Bài viết bàn đến một số kiểu lỗi viết câu so sánh Tiếng Việt của sinh viên Học viện Văn Sơn, Vân Nam, Trung Quốc do chuyển di tiêu cựu từ L1 (tiếng Hán) sang L2 (tiếng Việt). Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết của tài liệu.
s i (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG M p T S L l CHUYEN DI KHI SU* DyNG KIEU CAU SO SANH TRONG TIENG VIET CUA SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC SOME TRANSFERENCE ERRORS OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN USING VIETNAMESE COMPARATIVE SENTENCES D A O THJ V A N (PGS.TS; D^i hpc Sir pham, DH Thdi NguySn) D I | : P THANH KHitT (ThS; Dai hpc Sir ph^m, DH Thdi Nguyen) Abstract: In this paper, we mention three types, including the errors of the wrong position of comparative words, tiie error of using comparative words and the error of using comparative objects which are not suitable with Vietnamese culture and speaking habits Key words: Vietnamese language; Chinese language; comparative sentences; transference D$tvSndl l.h Khi hpc ngogi ngft (L2\ ngudi hpc thudng mdc l5i khd da dgng, nhu mdc iSi phat dm, mdc loi diing tft hay ddt cdu, Cd nhilu nguySn nhdn khiln ngudi hpc mdc loi sft dyng L2, song ldi chuyln di tft ngdn ngft thft nhit (Ll - ngdn ngft md ngudi hpc da thdng thgo vd thudng xuySn sft dung dl giao tilp) Id mpt nhiing nguySn nhdn quan trpng Chuyin di ngon «g£f la hifn tupng ngudi hpc sft dyng nhiing hieu bilt nen tdng vl Ll dl dp dyng vdo viec ndi, vilt L2 Chuyen di ngdn ngft cd tbi theo hudng tich eye vd cung cd thi theo hudng tiSu cue: Nlu Ll vd L2 cdng cd nhieu n^t tuong ding thi ngudi hpc cdng dl tilp can L2 bdi vipc chuyln di dupe chip nhdn d L2 Dd la hifn tupng chuyen di tich eye vd ngudi hpc sS it mdc l5i sft dyng L2 Ngupc Igi, nlu Ll vd L2 cd sy khdc bipt thi vife chuyen di thudng gdy loi vi vipc chuyen di dd khdng dupe chip nhgn d L2 Ddy Id sy chuy8n ditieueye Bdi viet ndy bdn den mpt si kilu loi viet cdu so sdnh tiing Vift cua sinh vien Hpc vifn Vdn Son, Vdn Nam, Trung QuIc chuyen di tifiu eye tft Ll (tieng Hdn) sang L2 (tieng Vift) 1.2 Cung nhu cdc ngdn ngft khdc, tieng Vift vd tieng Hdn dlu sft dyng kilu cdu so sdnh dl chi sy tuang ding hay khdc bif t gifta cdc sy vgt, hipn tupng cdn dii chieu Nhin mpt cdch khdi qudt, cdu so sdnh tiing Vift vd tieng Hdn cd nhilu diem ding nhit, song vl chi tilt ehiing vln cd nhftng sy Wide bipt, nhm khdc vl vi tri cdc thdnh to cdu tnic so sdnh, khdc vl ngft nghia ciia tft so sanh hay cdch lya chpn dii tupng so sdnh, Chinh sy khdc ndy Id mdt nhftng nguydn nhan din din loi viet cdu so sdnh ti&ig Vift cda ngufiri Trung Quoc ndi chung, cua sinh viSn Hpc vifn Vdn Son, Vdn Nam Trung QuIc ndi ri&ig (SY) Ddy chinh Id kilu l5i chuyln ditiSueye tft Ll nhu dd ndi d trdn Khao sdt cy the Theo dieu tra bude ddu cda chiing tdi, cd ba kilu loi ve cau so sanh tiing Vift md SV thudng mdc chuyln di tft Ll, Id: 1/Cdu so sdnh diing sai vi tri cdc thdnh to cdu tnic; 2/Cdu so sdnh mdc loi ve ddng tft so sdnh; 3/Cdu so sdnh mdc loi sft dyng doi tupng so sdnh (khdng phu hpp vdn hda hay cdch ndi efta ngirdi Vift) 2.1, Cdu so sdnh mdc ldi d^ sai Vf tri cm mpt ho^c mgt so thdnh tS cdu tr&c so sdnh Ddy la kilu l5i md ngudi vilt da dgt mdt ho$c mpt so thdnh to ciu tnic so sdhh khdng dung vi tri thdng thudng theo cdch ndi N G N N G C & pen S N G S I S (247)-2016 ciia ngirdi Vift khien cho cdu trd nen vd nghTa Nhin vdo md hinh cau tnic so sdnh ho|c ma hi vl nghia hai ngdn ngft vd cdc vi dy minh hpa dan tren d dgng day du nhit, cau so sdnh cd till dl ddng nhdn thiy sy khdc bift gifta tiing Vift va tiing Hdn dlu dupe ciu chiing Id d vj tri efta thdnh tl / Trong tieng tao bdi thdnh to, la: ddi tugng dugrc so Han, thdnh tl chi phuong difn so sdnh (t) sdnh - cdi dupe so sanh (A), phuang dien so diing sau tft so sdnh (tss) vd tft chi dii tupng sdnh (t), tu so sdnh (tss) vd ddi tugng so sdnh so sdnh (B); cdn tit)ng tiing Vift, thdnh tl t - cai so sdnh (B) Tu lifu dilu tra efta chiing lai diing trudc tft ngft so sdnh vd tft ngft chi tdi cho thiy, cdu so sdnh tiing Vift mdc l5i dii tupng so sdnh kilu ndy thudng ngudi vilt da ddt sai vi tri Theo thdi quen su dyng Ll, ngirdi Trung to chi phuong difn so sdnh (t) cau Quoc thudng chuyen di may mdc cau tnic so tnic so sdnh Dudi ddy la nhiing kilu cau so sanh ciia tiing Hdn sang cdu triic so sdnh sdnh tiong tiing Vift ma SVHWS tiiudng ciia tiing Vift cd nghia tuong duong vd dd mdc l3i d§t sai vi tri thdnh tl chi phuong dif n dan den loi so sdnh; Dudi day Id mft si cdu so sanh tiing Vift (i) Kiiu cdu so sdnh dong nhdt: Cdu so mdc l5i d^t sai vi tri tl / md chiing tdi da sdnh ddng nhit Id kilu cdu so sdnh giiia thong kd dupe tft sinh vien Trung QuIc hpc nhiing sy vat, hifn tupng cd cdc d§e dim, ehuygn ngdnh Tieng Vift d Hpc vifn Vdn tiiudc tinh gilng Kieu cau ndy tiong Son, Van Nam, Trung Quoc Vi dy 3; tieng Vift cd nhilu logi nhung thudng cd md 3a Anh ay hem tgi_ ego (Tnrong Sieu, Wnh khai qudt Id: A+t + tss+B hay A + kit KIO) -»• Loi chuyen di tu ; -ftfe tb ic ]^ ta (kt) + B + t + tss; cdn tiing Hdn, [A+tss+ B+t] kieu cau Igi thudng cd md hinh la: A+tss 3b Anh dy hon tdi ldm ffdi (Duong + B + thoacA+£S(kt)+B + tss + L Vidy Khang, K9)-> Lii chuyln di til ;_^ bh ^ 1: so sdnh: fli^^^[A+tss+B+t] 3c Cuon sdch ndy vd cudn sdch nhu la V: Thuong Hdi dm hon Bdc Kinh day —> L5i chuyen di tft : i i ^ ^ ^ £| A t tss B M:^^ — # i¥ [A+kt+B+tss+t] H: ± i ^ bb jbM mm Cdc vi dy vira din eho thay, ngudi viet dd A tss B t dimg bit thudng vi tri cua tft chi phuang difn lb V: Anhta den mudn hon tdi so sdnh (t) cau true so sdnh ciia tieng At tss B Vift nhung lai dong nhdt md hinh ciu tnic so H: jtm^mM^^" sdnh binhtiiudngcua tiing Hdn, dd Id; A + tss A tss B t + B + t/A + kt + B + tss + t Ndi cdch khdc, Vidy 2; cdc cau so sdnh tiing Vift mic loi ma sinh 2a.V: Chiic xe ndy mdi nhu chiec xe vidn Trung Quoc viet d ddy Id chuyen di tii A t tss B cau tnic ciia cau so sdnh ding nghia tiong tiing Hdn H: iffi^^ II IffiSfelll M Cac cau so sdnh tieng Vift mdc loi A kt B tss t vl dy x6t vl ngft nghia cd h^ loai: kiiu so 2.b V; Cdn nhd ndy vd cdn nhd to bdng nhau.sdnh han (cdu 3a,b) va kiiu so sdnh tuong lu (cau 3c) Dii vdi cdu 3a,b (kilu cau so sdnh A gt B t SS han) neu muln trd cdu diing thi phSi H:mM±M Mmm^ -m ± chuyln to t len trudc thdnh to tss va A kt B tss t So (247)-2016 NG6N NGCT & Dcn S6NG thdnh tl B theo md hinh^ + t + tss +B hodc chuyln B Idn trudc A vd tss nhung trudc B phdi cd kit tft va sau B phdi cd diu phay, dong thdi tiianh to t vln phai dftng trudc tss theo md hinh: kt + B+A + t+ tss Doi vdi cau 3c - kilu cau so sdnh tuong ty, chua loi cdu ndy chi cin chuyln to / ISn trudc tl tss vd thdnh tl B cho phd hpp vdi md hinh cdu tnic so sdnh cua tiing Vift (ii) Kiiu cdu so sdnh df bi$t hon tuy$t ddi ditng sai vf tri thdnh td t Ngodi kilu cau so sdnh ding nhit mdc l6i ddt sai vi tri thdnh td t, cdn cd kieu cdu so sdnh di bift tuyft ddi cung thudng bj SVHWS vilt mic loi dat sai vi tii to t chuyen di tft tiing Hdn Vi dy 4: 4.a.7'd/ nhdt thich bai (Ducmg Bhih, K49) -> Loi chuyln di tft: Ife :S ^^m^% [tss+t] ^.h.Trong ldp ta, bgn Hoa nhdt xinh (Tilu Mai, K9) -> Loi chuyln di tii ; WtM, H ^ S ?I^[tss+t] Hai cau mdc l3i d vf dy Id chuyln di tft kieu cau so sdnh di bipt hon tuyft ddi tieng Han cd diing tft so sanh M de dien dat Vdi kieu cdu so sdnh nay, thdnh to tss (M.) bao gid eiing dftng trudc to t Cd thi ndi, khdng ndm dupe ciu tnic so sdnh cua tieng Vift, SVHWS dd chuyln di mdt so ciu tnic so sdnh eftatiengHdn sang tieng Viet din din ldi nhu da phdntich.Ddy Id mft kieu loi khd diln hinh md ngudi Trung Qudc thudng mdc ndi/viet cau so sdnh tiing Vift Keo theo l5i dung sai vi tri thdnh to chi phuong dien so sdnh (t) cdu tnic so sdnh Id lli dungtiianhtl tss vd thdnh tl B khdng theo md hinh chung efta cau tnic so sdnh tiing Vift 2.2 Cdu so sdnh mdc ldi dung tur so sdnh (tss) Cdu so sdnh mdc loi ve tft so sdnh md SVHWS vilt thudng Id cau sft dyng nhdm tft so sdnh ddng nghXa/gdn nghia khdng dung hodc diing thiia tft so sdnh Tieng Vift vd tiing Hdn gilng d cho Id deu cd mpt hf tiling tu so sanh chuydn dyng dl dien dat y nghia so sdnh Vl ca ban, ngft nghia vd cdch diing cua nhdm tft ndy hai ngdn ngft gidng Tuy nhien, chiing cung cd mpt vdi net khdc bift Thu nhdt, tiing Hdn cd nhiing tu so sdnh da nghia, tuong duong vdi mpt so tft so sdnh cuatiengVift Ching ban, tft — # tieng Hdn mang y nghia tuong ling vdi cac tft so sdnh; tuang tu, gidng hoac bdng tixmgtiingVift VI dy 5: 5a.nmi^^-m n±^^mm(j6iya bgn gidng nhau, deu dang sing d Vift Nam) 5h.^T^u^imm.^mA-m (Anhiy nditiengHan gidng nhu ngudi Trung QuIc) Sc.PnJfnr^psr^—^W (Hd vd Linh ndng bdng nhau) 5d a < J # ^ | a # < J — # (Chieu cao ciia tdi bdng chilu cao cua bgn) Tft ^ # vl dy 5a,b bjeu thi y nghia tieang tu, giong nhau, cdn vi dy 5c,d bilu thi -^ nghia bdng Tha hai, mpt si c^p tft so sdnh tiing Hdn cd tft ngft chi ddi tupng so sanh xen vdo gifta VI dy 6; 6a % ^jtfe — ^ S j ^ l i l i (TdiflilehvS tss B tss giong CO ay) 6.b ^ h ^M 1 ^ H (Mat trdn nhu tss B tss quatdo) Chhih nhftng sy khdc ndy Id mft nhiing nguyen nhdn gdy lii sft dyng hf thing tft so sdnh tiing Vift ciia ngudi Trung QuIc Sy khdc bift thft nhit thudng din den loi sft dyng nhom tft so sdnh ddng nghia; sy khae bift thft hai thudng dan din loi diing thiia tft so sdnh Thu ba, loi sft dyng nhdm tft so sdnh ding nghia, gan nghia: Chiing tdi da thong ke duoc 26/100 em SVHWS mdc l5i dftng tir so sdnh 10 NGON N G f & D S N G S I (247)-2016 8c Qua nfti ndy gilng qua nui que tdi nhu tiongtiingVift khdng phdn bift dupe mft so tft so sdnh ding nghia/gan nghia Vi dy 7: dep (Trucmg Min, K9) -> LSi chuyln 7a 715/ va bgn dy bdng diu thich hgc Ngodi loi dftng thfta tft so sdnh, cdc cdu tiing Vi?t Oudng Minh Cue, K9) 7.b Cdn nhd ndy vd cdn nhd giong nhautrong vl dy cdn mic loi dat sai vi tri cua tir ehi phuong difn so sanh to (La Quang Lan, K9) C&u so sdnh mdc ldi ditng thdnh tS chi 7c Bgn dy vd m? bgn dy trdng nhu Si tw0ie so sdnh (B) (LyHftng,k9) Cd thi noi, doi vdi kilu so sdnh tu tft, vifc Ngodi ldi diing sai vi tri cua to / lya chpn doi tupng so sdnh If thufc vdo y cau tnic so sdnh, cdc cdu vf dy dinh chft quan vd cdi tdi sft dyng ngdn ngft mic loi dftng tft so sdnh ngudi viet cua ngudi ndi/vilt Dieu dd cung cd nghia Id khdng phan bift dupe cdc tft ddng nghia nhu vifc lya chpn doi tupng so sdnh Id mpt cdng nhau, gidng nhau, bang nhauttongtiingVift.vifc khd tu doi vdi ngudi sft dyng ciu tiiic Tuong ftng vdi cdu tnic so sdnh A +t + so sdnh Song cung cin phdi ndi ring, nhu/gidng/bdng + B Uong tiing Vift m§c du cd nhftng ty nhit dinh vifc tiing Hdn cd cdc cdu tnic, nhu: 1?S '^W',^ lya chpn dii tupng so sdnh nhung khdng vi —^ Cac tft nhu nhau, giong, giong nhau,thi md ngudi sft dyng ngdn ngft khdng c6 chut rdng buf e ndo bdng tiong tiing Vift chi tuong duong Vifc lua chpn ddi tupng so sdnh trudc het vdi mpt tft trongtiengHdn la tft — ^ nhu ndi phy thufc vdo nen vdn hda cua cfng dong sic d trdn Ngudi Trung Quoc thudng khdng phdn dyng ngdn ngft; thft niia Id phy thupc vao thdi bift dupe nhftng tft ddng nghia ndy din den quen ciia cf ng ding sft dyng ngdn ngii, nhim lln diing chiing Khdng tuan thu nhiing dilu ndy, ngirdi ndi/viet dl bi mdc lii Dudi ddy Id mft si kilu Tha tu, loi dimg thiia tft so sdnh; Trong lli sft dyng thdnh td chi doi tupng so sdnh tieng Hdn ed nhiing tft so sanh dong nghia cdu so sdnh tiing Vift cua SVHWS: hodc gdn nghia ludn di vdi thdnh cdp de (i) Ddi tugng so sdnh dimg Ididngphii hgp dien dgt y nghia so sdnh, kilu nhu: ^ ~W; vdi vdn hda cua nguoi Vi$t S6 —#, v.v Cdc tft so sdnh nhung c§p Nhu da phdntichd trdn, cdu so sdnh tft ndy deu cd nghia Id gidng, nhu, gidng nhu tieng Viet vdtiengHan cd nhiing chitiltkhk hodc nhu hay bdng Nhu vay, tiengnhau Sy khdc khdng chi vl phuong Hdn chip nhfin mft cdu tin t^ hai td dien ciu tnic md cdn d cd phucmg difn nghia Ching hgn, ciing midu td cdi xiu vl ngo?i ddng nghia hodc gan nghia; cdn tieng Vift Igi khdng chip nh§n sy du thira ndy VI hinh ciia mft phy nft, ngudi Vift cd the n6i ngudi dd (A) "xau nhu ma", "xau nhu Thi v^y, ngudi Trung Quoc dich mdy moc cau No", song ngutt Hdn lai chi diing dupe tnic so sanh cd cdp tft so sdnh ddng nghia ndi cdch ndi tiiu nhit, bdi vi nhdn vdt Thi N6 tren sangtiengViet thudng bi mdc loi thira tft khdng cd tilm thftc eua ngudi Trung Vi du 8: QuIc Ndi cdch khac, ngudi Trung Qudc chua H.a.Trudng cua chung tdi gidng trudng cuacd tri thuc nSn vl TM Nd nen khdng thi chpn cdc ban nhu fo.(Duang Kigu, k9) —> Loi Thi Nd ldm dii tupng so sdnh chuyln di tir: l ^ i f ] ^ « ^ # f ] ^ ^ - # ^ Ciing phdi ndi them ring, vilt cdu so 8b Toi gidng anh dy nhu sardn (Md, sdnh tieng Vift, vifc khdng chpn doi tupng Ngpc Bich, K9) —> Loi chuyen di tft ; ^M ndo dd lam doi tupng so sdnh dotiiieutri thiic Sl (247)-2016 NG6N NGtr& D6ri S6NG nen khdng phdi la loi nhimg nlu lya chpn doi tupng so sdnh khdng phft hpp vdn hda cua ngudi Vift sd la cdu mdc l5i Vi dy 9; Bo em khoe nhu trdu (Vi Xuan Tieu, K9) Ngirdi Vift cd thi vl (A) "khde nhu trau" nhung khdng vi nhftng b ^ tdn kinh, bd trdn cua minh vdi trdu, bdi tiieo 3^ thftc cua ngudi Vift, dd Id loai vdt cd thdn ph§n thdp hSn Ngupc lai, ngudi Trung Quoc cd thi so sdnh nhu vay vdi mpi dii tupng vi ndi din loai trau bd, hp thudng chi nghieng vl y nghi dd la nhiing lorn dfng vdt cd sftc khde, vd dd khde mgnh thi dupe vi nhu chiing L6i chpn dii tupng so sdnh nhu cau vi du Id iSi chuyln di ngdn ngft - van hda (ii)L3i sft dyng dii tupng so sdnh khdng phft hpp each ndi cua ngudi Viet Vi dy 10: 10a.Cd ay litn nhu quay (con cu) —» Lii chuyln di tft: t&^^M—W^ 10b Cay nhu kim chdm —»Lii chuyln di tft: Wtin^rM 10c Im nhunOt—* Loi chuyen di tft: ?5il 10d.Co gido nhu cdynin -^ Loi chuyln di tir;^!JMm lOe Cd dy mgt trdn nhu qud tdo -* Loi chuyln di tir; mm^^^^~Wm Vifc chpn dii tupng so sdnh khdng quen thufc vdi cdch ndi ciia ngudi Vift nhu vfta dan thyc khdng hdn la iSi nhung cui^ it nhilu ldm cho ngudi nghe/doc edmtiidysy • bdt thudng cdch ndi Vi thi, chung tdi i tgm cho cdch dftng doi tupng so sanh khdng gidng cdch ndi cua ngudi Vift ciing la ' mft kieu loi ^ Kit lu^n ' Cdu so sdnh Id mft kilu cdu dupe diing , quen thupc cdc ngdn ngft ndi chung ciing nhu tieng Vift va tiing Han ndi H neng ii 11 Cdu so sanh tiing Vift vdtiengHdn cd nhieu dilm ddng nhit, song ciing cd khdng ft nhftng dilm khdc bift, nhu: khdc bift vl vj tri ciia cae thdnh t l cdu tnic so sdnh; khdc bift vl phuong thftc so sdnh, each dftng he thing tft so sdnh chuydn dung hay k h ^ bift vl cdch lya chpn, sft dung dii tupng so sanh, v.v Chinh nhftng dilm khdc bift gifta cdu so sanh tiong hai thu tiing ndi tren Id mft nhftng nguydn nhdn din din Ili sft dung kilu cau so sdnhtiengVift efta ngudi Trung Quoc ndi ehung, ciia sinh vien Hpc vifn Vdn Son ndi rieng £>ftng tft gdc nhin ciia chiln lupc hpc tdp/tri nhdn, ddy Id kilu iSi chuyln di tft Ll Cau so sdnh tiing Vift md SVHWS vilt mdc loi chuyen di tft Ll cd nhieu kieu Bm vilt ndy ehi bdn din ba kieu cdu so sdnh tiing Vift mdc lii, d6 Id: cdu so sdnh mdc loi dat sai vi tri cua tft chi phucmg difn so sdnh, cdu so sdnh mic loi diing tft so sdnh vd cdu so sdnh mic loi sft dyng dii tupng so sdnh khdng phft hpp vdi vdn hda hay cdch ndi ciia ngudi Vift TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO CHINH L6 Xdo Binh (2004), Ldi cua nguai Trung Quoc hgc tieng Vi$t nhin ta gdc dg xuyen vdn hda, Lugn vdn Thac si Ngft vdn Do Minh Hdng (2007), Ldi nga phdp tiing Anh thudng ggp cua ngudi Vi$t Nam, Lufn dn Tien si Ngft v3n Nguyin Vdn Khang (2012), Ngdn ngu hgc xd hgi, Nxb Gido dye Ha Npi Difp Thanh Khilt (2013), Ddi chiiu cdu true so sdnh tieng Vi$t vd tieng Hdn, Lugn vdn Thgc si Ngdn ngft Nguyin Thi Lich (2001), Cdu true so sdnh tiing Vi$t, Tgp ehi Ngdn ngft, sd Hodng Phe (chu bien) (2001), Ta diin tiing Vi$t, Vifn Ngdn ngft hpc, Nxb Da Ndng Cft Dhih Tu (2001), Phong edch hgc vd dgc diim tu tu tieng Vi^t, Nxb Gido dye Ha Ndi ... thdnh tl / Trong tieng tao bdi thdnh to, la: ddi tugng dugrc so Han, thdnh tl chi phuong difn so sdnh (t) sdnh - cdi dupe so sanh (A), phuang dien so diing sau tft so sdnh (tss) vd tft chi dii tupng... so sdnh cua tieng Vift, SVHWS dd chuyln di mdt so ciu tnic so sdnh eftatiengHdn sang tieng Viet din din ldi nhu da phdntich.Ddy Id mft kieu loi khd diln hinh md ngudi Trung Qudc thudng mdc ndi/viet... ngudi Vift cd the n6i ngudi dd (A) "xau nhu ma", "xau nhu Thi v^y, ngudi Trung Quoc dich mdy moc cau No", song ngutt Hdn lai chi diing dupe tnic so sanh cd cdp tft so sdnh ddng nghia ndi cdch ndi