gfe hay khfing Thye tien giao due "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt Bdn bdng tU phi phdn" cua Kato chu trpng phfit triln tu Ijch sii cua hpc sinh tien hfinh tfl nfim 1983 dtfn da cd finh hudng tfeh cUe tdi eac gifio vifin gifing dgy lieh sfl d trudng thong vfi cd ddng gdp quan trpng v l ly lufin Dfic dilm nfi'i bflt vfl cung Ifl ddng gdp dfing k l eua Kato lfi sU thfla nhfln tfnh da dang cua nhfln thflc ljch sd dd tu phfi phfln dupe coi trpng Kato da coi mue tifiu cua giao due ljch sfl lfi nang cao nflng lUc nhfln thflc lich sfl (nflng lUc tu lich sfl) eho hpe sinh vdi tu efieh Ifi ehu t h l cua qufi trinh hpc tflp tfl dd titfn hflnh cfic bifin phfip to ehfle, hUdng dfin hpe tflp nhfim phfit huy eao dp tU dfic l^p vfl nflng lyc tu hpc cua hpc sinh Tfi't nhien, thue tiln eua Kato cung ehi Ifl mfit sU thfl nghifim, m^t lfii di rifing cua fing Ngofii "Gid hgc lieh sQ Nhdt Bdn bdng tu phi phdn" cdn cd nhilu cfic thuc tiln khac chu trpng phat t r i l n tU Ijeh sfl cda hpe ainh duye titfn hfinh d Nhfit Ban tfl sau nflm 1946 dtfn Su thfi't bgi cua Nhfit Bfin Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai dfi dfit cflu hdi nghifim khfic v l sU t i n tgi cua hfi thtfng gifio dye trUde dd Trong btfi cfinh bj qufin d i n g minh chitfm ddng vfi gifim sfit, Nhflt Bfin dfi thye hi$n thflnh efing cfing cufic cfii cfich gifio dye tofln ditfn nhflm phuc hung, xfly dyng nfldc Nhfit Ban mfii Trong eufie cai cfich dd mfln Xa h$i (tfeh hyp dja ly, efing dfin, ljch sfl) dfi ddng vai tro trung t&m Tritft ly gifio due mdi nhfim xfiy dyng nfldc Nh&t hfia binh, dfin chu, tfin trpng ngUdi da dupe t h l hifin tap trung d hinh anh ngUdi cfing dfin cd phtfm ehtft cfing dfin vfi nfing lUc tU dtfc Iflp (20) Vi thtf dUdng nhifin tU ljch sd da trd thflnh vtfn di hpc thufit quan trpng duyc nghign cflu, bfln lufln sfii noi sutft tfl nflm 1945 dtfn N l n giao due hoat dtfng dfla trgn moi quan hfi cfin bfing gifla "ehUdng trinh khung" cua Bfi Giao due vfi thye t i l n gifio due phong phd eua gifio vifin da tgo d i l u ki$n vfl dam bfio v l mfit phfip ly eho nhflng flng dung ly lufln vtf tfl ljch sfl vfio thflc tiln (21) Thflc t i l n "Gid hgc lich si Nhdt Bdn bdng tu phi phdn" cua Kato Kimiaki lfi mpt nhflng thii nghifim nhu thtf Trong gid hpe cua Kato hpc sinh khfing thy dong lfing nghe, ghi chfip vfl ghi nhd nhflng giang giai, thuytft rainh rafit chilu ciia gifio vifin rafl chu dfing tich cflc khfim pha chfin ly (sy thflc ljch sfl), gifii thfeh nfi bfing kinh nghi$m, ly lufin cua minh vfl bao vfi sfl giai thfch d6 Dudi sd hudng dfln cua giao vifin, hpc sinh da cd trai nghifim giong n h u nhflng nhfl "sfl hpc tf hon" vigc phfit hitfn, tim kitfm sfl thflc lich sfl vfl suy ngfim v l nd Nhflng nghifin cflu v l ly Tim hi^u v& "hr iich aii" lufln vfl thflc t i l n lifin quan den tU ljch sfl vfl phat t r i l n tU Iich sfl cua Nhfit Ban tfl sau 1945 den ed t h l se chfla dyng nhflng thfing tin tham khao c I n thitft c h o c a c nhfi gifio d u e Iich afl Vifit N a m t r o n g qufi t r i n h d o i m d i s d h p e vfi gifio d u e ljch sfl t r o n g boi cfinh tofln cfiu hda CHU THtCH (1) NguSi Nhflt thudng goi n l n gido dye sau (8) Cflc nhfl giflo dye lieh sii Nhat Ban ddi Chien t r a n h thtf gi6i thii Hai Ifl "giflo dgc mdi" khdng phfin bi§t thu^t ngQ "tU lieh sil" v& hoflc "giao dye dfin chii" "nftng lyc tu ljch sil" (2) Thye t i l n giflo dgc x4t cl nghia h^p khdng (9) Xem thfim Tanaka Masatoshi, Higashi Ajia no hohou (Phitqng phdp lich sii c^n phai ddn thufin chi Ifl giflo fln hay n6i dung hk\ kingendaishi giang ciia giflo vifin mfl cdn Ifl tofln b^ nhi!ng hoat hiin dqi Ddng A), Meichokangyokai, 1999, dong dgy-hoc d i l n trfin ldp, nhQng t&i h^u, dung (10) HOi giflo dye mdn Xa hdi Nhflt Ban, cy ail dyng gid hpc, nhQng ldi phflt biou, cflc Shakaika cau hoi dUa vfl p h a n hdi ciia hoc sinh v& hpi) Gyosei 2000, tr 156 sau bfli giang Sau n&m 1945, Nhflt Ban thye hi^n m&t chitdng t i i n h dflo tgo cd n h i l u bd sflch gi&o khoa nen thye t i l n ciia giflo vifin rfl't phong phii kyoiku Jiten (Tit dien gido due mdn Xd (11) y^ thdc lich sir vft nhan thflc lich ail 1ft nhflng thuftt ngQ khd dat dUOc sU thd'ng nha't tranh luIln hoe thuat d Nhftt Ban Chung tdi se (3) d Nh|lt Ban "triet ly giao dye" Ifl eym tit duoc diing tUdng dfii bitfn Trong lotit cong tifi'p tye bftn sau thfim v l vft'n d l nfty d mdt dip khac trinh t^ng ktft v l cai each gi&o dye thdi hftu chifi'n b (12) De bitft them v l cac cdng trinh nghien cilu Nhflt Ban D ^ hoc Tokyo thye hifin gom t§ip c6 eua ong, mdi tham khao: Saito Hiroshi, "Chiriteki- rifing tap II dfly 462 trang bfln ve "triet ly giao due rekishiteki Nhflt Ban" thdi hflu chitfn Nhfl xufft ban Dai thitc dia ly, lich sO"), Shinano kyouiku kenkyu hoc Tokyo xutft ban vflo nSm 1976 kiyo dai 19 shu (Kl yeu nghifin eClu giao due (4), (5) H6i giao due mfin Xa hfii Nhflt Ban, Shakaika kyoiku jiten {Tit dien gido due mdn Xd hoi), Gyosei, 2000 tr 74 (6) Xin t h a m khao Honda Koei, Shakaika ishiki no hattatsu" Shinano tftp 19) Shinano kyoiku shuppanbu, 1953 (13) D^i hoc Hiroshima, Hiroshima fuzoku chutogakko no gakuryoku zo (Hinh dnh hqc hic mdn Xd hqi), Meiji Tosho, 1980 (7) Tfli U | u nfly B6 Giao dgc Nhflt Ban bifin eoan vfl ban hflnh d6 t6m lUdc v l m.uc tieu, {"S^ phdt triin y daigaku no kenkyu kiyo, dai 47 go (Ky yg'u nghien cQu tnidng THCS-THPT true thuoc Dai hoc Hiroshima, stf 47), 2000 tr (14) Kodama Yasuhiro quan nifim cong vifie cila nha sil hge 1ft "tim kifi'm, Iftm rd cac sQ thuc lich sil" vfl "giai thich" cflc sQ thuc lich sd dd nfii dung, phUdng phflp hifdng dfin hoc ainh hoc tflp (15) De bitft thfim chi tiet ve thUe tien giao due cac trUdng tliSng CU khoang 10 nflm bo cila Kato Kimiaki, mdi tham khao bfli viet ^Hitdng giao due Nhflt Ban lai titfn hflnli siia doi ban ddn hqc sinh tU hoc "Gib hoc lich sit Nhdt hudng d i n hoc tflp mot Ifin Moi iSn sda doi c6 the Bdn bdng tit phi phdn: cda Kato Kimiaki" cila coi Ifl mdt cudc cai each giao dye Sau Chien tranh Nguyin Quoc VUtJng Ky yi'u Hoi thdo khoa th^ gidi t h a Hai, ban hudng dSn hoe tap dfiu tidn hqc quo'c gia: Nghien citu, gidng day lich sit ban hflnh nfim 1947 vfl ban hudng d i n hoc tap mdi bdt cdnh hqi nhdp quoc ti'vd phdt triin ky ndng tU nhift ban hflnh thflng nflm 2008 hqc cho hqc sinh, Bd Giao dye vfl Dfto tao-Tnidng Rghl&n cflu lilch aJr atf 11.2012 62 Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir 246- cflng tflc nghifin cflu Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing 260 (16) Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdothiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh (20) Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng ngUdi 1ft (17) Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki, Nhflt Bfin 1947 Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft 1996, tr Hii'n phflp hda blnh (18) Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil (21) Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN) bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao (19) Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye H0P TAC VIIT-TRUNG TRONG VAN DE BIEN Gldl (Tidp theo trang 52) (8) 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly thftng nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr (9) Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh Bdo c&o iSng ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan nftm (20062010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty 2612-2010 (10) Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp (11) tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh (2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln tJnh Quang Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009 (12) Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh (2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin tinh Quing Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing 12/2009 (13) Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf Nghiin ciht Trung Qu& atf (80), 2008, tr ... so?" (nfim 1993), hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nen gia thuytft: 1, "Con chd ndy Id chd nu6i ldy thit" 2, "Con chd ndy Id cho sdn" 3, "Con cho ndy Id cho ritng" 4, "Con chd ndy Id cho gia nhd" 5, "Con... thdi dgi khfic hay khfing? Dl cfi duyc nfing lyc tu trfin thye ttf thi ngudi hpc phfii trfii nghidm tU thfing qua bfli hpc Ijeh sii ey thl Tfl sau nflm 1945 dtfn nay, giflo dye ljch aii Nh^t Ban... dyng cfic sy thye ljch sd lflm cho nhflng tri thflc ljch sd thfing thudng hay quan ni$m ljch sii mfl hpc sinh dang cd dao dtfng hoflc bj phu djnh khitfn cho hpc sinh dtft c&u hdi "tai lai thtf?",