Giáo trình Pháp luật đại cương - TS. Nguyễn Hợp Toàn

nuoc con ca nhan. to chuc chi’ co quyen su dung nen luat dan sir co mot cho dinh rieng ve chuyen quven sir dung dat.. Do do, phuang phap dieu chinh ciia luat dan su la phuang[r]

TRlfCjNG DAI HOC KINH T E Q U O C DAN KHOA LUAT

EotH cg

Chu bien: TS Nguyen Hop Toan

Gido trinh

P H A P L U A T D A I C K U N G

■ ■

(T a i ban Ian th itb a co bo sung, ch ln h ly)

NHA XUAT BAN OAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN■ m

MUC Lyc

M U C LUC

L a i noi dau

Chi/dng 1: NHA NUOC CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHIA VIET NAM VA 0|A Vj PHAP LY CUA CAC CO QUAN TRONG BO MAY NHA NL/OC 3

I BA N C IIA T N H A N U O C , K IE L ! N H A N I O C V A IH N H T H U C N H A N U O C 3

1 Ban chat nha nirrrc

2 Kicu nha n u ac

3 Hinh thuc nha nuac

II B A N C H A T , C H L C N A N G C I A N H A N l/O C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H U N G H IA V IE T N A M 12

1 Ban chat cua nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet N am 12

2 Chirc nang cua Nha nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam 15

III B O M A Y N H A N U O C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H U N G H IA• • • V I E T N A M 189 Khai niem dac diem va nguycn tac cua bo may Nha nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam 18

2 Quoc h o i 22

3 Chu tich n u ac 27

4 Chinh phu 29

5 Hoi dong nhan dan va IJy ban nhan d an 32

6 Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan 36

IV H E T H O N G C H IN H T R I C U A N U O C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H U N G H IA V IE T N A M 41

1 Khai niem dac diem cua he thong chinh tri cua nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam 41

2 Nha nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam he thong chinh tri 42

GIAO TRINH PHAP LUAT €>AI CUONG

3 Dang Cong sun Viol Nam lie thong chinh tri 42

4 Mat trail I o quoc Vici Nani va cac to elurc chinh tri - xa hoi he thong chinh tri 44

V V A N DF M OAN T II1 K N M IA M JO C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H U N G H IA V I E T N A M 45

1 Cai each the che va phuang phap hoat dong cua Nha nuac 45

/ Phai huy dan chii giu vung ky luat kv cuong tang cuong phap che xa hoi chu nghTa 45

3 Xay dung doi ngu can bo, cong chirc sach co nang lu c 46

9 9 Dau tranh ehong tham nhung 46

C A U H O I ON T A P 47

T A I L I E U N G IH E N C U U C H U ()N (; 47

C h u o n g 2: P H A P L U A T - C O N G CU D IE U C H IN H C A C M OI Q U A N H E X A H O I 49

I B A N C H A T V A N H U 'N G D AC D IE M C H U N G C liA P H A P L U A T 49

1 Nguon goc cua phap luat 49

2 Khai niem va nhung dac diem chung cua phap luat 51

3 Ban chat, vai tro cua phap luat Nha nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet N am 55

II Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T 59

1 Khai niem va nhung dac diem cua quy pliam phap luat 59

2 Co can cua quy pham phap lu at 60

3 Nhung quy pham phap luat dac bict 63

H I Q U A N H E P H A P L U A T 64

1 Khai niem ban chat cua quan he phap luat 64

2 Chu the cua quan he phap luat 65

3 Noi dung cua quan he phap luat 68

4 Khach the cua quan he phap luat 69

5 Su kicn phap ly 69

IV T H U C I I I E N P H A P L U A I V A A P D U N G P H A P L U A T 71• • • • ♦

1 Khai niem, y nghTa cua thuc hien phap luat 71

MUC Lgc

2 Cac hinh thuc thuc hicn phap luat 71

V Y T H U C P IIA P M A T 74

1 Khai niem y thuc phap luat 74

2 Vai tro cua y thuc phap luat 75

3 Boi duang, giao due va nang cao y thuc phap lu at 76

V I V I P H A M P H A P L U A T V A T R A C I I N IIIF M P H A P L Y 77

1 Ban chat va nhung dau hicu co ban cua vi pham phap lu at 77

2 Trach nhiem phap ly 79

V II P H A P C H E X A H O I C H U N G I I U 81

1 Khai niem va dac diem cua phap che xa hoi chu nghTa cua Nha nuac Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet N am 81

2 Tang cuong phap che xa hoi chu nghTa doi vcri Nha nuac Cl 1X1 IC'N Viet Nam 83

C A U H O I ON T A P 85

T A I L I E U N G H IE N C U t) C IIU O N C I I 85•

C h u o n g 3: HINH THL/C P H A P L U A T 87

I K H A I N IE M V A P H A N L O A I H IN H T H U C P H A P L U A T 87

1 Khai niem dac diem cua hinh thirc phap luat 87

2 Cac loai hinh thuc phap luat 88

3 Nguon phap luat cua mot so nuac tren the g iai 90

II V A N B A N Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T - H IN H T H U C P H A P L U A T C U A N H A N U O C C O N G H O A X A H O l C H U N G H IA V I E T• • • • N A M 97 Khai niem, dik diem cua van ban quy pham phap luat 97

2 So, ky hicu cua van ban quy pham phap luat 99

3 Nguyen tac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 100

4 He thong van ban quy pham phap luat cua nuac C N H X C N Viet N am 104

5 Van ban quy dinh chi tiet va viec sua doi bo sung, thay the, huy bo, bai bo hoac dinh chi viec thi hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 109

6 Giai thich luat, phap lenh 110

7 Xay dung, ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat thoo trinh tu thu tuc rut gon I l l III H it I L l C C I A V AN HAN Q U Y P llA M P IIA P L U A T V A N C U Y F N T A C A P 1)U\<; V A N BA N Q U Y P H A M P H A P L I A I 111

1 I lieu luc cua van ban qu> pham phap luat I I

2 Nguyen tac ap dung, dang tai va dira tin van ban quy pham phap

luat 116

3 kicm tra va xir ly van ban quy pham phap iual trai phap luat 18 IV D IL I I O C Q U O C T F 127

1 Khai niem va phan loai 127

2 Cac thoa thuan quoc t c 130

3 Khai quat qua trinh ky kct \a gia nhap dieu irdc quoc tc 132

4 I lieu lire cua dicu iroc quoc tc 139

5 Moi quan he giua dicu irtVc quoc tc \a phap luat quoc gia 140

V H F T H O N (; H O A P IIA P L I A I 141

1 l ap hap hoa 142

2 Phap dicn hoa 142

C A U H O I ON T A P 143

T A I LIFT ’ N C IIIF N C U l C IIU O N X ; I I I 144

C h a o n g 4: H E T H O N G P H A P L U A T 145

I H F T H O N C P H A P L U A T V A N C A N II L U A T 145

1 Khai niem, dac diem cua he thong phap lu at 145

2 Nhurng can cir de phan chia nganh luat 147

II C A C N C A N H l.U A T T R O N C I I F IT!()N<; P IIA P L U A T C U A N H A N U O C C T IX H C N V II T N A M 148

1 I.uat nha nuac (l.uat I lien phap) 148

2 I.uat hanh chinh 151

3 I.uat tai chinh 152

4 I uat dat d 153

5 I uat dan sir 155

6 I.uat lao dong 58 Luat hon nhan va uia dinh 164

GIAO TRINH PHAP LUAT DAI CUONG

MUC LUC

8 I.uat hinh su i68

9 I.uat kinh tc 170

10 Luat to tung hinh sir 170

11 uat to tung dan sir 172

12.1 uat to tung hanh chinh 173

III H E T H O N G P H A P L U A T Q U O C I F 174

1 Cong phap quoc te (Luat quoc to ) 74 Tu phap quoc tc 177

IV H E T H O N G K H O A H O C P H A P L Y (IIF T H O N G L U A T H O C ) 179

C A U H O I ON T A P 180

T A I L IE U N G IIIE N C U U C H U O N G I V 181

Chuong 5: LUAT HANH CHINH VIET NAM 183

I K H A I N IE M C H U N G V E L U A T H A N II C H L N H 183

1 Doi tugng va phuong phap dicu chinh ciia luat hanh chinh 183

2 Ic thong luat hanh chinh 185

3 Quan he phap luat hanh chinh I 86 Luat hanh chinh voi viec xay dung va hoan thien ho may Nha niroc va cong cuoc doi mcri a nuac ta hicn 188

II C O Q U A N H A N H C H IN H N H A N U O C 190

1 Khai niem va dac diem ca quan hanh chinh nha nuac 190

2 Cac loai caquan hanh chinh nha nuac 191

3 Dia vi phap ly cua cac ca quan hanh chinh nha n uac 193

III T H U r u e H A N H C H IN H VA V A N BA N 11 A M I C H IN H N H A N U O C 197

1 Thu tuc hanh chinh 197

2 Van ban hanh chinh nha nuac 203

IV Q U Y C H E P H A P L Y H A N H C IH N II C U A C A N B , C O N G C H U C , V IE N C H U C 205

1 Khai niem can bo cong chuc 205 Nhung noi dung chu ycu quy chc phap 1> hanh chinh cua can bo, cong chuc 21 I

GIAO TRINH PHAP LUAT OAI CUONG

V Q U Y CHI', P IIA P L Y H A N H ( H I M ! D O I V O I CAC T O C H U C X A IIO I, C O M DAN, N G U O I M ( X N G O A I, N G U O I K H O N G

Q U O C T K H 218

1 Cac to chuc xa h o i 218

2 Cong dan 220

3 Nguai nuac ngoai va ngudi khong quoc tjeh 222

V I T R A C H M l I KM HANH C H I N H 223

I V i pham hanh ch in h 223

2 Trach nhicm hanh chinh 224

V II C H E 1)0 P IIA P L Y VK V IE C G IA I Q U Y K T C A C K H IE U N A I, T O C A O 232

1 Khieu nai va vice giai quyet khieu n a i 232

2 16 cao va viec giai quvct to cao 237

V III NO I D U N G C O BAN C U A T O T U N G H A N H C H IN H 239

1 Khai niem va y nghTa cua viec giai quvct cac vu an hanh chinh 239

2 ITiam quycn cua Toa an vicc giai quvct cac vu an hanh chinh 242

3 I hii tuc giai quvct cac \u an hanh chinh 245

C A U IIO I ON T A P 250

T A I L I E U N G IIIE N CU'U C U A C H l O N G V 251

ChUOng 6: L U A T D AN SU V IE T N A M 253

I K H A I N IE M C H U N G VK N G A N H L U A T DAN S U 253

I Doi nmng va phutmg phap dicu chinh cua luat dan su 253

2 Nguon va he thong phap luat dan sir 255

3 Quan he phap luat dan s u 257

II T A I SAN V A Q U Y K N SO I I U U 265

1 Tai san 265

2 Khai niem noi dung quycn so huu 267

3 Cac hinh thirc sa huu a Viet Nam 270

III N G H IA V U DAN S I VA H ()P I)O N (; DAN S U 274

1 Khai niem va can cu phat sinh nghTa vu dan su 274

2 Cac bien phap bao dam thuc hicn nghTa \u dan su 274

3 I lop dong dan s ir • 278

a n a r H w ■ ■- a - T T r ^ ■ i ■ t? — ■ r ~ i ~ w g i a r p - ,— i ' — n - r r a r n r t t s

MUC LUC

FV T R A C H N H IE M DAN S U 287

1 Trach nhicm dan sir \i pham nghia vu dan sir 287

2 Trach nhicm hoi thirdng ihict hai ngoai hop dong 290

V T H U A K K 293

1 Khai niem thira ke va nguycn tac phap luat vc tlura ke 293

2 Thira kc thco di chuc 294

3 Thira kc thco phap luat 297

V I Q U Y E N SO H U U T R I T I E V A ( I I I Y E N (;iA O C O N G N G H E 299 Khai niem quycn sa huu tri tuc y nghTa cua phap luat vc quvcn sd huu tri tuc va chuyen giao cong nghe 299

2 Quycn tac gia va quycn lien quan 303

3 Quycn sd huu cong nghicp 306

4 Quycn doi vdi giong cay 309

5 Chuyen giao cong nghe 31 I Bao vc quycn sd hiru tri tuc 313

v u n O i d u n c ; • co b a n c u a t o t u n g d a n s u 316• •

1 Khai niem vu viec dan su va phap luat vc to tung dan su 316

2 Nhung nguycn tac cua to tung dan sir 317

3 Tham quycn cua Toa an nhan dan I Cac giai doan cua to lung dan sir 320

C A U IIO I ON T A P 326

T A I L I E U N G IIIE N C U U C H U O N G V I 327

C h u o n g 7: LU A T HINH S U V IE T N A M 329

I K H A I N IE M C H U N G V K L U A I IliN H S U 329

1 Khai niem luat hinh s u 329

2 Cac nguycn tac cua l.uat hinh sir Viet N am 330

3 Bo Luat hinh su Viet Nam 333

II T O l P H A M 337

1 Khai niem dac diem cua toi pham 337

2 Phan loai toi pham 341

3 Dong pham 342

GIAO TRINH PHAP LUAT DAI CUONG

4 Nhung trudng hap loai trCr trach nhicm hinh sir 343

III 111N11 IMI A T 347

I Khai mem hinh phai .347

2 lc thong hinh phat 348

3 Cac hicn phap tu phap 351

4 Quyct dinh hinh phat 353

5 Chap hanh hinh phat 356

IV T O I P H A M T R O N G B O 11 A T 1IINKI S I V IK T N A M 361

1 Ca cau phan cac toi pham 361

2 Nhung toi pham lien quan den quan K kinh te va kinh doanh 362

V NO I 1)1 N C C O BA N C I A T O T IN G H IN H S I ; 366

1 Khcri to vu an hinh sir 366

2 Dicu tra vu an hinh s ir 367

3 Truy to hi ca n 368

4 Xct xu so tham vu an hinh su 369

5 Xct xu phuc tham 372

6 Thi hanh ban an va quyct dinh cua toa an 373

7 Xct lai ban an \a quyct dinh da co hicu lire phap luat 374

8 Thu tuc rut gon 378

C A U H O I ON T A P 380

T A I L H l N G H IF N C l I ( I I I O N G V I I 380

L&i noi dau

G iao trinh Phap luat dgi cHOng dung viec giang day mon hoc

phap luat dai cuong cho sinh vien cac khoi nganh kinh te va quan tri kinh doanh Day la mon hoc bit buoc thuoc phan kien thurc giao due dai cuong theo Chuong trinh khung trinh dai hoc cua Bo Giao due va Dao tao Giao trinh dat muc tieu trang hi cho sinh vien nam dau kien thirc ca ban ciin thiet

nhat ve nha nude va phap luat noi chung, chu den Nha nude va phap luat Viet Nam, dii lam ca sd d£ thS tiep tuc nghien cuu cac mon hoc phap luat khac Chuong trinh dao tao cua cac nganh va chuyen nganh kinh te, quan tri kinh doanh

Bon chuong dau dS cap mot sd van d£ co ban cua lv luan nha nude va phap luat, nhurng noi dung khai quat ve bo may Nha nude C H X H C N Viet Nam, nhung van de co ti'nh chat ca ban, khai quat nhat ve he thong phap luat cua Nha nude la Ba chuong sau la noi dung chu yeu cua nganh luat co vi tri nen tang he thong phap luat cua Nha nude Viet Nam, la luat hanh chinh, luat dan sir va luat hinh sir Viet Nam

Tap the tac gia bien soan giao trinh g6m co:

P G S Nguyen ltru Vien: Chuong I, IV

G V C Pham Van Luyen va 'LS Ngo Hai Phan: Chuong II

T S Nguyen Thi ITianh Tlriiy: Chuong III

Th.s Do Kim Hoang, PGS.TS Tran Van Nam: Chuong V

T S Nguydn Hop Toan: Chuong V I

Th.S Dinh Hoai Nam: Chuong V II

Chu bien: TS Nguyen Hop Toan

Giao trinh Phap luat dgi cifcrng xuat ban co ke thira cac giao trinh

{2 11j| |J !i | l l l l l f RlMH PH I m jj: ji H; j

quan triet nhung quan diem cua Dang va Nha nude la vC; xay dirng Nha nuac phap quv<!n xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam, cap nhat nhifiig van ban quy pham phap luat hien hanh

Trong lan tai ban thir hai giao trinh bo sung va cap nhat nhung noi dung mdi cua cac van ban phap luat difirc ban hanh den thang nam 201 Day la thdi ky co nhi£u van ban phap luat mai v£ tiep tuc day manh cai cach nen hanh chinh quoc gia thirc hien Chi eh lucfc cai cach tu phap den nam 2020, dac biet la viec the hien nhung cam kel bang phap luat cua Nha nuac Viet nam nhung nam dau la vien cua To chuc 'ITurong mai the gidi W TO

Chung toi mong nhan duo'c nhung y kien dong gop cua ngudi sir dung giao trinh de! co thei hoan thien hon cho lan xuat ban sau

C h u o n g I

NHA Nl/OC CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHIA

VIET NAM VA OIA VI PHAP LY CUA CAC• m m

CO QUAN TRONG BO MAY NHA NUOC

I B A N C H A T N H A N U O C , K I E L N H A N U O C V A H IN H T H lfC N H A N U O C

I Ban chat nha nurdc

a To chuc xa hoi va quyen life xd hoi cong san nguyen thiiy

Xa hoi loai ngudi da nai qua mot thdi ky khong co nha nude va phap luat, la thdi ky cong san nguyen thuy Trong thdi ky nay, trinh phat trien het sure thap kern cua lire luong san xuat cho ncn ngirdi eung song ehung eung lao dong va eung liirdng thu nhung qua lao dong chung mang lai Moi ngudi dcu binh dang lao dong va hudng thu, xa hoi khong phan biet ke giau ngudi ngheo khong co sir phan chia giai cap

Co sd kinh te cua xa hoi cong san nguycn thuy tao hinh thuc u"> chuc xa hoi la thi toe - tO chire co' sd dau lien nia xa hoi loai ngirdi Thi toe

la mot tiS chuc lao dong san xuat, mot bo may kinh tc xa hoi Sir phat trien ciia xa hoi cong vdi cac yeu to tac dong khac doi hoi thi toe phai md rong quan he vdi cac thi toe khac, dan deii sir xuat hien cac hdo toe va ho lac bao

gom nhidu bao toe hop

Trong xa hoi cong san nguyen thiiy quyt;n lire chua tach khoi xa hoi ma gan li6n vdi xa hoi hoa nhap vdi xa hoi De td chufc va qu;in ly thi toe,

xa hoi da hinh hinh thuc Hoi dong tlii toe bao g6m tat ca nhung ngudi

Idn tu6i thi toe vdi quyen han rat ldn Td chuc quan ly bao toe la H oi

• ■ » At* I IiaT! : mu !*!&!! i*! !:&&!;!

cac nguyen tic td chufc quydn lure tuang tu nhu nguyen tile to churc quy6n

luc cua thi toe nhung co su tap trung cao hon Hoi dong bo lac la hinh thurc

td chuc quan ly cua bo lac vdi nguven tac td chuc quytin luc tuong tu nhu thi toe va bao toe nhung mure tap trung quyen luc cao hon nua Nhu vay, xa hoi cong san nguyen thuy da xuat hien va ton tai quyen lire nhung la quydn lure xa hoi xuat phat tu xa hoi va phue vu cho lai ich cua loan xa hoi Nhung ngudi dung dau thi toe, bao toe bo lac khong co dac quyen, dac lai nao, ho eung song, eung lao dong va hudng thu nhu moi vien khac va chiu su kidm tra ciia cong cong

b Phan chia giai cap va sir xuat hien nha nude

Su phat tridn ciia luc luong san xuat va nang suat lao dong xa hoi da lam thay ddi co cau td churc xa hoi cua xa hoi cong san nguyen thiiy Sau ba lan phan cong lao dong xa hoi, che tu huru xuat hien da phan chia xa hoi ke giau, ngudi ngheo hinh hai giai cap co ban la chii no va no le Mot xa hoi mdi vdi sir phan chia giai cap va su dau tranh giai cap doi hoi phai co mot td chuc quySn luc mdi, ngo h&u co the dap tilt duoc cac cuoc xung dot giai cap, td chuc quydn lire la nha nude Nhu vay nha nude xuat hien mot cach khach quan, "mot luc luong sinh tu xa hoi mot luc luong tua ho nhu durng tren xa hoi, co nhiem vu lam diu bdt su xung doi va giur cho su xung dot nam vong trat tu”

Nha nude ddi va ton tai xa hoi co giai cap, do the hien ban chat giai cA'p sau si\c Ban chal giai cap ciia nha nuoc the hien trudc het d chd, nha nude la bo may cudng che dac biet nam tay giai cap thong tri, la cong cu sic ben d6 tri sir thong tri giai cap Trong cac xa hoi boc

lot, cac nha nude ciia giai cap hoc lot (nha nude chii no, nha nude phong kien, nha nude tu san) d£u co ban chat chung la bo may (hue hien nCn chuyen chinh ciia giai cap boc lot la giai cap chiem thidu so xa hoi Nguoc lai, cac nha nude xa hoi chii nghia la bo may ciing co dia vi lanh dao va bao ve lai ich ciia giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dong, luc luong chiem da so

*

xa hoi, tran ap nhung lire luong thong tri cu da bi lat va nhung phan tu chong ddi, xAy dung mot xa hoi cong biing, dan chii binh dang

Mat khac, xa hoi co giai cap nha nude khong chi la ngudi dai dien cho giai cap thong tri, bao ve loi ich cua giai cap thong tri ma, d mot muc nhat dinh, la ngirdi dai dien cho loi ich chung cua xa hoi Noi mot each khac, ben canh tfnh giai cap la mat co ban the hien ban chat cua nha nude, thi tmh xa hoi eung la mot dac trung thuoe ve ban chat cua nha nude

c Dac diem \ a chuc nang ciia nha nuoc

Nha nude la mot bo phan cua kien true thuong tang cua xa hoi, la san phyim cua mot che kinh te - xa hoi nhat dinh Su phat trien cua co so tang quy dinh su phat trien cua nha nude Tuy nhien su phat trie;n cua nha nude khong chi phu thuoe vao sir bien doi cua co sd kinh te ma duoc quy dinh bdi cac dicu kien va yeu to khac nhu: tuong quan lire luong giai cap, muc gay gat cua cac mau thuan xa hoi, cac dang phai chinh tri cac quan dieim chinh tri - phap ly v.v NgtfOc lai nha nude eung tac dong manh me den co sd kinh te, den nhung dieu kien va qua trinh phat tridn cua san xuat xa hoi eung nhu cac hien tuong xa hoi khac

De thuc hien va bao ve loi ich cua minh, ngoai viec t6 churc nha

nude, giai cap thong tri lap hoac sir dung cac t6 churc chinh tri, 16

churc chinh tri - xa hoi, dang chii y nhA't la cac dang phai chinh tri So vdi cac td churc nha nude giu vj tri trung tam bdi chi co nha nude mdi co nhung thiet che dac biet vdi cac phuong tien vat chat di kem nhu quan d6i, canh sat, toa an, nha tu v.v ma nhd no co the tac dong mot

each manh me va toan dien den ddi song xa hoi

So vdi cac [6 chuc khac xit hoi nha nude co nhung dac diem sau

day:

Mot Id nha nude thiet lap mot quyen lire cong dac biet DC' thirc hicn

quydn luc, nha nude co doi ngu cong chuc chuyen lam nhiem vu quan ly; ho duoc tuyfin dung vao cac co quan nha nude va hinh mot bo may cudng che d6 tri dia vj cua giai cap thong tri

Hai Id, nha nude phan chia dan cu theo lanh th6, cac don vj

quy m6 rong Idn nhat

Bo la nha nuac co chu quyen quoc gia mang noi dung chinh tri -

phap ly, the hien quyen tu quyet cua nha nuoc v6 doi noi va doi ngoai,

khong phu thuoe vao cac yeu to ben ngoai

Bon la nha nude ban hanh phap luat va thuc hien sir quan Iv bing

phap luat ddi vdi toan xa hoi La ngirdi dai dien chinh thong cho xa hoi, nha nude thuc hien su quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat - cac quy dinh chinh nha nude quy dat va bit buoc moi ngudi thirc hien

Ban chat cua nha nude duoc the: hien chuc nang cua no

Chuc nang ciia nha nude la phuong dien hoat dong chu yeu cua nha nude

nhim thuc hien nhung nhiem vu dat cho nha nude

Can cu vao pham vi hoat dong, chuc nang cua nha nude duoc chia churc nang doi noi va chuc nang ddi ngoai Chuc nang ddi noi la nhung mat hoat dong chu yeu noi bo dat nude nhu: bao dam trat tu an toan xa hoi, tran ap nhung phan tu chong ddi, bao ve che chinh tri - xa hoi, xay dung va phat trien dat nude v.v Chuc nang ddi ngoai the’ hien nhung mat hoat dong cua nha nude quan he vdi cac nha nude tren the gidi va cac dan toe khac nhu: phong thu dat nude, chong sir xam luoc tu ben ngoai thiet lap mdi bang giao vdi cac quoc gia khac

DS thuc hien cac chuc nang, nhiem vu cua minh, nha nude sir dung nhi£u hinh thuc va phuong phap hoat dong khac Cac hinh thuc hoat Jong chu yeu cua nha nude la hoat dong lap phap (xay dung luat), hoat

dong hanh phap 06 chuc thirc hien, thi hanh phap luat) va hoat dong tu phap (bao ve phap luat) Cac phiorng pliap thuc hien churc nang cua nha nude rat

da dang, nhung nhin chung, cac nha nude dcu sir dung hai phuong phap chu yeu la thuyet phuc va cuong che Tuy thuoe vao ban chat cua nha nude va

dac dieim cu the1 cua m6i nude ma cac nha nude sir dung cac phuong phap

nay mot cach khac

dirge lap theo nhung nguyen tie chung thong nhat, tao mot co che dong bo de thirc hien cac churc nang, nhiem vu cua nha nude Co quan nha nude la nhung bo phan tao bo may nha nuoc Dac diem co ban de’ phan biet co quan nha nude vdi cac to churc khac la co quan nha nude co

tham quyen, nghia la nhung nhiem vu quyen han ma nha nude trao cho no

Yeu to co ban cua thalm quyen la quyen nhan danh nha nude nhung quyet dinh co tmh chat bat buoc, cac chu the co lien quan phai thi hanh

2 Kieu nha nude

Ban chat cua nha nude nhung thdi ky lich sir khac la rat khac De' phan biet chung, khoa hoc ly luan chung ve nha nude va phap luat dua khai niem kieu nha nude.

Kieu nlia marc la tdng the cac dau hieu co ban dac thu cua nha nude,

the: hien ban chat va nhung dieu kien ton tai va phat trien ciia nha nude mot hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi nhat dinh Lich sir xa hoi co giai cap da ton tai bon hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi: chiem huu no le, phong kien, tu ban chu nghia xa hoi chu nghia Tuong ung vdi bon hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi la bon kidu nha nude - kieu nha nude chu no, nha nude phong kien, nha nude tu san, nha nude xa hoi chii nghia

Cac kidu nha nude chu no, phong kien, tu san co nhung dac diem rieng ve ban chat, nhiem vu churc nang, nhung d£u mang mot dac diem chung - kieu nha nude boc lot Kieu nha nude xa hoi chii nghia co sir menh lich sir la xoa bo che ngudi boc lot ngudi, xay dung chu nghia xa hoi, phat huy quydn lam chu ciia nhan dan, thirc hien cong bing xa hoi

Pham tru “ kidu nha nude” khong nhurng chi nhung dieim dac thu cua cac nha nude ma cho thay xu hudng phat tridn cua chung Cung nhu sir thay th6 cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi sir thay the kieu nha nude bang

i i & i & i H I i i l V i l t 'l T

3 Hinh thuc nha nirdc

Ban chat cua nha nuac chi ro quycn luc nha turdc thuoe vc phuc vu lgi ich cho giai cap nao va neu kieu nha nuac the hicn nhung dau hicu ca ban dac thu cua nha nude thi hinh nha mcifc noi Ion cach thuc to chuc

quydn luc nha nude (quydn lap phap quyen hanh phap va quycn tu phap), turc la phuong thuc chuyen y chi' cua giai cap thong tri y chi' cua nha nude Do la each thurc to chuc bo may nha nude, trinh tu lap cac co quan nha nude, xac dinh vi in vai tro cua moi co quan nha nude doi vdi viec thuc hien quyen luc chinh tri quy dinh mdi quan he giura cac co quan nha nude vdi eung nhu viec to churc thuc hien quyen luc nha nude tren pham vi quoc gia va tren pham vi tung vimg tung dia phuong cua quoc gia Hinh thuc nha nude ban chat cua nha nude quy dinh

Hinh thuc nha nude bao gom hai veu to chu veu: hinh thuc chinh the va hinh thuc cau true Ngoai ra, che chinh tri cun" la mot veu to anh hudng true tiep tdi hinh thuc nha nude

a H inh thirc chinh theda each thuc to chufc va trinh tu lap ciie ca

quan co quvcn luc cao nhat cua nha nude cung vdi moi quan he giua cac ca quan Hinh thurc chinh the co hai dang co ban la chinh the quan chu va chinh the cong hoa

Chinh the quan chii la hinh thuc chinh the quyen luc tdi cao

cua nha nude lap trung toan bo hoac mol phan vao lay mot ca nhan ngudi dung dau nha nude (nguyen thu quoc gia) hinh thco nguyen tac truyen ngoi (the tap) Vua, hoang de, quoc trudng la nyuven thii quoc gia ciia cac nude tlieo chinh the Nha nude thco chinh the quan chu goi la nha nude quan chu Chinh the' quan chu duoc chia quan chii tuyet ddi va quan chu han che

Quan chit tuyet doi la hinh thuc chinh the quan chu nguyen

thu quoc gia (vua, hoang de) co quyen luc vo han

Trong cac nha nude theo chinh the quan chu han che thi quyen luc tdi

ntfdc tu san hoac hoi nghi dai dien dang cap nha nirdc phong kien) Chinh the quan chii han che cac nha nirdc tir san goi la quan chu lap hicn (quan chii dai nghi) Trong cac nha nude tir san theo chi'nh the quan

chu lap hien quyen lire cua nguyen thu quoc gia (vua, nu hoang) bi han che rat nhieu Vdi tir cach nguyen thu quoc gia, nha vua chi mang tmh chat tirgng trung, dai dien cho truythi thong, cho sir thong nhat cua quoc gia, khong co nhieu quyt’n hanh there te "Nha vua tri vi nhirng khong cai tri” Chinh the quan chu lap hicn theo mo hinh dai nghi dang ton lai a nhieu

nude tir ban phat trien nhir Nhat Ban Vucrng quoc Anh, Thuy Dien v.v nhirng nguyen nhan lich sir nhat dinh

Chinh the cong lioa la hinh thuc chinh the, quyen lire tdi cao

ciia nha nirdc thuoe vC; mot ca quan dirge bau mot thdi han nhat dinh Nha nirdc theo chi'nh the cong hoa goi la nha nirdc cong hoa Chi'nh the cong hoa co hai hinh thuc chii yeu la cong hoa quy toe va cong hoa dan chii Cong hoa quy toe la hinh thirc chinh the, ca quan dai dien la

do gidi quy toe bau Chinh the chi ton tai d kieu nha nude chii no va nha nude phong kien Cong hoa dan chii la hinh thuc chinh the,

ngudi dai dien la dan bau Chi'nh the ton tai d tat ca bdn kieu nha nude da co lich sir, vdi khai niem “ dan chii” rat khac Chi'nh the cong hoa dan chu la hinh thirc to churc chinh quyen nha nude ph6 bien nhat

hicn d cac nha nude tu sail Chinh the cong hoa cac nha nude tu san co hai bien dang: cong hoa dai nghi va cong hoa tOng thdng

Trong chinh the cong lioa dai nghi, nghi vien la mot thiet che quy£n

luc trung tarn Nghi vien co vi tri vai trd rat ldn ca che thuc thi quyen lire nha nude day, nguyen thu quoc gia (icing thdng) nghi vien biu ra,

chiu trach nhiem trudc nghi vien Chinh phii cac dang chinh tri chiem da so ghe nghi vien lap va chiu trach nhiem trudc nghi vien, nghi vien co the: bo phieu khong tin nhiem Chinh phii V i vay, cac nude nay, nghi vien co kha nang thuc te ki6m tra cac hoat dong ciia chinh phii

tdng thdng hau nhu khong true tiep tham gia giai quyet cac cong viec ciia

✓

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Trong chinh the cong lioa long thong, nguyen thu quoc gia (tcSng

thong) co vj tri va vai tro rat quan Tong thong nhan dan true tiep (hoac gian tiep thong qua dai cir tri) bau Tong thong vua la nguvcn thu quoc gia, vira la nguoi dung dau chinh phu Chinh phu khong phai nghi vien lap Cac vien chinh phii tdng thong bo nhiem chiu trach nhiem trudc Tong thdng cac nude theo chinh the cong hoa icing thdng sir phan dinh giua cac quyen lap phap va hanh phap rat ro rang: l ong thdng va cac bo trudng co toan quyen Huh vuc hanh phap nghi vien co quyen lap phap; Nghi vien khong co quycn lat dd chinh phu l ong thdng khong co quySn giai tan Nghi vien trudc thdi han Hop chung quoc Hoa Kv va mot sd nude Chau M y la tinh la nhung quoc gia to chuc nha nude thco chinh the cong hoa tdng thdng

Ngoai chinh th£ cong hoa dai nghi va cong hoa tdng thdng hien ton tai mot hinh thuc cong hoa “ /udng tinh" nghia la vua mang tinh

chat cong hoa dai nghi, vua mang tinh chat cong hoa long thong Chinh the cong hoa "ludng tinh” co nhung dac diem co ban sau:

- Nghi vien nhan dan bau

- Trung lam bo may quvfin luc la tdng thdng Tong thdng cung dan biiu, co quyen han rat Idn ke ca quyen giai tan Nghi vien, quyen lap chinh phu, hoach dinh chinh sach quoc gia

- Chinh phu co thu tudng durng dau, dat dudi su lanh dao trifc tiep cua tdng thdng, chiu trach nhicm trudc Tong thdng va Nghi vien

Cong hoa Phap \ a mot so nude Chau Au la nhung nude to chuc theo chinh the cong hoa “ ludng tinh"

Chinh the cong hoa cung ton tai d cac nude xa hoi chu nghia (Viet Nam, Cu Ba, Trung Quoc Lao v v ) vdi nhung ten goi khac vc quoc hieu (cong hoa, cong hoa dan chu, cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia v.v ) thudc dac diem lich sir cua mdi nude

b H inh thuc cau true nha nuoc

i N m 1 1 m 1 tfdC C W XH t3 f«V N !A V |P m m i n m m m m m

nhau cung nhu giura cac co' quan nha nirdc d (rung uong vdi cac co quan nha nude (1 dia phuong Co hai hinh ihu"c cau true nha nude chu yeu la hinh thuc

nha nude don nhat va hinh (hue nha nuoc lien bang

Nha nuoc dttn nhat la nha nude co chu quycn chung, co mot he thong

phap luat thong nhat co mot quoc hoi va mot he thdng co quan nha nude thong nhat tir trung uong tdi dia phuong Cac dim vi hanh chinh - lanh tho thudng bao gom tinh (thanh phd) huyen (quan) xa (phuong) hoat dong tren co so cac quy dinh cua chinh quycn trung uong Viet Nam, Trung Quoc, Phap la nhung nha nude theo hinh thurc cau true don nhat

Nha nif(tc lien bang la nha nude dupe hinh tir hai hay nhieu nha

nude vien (hoac nhieu bang) hop lai Trong nha nude lien bang, ngoai cac co quan quyen lire nha nude va co' quan quan ly nha nude chung cho toan lien bang, he thong phap luat chung cua lien bang, thi moi nha nude vien co he thdng co quan nha nude va he thdng phap luat rieng cua moi nha nude vien Noi mot each khac, nha nude lien bang, khong chi lien bang co dau hieu nha nude ma moi nha nude vien d nhung mure nhat dinh cung co dau hieu nha nude, tuv dau hieu khong day dii theo khai niem nha nude nhu nguyen nghia ciia no Hop chiing quoc Hoa Ky Cong hoa lien bang Due, Cong hoa lien bang Nga v.v la nhung nha nude lien bang

c Che chinh tri

Che chinh n i la U'ing the cac phuong phap, cach thirc, phuong tien

ma co quan nha nude sir dung de thuc hicn quycn luc nha nude Nhan to chu dao che chinh tri la phuong phap cai tri va quan ly xa hoi ciia giai cap cam quycn Phuong pluip va each thirc trudc het xuat phat tir ban cluit ciia nha nude, mat khac phu thuoe vao tung giai doan lich sir ciia m6i quoc gia khac Che chi'nh tri ciia cac nha nude lich

sir rat da dang nhung tuu trung lai thi cd hai loai chinh: che phan dan chii (che chuyen che cua chu no va phong kien, che dp phat xil) va che dan chu (che dan chii quy toe, che dan chii tu san, che dp dan chu xa hoi chii nghia)

U J J U M T U H T H 111 1.1 I I I I U H I I I » T t I I L T T l l l l I < » 11 ) j ' l I I I I11 l l ' r m l I T T T I I I I I ! I I J T U l l 11I V U i1,01 I T T :*\ r i t t » i r r r n i1 , r n rr rr m Ti.T-riy

_

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II B A N C H A T , CHlTC N A N G C U A NH A N U O C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H IJ N G H IA V IE T N A M

1 Ban chat cua Nha nirdc Cong hoa \a hoi chii nghia Viet Nam

Nha nirdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam thuoe kieu nha nuoc xa hoi chu nghia Nha nuoc xa hoi chu nghia la nha nude kie'U mdi, co ban chat khac vdi ban chat cua cac kidu nha nude boc lot Ban chat cua nha nude xa hoi chu nghia co sd kinh te xa hoi chu nghTa va dac diem cua quyein luc chinh tri cua chu nghia xa hoi quy dinh

Ra ddi tir cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945, tir nhirng dAu, Nha nude Viet Nam dan chii cong hoa - la nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam - da the hien ban chat ciia mot nha nude gin bo chat che va phuc vu loi ich ciia nhan dan ciia dan toe dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam dang tien phong ciia giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam Ban chat ciia nha nude duoc xac dinh Hien Phap nam 1992 (da duoc sira doi, bo sung nam 2001); “ Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam la Nha nude phap quy6n xa hoi chii nghia ciia nhan dan, nhan dan, vi nhan

dan Tat ca quy6n luc nha nirdc thuoe ve nhan dan ma ndn tang la lien minh

giua giai cap cong nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va dpi ngu tri thuc” (Ditiu 2) Ban chat ciia Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi Chii nghia Viet Nam duoc the1

hien tronh nhung dac (rung ca ban sau day:

a Nhan dan la chu the cao nhat ciia quyen luc nha nuoc

Nha nude ta la nah nude nhan dan ma ndng cot la lien minh cong nong va tri thuc dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam td chuc Chii the cao nhat co quyen dinh doat quyen luc nha nude la nhan dan Khong mot ca nhan nao hoac mot nhdm ngudi nao co quyen quyet dinh quy£n luc nha nude

Vdi tu cach la chii the1 cao nhat cua quyfin lire nha nude, nhan dan

nguyen vong cua nhan dan nhan dan bau va chiu trach nhiem trudc nhan dAn" (Dieu I lien phap nam 1992) Nhan dAn thuc hien quytm luc

nha nude thong qua Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam va cac td chuc vien viec tham gia giam sat kiOm tra hoat dong cua cac co quan nha nude

b Nha nuac la hieu hien lap trung ciia khoi dai dodn ket cac dan toe anh em tren lanh tho Viet Nam

Tmh dan toe cua Nha nude ta la mot van de co tinh lich su la truyen thdng lAu ddi va la nguon sue manh cua nha nude Ngay tmh dAn toe cua nha nude cang duoc tang cuong kha nang ket hop thdng nhat vdi tmh giai cap tinh nhan dan va ti'nh thdi dai Hicn phap nam 1992 da khang dinh: “ Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la Nha nude thdng nhat cua cac dan toe eung sinh song tren dat nude Viet Nam

Nha nude thuc hicn chinh sach blnh dang, doan ket tuong tro giua cac dAn toe, nghiem cam moi hanh vi ky thi chia re dAn toe

Nha nude thuc hien chi'nh sach phat trien ve moi mat tung budc nAng cao ddi song vat chat va tinh than cua dong bao dan toe thieu so” (Dieu 5)

c Nha nude the hien tinh xa hoi rong Ion

Nha nude ta mot mat van the hien tinh giai cap cua minh, la nha nude ma non tang chi'nh tri la su lien minh giua giai cap cong nhAn vdi giai cAp nong dan va doi ngu In' thirc dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang Cong san mat khac cung the hien tmh chat xa hoi mot each rong rai va sAu sAc

Vdi quan diem coi “ loi ich cua giai cap cong nhAn thdng nhat vdi loi ich ciia toan dAn toe muc tieu chung la doc lap dAn toe gan Ii6n vdi

chu nghTa xa hoi, dan giau, nude manh xa hoi cong bang, dAn chu, vAn minh” Nha nu'dc ta dac biet quan tam den viec giai quyet cac van d£ cua toan xa hoi nhu: viec lam, that nghiep, xda ddi giam ngheo, cham soc sure khoe cua nhan dan gulp ngudi gia co don, ire md coi v.v Nha nude coi viec giai quyet cac van dt; xa hoi la mot nhung phuong hudng hoat dong co ban cua nha nude dieu kien cua ncn kinh te thi trudng

d Nha nude ta la nha nuoc phap quyen xa hoi chii nghia

ma moi chu the, ke ca nha nude deii tuan thu va chap hanh phap luat Tinh chA't nha nude phap quyen xa hoi chu nghia cua nha nude ta dugc the hien cac dau hieu ca ban sau:

Thu nhat, moi hoat dong cua cac ca quan nha nude, td chuc chinh tri,

td chuc chi'nh tri - xa hoi, td chuc chinh tri xa hoi nghfi nghiep, td chuc xa hoi, td chuc xa hoi - nghd nghiep td chuc kinh te don vi vu trang nhAn dan va cua moi cong dan deu phai dugc dat khuon khd phap luat;

Thi( hai, nha nude da va dang xay dung mot he thdng phap luat dAy

du, ddng bo, cang hoan thien nham diCu chinh co hieu qua cac quan he xa hoi, do, cac dao luat co vj tri toi thugng;

Thu ha, nha nude dam bao cac quv£n tu do, dan chu cua nhan dan

thong qua su quy djnh va bao ve cua phap luat

Thu ti(, quyen luc nha nude la thong nhat, tap trung nhung cac quyen

lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap dugc phan djnh ro rang co sir phan cong, phoi hgp giua cac co quan nha nude viec thuc thi cac quyCn luc do.

Tinh chat phap quyfin xa hoi chu nghia cua nha nude ta dugc kh&ng djnh nhilu quy pham phap luat cua Hien phap nam 1992 (da dugc bd sung sua ddi nam 0 1)

d Nha nuac thuc hien chinh sach hoa hinh, huu nghi vai cac nuac

tren the giai

Ban chat cua nha nude ta khong chi the! hien cac dudng loi chi'nh sach doi noi ma dugc phan anh cac dudng loi, chi'nh sach ddi ngoai

xa hoi chu nghia va cac nirdc lang gieng; lich cue ung ho va gop phan vao cuoc dau tranh chung cua nhan dan the gidi vi hoa hinh, doc lap dan toe, dan chu va lien bo xa hoi” (DiCu 14)

2 Churc nang ciia Nha nirdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam

Cung nhu cac nha nude khac, Nha nude cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam co hai chuc nang co ban: churc nang ddi noi va chuc nang ddi ngoai

a Chuc ndng doi noi

* Chia ndng kinh te

Trong moi thdi ky lich su khac nhau, churc nang kinh te cua nha nude co sir khac nhat dinh nhung bao gid no cung la churc nang co ban, quan nhat cua Nha nude ta Trong dieu kien cua nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia churc nang kinh te cua nha nude Viet Nam co nhung noi dung chu yeu sau day:

- Phat trien kinh te nhanh, co hieu qua va btfn vffng, chuyen djch co cau kinh te, co cau lao dong theo hudng cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa;

- lliirc hien nhat quan chinh sach phat trien ndn kinh te nhieu phan kinh te nha nude giu vai tro chu dao; kinh te tap the phat trien vdi nhic;u hinh thuc hop tac da dang, hop tac xa la ndng cot; tao moi trudng kinh doanh cho kinh te ca the tieu chii, kinh te tu ban tu nhan phat trien; phat trien da dang kinh te tu ban nha nuoc; tao dieu kien de kinh te co von dau tu nude ngoai phat trien thuan loi;

- Thuc daiy su hinh thanh, phat trien va tung buoc hoan thien cac loai thi trudng theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, hinh dong bo co che quan ly n<§n kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chii nghia;

- Tiep tuc ddi mdi cac cong cu quan ly vi md cua Nha nude ddi vdi

11611 kinh te

a Chuc ndng xd hoi

hudng vao nhirng muc tieu erf han sau day:

- Xac dinh giao due va dao tao khoa hoc va cong nghe la quoc sach hang dau la ncn tang va dong luc day manh cong nghiep hoa hicn dai hoa dat nuoc Nha nude coi viec phat tri£n giao due nham nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan luc hoi dudng nhan lai Nha nude xay dung va thuc hicn chinh sach khoa hoc va cong nghe quoc gia, xay dung nen khoa hoc cong nghe tien lien, phat trien ddng bo cac nganh khoa hoc

- Giai quyet viec lam chain lo cai thien dieu kien lam viec cho ngudi lao dong Cai cach che ti£n luong cua can bo cong clitic, bao dam cho doanh nghiep duoc tu' chu vice tra luong va tien ihudng tren co sd nang suat lao dong va hieu qua cua doanh nghiep;

- Thuc hien chuong trinh xoa doi, giam ngheo: thuc hien cac chinh sach xa hoi de bao dam an loan cuoc song moi vien cong dong: thuc hicn chinh sach uu dai xa hoi ddi vdi ngudi co cong, chinh sach cuu tro xa hoi ddi vdi ngudi gap rui ro, bat hanh; ihirc hien ddng bo chinh sach bao ve va cham soc sue khoe cua nhan dan, chain sdc va bao ve ire em

* Chi'tc ndng hdo dam sir on dinh an ninh - chinh tri, hdo ve cac quyen

tit do, dan chii ci’ui nhan dan hdo ve tigt titan toan xd hoi

Giir vung an ninh quoc gia, bao dam sir on dinh chinh tri cua dal nirdc, giu vung trat tu an toan xa hoi bao ve vung chic nhung qua cua cach mang, phuc vu sir nghiep xay dung Td quoc luon luon la mot churc nang quan cua Nha nude Cong hoa \a hoi chu nglna Viol Nam

Thuc hien chuc nang nay, nha nude sir dung sire manh bao luc de’ phong ngira, ngan chan moi am muu xam hai den ncn an ninh quoc gia, den su on dinh chi'nh tri nude; kien quyet Iran ap moi hanh dong chong pha ciia cac lire luong thii dich de bao ve su nghiep each mang cua nhan dan

Nha nude quy dinh cac quyen iu dan chu cua cong dan; xac lap co

che bao ve va bao dam cac quyen va loi ich hop phap ciia cong dan; tao cac dieu kien v£ chinh tri kinh te van hoa - xa hoi de cong dan thuc hien day dii va co hieu qua cac quy6n tir do, dan chii ciia minh; kien quyet dau tranh, xir ly nghiem minh moi hanh \'i xam pham den cac quydn tu do, dan

;a fan W B f f # H H # N U d c c h x h c iw h s ix v j F N f o t f r B Q f t M c l; ; ; " ■

chu cua cong dan

Bao vc trat tir an toan xa hoi la mol nhCrng doi hoi buc thiet cua sir nghiep doi moi Nha nuoc doi mdi va hoan thicn he thong phap luat; cai cach to chuc, nang cao chat luong hoat dong cua cac co quan bao vc phap luat; tien hanh cac bien phap can thiet de ngan ngira toi pham xif ly nghiem minh cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat

b Cac chuc ndng doi ngoai

* Chuc ndng brio vc tu Td quoc ,\d hoi chit nghia

Bao ve Td quoc xa hoi chu nghTa la churc nang co ban thudng xuyen cua Nha nuac ta Nha nirdc cung co va tang cuang ncn quoc phong toan dan, ket hop sue manh cua loan dan vdi sure manh cua luc luong vu trang nhan dan phat huy sue manh tdng hop cua dat nude vdi sure manh cua tung vung, tung dia phuang, tung luc luang nham bao ve vung chAc doc lap, chu quyen, toan ven lanh thd cua Td quoc, bao ve che xa hoi chu nghia

Trong sir nghiep bao ve I d quoc cac lire luong vu trang nhan dan giur vai tro dac biet quan Nha nude cham lo xay dung quan doi nhan dan va cong an nhan dan each mang chinh quy, tinh nhue, tung budc hicn dai; xay dung lu'c luong du hi ddng vien dan quan tu ve hau; xay dung cong nghiep quoc phong, khong ngimg tang cudng kha nang bao ve Td quoc

* Thiet lap, cting co vd phat trien moi quan he lulu nghi, hop tac giua

nude ta vdi cac nude tren the gidi

Thirc hien nhat quan dudng loi ddi ngoai doe lap tu chu, rdng md, da phuang hoa, da dang hda cac quan he quoc te, Nha nude ta luon coi vicc thiet lap cung co va phat trien cac mdi quan he huu nghi, hop tac vdi tat ca cac nude co che chinh tri - xa hoi khac tren nguyen tie cung ton tai hda binh ton doe lap, chu quyen cua binh dang va cung co lai

I l l I I I l ; i 1,1 I -1.1.1 IJ J I > I ã ằ.ô I I I ã I ã H I I L I : I I M J U A I M • I l I « 1.1.? I I I M M » I I » • l L j " ' • M I r J I M I ! ! * I I I • I I I * i t • • I I I 1.1.1.* I M i l * M M • I

;i i i i i;i !;i i;i;i;i.i;i;i.i;i;i i i i.i ■ ; i » i i ■ ' D W & D ‘I I A V - A | : ' ' ' ' * ' j 'i i ! • ! • ! ! > > • < • * j i

•! I! • ! ! ' • * * % ? * ! MWWI»iV' f!!;!!!:!:?:!-?;! !•!•!! La vien chinh thirc cua nhieu to chufc quoc te Nha nuoc ta luon quan tam, tang cuong cac 16 lu'c chung cuoc dau tranh vi mot the gidi moi, vi sir hop tac binh dang va dan chu, vi hoa hinh va tien bo xa hoi tren toan the gidi

III B O M A Y N H A NUCIC CO NG HOA X A H O I C H I N G H IA V IE T NAM I K h niem, dac diem va nguyen lac cua bo may Nha nuoc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam

Bo may Nha nu'Oc Cong hda \<i hoi <hit nghTa Viet Nam Id he thong co

quan ttf trung Mang Jen ecu dia phuong va co so to chuc va lioat dong theo nhung nguyen tac thong nhat, tan mot co che dong ho de thuc hien cac chuc ndng va nhiem vu ( ciia nha nuoc.

Bo may Nha nuoc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam co nhung dac

diem co ban sau day:

Mot Id, viec t6 chut va hoat dong cua bo may nha nuoc dua tren

nhung nguyen tAc chung thong nhat ma nguyen tAc co ban bao triim la nguyen d c tat ca nguon lire thuoe \6 nhan dan Quyen luc thuoe ve nhan

dan co nghia la nhan dan co toan quven quvct dinh moi cong viec cua nha nuoc va xa hoi giai quy£t tat ca moi cong viec co quan lie den van rnenh quoc gia ddi song chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, tu tuong cua dat nuoc va dan toe Nhan dan su dung quyCn luc nha nuoc thong qua he thong co quan nha nuoc nhan dan true tiep bau ra, dung dau la Quoc hoi - co quan dai bieu cao nhat va Hoi dong nhan dan - co quan quven luc nha nuoc dia phuong Cac co quan khac cua nha nuoc deu bat nguon tu co quan quyen luc nha nude, chju sir kiem tra, giam sat cua co quan quyfin lire nha nuoc, chju trach nhiem va bao cao cong tac trudc coquan quycn luc nha nude

H Id, cac co quan bo may nha nude deu mang tinh quyen luc

M 3>:W

:": CHUfONG ft NHA NlTdC 0HXM&NVN 0|Ai VJ PHAP’ C&O:«

thuoe vao vi tri cua no irony bo mav nha nude.• • * - • V

Ba Id doi ngii can bo, cong chuc bo may nha nude la nhurng

ngudi het long, het sue phue vu nhan dan la cong boc cua nhan dan, chiu su kiem tra, giam sat cua nhan dan Ho la nhung ngudi co pham chat, dao du'c, co du trinh nang lire de thuc hien nhiem vu, cong vu duoc giao, co tinh than trach nhiem cong tac

Bo may nha nirdc duoc to ehi're va hoat dong theo nhirng nguyen tac co ban sau day:

a Nguyen tde "quyen luc Nha nude Id thong nhat co su phan cong va phdi hop giua cac ca quan nha nude viec thuc hien cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap" (Dieu 2, doan Hien phap 1992)

Mot dac diem co ban cua bo may nha nude Viet Nam la duoc to chufc theo nguyen tac tap quyen, khac vdi nguyen tac phan quyen cac nha

nude tu san Quyen luc cua Nha nude Viet Nam cung bao gom quve;n lap phap, quy£;n hanh phap, quyen tu phap Ba ITnh vuc quy£n luc la mot khoi thong nhat dugc nhan dan trao cho Qude hoi la co quan dai bieu cao nhat, nhan dan true tiep biiu “ Quoc hoi la co quan dai bie'u cao nhat cua nhan dan, eo quan quyen lire nha nude cao nhat cua nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viel Nam" (Dieu S3 Hien phap 1992)

Tuy to chuc theo nguyen tac tap quyen nhung bo may Nha nude ta co su phan cong to rang va sir phoi hgp chat che giua cac co quan nha nude vice thirc hien quyen lire nha nude Quoc hoi la eo quan nhat giu quyen lap phap ddng thdi eung co tham quyen llnh vuc hanh phap va tu phap Chinh phii giu quyen hanh phap nhung cung co vai tro quan trong linh vire hanh phap va lu phap Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan giu quyen tu phap dong thdi cung co tham quy€n nhat dinh llnh vuc lap phap va tu phap Hoat dong ciia cac co quan hanh phap va co quan tu phap dC;u phai bao cao trudc Quoc hoi va phai chiu su giam sat ciia Quoc hoi

:;*ii i ij

(QTftiNH pmAp iLU&T ■DAl Cli l i i i i

Bao dam sir lanh dao cua Dana la nauven tac cd ban to churc hoat dong cua Nha nude ta Sir lanh dao cua Dang bao dam cho bo may nha nirdc hoat dong theo mot dudng loi chi'nh in dung dan the1 hien ban chat each mang va khoa hoc cua chu nghia Mac I enin va tu tudng H6 Chi' Minh giu vung ban chat tot dep cua mot nha nude cua nhan dan, nhan dan va vi nhan dan Chi'nh tren tinh than Mien phap nam 1992 da khang dinh: “ Dang Cong san Viet Nam doi tien phong cua giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam dai hieu trung quyen loi cua giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao dong va cua ca dan toe thco chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, la luc luong lanh dao Nha nude va xa hoi" (Dieu 4)

Sir lanh dao cua Dang ddi vdi Nha nude the hien d cho Dang dat dudng loi, chi'nh sach quan co quan he nhieu mat, co anh hudng chi'nh tri rong ldn ddi vdi viec id chuc va hoat ddng cua bo may nha nude Nha nude the che hda cac dudng loi, chi'nh sach cua Dang vao viec id chuc va hoat dong cua minh Dang kiem viec chap hanh dudng loi chinh sach, coi viec bo tri can bo cho cac ca quan nha nude, chi dao sir phdi hop hoat ddng giua bo may nha nude vdi cac to chuc khac lie thdng chinh tri Dang lanh dao nha nude nhung moi dang vien va td chuc cua Dang phai hoat dong khuon khd cua Hien phap va phap luat cua Nha nude

c Nguyen tac bao dam su tham gia ciia nhan dan vao hoat dong

quan ly cua nha nuac

Thu hut dong dao nhan dan tham gia vao hoat dong quan ly nha nude la nguyen tie quan trong td chuc va hoat dong cua bo may nha nude Nguyen tac khong nhung co y nghia viec tao didu kien phat huy tri tue ciia nhan dan vao cong viec quan ly nha nude ma la phuong tien huu hieu de ngan chan te quan lieu, cira quyen, tham nhung cua ca nhan va td chufc bp may nha nude

CHUfflNOT NHA Nl/dC CHXHChfVN fljft Vi FM&F i tSftfl CAff ^

thanh vien cua mat trail, cac to chuc cong doan v.v

Nguyt'n tac bao dam su tham gia cua nhan dan vao hoat dong quan ly cua nha nuac dugc quy dinh Dieu 53 cua Hien phap nam 1992: “ Cong dan co quycn tham gia quan Iv nha nuac va xa hoi, tham gia thao luan cac van de chung cua ca nuac va dia phuang kien nghi vdi ca quan nha nuac bicu quyet nha nuoc td chuc trung cau v dan”

d Nguyen tac tap trung dan chii

Ket hgp dung dan tap trung va dan chu la veu to quyet dinh sue manh td clnrc va hieu lire quan ly cua bo may nha nuac ta

Thuc hien nguyen tac to chuc va hoat dong cua bo may nha nude co nghia la ket hgp su chiu dao dicu hanh tap trung thdng nhat cua trung uang va ca quan nha nirdc cap tren vdi sir tir chu nang dong, sang tao cua dia phuang va ca quan nha nude cap dudi; ca quan nha nude d trung uong quyet dinh nhung van de ca ban quan cua ca nude, ca quan nha nude a dia phuang tu quyet dinh va chiu trach nhiem ve nhung van dd cu the cua dia phuong; ca quan nha nude d trung uang va ca quan nha nuac cap tren phai tao dieu kien cho ca quan nha nirdc d dia phuong va ca quan nha nude cap dudi chu dong, sang tao to churc va hoat dong va phai kiem tra cac ca quan viec thuc hien cac quyet dinh chi thi cua minh

Nguyen tac dugc the hien ca cau td churc va ca che hoat dong cua mdi cap bo may nha nuac cung nhu viec ket hgp hoat dong cua tap the vdi trach nhiem ca nhan

Nguyen tac tAp trung dan chu dugc quy dinh Dieu Hien phap nam 1992: “ Quoc hoi Hc)i ddng nhan dan va cac coquan khac cua nha nuac deu td chirc va hoat dong theo nguyen tac tap trung dan chu”

d Nguyen tdc phap che xa hoi chu nghia

lv nhu: the nao.*

Thuc hien tot nguyen tac phap che xa hoi chii nghia co y nghia quan trong viec dam bao cho sir hoat dong binh tlurdng ciia bp may nha nuoc, phat huy hieu luc ciia quan lv nha nirdc, bao dam cong bang xa hoi

Nguyen tac phap che xa hoi chii nghia dupe quy dinh Di<§u 12 Hien phap nam 1992: “ Nha nuoc quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat khong ngung tang cuong phap che xa hoi chu nghia

Cac co quan nha nuoc td chirc kinh tc, to chirc xa hoi don vj cu trang nhan dan va moi cong dan phai nghiem chinh chap hanh Hien phap va phap luat, dau tranh phong ngua va chong cac toi pham, cac vi pham Hien phap va phap luat

Moi hanh dong xam pham lpi ich ciia nha nuoc quyen va loi ich hop phap ciia tap the va ciia cong dan dc;u bi xir ly theo phap luat"

Theo Hien phap nam 2992 bo may nha nude ta hien bao gom cac co quan nha nude sau day:

- Quoc hoi; - Chii tjch nude; - Chinh phii;

- Hoi ddng nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan; - Toan an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan

Mdi co quan nha nude cd mot vi tri phap ly dupe xac djnh bo may nha nude, cd mot pham vi thaim quyen dupe Hien phap va phap luat quy djnh co quy che td chuc va hoat dong rieng

a Quoc hoi

Trong bo may nha nude ta Quoc hoi cd vj tri dac biet quan

“ Quoc hoi la eo quan dai bieu cao nhat cua nhan dan, co quan quyfin lire nha nude cao nha't cua nude Cong hda xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam” (Dieu 83 Hien phap nam 1992)

M i.i.j M

W M

j y ; i 1 I j j i M i i i t t i ^ x N e t # N lii jM jifj ^ ^ i i l l Q ^ l f f l i i

lu)i hicu hicn tap trung khoi dai doitn ket loan dan bao gdm cac dai bieu dai dien eho moi tang lop nhan dan va cho cac vung lanh tho ca nuoc

La co quan quyen lire nha nude cao nhat, Quoc hoi thong nhat tap trung loan bo quyen luc nha nude: quven lap phap quythi hanh phap quyen tu phap: mat khac co sir phan cong va phdi hop giua cac co quan nha nude vice thuc hien eae quyen Cac eo quan nha nude khac thirc hien cac quyiin nang cu the Quoc hoi giao va chiu trach nhiem trudc Quoc hoi Quoc hoi thay mat nhan dan ca nude quyct dinh nhung cong viec quan nhat cua Nha nude

'['ham quyen cua Quoc hoi duoc quy dinh Hien phap (Dieu 84 Hien phap nam 1992) va Luat Td chuc Quoc hoi Quoc hoi ihong qua 25/12/2001 (Dieu 2) va Luat sira doi bo sung nam 2007 Tham quyen cua Quoc hoi cd the chia ba nlioin: quyen lap hien va lap phap, quyen

quvet dinh nhung cong viec quan nhat cua nha nude va quyen giam sat tdi cao doi vdi toan bo hoat ddng cua Nha nude

Quoc hoi la co quan nhat co quyen lap hien va lap phap Do la quyiin thdng qua Hien phap va viec sira doi, bd sung Hien phap thdng qua luat va sua ddi bii sung luai Quoc hoi xem xct thdng qua cac dao luat tai mot hoac nhieu ky hop Quoc hoi

lii co quan quyen luc cao nhat cua Nha nirdc, Quoc hoi quyet dinh ke hoach phat trien kinh le xa hoi cua dal nude; quyet dinh chinh sach tai chinh, tien te quoc gia; quyet dinh chinh sach dan toe, ton giao cua nha nirdc; quy dinh cac nguycn lac lo chufc va hoat dong cua bo may nha nude; bAu, mifin nhiem bai nhiem cac churc vu cao cap cua nha nude; quyet dinh van de chien tranh va hda binh; quyet djnh cac chi'nh sach ddi ngoai cua nha nude va nhieu van de quan khac

Quoc hoi ihire hien quyen giam sat tdi cao ddi vdi toan bo hoat dong cua nha nude

giam sat viec thi hanh Hien phap luai, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi phap ienh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi Tai ky hop Quoc hoi Quoc hoi thirc hien quyen giam sat toi cao doi vdi hoat dong cua Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi, Chu tich nude, Chinh phu, Toa an nhan dan toi cao va Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao viec tuan theo Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi; thong qua viec xem xet phe chuan xac bao cao cua uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi, Chu tich nirdc Chinh phu, Toa an nhan dan tdi cao Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao; chat van Chu tich nirdc Chu tich Quoc hoi, Thu tirdng Chinh phu, cac vien khac cua Chinh phu Chanh an Toa an nhan dan tdi cao Vien trirong Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao, U y

ban thirdng vu Quoc hoi Hoi ddng dan toe, cac U y ban cua Quoc hoi doan dai bifiu Quoc hoi, cac dai bieu Quoc hoi pham vi nhiem vu quyfin han cua minh giam sat viec tuan theo Hien phap va phap luat ddi vdi hoat dong cua cac co quan, td chirc thdng qua viec xem xet cac bao cao, kiem tra tinh hinh thirc te tai cho, cung nhu tiep xuc vdi cac cir tri tai dia phuang

Nhiem ky mdi khoa Quoc hoi la nam nam Cac hoat dong chu yeu va

ca cau td churc ciia Quoc hoi bao gom: Ky hop Quoc hoi U y ban thirdng vu Quoc hoi va Chii tich Quoc hoi Hoi ddng nhan toe cac Uy ban cua Quoc hoi, doan dai bit'u Quoc hoi va dai bieu Quoc hoi

Ky hop Quoc lioi la hinh thuc hoat ddng chu yeu va quan nhat

ciia Quoc hoi, la nai bieu hien true tiep va tap trung nhat quyCn lire nha nude cua ca quan quydn lire nha nirdc cao nhat, nai bieu hien tri tue tap the’ ciia dai bieu Quoc hoi Tai ky hop Quoc hoi thao luan va quyet dinh nhung vdn de quan nhat ciia dat nude va cua nhan dan Nhung van d£ nhat thiet phai dugc quyet dinh tai ky hop cua Quoc hoi nhu thao luan va thong qua cac dao luat, quyei dinh ke hoach phat tritin kinh te xa hoi cua dat nude; xem xet, thao luan bao cao cong tac cua cac ca quan hanh phap va co quan tu phap cao nhat, bau cac churc danli cao nhat ciia Nha nude v.v Cung tai cac ky hop, Quoc hoi thuc hien quy<in giam sat tdi cao ddi vdi hoat dong ciia

ca quan nha nude

~ i igH*0N_<3 NHA NlTdC CHXHCNVN B IA V| FH A F# :C U A cAoS ^

kinh te, dan vi vu trang nhan dan ca quan bao chi, cong dan va khach quoc te co the dugc mai du cac phien hop cong khai cua Quoc hoi

Chuang trinh va noi dung ky hop Quoc hoi dugc quy dinh Luat T6 chirc Quoc hoi 2001

U y han Thudng vu Quoc hoi la ca quan thuang true cua Quoc hoi.

Thanh phan cua Uy ban Thuang vu Quoc hoi g6m co Chu tich Qudc h6i, cac Pho chu tich Quoc hoi va cac uy vien Chu lich Quoc hoi lam chu tich, cac Pho chu lich Quoc hoi lam Pho Chu tich Thanh vien U y ban thuang vu Quoc hoi khong the dong thai la vien Chinh phu

Thaim quycn cua Uy han Thuang vu Quoc hoi dugc quy dinh Dicu 91 Hien phap nam 1992 bao gom:

- Cong bo va chu tri viec bau cu dai bieu Quoc hoi; to chirc viec chuan bi trieu tap va chu tri cac ky hop Quoc hc)i;

- Ra phap Ienh: giai thich Hien phap L.uat, Phap Ienh;

- Giam sat viec thi hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hoi va U y ban Thuang vu Quoc hoi; giam sat hoat dong cua cac ca quan nha

nude theo quy dinh cua Hien phap

- Chi dao, di£u hoa phdi hgp hoat dong cua Hoi d6ng dan toe va cac U y ban cua Quoc hoi

- Trong truefng hgp Quoc hoi khong the hop dugc, quyet dinh viec tuyen bo tinh trang chien tranh nuac nha hi xam luge; quyet dinh tong

dong vien hoac dong vien cuc bo; ban bo tinh trang kluin cap;

- Thuc hien quan he doi ngoai cua Quoc hoi;

- T6 chuc trung cau y dan theo quyet dinh cua Quoc hoi;

Thaim quytin cua Uy ban thuang vu Quoc hoi dugc quy dinh cu th^ Luat To chufc Quoc hoi nam 2001

U y ban thuang vu Quoc hoi lam viec thco che hoi nghi va quyet dinh theo da so

Chu tich Quoc hoi co vi tri rat quan trong td chuc cua Quoc h6i

;< i;jj j;ii ô.| Vj'i ã > t i M t i L S ' P l j j A ' P ' l i i i i A lt**1 s t i A I II I ! il- i’l I i I l-l-l-l I I11 i-*-* i II

I lii l-l 11 i=l-i *•?•!'• !-l I i-I I - I t '^ P * ^ * ’" i'jl j f i JPl ins I T > | i ; 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I I ' i l l I

hop cua Quoc hoi la nguoi chit iri va dicu hanh cac hoat dong cua liy han Thuang vu Quoc hoi 16 chuc vicc thuc hien quan he doi ngoai cua Quoc hoi giu' quan he vo'i cac dai hic'u Quoc hoi Tham quyOn cua Chu tich Quoc hoi duo'c quy dinh cu the Luat uS churc Quoc hoi nam 2001 (sura ddi, bo sung nam 2007)

Hoi <I6iii> dan roc va cac Uy ban cciu Qiio i hoi la cac co' quan cua

Quoc hoi, Quoc hoi bau ra, lam viec theo che tap the va quyet dinh theo da so

Hoi dong dan toe nghien cuu va kien nghi vai Quoc hoi nhung van de vC; dan loc; thuc hien quyen giam sat viec thi hanh chi'nh sach dan toe cac chuong truth, ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hoi mien nui va vung co dong bao dan tpc thieu so

Cac uy ban cua Quoc hoi nghien curu tham tra du' an luat, dir an phap Ienh va du an khac nhung bao cao dugc Quoc hoi va U y ban Thuang vu Quoc hoi giao, trinh Quoc hoi Uy ban Thuang vu Quoc hoi y kien v<j chuang trinh xay dung luat phap Ienh; thu'c hien quyen giam sat pham vi nhiem vu quven han luat dinh; kien nghi nhung van de thuoe pham vi hoat dong cua Uy han

Hien tai, cac Uy ban cua Quoc hoi bao g6m: - Uy ban Phap luat:

- liy ban ur phap; - Uy ban Kinh te;

- Uy ban tai chinh, ngan sach; - Uy ban quoc phong va an ninh;

• - Uy ban van hoa giao due riien thieu nien va nhi dong; - Uy ban vc; cac van dc; xa hoi;

- Uy ban Khoa hoc cong nghe va moi truang;

•)

- Uy ban doi ngoai

•>

Tham quven cua I loi 11«my dan toe va eae I \ han cua Quoc hoi dupe

quy dinh Hien phap nam 1W2 (Dicu 94 ‘)X 96) va dugc cu the hoa l.uat t6 chirc Qu>V Imi 2001 (sira doi bo suns: nam 2007)

Dgi hicu Quoc h(>i "la ngudi dai dien cho y chi nguyen vong cua nhan

dan khong chi dai bieu cho dan o' don m bau cir minh ma eon dai bic'ii cho nhan dan ca nude: la ngudi thay mat nhan dan thirc hien quyen lire nha nirdc Quoc hpi (Dieu 43 I uat lu chuc Quoc hoi da dan) Dai bieu Quoc hoi co the la dai hicu chuyen trach h u e dai bieu khong chuyen trach Dai bieu Quoc hoi chiu trach nhicm turoe eir tn dong lluvi chiu trach nhiem trudc Quoc hoi ve viec thuc hien nhiem ui lai bieu cua minh

Tham quyen cua dai bieu Quoc hoi duoe quy dinh Hien phap nam 1992 bao gom: quyen chat van Chu tich nude, chu tich Quoc hoi Thu tirdng Chinh phu Bo trudng va cac vien khac cua Chinh phu Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien truong Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao; quyOn bat kha xam pham vc than the; quyen dugc cung cap tai lieu va bao dam kinh phi cho viec hoat ddng; nghia vu hen he chat che vdi cu tri thu thap va phan anh y kien va nguyen vong cua cir tri tiep xiic va bao cao vdi cu tri ve hoat ddng cua minh va cua Quoc hoi v.v Tham quven cua dai bieu Quoc hoi dugc cu the hda uat Td chuc Quoc hoi 2001

Cac dai bieu Quoc hoi duoc bau mot tinh hoac true thudc trung uang hgp Doan dgi hicu Quoc hoi Doan dai bieu Quoc

hoi cd trudng doan, phdi trudng doan va cd dai hieu hoat dong chuyen trach Doan dai bieu Quoc hpi cd tru so van phong giiip v i e c v a hoat ddng bang kinh phi ngan sach nha nude Nhiem vu cua doan dai bieu Quoc hoi va trudng doan dai bieu Quoc hpi dugc qu\ dinh cac Dieu 60 va 61 Luat td clurc Quoc hpi 2001

b Chu tich nirdc

Thiet che Chu tich nirdc d nude ta cd nhung thay ddi nhat dinh qua cac thdi kv theo cac Hien pluip, Hien phap nam 1946 quy dinh Chu tich nude cd mot vi tri dac biet bp may nha nude: Chu tich nude vira la ngudi dung dau Nha nude (nguyen thu quoc gia) vua la ngudi dung dAu

r r r r n r r r m •ti t i t t i ■ ■ ■ 11 > i r r r n r r r r n r » r r r r n n x r r T r r r r n i r m m = ■ i ■ i r o r r n r n a i p n r r n r r r r r r r n r r r r c n r r r m r r o n r r

Chinh phu (coquan hanh phap) Den Hien phap nam 1959 thi Chu tich nuac la nguoi thay mat Nha nude ve doi noi va doi ngoai ma khong dung dau Chi'nh phu ntra Hien phap nam 1980 quy dinh Chu tich nuoc la Chu tich tap the - Hpi dong nha nuoc - vua la nguyen thu tap the cua Nha nirdc vua la co quan thudng true cua Quoc hpi

Hien phap nam 1992 quy dinh: “ Chu tich nude la ngudi dung dau Nha nude, thay mat nude Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam v i ddi noi va ddi

ngoai" (Di£u 101)

Ve ddi noi chu tich nude cd quydn cong bd Hien phap Luat, Phap

Ienh; thong linh cac lire lupng vu trang nhan dan va giu chuc vu Chu tich Hoi ddng quoc phong va an ninh; bo nhiem, mien nhiem, cach chirc cac churc vu cao cap cua Nha nude; cong bo quyet dinh tuyen bo tinh trang chien tranh, tinh trang khan cap v.v

Ve doi ngoai Chu tich nude cd quyCn cu, trieu hoi dai sir dac menh

toan quyen cua Viet Nam, tiep nhan dai sir dac menh toan quOc cua nude ngoai, nhan danh Nha nude kv ket dieu udc quoc te; quyet dinh cho nhap quoc tich Viet Nam, cho thdi quoc tich Viet Nam hoac tudc quoc tich Viet Nam

Chu tich nude va Pho Chii tich nude Quoc hpi bau sd dai bieu Quoc hpi Pho Chii tich nirdc giup Chii tich nude lam nhiem vu va co the dupe Chii tich nude uy nhiem thay Chii tich nude lam mot sd nhiem vu

Chii tich nude de nghi danh sach vien Hoi dPng quoc phong va an ninh trinh Quoc hpi phe chuftn Hoi dong quoc phong va An ninh gom

I

Chu tich, Pho Chii tich va cac Uy vien Thanh vien Hoi dong Quoc phong va An ninh khong nhat thiet la dai bieu Quoc hpi Chii tich nude thdng ITnh cac lire lupng vu trang nhan dan va giu chuc Chii tich Hoi ddng quoc phong va an ninh Hoi dong quoc phong va An ninh cd nhiem vu dong vien moi lire lupng va kha ruing ciia nude nha de bao ve To quoc Trong trudng hop cd chien tranh, Quoc hoi cd the giao cho Hpi ddng quoc phong va an ninh nhung tham quyen dac biet

PHAP ^ ::::

c ('h in h phu

Trong ho may nha nirdc la qua cac thdi ky lich sir luv ten goi co khac nhirng vi tri cua Chinh phu va la ca quan hanh phap ca quan chap hanh cua va quan quyen lire nha nude cao nhat va la ca quan cao nhat

he thong co quan hanh chinh nha nuoc

Theo Hicn phap nam J992 "Chinh phu h) c<f quan chap lianh ciia Quoc hoi co' quan hdnli (hinh nha nifd'c cao nha! ciia nude Con# hda xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam" (Dicu 109).

La ca quan chap hanh ciia Quoc hpi Chinh phu Quoc hoi lap, chiu trach nhiem trudc Quoc hoi va bao cao cong tac vdi Quoc hoi Uy

ban Thirdng vu Quoc hpi Chu tich nude: To chuc thuc hien Hien phap, Luat, nghi quvet ciia Quoc hpi Phap Ienh Nghi quyet cua U y ban Thuang vu Quoc hoi

La co' quan hanh chinh nha nirdc cao nhat Chinh phu thong nhat quan ly viec thuc hien cac nhiem vu chinh tri kinh te van hda, xa hoi quoc phong an ninh va ddi ngoai cua Nha nude; bao dam hieu lire bo may nha nude tu trung uang den ca so: bao dam viec ton va chap hanh Hien phap va phap luat; phat huy quyen lam chu cua nhan dan su' nghiep xay dung va bao ve To quoc bao dam on dinh va nang cao ddi song vat chat va van hda cua nhan dan

Nhiem ky ciia Chinh phu theo nhiem ky cua Quoc hoi

Thaim quven ciia Chinh phii duoc quy dinh Hien phap nam 1992 (Dieu 112) va dupe cu the hda ( 'turang II I uat I d chuc Chinh phii 2001

Trong linh vuc kinh te Chinh phii cd nhirng nhiem vu va quyen han sau day:

- Thong nhat quan ly ncn kinh te quoc dan phat trien nen kinh thi trudng dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghia;

- Quvet dinh chinh sach lu the phat huy tiem nang va sure manh ciia cac phan kinh te:

- Xav dung du an chien lupc, quy hoach, ke hoach va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi:

i;4;«;i i i;i i j y i ; i i;i ã;*;ô > • t i k i ! • $ * 1 - A : f t ' f ' A I ' j ’l-l-'-ll l-l •'•! i I

i i ! 11 i i ^ l i i : l i i i i l l i i i i i m I i ' ■ n i l # iiTinr^lT^fc*iWirJ\:i ■ ! ! ! I ! I i l j i I ! ' i i i

- Trinh Quoc hoi du toan ngan sach nlia nude, du kien phan bd ngan sach nha nude;

- Quyet dinh chinh sach cu the cac bien phap ve tai chinh, tien te, tien luong, gia ca;

- Thong nhat quan ly va sir dung cd hieu qua tai san thuoe sd huu toan dan, tai nguyen quoc gia; thirc hien chirc nang chu sd huu phan von ciia Nha nude tai doanh nghiep co von nha nuac theo quv djnh cua phap luat;

- Thi hanh chfnh sach bao ve cai tao tai sinh va sir dung hap lv cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien

- Thong nhat quan ly hoat dong kinh te ddi ngoai;

- To chuc va lanh dao cac cong tac kiem ke thong ke ciia Nha nude Trong cac hoat dong cua Chinh phu cac phien hop cua Chmh phii cd vi tri rat quan

Tai phien hop cua Chinh phii Chmh phu thao luan va bieu quyet theo da sd nhung van de sau day:

- Chuong trinh hoat dong hang nam ciia Chmh phii:

- Chuong trinh xay dung cac du an luat phap Ienh va cac du an khac trinh Quoc hoi va L y ban tlnrdng vu Quoc hpi; cac nghi quyet, nghi dinh ciia Chinh phu;

- Dir an chien lucre, quy hoach ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hpi; du toan va du kien phan bd naan sach nha nude hang nam trinh Quoc hoi;

- Dt* an vt* chmh sach dan toe ton giao trinh Quoc hpi;

- Cac chmh sach cu the ve phat trien kinh te - xa hoi quoc phong, an ninh, ddi ngoai;

- Cac dO an trinh Quoc hpi ve td chirc cac co quan hanh chmh nha nude; quyet dinh v i lap mdi, uhap, chia tach dieu chinh dia gidi cac

don vi hanh chi'nh thupc tham quyen ciia Chi'nh phu: quyet dinh viec lap, sap nhap, giai the coquan thupc Chinh phu:

i i I m m m % m w M a c c h x h c n v n m m PH A P! W \ w * K w m m

lit nipt l lure the phap l\, Chi'nh phu gom co: Thu tudng Chfnh phu,

cac Pho Thu tudng cac Bp trudng va Thu trudng a t quan ngang Bp

Tint luong la ngudi (tung dau Chinh phu Quoc hoi bau so dai

bieu Quoc hpi, chiu trach nhiem trudc Quoc hpi Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi va Cliu tich nude Pho Thu tudng giiip Thu tudng lam nhiem vu theo su phan cong ciia Thu tudng Tham quven cua Thu tudng Chi’nh phu dupe quy dinh I lien phap nam I')P2 (Dieu 114) va dupe cu the hda chuong II I.uat Td clarc Chinh phu (da dan)

Bo iruong va Thu lirdng lOcptan ngang Bo, la vien cua Chinh

phu dong thdi la ngudi dung dau va lanh dao mot Bo, co quan ngang Bd, hoac phu trach mot so cong tac cua Chinh phu; chiu trach nhiem trudc Thu tudng trudc Quoc hoi ve quan ly nha nude nganh linh vuc pham vi ca nude hoac ve cong tac dupe giao phu trach Tham quyc;n cua Bp trudng, Thu trudng co quan ngang bo dupe quy dinh I.uat TO chuc Chi'nh Phu (Di£u 23)

Thu tudng Chmh phu trinh Quoc hoi chuan de nghi ve viec bd nhiem Pho Tlui tudng, Bd iruong Thu trudng co quan ngang bp

C o cau id chia cua Chinh phu gom cd Bo va cac co quan ngang Bp Bp,

co quan ngang Bp Quoc hpi quyet dinh lap hoac bai bd theo de nghi cua Thu tudng Chmh phu

Bo cd cptan ngang Bo la co quan cua Chi'nh phu, thuc hien chuc nang

quan ly nha nude doi vdi nganh, Iiiku linh vuc cong tac pham vi ca nudc;quan ly nha nude cac dicli vu cong thuoe nganh, linh vuc; thuc hien dai dien chu sd huu phan von cua Nha nude tai doanh nghiep cd von Nha nude theo quy djnh cua phap luat Cd the phan biet hai loai Bd: Bd quan ly nganh va bd quan ly linh vuc chuyen mon

Bd quan ly nganh la cac Bd thuc hien mcc quan lv nha nude ddi vdi

cac nganh kinh te - ky thuat van hda xa hoi nhu ndng nghiep, cong nghiep giao thdng van tai giao due van hda v.v Bd quan ly llnh vuc chuyen mon la cac Bo thuc hien viec quan lv nha nude theo tung llnh vuc rong cua xa hoi nhu tai chfnh lao ddng ngoai giao noi vu v.v lien quan den hoat dong

i rn i > i.r.T.n T r r r'rn f r’t i TT ii n> i u h t p.1 i h l ivi i n u j j i i rn i r r n TH1111'f W ■»•» H M i.i.O h iii.i.i.t.i.i.ijin u i i l ^ r i

«; » i j l * ; * ! > t ;* ;ô V i i i.m.m ô ã ằ 'm m x* ã ' * ã ô ' | J I >’ O i : :i » x : < > • j I } •!•!•! ’ •!*•} ! ! ! ! - ! • ! • !

.ô i i i s ã ô.* i.i.i.ằ.ằ.<:<' t ' A i ' V ' T T l j t Ell L i ' p U A ID I: ^1 I A T i J tf c jA |i ! ■?*•*** IT? VV*!!*!*'' '•<“ ?! I ; : i ; ; ã;ô.^ji'i i;.;;;.-*:1ô li M M »:«

cua cac Bo cac cap quan ly nha nude Nghi dinh so 178/2007/NDD-CP ngav 3-12-2007 quy dinh chuc nang, nhicm vu, quvon han va co cau to churc cua Bo, co quan ngang bo

Chmh phu cua Quoc hoi khoa X II gom co Thu tuong Pho Thu tucrng 22 Bo truong va Thu truong coquan ngang bp

Ngoai Bp va co quan ngang Bp la co quan cua Chfnh phu co cac

eo quan thuoe Cliinli phii la co’ quan Chmh phu lap co chuc nang

thirc hien mot so tham quyen quan ly nha nude ve nganh, llnh vuc; quan lv nha nu'6c cac dich vu cong thupc nganh linh vuc va thuc hien mot so tham quyen cu the ve dai dien chu so huu phan von cua nha nude tai doanh nghiep co von nha nude thco quy dinh cua phap luat Mot so co quan thuoe Chfnh phu hoat ddng sir nghiep de phue vu nhiem vu quan lv nha nude cua Chfnh phu hoac thuc hien mot so tham quyen khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat

Co quan thupc Chfnh phu khong thupc co' can to churc cua Chfnh phu

5 Hpi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan

“ Cac don vi hanh chfnh cua nude C ong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Vietw C

Nam dupe phan dinh nhu sau: Nude chia tinh true thupc trung uong; tinh chia huyen thupc tinh va thi xa; true thupc trung uong chia quan huyen va thi xa; Huyen chia xa, thi trim; thupc tinh thi xa chia phuong va xa; quan chia phuong Viec lap I loi ddng nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan cac do'n vi hanh chinh luat thuh (DiOu I IS I hen phap 1992) T rong Vo may nha nude la, Hpi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan la chfnh quyen nha nude a dia phuong dupe id chuc tat ca cac don vj hanh chfnh: tinh

pho true thupc trung Uong (goi chung la cap linh); huyen quail, thi xi

pho thuoe tinh (goi chung la cap huyen); xa phuong, thi trail (goi chung la cap xa)

V i trf phap ly, tham quyen eo cau to chute cua Hpi dong nhan ian va U y ban nhan dan dupe quy dinh I lieii phap nam 1992 va Luat ' I ) churc

#

1 S*HUgN8' m m C H X H C W N C jft VfPH tA F i t C U A 'CAC vglj jj a Iio i dong nhan dan

"H o i ddng nhan dan la co quan quycn lire nha nude d dia phircrng, dai

dien cho y chf nguyen vong quyen linn chu ciia nhan dan, nhan dan dia phurong bau chiu irach nhiem trudc nhan dan dia phuong va co quan nha nude cap tren" (Dieu I 19 Hien phap 1992)

Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap co eae tham quycn cluing sau day:

- La co quan quven luc nha nirdc d dia phuong quyet dinh nhung chu iruong, bien phap quan de phai huy tiem nang cua dia phuong, xav dung va phai trien dai phuong ve kinh te - xa hpi cung cd quoc phong, an ninh khong ngung cai thien doi song vat chat va tinh than cua nhan dan dia phuong, lam non nghia vu cua dia phirong doi vdi ca nude

- Thuc hien quyen giam sai doi vdi hoai dong cua Thudng true Hpi dong nhan dan uy ban nhan dan, Toa ail nhan dan Vien kiem sat nhan dan cung cap; giam sat viec thuc hien cac nghi quyet cua Iioi dong nhan dan giam sat viec tuan theo phap luat ciia co' quan nha nude, id chuc kinh te, to chuc xa hpi, don vi vu trang nhan dan va cua cong dan d dia phuong

Nhicm vii quycn han cu the cua Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap dirge quv

dinh Luat To chirc Hpi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan 2003 va dugc quy dinh cu the (rong cac linh vuc sau day:

- Linh virc kinh te

- Linh vuc giao due, y te, xa hpi van hoa thong tin, the due the thao; - Linh vuc khoa hoc, const nahe, tai nauyen moi trudng;

- Linh vuc quoc phong, an ninh, trat tu an toan xa hpi; - Viec thuc hien chinh sach dan tpc chfnh sach ton giao; - Linh vuc thi hanh phap luat;

- Linh vuc xay dung chfnh quyen dia phuang va quan ly dia gidi hanh jhfnh

Ve co can td chuc Hpi dong nhan dan cac cap eo Thudng true Hpi

:tong nhan dan Hpi dong nhan dan cap tmh cap huyen co cac ban ciia Hpi :tong nhan dan Thudng true Hpi ddng nhan dan Hpi ddng nhan dan cung

■; i i;« i i i j i **»'*■*.»1 t « i i i.i i i i m t t ' i ' t j ' t • l> • >.: i •• ;>;• •.* v ! ’ : 11 r o • • > > i ' • • »• o • u ; • »i « i o m j i o ã ã o > 'ô!' < > • • >

; ijftlA/fr TPlKll4‘DM A b1 jl | n^ ' i i I ‘ • ■ I'*■*•*'5 I l-i = i i I i i I! I i i ! irwniri ;f7 I?ljr^r> ■ fcuwirTsil ■ fly w^|.- mwXwAlVVfj

cap b.'iu Thudng true Hpi dong nhan dan cap linh cap huyen gom Cln lich, Pho Chu lich va Uy vien thudng true 'Ihudng true Hpi dong nhan dai cap xa gom Chu lich Pho Chu licit Thanh vien cua Thirdng uu'c I loi doiu nhan dan khong the dong thdi la lhanh vien cua Uy han nltan dan cung cap

Hpi dong nhan dan cap tinh co ba ban: Ban Kinh te va ngan sach Bai

van hoa - xa hpi Ban phap che: noi nao co nhieu dan toe thi co the lhanh lay Ban Dan toe Iioi dong nhan dan cap huyen lhanh lap hai ban : Ban kinh le

xa hpi Ban phap cite

Hoi dong nhan dan chiu sir giam sat va hudng dan hoat dona cua U 'C <_ ~

<-ban Thirdng vu Quoc hpi chiu sir hudng dan va kiem tra cua Chinh plu viec thuc hien cac van ban cua co quan nha nude cap tren theo qu) dinh cua Uy ban Thirdng vu Quoc hpi

Hieu qua hoat dong cua Hpi dPng nltan dan dupe bao dam bang hiei qua cua cac ky hop Hpi donh nhan dan hieu qua hoat dong cua Thirdng iru'< Hoi dOng nhan dan Uy ban nltan dan, cac Ban cua Hpi dong nhan dan vi cua cac dai bieu Hoi dong nhan dan

Nhiem ky cua moi khoa Hpi dong nhan dan la now nam.

I

h Uy ban nhan clan

"Ify ban nhan chin Hpi dong nhan dan bau la co quan chap han

cua Hpi dong nhan dan, co quan hanh clunh nlut nirdc d dia phuong, chi trach nhiem chap hanh Hien phap, Lual eae van ban cua cac co quan nit nude cap tren va nghi quvet cua Hpi dong nhan dan” (Dieu 123 I lien pha nam 1992)

CHUfONG NHA NlTOC CHXMCMVN 0|A VI PHAPXY CUA CAC «" ■ Mncm \ ii quycn han cu (he cua I v han nhan dan cac cap dugc quy

dinh Uong Lual To chuc Iioi dong iilmn dan va I y han nhan dan 2003 bao gom cac linh vuc quan ly sau day:

- I mh \ u'c kinh tc:

- I.inh vuc non" nghiep lam nghiep I huy loi, dai dai: - I.inh virc cong nghiep tien thu cong nghiep;

- I.inh virc giao thong van tai:

- I.inh vu'c xay dung, quan ly va phai trien thi; - I.inh vuc thuo'ng mai, dicli vu du lich:

- I.inh vurc giao due dao lao;

- Linh virc van hoa thorn: tin the due, the thao; U •

- Linh virc y te va \.i hoi;

- Llnh vuc khoa hoc, cong iis’he tai ntiuven moi irudn"; - I.inh vuc quoc phong, an ninh trat tu an loan xa hoi; - Viec thuc hien chi'nh sach dan toe chmh sach ton giao; - Linh vuc tin hanh phap luat:

- Linh vuc xay dung chmh quyen va quan l v dia gidi hanh chmh

Ve c(> ((iu td (Iu'fc vt) quy che lioqt ddni> Uy ban nhan dan Hpi

long nhan dan cung cap bau gom eo C'liu tich, Pho Chu tich va uy vien Chu ich Uy ban nhan dan la dai hieu I loi dong nhan dan: cac lhanh vien khac ua Uy ban nhan dan khong nhat thiet la dai bieu Iioi dong nhan dan Ket |ua bau cac vien I y ban nhan dan phai dupe C hu tich Uy ban nhan lan cap tien true tiep chuan; kei qua bau vien cua U y ban nhan

an cap tinh phai dupe Thu tudng Chi'nh phii plu* chuan

Quy che hoat dong ciia Uy ban nhan dan chu tich va cac vien lia U y ban nhan dan dupe quy dinh l.uat IP chuc Hpi dong nhan dan a Uy ban nhan dan tir DiOu 121 den Dieu 127

U y ban nhan dan chju trach nhiem va bao cao cong tac trudc Hoi dPng han dan cung cap va U y ban nhan dan cap tren true tiep U y ban nhan dan up tinh chiu trach nhiem va bao cao cong tac trudc Hoi d6ng nhan dan M m 11 i n i i i r M u u T U u i / i j i T T r r m i v i i i h i m i i i t t h -i i i r n v n i i n i » 1111 u u y i i n i t i n n i j i i i i i i j i i t i m n

cung cap va Chmh phu

Nhicm ky cua Uy ban nhan dan thco nhicm ky cua I loi dong nhan dan cung cap

• I

Uy ban nhan dan lhanh lap cac co (/mm chuyen mon thuoe U y bar

nhan dan Co quan chuyen mon thuoe Uy ban nhan dan la ca quan than' rmru giiip uy ban nhan dan cung cap thirc hicn churc nang quan ly nha nirdc d dia phuong va thuc hien mot so nhiem vu, quyen han theo sir uy quyer cua U y ban nhan dan cung cap va theo quy dinh cua phap luat; gop phiir dam bao sir thdng nhat quan ly cua nganh hoac llnh vuc cong tac tu' trun< uang den ca sd Ca quan chuyen mon thuoe Uy ban nhan dan cung cap ddng thdi chiu su' chi dao kiem tra ve nghiep vu ciia ca quan chuyen mot cap tren Thu trudng co quan chuyen mon chiu trach nhiem va bao cao con< tac trudc Uy ban nhan dan, ca quan chuyen mon cap tren va bao cao con< tac trudc Iio i dong nhan dan cung cap dupe veu ciiu

6 Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan

Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan la cong cu chii you tron; viec bao ve phap luat cua Nha nude va bao ve cac quvOn va lai ich ciia nhai dan

"Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiiim sat nhan dan nude Cong hoa xa he chii nghia Viet Nam, pham vi chirc nang ciia minh, co nhiem vu ba ve phap che xa hoi chu nghia; bao ve che xa hpi chii nghia va quyen lar chu ciia nhan dan; bao ve lai san cua Nha nude, ciia lap the; bao ve tin mang, tai san tir do, danh dir va nhan pliyini ciia cong dan” (Hien phap nar

1992 Dieu 126)

Bao ve che xa hpi chii nghTa la nghiem vu chii yeu ciia Toa a nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan Muc dich ciia viec thuc hien nhiem v la nham phat hien kip thdi, trimg tri va trail ap nhung ke pham toi don thdi giao due, cai tao ngudi vi pham va giao due moi ngudi xa h< tuan thu va chap hanh phap luat Bang cac hoat dong kiem sat, cong td \ xet xir, Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan gop pliin bao ve che d xa hoi chii nghia, bao ve cac quyt;n va Ipi ich hop phap ciia nhan dan

; C H ifctN g i : m m c c h x h c n v n e jA V j p h a p i i t c u a c a c a Id a an nhan dan

'I da an dan la cct quan xct xir cua Nha nirdc ta “ Toa an xet xu

cac vu an hinh sir dan sir hon nhan va gia dinh lao dong, kinh te hanh chmh va giai quvet nhCrng viec khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat"(Oieu I I.uat To churc Toa an nhan dan Quoc hoi thong qua 2/4/2002) La mot ho phan cau cua ho may nha nirdc Toa an nhan dan co mot he thong, mot co cau td chuc nhat dinh

He thdng cac I da an nhan dan o’ nirdc ta bao gom: - Toa an nhan dan tdi cao;

- Cac Toa an nhan dan tinh phd true thuoe trung uong (goi chung la Toa an nhan dan cap tmh):

- Cac toa an nhan dan huyen quan thi xa, phd thuoe tinh (goi chung la Toa an nhan dan cap huyen);

- Cac Tda an quan sir:

- Cac Tda an khac luat dinh

Trong tinh hinh dac biet, Quoc hoi cd the quyet dinh lap Tda an dac biet

I da an nhan dan tdi cao gom cd: I toi ddng T ham phan I da an nhan

dan tdi cao; Tda an quan sir trung uong; I da hinh sir Tda dan sir Toa kinh te, Toa lao ddng, Tda hanh chmh va cac Toa phuc tham Tda an nhan dan tdi cao bd may giup viec Bd may Tda an nhan dan tdi cao co Chanh an eae Phd Chanh an, Tham phan Thu ky tda an

Hoi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao la co quan xet xiir cao nhat theo thu tuc giam ddc tham tai thaim va la co quan hudng dan cac Tda an ap dung thdng nhat phap luat Ildi ddng T ham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao gom cd;

- Chanh an cac Phd chanh an Toa an nhan dan tdi cao;

- Mot so tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao U y ban thudng vu Quoc hpi quyet dinh theo de nghi cua Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao

Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao Quoc hpi biiu sd dai biOu Quoc hpi, chiu trach nhiem va bao cao cong tac trudc Uy ban thudng vu

i m u u u j rr n i.n u u n i u i i i t i h u m.t.i i i.TT rrn rr n m it ■ i.ir n r m n n i n m p m i n i i r m m r , Tn.i,M.i.i i i i i.ij.i.i.i.ii.iirr.i.ti.rrriij'

I P I i l l l l l i l l l l l l r t W ft PHAP iU&T ££1 ‘pu g j l l i l l l l l l j l l l j : !

Quoc hpi va Chu lich nude Pho chanh in va Tluitr phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao Chu tich nirdc bo nhiem thco tic nghi cua cac hoi ddng tuycn chon Tham phan

Toa an quan sir la cac Toa an dirpc to chuc Quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam de xet xir nhung vu an ma hi cao la quan nhan tai ngu va cac vu an khac theo quy dinh cua pluip luat

Cac Toa an quan su gom cd: Tda an quan su trung uong, cac Tda an quan su quan khu va tuong duong cac l oa an quan sir khu virc Cac Toa an quan su cd Chanh an cac Phd chanh an Tham phan va TTiu kv Tda an Rieng Tda an quan sir quan khu va khu vuc cd them Hpi tham quan nhan

Chanh an, Phd chanh an va cac IItarn phan Toa an quan su trung uong Chu tich nude bd nhiem thco dC nghi cua Hpi ddng tuyen chon Tham phan Chanh an cac Phd chanh an cac Tda an quan su quan khu va khu vuc Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao bd nhiem sau thdng nhat vdi Bp trudng Bo Quoc phong

0 Tda an tdi cao va cac Ida an cap linh cd cac I da hinh sir, Tda dan su, Tda kinh te, Tda lao dong Tda hanh chinh la nhung Toa chuyen trach cd chuc nang xet xir cac vu an hinh sir va giai quyet cac vu viec dan sir, hanh chinh kinh doanh thuang mai hdn nhan gia dinh va lao ddng theo quy dinh ciia phap luat td tung

Tda an nhan dan dia phuong bao gom Ida an nhan dan tinh, phd true thupc trung uong (Toa an cap tinh) va Tda an nhan dan huyen, quan thi xa thupc tinh (Tda an cap huven)

Co cau cua Tda an nhan dan cap linh gom cd Uy ban T ham phan, cac Tda chuyen trach (Tda hinh su' Tda dan sir, Toa kinh te, T da lao dong Tda hanh chinh) va bo may giup viec Ida an nhan dan cap tinh cd Chanh an cac Phd chanh an, Tham phan, Hpi tham nhan dan, T hu ky Tda an Uy ban Tham phan Toa an nhan dan cap tinh la co quan cd tham quyfin giam doe thdm, tai pham eae vu an theo quy dinh cua phap luat va bao dam viec ap dung thong nhat phap luat tai cac Tda an dia phuong U y ban Thaim phan Tda an nhan dan cap tinh gdm cd Chanh an cac Phd chanh an va mot so Tham phan Chanh an Tda an nhan dan toi cao quyet dinh theo de nghi ciia Chanh an Tda an nhan dan cap tinh

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Toa an nhan dan cap huyen co tham quyen so tham nhung vu an theo quy dinh cua phap luat to lung Toa an nhan dan cap huyen co Chanh an, mot hoac hai Pho chanh an, Thaim phan, Hoi thaim nhan dan, Thu ky Toa an va bo may giup viec

Tham quyen, co cau t6 chuc va hoat dong cua Toa an nhan dan cac cap diroc quy dinh Luat To churc Toa an nhan dan 2002

b Vien kiem sach nhan dan

Vien kiem sal nhan dan la co quan Nha nude "thirc hanh quv£n cong

to va ki£m sat cac hoat dong tu phap" pham vi trach nhiein luat djnh nham “ gop phan bao dam cho phap luat duoc chap hanh nghiem chinh va thong nhat'’ (Hien phap 1992, f)ieu 137)

Vien kiem sat nhan dan thuc hanh quyen cong to va ki£m sat hoat dong tu phap nghla la kitim sat viec tuan theo phap luat viec di£u tra, xet xii, thi hanh an doi vdi cac vu an hinh su, kieim sat viec giai quyet cac vu an dan sir, lion nhan va gia dinh hanh chinh kinh te, lao dong; kiem sat viec thi hanh cac ban an, quyet dinh da co hieu luc phap luat va cac ban an, quyet dinh duoc thi hanh theo quy dinh cua phap luat doi voi cac vu an dan sir, hon nhan va gia dinh, hanh chinh, kinh te, lao dong: ki£m sat viec tuan theo phap luat viec lam giu, tarn giam, quan ly va giao due ngucfi chap hanh an tu

Cung nhu Toa an, Vien Kiem sat nhan dan co mot he thong t6 churc va mot co cau to chuc nhat dinh He thong Vien Kiem sat nhan dan gom co:

- Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao;

- Cac Vien Kieim sat nhan dan tinh, true thuoc trung uong (goi chung la Vien KiOm sat nhan dan cap tinh);

- Cac Vien Kiem sat nhan dan huyen quan, thi xa, thuoc tinh (goi chung la Vien Kieim sat nhan dan cap huyen);

- Cac Vien Kifim sat quan sir

Co cau t6 chuc cua Vien Kiem sat nhan dan duoc quy dinh nhu sau:

Vien kiem sal nhan dan toi cao gom co: U y ban ki£m sat, cac Cue,

Vu, Vien, Van phong va Truong dao tao, b6i dudng nghiep vu kieim sat;

✓ ■» * *

nhan dan toi cao co Vien trudng, cac Pho Vien trudng, cac Kiem sat vien va cac Dieu tra vien

Vien kiem sat nhan dan cap tinh co Uy ban kiem sal, cac Phong va

Van phong Vien Kiem sat nhan dan cap tinh co Vien trudng cac Pho Vien trudng va cac Kiem sat vien

Vien kiem sat nhan dan cap luiyen co Vien trudng, cac Pho Vien

trudng, cac kiem sat vien cac bo phan cong lac va bo may giup viec

Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao Quoc hoi biu so dai bieu Quoc hoi, chju sir giam sat cua Quoc hoi chiu trach nhiem va bao cao cong lac trudc Quoc hoi: thdi gian Quoc hoi khdng hop thi chiu trach nhiem va bao cao cong tac nude Uy ban I hudng vu Quoc hoi va Chu lich nirdc Pho Vien trudng va kiem sat vien Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao •

do Chu tich nirdc bo nhiem theo de nghi cua Vien trirdng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao

Cac chirc danh khac cua Vien kiem sal nhan dan cac cap (Vien trudng, Pho Vien^ trudng, kiem sat vien dieu tra vien) d<?u Vien trirdng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao bo nhiem

Vien trirdng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan dia phuong chiu sir giam sat cua Hoi dong nhan dan cung cap; chiu trach nhiein va bao cao cong tac trudc Hoi dong nhan dan Vien trirdng Vien kiem sat nhan dan cap durdi chiu sir lanh dao cua Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan cap tren; Vien trudng Vien kitim sat nhan dan cac dia phirong Vien Kiem sat quan sir cac cap chiu sir lanh dao thons nhat cua Vien tnfdne Vien kiem sal nhan dan toi c<\o.

Tham quyen, ca cau to chuc va hoat dong cua Vien kiem sal nhan dan

cac cap diroc quy dinh L.uai id churc Vien kiem sat nhan dan Quoc hoi thong qua ngav 2-4-2002

Ngoai cach nghien ciru lie thong co quan nha nirdc theo quy dinh cua Hjen phap 1992 nhir tren thuc ti<in coil co nhung each tiep can bo may nha nirdc theo nhirng goc nhin khac

nhan dan cac cap); cd quan xct xir nha nifdc (he thong Toa an nhan dan) va cd quan kiem sat nha nude (he thdng Vien kifim sat nhan dan).

Theo chirc nang hoat dong, cac co' quan nha nirdc dirge chia cd quan lap phap (Quoc hoi); cd quan hanh pln'ip (Chmh phii Bp, Ca quan

•t

ngang bp U y ban nhan dan cac cap); cd quan nr phap (Toa an nhan dan va

Vien kiem sat nhan dan)

IV H E T H O N G C H IN H T R I C U A N UO C C O N G H O A X A H O I C H U N G H IA V I E T N A M

1 K h a i niem, dacdiem cua lie thong chinh tri ciia nirdcCpng hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam

Trong cac quan he xa hpi tPn tai xa hpi ta, quan he chinh tri giu vi tri rat quan Quan he chinh tri la quan he giua cac giai cap, cac tang lap nhan dan xa hpi phan anh nhu cfiu ciia cac giai cap, cac ting Idp Quan he chinh tri dugc the hien bdi cac chii the nhat dinh Do la cac chii the1 mang quydn lire, cac chuc chmh tri, cac td chuc xa hpi v.v Tat ca cac td chuc cac giai cap, cac tang ldp nhan dan lap nen nham thirc hien nhung muc tieu chfnh tri hgp he thong chfnh tri ciia xa hpi

He thdng chfnh tri ciia nude Cong hoa xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam la tong the cac thiet che chfnh tri ton tai va hoat dpng mdi lien he huu ca vdi nham tao mot ca che thuc hien quydn luc ciia nhan dan dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam

He thdng chfnh tri cua nude ta bao gom Dang Cong sail Viet Nam, Nha nude Cong hoa xa hpi Chii nghia Viet Nam, Mat tran TP quoc Vi^t Nam va cac t6 chuc chfnh tri - xa hpi nhu: lo n g lien doan Lao dpng Viet Nam, doan nien Cong san Ho G if Minh Hpi lien hiep phu nu Viet Nam, Hpi Nong dan Viet Nam, Hpi cuu chien binh Viet Nam

He thdng chfnh tri ciia nude ta co nhung dac diem cdhcin sau day:

Thir nhat, la mpt he thdng t6 chirc chat che, khoa hoc tren ca sd phan

Thif hai, co sir thdng nhat cao vfi loi fell lau dai cung nhu muc tieu

hoat dong Su thong nhat dugc quy dinh bdi su thong nhat ve kinh te, chmh tri, tu tudng xa hoi ta dudi sir lanh dao cua mot chinh dang duv nhat Cac thiet che cua he thdng chi'nh tri cua nude ta co muc tieu hoat dpng cu the rieng, co vi tri, chuc nang khac nhung deu nham phuc vu cho Igi ich cua nhan dan lao dong

2 Nha nirdc cong hoa xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam he thong chinh tri

Nha nude la thiet che trung tarn he thdng chi'nh tri, la bieu hien tap trung quy£n luc cua nhan dan va la cong cu huu hieu nhat de! nhan dan thuc hien quven luc chfnh tri cua minh Vai tro vi trf cua Nha nude la Nha nude co nhung dac diem sau day:

a) Nha nude ta ngudi dai dien chfnh thuc cua moi giai cap, moi tdng ldp xa hpi Dieu cho phe'p Nha nude thuc hien triet d£ cac quyet dinh, chfnh sach cua minh ddi vdi xa hpi

b) Nha nude la chu the; cua quydn luc chfnh tri Nha nude co mot bp may chuyen lam chuc nang quan ly, co he thdng lire lugng vu trang va bp may cudng che de tri trat tu xa hpi ma khong mot tP chuc nao co dugc Nha nude su dung phap luat viec thuc hien cac chu truong, chfnh sach, bao dam cho cac chii trucmg, chfnh sach dugc tritin khai rong rai va thdng nhat tren quy mo toan xa hpi

c) Nha nude co chii quytin quoc gia Do la quyen tdi cao ciia Nha nude llnh vuc doi noi va doi ngoai ciia Nha nuac DiC;u giup cho Nha nude ket hgp cac quan he nude va quan he quoc te mot each thdng nhat

d) Nha nude la chu sd huu ldn nhat ddi vdi cac tu lieu san xuat chii yeu va quan ciia dat nude Vdi tu each do, Nha nude cd sue manh vat chat de di£u tiet vi mo nen kinh te, tao dieu kien cho su van hanh ciia bp may nha nude va bao dam cho cac to chuc xa hpi hoat dpng

3 Dang Cong san Viet Nam he thdng chinh tri

Dang Cong san Viet Nam - luc lupng lanh dao nhat doi vdi Nha nude va xa hoi Day la dieu khac biet vdi he thdng chi'nh tri cua nhieu nude tren the gidi noi ton tai che da dang Su lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam la nhan to quvet dinh ddi vdi su phat trien cua he thdng chi'nh tri, la hat nhan bao dam su thdng nhat cua he thdng Vai tro lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam la mot tat yeu lich su do:

a) Dang Cong san Viet Nam la luc luong chinh tri tien tien nhat duoc vu trang bang ly luan khoa hoc cua Chu nglna M iic - Le nin va tu tudng Hd Chi' Minh Vdi nhung tri thuc khoa hoc do, Dang d£ nhung dudng loi,

chmh sach phat trien xa hpi phu hop vdi quy luat va co day du kha nang de td clurc thuc hien cong dudng loi, chi'nh sach

b) Bang thuc tiln dau tranh kien cudng hon ba phan tu the ky qua, vdi nhung hy sinh va nhung cong hien Idn lao cho dan toe, Dang ta da cung cd dupe long tin cua tuvet dai da sd nhan dan Do do, vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi he thdng chi'nh tri cd co sd vung cluk ve tinh cam va tinh than ma cac td chuc khac khong the nao cd dupe

c) La mot chi'nh dang kien tri dau tranh vi su nghiep giai phong dan toe, chong chu nghia de quoc chii nghTa thuc dan cu va mdi Dang Cong san Viet Nam da cd uy tin quoc te Idn va dupe su doan ket, giup ciia cac quoc gia va dan toe tren the gidi Dieu cd tac dung quan trong viec khang dinh vai tro cua Dang ddi vdi he thdng chi'nh tri nude ta

Dang Cong san Viet Nam la ngudi lanh dao toan dien va tuyet ddi he thong chi'nh tri Su lanh dao ciia Dang the hien d cac hinh thuc chii yeu sau day:

- Dinh chien lupc muc tieu co ban, dudng loi chi'nh sach phat trien xa hpi lam co sd dinh hudng cho cac hoat ddng ciia cac td chirc he thong chinh tri;

- Bdi dudng can bd cd pham chat dao dire va nang luc de gidi thieu vao cac cuong vi quan ciia eo quan nha nude, td churc chmh tri - xa hoi, td chutc xa hpi

- Can bo, dang vien va cac to chuc Dang girong mAu viec thuc hien du'dng loi, chinh sach cua Dang va phap luat cua Nha nude Day la hinh thuc huu hieu dei dam bao cho can bo cong chuc nha nude thuc hien tot chuc trach cua minh quan ly nha nude

Dang thuc hien su lanh dao doi vdi Nha nude bang phuong phap giao due, thuyet phue Thong qua phuong phap Dang tao cho can bo, cong chuc nhan thuc dung dan va thuc hien day du dudng loi chinh sach cua Dang va phap luat cua Nha nude

4 M at tran to quoc Viet Nam va cac to chuc chinh tri - xa hoi trong he thong chinh tri

Trong he thong chinh tri nude ta Mat trail To quoc Viet Nam va cac t6 chuc chinh tri - xa hoi co vi tri rat quan

La to chuc lien minh chinh tri tu nguyen cua cac td chuc va ca nhan tieu bieu xa hoi ‘‘Mat tran t6 quoc Viet Nam la bo phan cua he thong chinh tri cua nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam Dang Cong san Viet Nam lanh dao, la co sd chinh tri cua chinh quy£n nhan dan, noi the hien y chi, nguyen vong tap hop khoi dai doan ket toan dan, phat huy quyfin lam chu cua nhan dan noi hiep thuong, phoi hop va thong nhat hanh dong cua cac vien, gom phan giu vung doc lap clan toe chu quy£n quoc gia toan ven lanh thd, thuc hien thAng loi su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dai nude vl mue tieu dan giau, nude manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh” (Dieu Luat Mat trail l o quoc Viet Nam Quoc hoi thong qua 12/6/1999)

Cac td chuc chinh tri - xa hoi khac nhu long Lien doan lao dong Viet Nam, Doan nien cong san lltS Chi Minh Hoi lien hiep phu nu Viet Nam, Hoi Nong dan Viet Nam, Hoi cuu chien hinh Viet Nam la nhung td churc tap hop rong rai nhung vien tren co so su dong nhat ve nhung phuong dien nhat dinh (gidi tinh, lua tudi, nghtS nghiep v.v.) co vai tro quan trong viec tham gia quan ly nha nude va xa hoi, tham gia kiem tra, giam sat hoat dong cua co quan nha nude, to chuc kinh te, giao due cac vien cua td chiic minh xay dimg va bao ve tc) quoc

thi cac to churc chi'nh tri - xa hoi la cho dua ciia Nha nirdc, la “ co sd chi'nh tri cua chi'nh quyen nhan clan" (Dieu Hien phap nam 1992) Nha nude phai tao co sd phap ly dieu kien tai chi'nh v.v cho cac td chuc chinh tri - xa hoi hoat dong, dinh nhung hinh thuc va phuong phap tie cac td chuc chmh tri - xa hoi tham gia quan ly nha nirdc Ve phi'a minh cac td chuc chi'nh tri - xa hoi phai giao due vien ciia td chirc minh nghiem chinh chap hanh dudng loi chinh sach cua Dang va phap luat ciia Nha nirdc, tham gia vao

cac linh vuc xay dung va hoat ddng ciia bd may nha nude, giam sat hoat ddng ciia co quan nha nude, ciia can bd va cong chuc nha nude

V V A N t)f: H O A N T H IE N N H A NT O C C O N G H O A X A H O l C H U N G H IA V IE T N A M

Hieu luc quan ly ciia Nha nude phuc vu chii yeu vao su hoan thien Nha nude ve td chuc va hoat ddng Trong dieu kien cua nude ta hien nay, phuong hudng chung ciia viec hoan thien Nha nude ta: day manh cai cach id churc va hoat dong cua Nha nude, phat huy dan chii tang cudng phap che nham xay dung Nha nude phap quy£n xa hoi chii nghia ciia dan dan, vi dan Tir do, noi dung chu yeu cua viec hoan thien Nha nude Viet Nam la:

L Cai cach the che va phuang phap hoat ddng cua Nha nirdc

Kien toan td churc, ddi mdi phuang thirc hoat ddng cua Quoc hoi nut tarn ka hoat dong lap phap; him tot chuc nang quyet dinh cac van de quan ciia dat nude, thuc hien quyen giam sat tdi cao ddi vdi toan bo hoat dong ciia Nha nude

Xay dung mot ncn hanh chinh nha turdc dan chii, sach, vurng manh tirng budc hien dai hda Phan cong phan cap, nang cao tmh chii dong ciia chinh quyen dia phuang, ket hap chat che quan ly nganh va quan ly lanh tho, thuc hien dimg nguyen tiic tap trung dan chu

Cai each td churc va hoat ddng ciia cac ca quan tu phap, nang cao nang luc va trach nhiem ciia co quan va can bd tu phap cong tac dieu tra, bat, giam giur, truy td, xet xir va thi hanh an

2 Phat huy dan chii, giu vurng ky luat, ky cuong, tang cudng phap che xa hoi chii nghia

Cham lo cho ngudi bao ve quyen va loi ich hop phap cua moi nguoi

Doi moi co che, xac dinh trach nhiem cua cac cao, cac co quan, can bo, cdng churc viec giai quyet kip thdi khieu nai, to cao cua cong dan

Phat huy dan chu di doi vdi giu virng ky luat ky cuong tang cudng phap che, quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat

3 Xay dirng doi ngu can bo, cong churc sach, co nang lire

Hoan thien che cong vu quy che can bo cong chuc; dao tao, b6i dudng can bo, cong chuc, trudc het la can bo lanh dao, can bo quan ly Sap xep lai doi ngu can bo, cong chuc theo dung chuc danh, tieu chuan

4 Dau tranh chdng tham nhung

Tang cudng td chuc va co che, liep tuc daiy manh cuoc dau tranh chdng tham nhung bo may nha nude va loan bo he thong chinh tri, d cac nganh, cac cap, tu trung uong den co sd

Bd sung, hoan thien co che, chinh sach, quy che, quy dinh ve quan ly kinh te - tai chinh, khong de cho ke xau loi dung

Tiep tuc xoa bd cac thu tuc hanh chinh phien ha, nhat la d nhiing llnh vuc, nhung khau de xay tham nhung Bao dam tinh minh bach viec sir dung ngan sach nha nude, tai chinh cong

Cu the hoa va thuc hien nghiein nhung dieu cam doi vdi can bo cong chuc, trudc het la can bd chu chot, can bo quan ly Kip thdi kiem tra, kei luan, co bien phap xu ly nhung can bd, cong clnrc co tai san bat minh Xem xet trach nhiem phap ly, ke ca trach nhiem hinh su doi vdi ngudi dtfng diiu

C A U H O I ON T A P

1 Ban chat va nlurna dac diem co ban cua nha nirdc

2 Khai niem kieu nha nirdc, hinh thirc nha nirdc Khai niem hinh thuc chinh thuc va hinh thuc cau true nha nirdc

5 Cac hinh thuc chinh the cua cac nha nirdc durong dai tren the gidi Ban chat, dac diem, chuc nang cua Nha nude C H X H C N Viet Nam Cac nguyen tac to chuc ho may Nha nude C H X H C N Viet Nam

t V i tri tham quvC;n, ca cau td chuc cua cac co quan tror.g bo may

Nha nude Viet Nam theo Hien phap 1992

7 Cac co quan Nha nude phan loai theo tham quyen va chuc nang hoat dong

V i tri va vai tro cua Mat tran Td quoc Viet Nam va cac t6 churc chinh

tri - xa hoi he thong chinh tri o nude la

T A I L I E U N G H IE N C U T C U A C H U O N G

1 Klioa Luat Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi: Giao trinh ly Ilian ve nha

nude va phap luat Nha xua’t ban Dai hoc Quoc gia I la Noi 2002

2 I lien phap nUo'c Cong hoa xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam natn 1992 (da duoc sua doi bd sung iheo Nghi quyet so 51 cua Quoc hoi 25/12/2001)

3 Luat To churc Quoc hoi 2001 sua dcii, bo sung nam 2007 Luat To chuc Chinh phu 2001

5 Luat To chuc Hoi dong nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan 2003

t Luat To churc Toa an nhan dan 2002

7 Luat Td churc Vien Kiem sat nhan dan 2002

8 Nghi dinh so 178/2007/ND-CP 3/12/2007 quy dinh chuc

nang, nhicm vu quycn han va ccfcau to chuc cua Bo, co'quan ngang Bo Nghi dinh so 13/2008/ND-CP 4/2/2008 quy dinh to chuc cac

•#

co quan chuyen mon thuoe U v ban nhan dan tinh true thuoe Trung uong; Nghi dinh so 1/2009/ND-CP 16/2/2009 sira doi bd sung Khoan D i6u Nghi dinh so 13/2008/ND-CP

10 Nghi dinh so 14/2008/ND-CP 4/2/2008 quy dinh to chuc cac

•I

; CNiftn^ P H t o iL U k r c n g cy gi6 u c h In b c A c m & q U a n h S x h

Chifong 2

PH A P LUAT - CONG CU OIEU CHiNH ■ •

CAC MOI QUAN HE XA HOI■ ■

Dieu 12 Hien phap 1992 xac dinh: “ Nha nirdc quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat khong ngung tang cudng phap che xa hoi chu nghia

Cac ca quan nha nude, td chuc kinh te to chuc xa hoi don vi vu trang va moi cong dan phai nghiem chinh chap hanh Hien phap va phap luat, dau tranh phong ngua va chdng cac toi pham, cac vi pham Hien phap va phap luat

Moi hanh dong xam pham loi ich cua Nha nude quydn va loi ich hop phap cua tap the va cua cong dan deu bi xir ly theo phap luat”

Quy dinh tren cua Hien phap xac dinh vai tro cua phap luat doi vdi toan bo hoat dong cua ddi song xa hoi

Phap luat cua mdi nha nude, mot mat, mang ban chat, dac diem cua nha nude ay, mat khac, cung mang nhung dac diem cua phap luat noi chung Viec nghien cuu nhung dac diem chung la dieu kien can thiet de xay dung mot he thong phap luat eo can clr khoa hoc, dong thdi cung d6 van

dung co hieu qua cong cu phap luat vao viec quan Iv nha nude, quan ly nen kinh te cung nhu quart ly x a hoi noi chung

I B A N C H A T V A NHONr> D A C D IE M C H D N G C U A P H A P L U A T 1 Nguon gdc cua phap luat

Neu nliu xa hoi khong phai bao gid cung co nha nude, da tung co thdi ky xa hoi khong biet gi den nha nude va cung cd v niem gi vC; nha nude thi xa hoi khong phai luc nao cung da co phap luat Cung nhu nha nude, phap luat la mot hien tuefng xa hoi no chi xuat hien va ton tai d nhung giai doan phat trien nhat dinh cua xa hoi nhu mot tat yeu cua lich su nhan loai

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chung nhat dinh Nhung quy tac chung ay t6n tai tat ca cac linh vuc

hoat dong cua doi song xa hoi: Trong san xuat, phan phdi, trao d<Si tieu dung: sinh hoat chfnh tri, xa hoi, nghe thual, ton giao, gia dinh v.v Ngudi ta goi la cac quy uk xu su chung Nhung cac giai doan phat trifin khac cua xa hoi loai ngudi nhung quy tac xu su chung ay hinh theo nhCrng cach khac va hieu hien nhung hinh thuc khac

Trong xa hoi cong san nguyen thiiy xa hoi chua phan chia giai cap chua cd sir ddi lap vc; lgi fch kinh tc giua cac tap doan ngudi thi cac quy tic xir sir chung ay hinh mot cach tu' phat, xuat phat tu nhu cau, loi fch chung cua ca cong ddng va vi vay cung la loi fch ciia mdi lhanh vien cong ddng Hinh thuc tdn tai cua cac quy tile xu su- chung ay la cac phong tuc, tap quan, hoac mang mau silc ciia cac le nghi tdn giao va dugc dam bao thuc hien bang su tu giac ciia mdi ngudi va bang uy tin tu nhien ciia cac thii llnh cong ddng

Khi xa hoi cong san nguyen thiiy tan vd xa hoi giai cap xuat hien, mot xa hoi ma cd su ddi lap ve lgi fch kinh te giua cac nhom cac tap doan ngudi thi mau thuan giai cap va sir dau tranh giua cac giai cap vdi cang trd nen gay gat Trong dieu kien do, de giu cho xa hoi vong (rat tu nhat dinh, nhu tren da phan tich (chittnif* I), giai cap ndm lay

nhung luc lugng san xuat chii yeu, nhung ciia cai vat chat chii yeu ciia xa hoi td chute nen nipt thiet che dac biet vdi nhung cdng cu dac biet: lliiet che la nha nude Khi co bo may nha nude lay giai cap trd giai cap thdng tri xa hoi T rong dieu kien de bao ve lgi fch ciia minh giai cap thdng tri thdng qua nha nude dat nhung quy tac xir sir mdi va dung sue manh cau quydn luc nha nude biit buoc moi ngudi xa hoi phai tuan theo va phap Inal da xuat hien ddi song xa hoi.

: :q6NG C y fllg U C H lM C A C gjil^ j ji| •

2 Khai niem va nhurng dac diem chung ciia phap luat

Phap luat Id he thong cue </u\ far xu st( co tinh bill buoc chung do, Nha nid'c dot \ d bao dam tlii/c hien, the hien y chi cua giai cap thong tri va nhu c an ton tai cua xd hoi nlulm dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi, lao lap li cit lit on dinh cho su phat trien xd lioi.

Tu khai niem tren, cd the rut nhung dac diem chung cua phap luat moi nha nude

a- Tinh giai cap ciia phap luat

Viec phan ti'ch nguon gdc cua phap luat da chung to: phap luat doi trudc het tu nhu cau bao ve loi ich cua giai cap thong tri xa hoi cd giai cap the hien y chi cua giai cap thong tri tuc la giai cap da nam duoc nha nude

Trong xa hoi cd doi khang giai cap, phap luat cung phan anh tuong quan luc luong giua cac giai cap, su thoa hiep giua cac giai cap, cac nhom cac tap doan cd loi ich doi lap V i vav xet ve ban chat, phap luat luon mang tinh giai cap sau siic Nhung quan diC’m coi phap luat la su th£ hien mot “ y chi tu do” la nhung “ chan ly vmh hang” cd gia tri nhu doi vdi moi xa hoi, moi thdi dai moi dan toe la nhung each giai thi'ch tarn ve phap luat ma thuc chat la nham muc dich che dau ban chat giai cap cua phap luat

Nhung y chi cua giai cap thong tri the hien phap luat khong phai la y muon chu quan cua mot ngudi mot nhom ngudi nao giai cap thong tri Xet cho den cung, v eht la cac loi ich kinh te khach quan cua giai cap do, cung tuc la cac quan he san xuat khach quan ma giai cAp la dai dien quyet dinh Chinh tren quan diem C.Mac va F.Ang- ghen, ban vt; ban chat cua phap luat cua nha nu'dc tu san, da viet: “ Phap luat cua cac ong cung chi la y chi cua giai cap cac ong duoc de len luat Cai y chf ma noi dung la cac dieu kien sinh hoat vat chat cua giai cap cac Ong quyet dinh” (C.M ac va P.Ang ghen: Tuyen tap Tap Nxb Su That Ha Noi 1962, Tr 42)

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quan cua no Nhu C Mac da lima noi phap luat khong bao gid co the cao hon trinh kinh te cua xa hoi

Quan he giua phap luat vdi chinh tri giua phap luat vdi kinh te la nhung moi quan he thudng xuyen va quan trong phap luat cua moi nha nude

b Tinh xd hoi ciia phap luat

Trong thuc te, ben canh cac quy tac xu su hi chi phdi bdi loi ich giai cap thO'ng tri cd cac quy tic xu su khac ton tai tu nhu cAu chung cua ddi song xa hoi Nhung quy tic dieu chinh cac hanh vi cach xir su mang tinh phd bien phu hop \’di loi ich cua da so cong dong phan anh cac nhu cAu, quy luat ton tai khach quan cua cong dOng xa hoi ma bat ky xa hoi nao vdi chinh the nha nude nao cung phai tuan thu Trong di£u kien ton tai nha nude, vdi tu each la ngudi quan ly moi mat cua ddi song xa hoi thi nha nude cung la ngudi dai dien cho cac y chi, loi ich chung cua xa hoi va vay nha nude cung can the1 che hoa cac quy tac phap luat Nhd ma

cac quy tic xu su duoc ip dung mot cach phd bien hon, thong nhat va chat che hon va vay cd tac dong manh me cd hieu qua hon vao ddi song xa hoi

De di£u chinh cac quan he xa hoi Nha nude su dung nhi£u loai quy tic xa hoi khac nhu quy tic phap luat, quy tic ton giao, doan th6, quy

tic dao dire Trong so do, quy tic phap luat duoc dat la de ditiu chinh phan Ion cac quan he xa hoi va phap luat duoc coi la cong cu cd hieu luc nlia't tri su tdn tai On dinh va phat trien cua xa hoi bao dam nhung loi ich cho da sO ngudi xa hoi

V i vay, khing dinh tinh giai cap ciia phap luat thi cung dOng thdi phai nhan manh den tinh xa hoi ciia phap luat, den gia tri xa hoi to Idn cua phap luat

c Tinh quy pham ciia phap luat

do ma xac dinh hanh vi cua minh xem minh dugc lam gl phai lam gi hoac khong duoc lam gi va ncu vuot qua gidi han la vi pham phap I uat Khoa hoc phap ly goi cac quy tac xu sir la cac quy pham Tmh quy pham vi vay la dac irimg von eo cua phap luat not chung

Trong xa hoi, giua ngudi vdi eo rat nhieu mdi quart he qua lai phuc tap tren nhieu linh virc khac eua ddi song Do cac quy tac xir su eua phap luat khong the la cac quy tac le te rdi rac ma la mot he thdng cua rat nhiOu cac quy tac cu the', co sir thong nhat ben nhat dinh Co sd tao ncn sir thdng nhat ay chinh la y chi cua giai cap thdng tri, ma y chi nhu tren da phan tich, lai dua trc'n nhung dieiu kien kinh te khach quan Phap luat, vl vay, bao gid cung gom mot he thong cac quy tac xu su co mdi lien he noi tai vdi

Tuy nhien, xa hoi khong phai chi co phap luat mdi co tinh quy

pham Cac quy la xu su khac xa hoi nhu dao due, cac tin dieu cua mot ton giao, cac quy tac boat dong cua mot to chuc xa hoi duoc ghi nhan di£u le cua no v.v cung d£u eo linh quy pham Nhung so vdi cac quy tac xu su khac thi cac quy pham eua phap luat co tinh bat buoc va tinh phd bien hon Noi la bat buoc vi viec tuan theo cac quy tac ay khong phu thuoe vao y muon chu quan cua ngudi dang hanh dong Da la phap luat du muon hay khong muon, tat ca moi ngudi deu phai tuan theo Tinh bat buoc, goi la tinh cudng che, la thuoe tinh cua phap luat ma thieu no, cac quy tac xu su khong la phap luat nura Tinh quy pham cua phap luat di li£n vdi tmh phd bien tuc la no cd tinh bao quat, rong khap hem so vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac Cac quy pham phap luat cd tinh bat buoc chung vcti pham vi khong gian va ddi tuong Idn nhat so vdi cac quy tiic xa hoi khac khong phai la phap luat Ncu cac quy pham xa hoi khac chi bao quat mot sd llnh vuc, hay ddi tuong nao thi quy pham phap luat cd thd tac dong den tat ca cac ITnh vuc, cac ddi tuong xa hoi Cac quy tile doan the:, ton giao duoc dat bdi tung doan the: hay ton giao nao va viec ap dung chi co tmh bat buoc ddi vdi nhung vien cua m6i doan the hay ton giao

Viec ap dung cac quy tac dao due dua tren ca sd sir tu nguyen, chi bat buoc

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pham vi co hicu luc la toan quoc cung nhu men dia phuong va ddi tuong ap dung la moi ca nhan, t6 chuc Day la su khac biet co ban va cung

la uu the cua phap luat so vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac viec di£u chinh cac quan he xa hoi

d Tinh nha mi&c ciia phap luat

Ve ban chat, phap luat the hien y chi' cua giai cap thdng tri Nhung ban than y chi’ cua giai cap thdng tri lai chua true tiep trd phap luat Muon co phap luat, giai cap thdng tri phai co cac phuong cach thfch hop bien y chi cua minh y chi nha nude Tren co sd do, nha nude thong qua cac co quan chuyen mon cua minh the hien y chi' phap luat dudi nhung hinh thirc cu the thfch hop Phap luat phai cac co quan Nha nude co tham quySn thuoe bo may nha nude xay dung, ban hanh bang cac van ban cua nha nude, mang dau an cua Nha nude Cac van ban phap luat cua Nha nude Viet Nam duoc nghien ciru chuong HI Phap luat la c6ng cu rieng co

ciia nha nude va chi co nha nude mdi duoc dat phap luat Day cung la dac diem phan biet phap luat vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac

Nha nude khong nhung dat phap luat ma la ngudi t6 churc thuc

hien phap luat, ngudi dam bao cho phap luat duo thuc hien thuc te ddi song bang quyen luc von co ciia minh Viec dam bao ciia nha nude ddi vdi phap luat duoc thuc hien thong qua viec ap dung cac bien phap ve kinh te, tu tudng, to churc va ta't nhien ca cac bien phap cudng che can thiet Tmh bat bu6c, tinh cudng che ciia phap luat cung khac vdi cac quy

pham xa hoi khac la d ch6 la su cudng che mang ti'nh nha nude, nhan

danh nha nude d£ tien hanh va bang quyen luc nha nude

V i vay cung co the: noi phap luat la y chi' ciia giai cap thdng tri va nhu cau t6n tai ciia xa hoi bieu hien dudi hinh thurc nha nude Phap luat co dac

diem va ban chat cung dac diem va ban chat vdi nha nude da ban hanh no Cho den nay, xa h6i loai ngudi da biet den bon kieu phap luat tuong urng

3 Ban chat, vai tro ciia phap luat Nha nude ('ong hoa xa hoi chu nghta Viet Nam

a Ban chat cua phap luat Shd nude Viet Nani

Cung nhu moi nha nude khac, ban chat, dac diem phap luat cua Nha nude ta phii hop vdi ban chat, dac diem cua Nha nirdc, ban chat, dac diem va nhung nhiem vu cua Nha nirdc la tirng thdi ky cach mang quyet dinh

Dieu Hien phap 1992 (sua doi) xac dinh: “ Nha nirdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam la Nha nirdc phap quvdn xa hoi chu nghTa cua nhan dan, nhan dan, vi nhan dan Tat ca quyen lire nha nirdc thuoc nhan dan ma n£n tang la lien minh giai cap cong nhan vdi giai cap nong dan va doi ngu tri thuc”

Nha nude dat dudi su lanh dao cua “ Dang Cong san Viet Nam, doi tien phong cua giai cap cong nhan, dai bieu trung quyen loi cua giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao dong va cua ca dan toe, theo chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tu tudng H6 Chi M inh" (Dieu Ilien phap 1992)

V i le do, phap luat cua Nha nude ta ve ban chat la phap luat xa hoi chu nghta, no the hien y chi cua giai cap cong nhan dong thdi phan anh, the1

hien y chi loi ich cua cac tang lop nhan dan lao dong khac va cua ca dan toe Co su thong nhat la xa hoi ta hien cd sir thong nhat v6

co ban, lau dai giura loi ich cua giai cap cong nhan, giai cap nong dan, tang Idp tri thuc vdi loi ich cua ca dan toe Do la " muc lieu dan giau, nude manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh, moi ngudi cd cuoc song a'm no, tu hanh phuc, co didu kien phat trien loan dien" (Ditiu Hien phap 1992)

Noi phap luat the hien y chi va loi ich cua toan the nhan dan lao dong khong cd nghla la phu nhan tinh giai cap cua phap luat cua Nha nude ta, ddi lap no vdi dudng loi, chinh sach cua Dang cua giai cap cong nhan Van d£ la d chd, phap luat phan anh, bao ve loi ich cua cac giai cap, cua dan toe phai dung tren quan diem ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam Do la mot nguyen tac hang dau ciia phap luat nude ta giai doan hien Trong n6n kinh

giai cap, cac ulng ldp xa hoi Phap luat duong nhien phai bao ve, phan anh cac loi ich chi'nh dang do, nhirng phai phu hop vdi dinh hudng phat trie! 11 cua

nen kinh te nhieu phan do, phu hgrp vdi quan diem cua Dang va Nha nude ta

Sir ket hop chat che giua tinh giai cap sau sac va ti'nh nhan dan rong rai la mot dac diem quan cua phap luat Nha nude ta hien

b V trd cua phap luat Nha nu&c Viet Nam

Vdi muc tieu xay dung mot nha nude phap quyen xa hoi chu nghTa, phap luat cua nude ta hien co vai tro dac biet quan

* Phap luat la cong cu thtfc hien during loi chinh sach cua Ddng

Sir lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam la nhan td quyet dinh dam bao thdng loi cua cach mang nude ta cong cuoc bao ve va xay dung dat nude, trudc day cung nhu cong cuoc ddi mdi va daiy tdi mot budc c6ng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa hien Dang lanh dao trudc het va chu yeu

bang each Dang vach dudng loi, chi'nh sach cho m6i giai doan phat trien

dirge thirc hien m6t cach true tiep chi'nh xac, thong nhat ca nude,

trong timg nganh, tirng dia phirong timg don vi co so

* Plidp luat la cong cu thin hien quyen lam chit ciia nhan dan lao dong

“ Nha nirdc dam bao va khong ngung phat huy quyen lam chu vg moi mat cua nhan dan " (Dieu Hien phap 1992) Do la van de thuoc ban chat cau Nha nude ta

Phap luat phai quy dinh cu the:, bao dam day dii, thuc te nguyen tac: Moi quydn luc nude d£u thuoc ve nhan dan Nhan dan phai la ngudi thutc su xay dung nen Nha nude cua minh, tham gia vao cac ciing viec cua nha nude, kiSm tra su hoat dong cua cac co quan nha nude Phap luat cung phai quy dinh ro nghia vu trung va phuc vu nhan dan mot cach tan cua cac co quan nha nude va can bo cong chuc nha nude viec thirc hanh cong vu; chdng thai vo trach nhiem, hach dich, sua quyen, bai trir nan quan lieu, tham nhung, ngan ngua tinh trang mot so can bo cong chuc nha nude biS'n Idp ngudi dac quyen, dac loi

Mat khac, m6i cong dan thuc hien quy6n lam chu, thuc hien cac

quy£n tu do, dan chu cua minh khong duoc lam ton hai den loi ich chung cua xa hoi, loi ich va cac quy£n tu do, dan chu cua cong dan khac V i vay, le tu nhien viec thuc thi quyCn tu do, dan chu phai co phap luat, khuon kh6 phap luat Phap luat phai ghi ro cac quyen va nghia vu ciia cong dan,

doi hoi moi cong dan phai co thai chain lo deii loi ich chung ciia tap the, cua xa hoi, lam tron nghia vu ciia minh ddi vdi Nha nude, vdi T6 quoc Ddi

vdi nhung ngudi khong tu' giac llu phai ap dung nhung bien phap cudng che, bat cu vi pham cung phai bi xir ly thich dang theo dung phap luat

* Phap luat la cong cu quan ly ciia Nha niMc

Nhu tren da phan tich, phap luat nha nude dat va bao ve Nhung mat khac cung phai tha'y rang, nha nude nao cung can phai cd phap luat de: thuc hien vai tro quan ly ciia minh ddi vdi xa hoi Nha nude cai tri, quan ly xa hoi cd th£ sir dung nhidu cong cu, bien phap khac nhau.Nhung c6ng cu

Nha nirdc sir durig phap I uat khong chi nham trinig in trail ap, cirdng che giur cho xa hoi vong trat tu co loi cho giai cap thong tri ma la cong cu quan de! cat tao cac quan lie xa hoi cu, loi song cu, to churc xay dung va dit;u hanh moi ITnh virc kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, giao due khoa hoc cong nghe, md dudng cho cac quan he xa hoi mdi phat trien phu hop vdi quy luat kinh te khach quan

V i vay, phap luat khong chi bo hep d churc nang cudng che, trung tri ma dieu quan no la cong cu hudng dan, khuyen khich thuc day, dieu chinh su phat trien ciia xa hoi, dac biet su phat trie!n ciia nen kinh te dat nude Noi each khac phap luat tao moi trudng tao hanh lang cho cac quan he kinh te nidi phat trien

Tren y nghTa do, phap luat ciia Nha nude la hien co y nghTa vo cung quan trong viec “ phat trien 11^11 kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa

hoi chu nghia Co cau kinh te nhieu phan vdi cac hinh thuc to churc san xuat, kinh doanh da dang dua tren che sd huru toan dan, so huru tap the, sd huu tu nhan, sd huru toan dan va sd huu tap the la nfin tang” (Dieu 15 Hien phap 1992) De dap urng veu cau do, phap luat phai tao nen mot moi trudng phap ly thuan loi cho hoat dong tu kinh doanh phat trie^n tao cho moi cong dan co nhieu co hoi de lam an, sinh song, kinh doanh theo phap luat, bao ve cac quyen sd huru phap luat, cac nguon thu nhap hop phap Mat khac, phap luat cung tao co sd de Nha nude co the thuc hien duoc vai tro ngudi dieu hanh nen kinh le thi trudng, hudng no phat trien theo cac muc tieu da dinh khac phuc han che nhung mat trai von co ciia nen kinh te thi trudng Phap luat cung phai la cong cu de Nha nude kiem soat cac hoat dong kinh doanh, trung tri moi hanh vi kinh doanh phi phap, thuc hien sir cong bang san xuat, phan phdi

nha nude Tren y nghla phap luat hien cua Nha nude ta phai la co sd phap ly de hoan thien bo may nha nude phu hop \ di co che quan ly mdi, tu hoat dong lap phap den hoat dong hanh phap va tu phap Trong do, tarn trudc m;\t la cai each mot hude nOn hanh chinh quoc gia nhu Nghi quyet

Hoi nghi Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang Ian thu Tam Khoa V II da chi ra. Tu su phan tich d tren co the di den kat luan: Nha nude ta cung nhu bat kv mot nha nude nao deu phai su dung phap luat nhu la mot cong cu chu yeu de thuc hien vai tro quan ly cua minh vi vay viec quan ly bang phap luat cung la mot dac trung cua viec quan ly nha nude

Nha nude quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat thong qua mot co che nhat dinh duoc goi la err che dieu chinh cac quan he x<i lioi hang phap luat Sau

day qua viec nghien cuu nhung khai niem phap ly co ban: quy pham phap luat; quan he phap luat; y thuc phap luat: phap che va lien ket nhung khai niem lai vdi chung ta nain duoc nhung cach thuc phuong phap mil Nha nude tac dong vao cac quan he xa hoi thong qua phap luat Noi cach khac, qua cd the tliay duoc co che cua viec dic;u chinh bing phap luat ddi vdi cac quan he xa hoi

II Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T

1 Khai niem va nhirng dac diem cua quy pham phap luat

Trong ddi song xa hoi mdi ngudi ludn phai tarn theo nhung quy tac chung nhat dinh cac quan he giua ngudi vdi va vdi tu nhien Khoa hoc phap ly goi cac quy l;\c xu su chung la cac quy pham Tuy theo ngudn goc hinh va pham vi tac dong, cac quy pham cd the la: quy pham dao due, quy pham ton giao quy pham cua mot td chuc xa hoi, quy pham ky thuat, quy pham pluip luat

Quy pliqm phap luat lii nhirng quy tac xir sir co tinh hat hitoc chung Nha nitric dal va hdo dam thifc liien the hien y chi ciia giai cap thong tri \ ii nhu cdu ion tai cua xd lioi nhdm dieu c ltinh cac quan lie xd hoi, lao lap trot nr on dinh cho sir phat trien \d lioi.

Nhu vav phap luat cua mot nha nude la sir thdng nhat cua mot he thong cac quy pham phap luat Moi quy pham co the xem nhu mot "don vi

La mot quy pham xa hoi, quy pham phap luat co tat ca nhung dac trung cua quy pham xa hoi noi chung M6i quy pham phap luat dat nham

tac dong, dieu chinh moi loai quan he xa hoi nhat dinh no khong quy dinh trudc nhung chu the cu the phai ap dung, khong han che so lan ap dung, ma hoat dong thuang xuyen, lien tuc lap di lap lai vao bat cu luc nao thuc tien xuat hien nhung sir kien phu hop vdi nhung tinh hudng ma mot quy pham da du lieu trudc

Mat khac quy pham phap luat co nhung dac diem rieng phan biet vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac Nhirng dac diem cung chinh la nhung dac diem cua phap luat ma d tren da phan tich, la tmh giai cap, tmh xa hoi, tmh quy pham va tmh nha nude cua no

Mot quan he xa hoi duoc phap luat dieu chinh bat dau tu nha nude dua cac quy pham phap luat lay no lam ddi tuong tac dong, quan he xa hoi trd quan he phap luat Khong co quy pham phap luat thi khong the co su dieu chinh bang phap luat Viec Nha nude dat quy pham phap luat duoc coi la dieu kien can, trudc het de dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi

2 Cacaiu cua quy pham phap luat

La nhung quy tdc xir sir chung bdt buoc moi ngudi phai thuc hien, m6i

quy pham phap luat doi hoi phai duoc trinh bay ngan gon, chat che, cd su khai quat cao lam cho ngudi doc de hieu, de nhd, gay an tugng manh me V ] vay, cac quy pham phap luat thudng dugc trinh bay theo mot co cau nhat dinh, gom nhung bo phan nha’t dinh cau Nh'in chung cac bo phan cau quy pham phap luat bao gcim: gia dinh, quy djnh, che tai

a Gia dinh

La bo phan cua quy pham phap luat neu ro vdi nhung dieu kien, hoan canh hoac nhung ddi tugng nao thi thuoe pham vi dieu chinh cua quy pham phap luat

hoan canh, diOu kien cu the cua viec ap dung quy pham phap luat; hoac la mot gia dinh tuong doi dut khoat, khong chi ro nhung dac diem cu the! ma chi neu nhung dac di6m chung cua cac tinh tie't, cac su kien Cac gia dinh

cung co the’ phan gia dinh cu the’, co ti'nh chat liet ke mot vai trudng hop rieng biet nao do; gia dinh trim tuong neu len nhung didu kien, hoan canh chung co kha nang van dung rong rai vao nhi6u trudng hop cu the’

khac

Gia dinh la phan chi dia chi cua viec ap dung quy pham phap luat va thong thudng duoc viet o phan dau moi quy pham phap luat Gia dinh cang cu the, ro rang thi cang tao di<3u kien thuan loi cho viec ap dung quy pham phap luat

b Quy dinh

La phan chi hoan canh dieSu kien ngudi ta duoc lam gi, phai lam gi va khong duoc lam gi Quy dinh la phan noi dung mot quy pham phap luat, no neu len nhung hanh vi xu sir tieu chuan, hanh vi “ mau” ma Nha nude dat ddi vdi cac chu the tham gia vao cac quan he phap luat

Theo ti'nh chat cua no cac quy dinh duoc chia thanh; quy dinh menh Ienh quy dinh tiiy nghi, quy dinh giao quyen

- Quy dinli menh Ienh ncu len mot cach dut khoat, ro rang di6u khong

duoc lam hoac difiu bat buoc phai lam Do do, quy dinh menh Ienh bao gom quy dinh ngan cam va quy dinh bat buoc

- Quy dinh tiiy light khong ncu dui khoat, ro rang cach xii sir nhat dinh

ma J6 cho cac ben duoc tu thoa thuan, dinh doat pham vi nao Day

la nnung loai quy dinh thudng gap phap luat dan sir va phap luat kinh doanh

- Quy dinh giao quyen la true tiep xac dinh quyen han cua mot chuc

vu, mot co quan nao bo may Nha nude hoac xac nhan cac quygn nao cua cong dan, cua mot to chuc

Cac loai quy dinh tren day tao nen cac loai quy pham phap luat tuong ling: quy pham menh Ienh (bao g6m quy pham ngan cam va quy pham bat

chiu hau qua nhu the nao V i vay che tai la ho phan bao dam thuc te tinh cudng che cua phap luat Khai quat tu cac nganh luat thi che tai duoc chia thanh: che tai hanh chi'nh: che tai dan su: che tai hinh sir; che tai ky luat

Che tdi hanh chinh tap trung the hien qua cac hinh thuc xir ly vi

pha :ianh chi'nh va cac hinh thuc trach nhiem ky luat ddi vdi can bd, cong chuc \ ac hinh thurc xu ly vi pham hanh chinh bao gom:

+ Cac hinh thurc xir phat vi pham hanh chinh ap dung ddi vdi cac ca

nhan, t6 churc co hanh vi cd y hoac vo y vi pham cac quy dinh cua phap luat

ve quan ly nha nude ma khong phai la mot toi pham va theo quy dinh cua phap luat phai bi xu phat hanh chi'nh

Cac hinh thurc xu phat vi pham hanh chi'nh bao g6m cac hinh thurc xir

phat chi'nh, cac hinh thurc xu phat b6 sung duoc quy dinh Dieu 12

Phap Ienh Xir ly vi pham hanh chi'nh U y ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi thong qua thang nam 2002

+ Cac hien phap xir ly hanh chinh khac ap dung ddi vdi ca nhan cd

hanh vi vi pham phap luat ve an ninh, trat tu, an toan xa hoi nhung chua den mure truy curu trach nhiem hinh su duoc quy dinh Di(iu 22 Phap Ienh xir ly vi pham hanh chinh

+ Cac bien phap ngan chan vi pham hanh chinh va bao dam viec xir ly vi pham hanh chmh

- Mot noi dung khac cua che tai hanh chinh la cac hinh thuc xu ly ky luat ddi vdi can bo, cong churc nha nude thuc hanh cong vu, nhiem vu theo quy djnh ciia Luat can bo, cong chuc

- Che la i dan sir la cac bien phap tac dong den tai san, hoac nhan than

cua mot ben da gay thiet hai cho mot ben khac Cac hinh thurc cu the1 nhu:

boi thudng thiet hai tra lai tai san da hi xam pham huy bo mot xir su khong dung

- Che tdi hinh sir ap dung ddi vdi nhung hanh vi nguy hidm cho xa hoi

Xhutfrtflj2i_:PHAP UUAt > C6NQ CM O liu CHINH C&Tlilffl QUAN Hg: M I

trong Dieu 28 Bo Luat hinh sir (xem cu the Chuong V II) Chi co Toa an mdi co thaim quyc;n ap dung mot che uii hinh sir

- Che tai ky hnit la loai che tai ma ngudi sir dung lao dong ap dung doi

vdi nguoi lao dong ma ho thue muon, sir dung theo hop dong lao dong nguoi lao dong vi pham ky luat lao dong, noi quy lao dong Che tai ky luat duoc ap dung trudc het cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac phan kinh te cung nhu d nhung noi co thue muon, sir dung lao dong theo che hop ddng Cac che tai ky luat bao gom cac hinh thirc ky luat va che trach nhiem vat chat duoc quy dinh cac Dieu 84 89 va 90 ciia Bo Luat Lao dong Quoc hoi thong qua 23 lhang nam 1994 va duoc sira doi bd

sung nam 2002, 2006,2007

Tuy nhien, thuc te xay dung phap luat de the: hien cac dieu luat cu the1, khong phai bao gid mot dieu luat cung phai co cau dii bo phan nhu tren De cho viec the* hien duoc ngan gon, sang, thuan tien cho viec ap dung, cac quy pham phap luat the hien cac dieu luat thudng chi bao gom gia dinh va quy dinh hoac gia dinh ve che tai Nhung di£u luat khong cd che tai khong cd nghla la no khong cd tinh cudng che Ditju cd nghia la che tai tuong ting nam dieu luat khac V i vay thuc te ap dung phap luat, phai van dung dong thdi mot so quy pham phap luat lien quan tdi

3 Nliirng quy pham phap luat dac bict

Ben canh cac quy pham phap luat thong thudng vdi co cau nhu tren, thuc te chung ta cung thudng gap cac quv pham phap luat loai khac ma no khong gom cac bo phan cocau la gia dinh, quy dinh, che tai Do la nhung quy pham phap luat loai dac bitit Cac loai thudng gap la:

- Quy pham nguyen tac la duoc dung lam co so xuat phat va tu tudng chi dao cho viec xay dung va thi hanh cac quy pham phap luat khac

- Quy pham dinh nghia xac dinh nhung dac diem, nhung thuoc tinh co ban cua sir vat hay hien tuong hoac cua nhung khai niem, nhung pham tru duoc sir dung van ban

I K h niem, ban chat cua quan he phap luat

M6i quy pham phap luat nham di£u chinh mot loai quan he xa hoi

nhat dinh quan he giura nguoi va ngudi san xuat, trao dcSi, phan phoi, tieu dung, sinh hoat chinh tri, xa hoi, gia dinh v.v K h i m6i ben

trong quan he xa hoi buoc phai co nhCrng cach xu su nhat dinh phu hop vdi y chi cua giai cap thdng tri, vdi doi hoi ciia nha nude the hien cac quy pham phap luat tro ngudi mang cac quyfin va nghia vu phap ly cu the:

Quail he pluip luat la quan he giua ngifoi vai ngici/i (quan he xa hoi) do mot quy pham phap luat dieu chinh, hieu liien tlidnh quyen va nglua vu phap ly a t the ciia cac ben diUK dam bao bang sif ctfdng che nha nuoc.

Co the’ noi, viec xac lap cac quan he phap luat la bieu hien ket qua ciia viec thuc hien phap luat rong ddi song Phap luat di vao thucte ddi song chinh la thong qua viec xac lap cac quan he phap luat cu the’

Cac quan he xa hoi, truce het la cac quan he san xuat ton tai mot cach khach quan, tinh chat va trinh phat trien ciia luc luong sail xuat quyet dinh Nhung mat khac cac quan he xa hoi bao gid cung bieu hien thong qua cac hanh vi qua lai cd muc dich, co tinh toan, qua hanh vi co y chi ciia ngudi Do ta cac quan he y chi cu the ciia cac ca nhan cu the: xa hoi Quan he san xuat khach quan la su t6ng hop cac quan he y chi cu th6, lap

di lap lai bi chi phdi bdi nhung quy luat kinh te khach quan cua mc}t phuong thuc san xuat nhat dinh y chi ciia ngudi tham gia cac quan he cu the; la loi ich kinh te khach quan cung tuc la quan he san xuat khach quan quyet dinh Nhung tung trudng hcpfp cu thd, d cac thdi dieim cu the, ngudi nhan thurc ve loi ich cua minh va tinh toan de: xir su tren co sd loi ich chii quan ciia minh V i vAy, cac quan he ho tao y chi chii quan ciia ho, khong bielu hien chinh xac, tham chi co di nguoc lai cac loi ich kinh te khach quan tdc la di nguoc lai yeu cSu ciia quy luat kinh te khach quan

Phap luat di£u chinh cac quan he xa hoi, cac quan he san xuS't khach quan chinh la thong qua viec tac dong true tiep vao quan he y chi, bien cac

IliilliailliMliliiiiilgiillBlllliitlMHiMliilililM

quan he y chi' cac quan he phap luat, tuc la buoc cac ben quan he y chi' co cach xu su phu hop vdi y chi' cua giai cA'p thong tri the! hien phap luat V i vay mot xa hoi neu giai cap cam quy£n la dai bieu cho xu the tien bo cua lich su, loi ich kinh te ciia no phu hop vdi yeu cAu cua cac quy luat kinh te khach quan thi phap luat cua no co tac dong thuc dAy, mo duong cho su phat trien kinh te va phat trien xa hoi noi chung Nguoc lai, giai cap cam quyen da tro phan dong, quan he san xuat ma no dai dien da tro lac hau thi phap luat cua no trd luc luong can tro, kim ham su phat trien ciia xa hoi

Cung nhu phap luat, quan he phap luat la nhung quan he xa hoi thuoc kien true thuong tang, duoc xay dung tren mot co so kinh te nhA't dinh, co so kinh te quyet dinh, nhung no cung co tac dong tro lai manh me den co so kinh te

Mot quan he phap luat duoc nghien cuu mat: chu the, khach the va

noi dung cua quan he phap luat

2 Chu the cua quan he phap luat

Chu the ciia quan lie phap luat la nhung ca nhan hay to' chifc dua tren co so ciia cac quy pham phap luat ma tham gia vao cac quan he phap luat trd' ngifdi mang cac quyen va nghia vu plidp ly cu the.

Noi cach khac, chu the cua quan he phap luat la cac ben tham gia vao quan he phap luat Do co the la mot ca nhan hay mot to churc Dac biet nha nude cung cd the tham gia vao nhieu loai quan he phap luat khac va la chu the cua cac quan he phap luat

a Chu the la cd nhan

Ca nhan la chu thdi cua quan lie phap luat trudc het va quan nhat la cong dan “ Cong dan nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la

ngudi cd quoc tich Viet Nam” (Dieu 49 Hien phap 1992)

Khi la chu the cua quan he phap luat, mot ca nhan cd the la chu the: true tiep hoac chu the khong true tiep

co du ca ndng life plidp luat va nang life hanh vi.

Ndng life phap luat la kha nang cua mot chu the duoc hudng quyen va

lam nghia vu mot quan he phap luat nhat dinh Ve nguyen t;\c moi cong dan deu co nang luc phap luat, iru trudng hop hi phap luat han che hoac Toa an tudc doat

“ Nang luc dan su cua ca nhan co tu ngudi sinh va chain dut ngudi chet" (Dieu 14 Bq luat dan sir 2005)

Ndng life hanh vi la kha nang cua mo( chu the co the bang hanh vi cua

minh ma tham gia vao mot quan he phap luat de hudng quyen va lam nghia vu Ngudi co nang luc hanh vi la ngudi hieu ro y nghia va ket qua hanh vi ma minh thuc hien Cho nen phap luat coi nhirng ngudi chua den mot tu6i nhat dinh ngudi mac cac benh tam than la nhung ngudi khong co ndng life hdnli vi Tudi cu the de duoc coi la co nang luc hanh vi duoc xac dinh

khac theo tirng loai quan he phap luat

Ngudi mAc benh tam than hoac mAc cac benh khac ma khong thd nhan thuc, lam chii duoc hanh vi ciia minh thi co the hi Toa an tuyen bd la ngirdi mat ndng life hanh vi theo yeu cAu ciia ngudi co quyen, loi ich lien quan

Mot ngudi cung co the hi Toa an tuyen bo la ngirdi hi han che ndng life hanh vi.

Khi mot nguoi co nang lire phap luat ma khong cd nang luc hanh vi thi nhung trudng hop can thiet phai tham gia vao quan he phap luat, ho tham gia thong qua hanh vi cua mot ngudi khac va la chu the klidng true tiep Ngudi thay mat cho chu the khong true tiep quan he phap

luat goi la ngudi dai dien, ngudi giam ho Do la cha me ddi vdi chua nien, la ngudi giam ho nhirng trudng hop khong co hoac mat nang luc hanh vi khac

Trong da so cac trudng hop, nang luc phap luat va nang luc hanh vi la thdng nhat vdi mot chii the Su tach biet nang lire phap luat va nang lire hanh vi chi xay mot sd loai quan lie phap luat thudng gap cac quan he phap luat dan sir

tm1' *.iJ nhien cua ngudi No nha nirdc quy dinh phu hop vdi co so ■nil te - xa hoi cua nha nude Vi vay, cac che xa hoi khac giUa cac quoc gia khac thi nang lire phap luat va nang luc hanh vi cua ngudi cung duoc phap luat quy dinh khac

Cong dan la chu the cua hau hot cac nganh luat Tuy nhien de trd chu the c>• mdi nhom quan he phap luat nhat dinh cong dan phai dap ting cac dieu kien khac tiiy theo dac diem cua mdi nhom quan he phap luat

Ngoai cong dan thi cac ca nhan lit nguo'i nirth ngoai, ngitiri khan# quoc rich cung cd the la chu the cua nhithi quan he phap luat.

b Chu the la to chitc

Mot to chuc cung cd the la mot chu the cua nhieu loai quan he phap luat khac Do la mot tap hop ngudi theo mot co cau td chuc nhat dinh, nham nhung muc tieu kinh te hay chinh tri, xa hoi cu the nhat dinh

Mot to chtic tham gia vao quan he phap luat neu thda man nhung dieu kien phap luat quy dinh cd the duoc thua nhan la mot phap

Neu nhu mOt ca nhan tham gia vao quan he phap luat vdi tu cach mot the nhau, thi phap nhan la mot to chuc duoc thua nhan cd du nang luc phap luat

va nang luc hanh vi de: tham gia vao mot quan he phap luat nhu dting lam mot ben de ky ket cac hop dong, dting lam nguyen don hay hi don cac vu kien v.v Phan biet giua the nhan va phap nhan cd y nghla dac biet viec xac dinh gidi han trach nhiem ve tai san ciia cac chii the tham gia vao cac quan he phap luat dan su hay kinh doanh, thuong mai

Phap nhan la mot che dinh rat quan ddi vdi nhidu nganh luat, dac biet la luat dan su vit cac nganh luat llnh vuc kinh doanh Theo dieu 84 Bo Luat dan sir 2005 mot td chtic duoc cong nhan la phap nhan cd dii cac dieu kien sau:

- Duoc lap hop phap; - Cd co cau td chtic chat che;

- Nhan danh minh tham gia cac quan he phap luat mot cach doc lap Viec lap mot phap nhan bao gid cung thd hien bang mot van ban cua co quan Nha nucrc co tham quy£n theo dung thu tuc ma phap luat da quy dinh Tu cach phap nhan cua t6 chuc thudng cung duoc xac dinh

chinh van ban ay Yeu td t6 chuc va hoat dong noi bo cua phap nhan duoc

the’ hien dieu le phap nhan Nhung noi dung chu yeu ma dieu le cua phap nhan phai co duoc quy dinh Khoan D i6u 88 Bo Luat dan su

2005 Trong nhiSu trudng hop, didu le cua phap nhan la van ban bat buoc phai co viec lap va hoat dong cua phap nhan

Theo Dieu 100 Bo I.uat dan su 2005 cac loai phap nhan bao g6m:

- Co quan nha nude, don vi vu trang nhan dan - To chirc chinh tri, to chuc chinh tri xa hoi - To chuc kinh te

- T6 chuc chinh tri xa hoi - nghe nghiep t<5 chuc xa hoi, t<5 churc xa hoi

- nghe nghiep

- Quy xa hoi, quy tir thien

- Cac t6 chuc khac co du dieu kien 3 Noi dung cua quan he phap luat

Noi dung cua quan he phap luat bao g6m quyen va nghia vu phap ly

ciia cac chu the

Quycn la muc do, pham vi duoc phep xir su cua cac chu the dugc nha

nude bao ve Do co the la mot kha nang ciia mot chu the’ dugc co nhung cach xir sir nhat dinh nhu:

- Kha nang ciia chii the dugc xir sir theo cach thuc nhat dinh ma phap luat cho phep

- Kha nang ySu cau cac chii the khac cham dirt cac hanh ddng can trd minh thuc hien cac quyfin phii hgp vdi phap luat

- Kha nang ciia chii th6 yeu cau cac co quan nha nude co tham quy6n

bao ve lgi ich ciia minh

bao dam hang sir cudng che cua nha nuac - Nghia vu phap lv bao gom hai yeu to:

+ Phai tien hanh cac xu sir bat buoc, tuc la phai co hoac khong duoc co mot xu su nao

+ Phai chiu trach nhiem phap ly khong thuc hien cac xu sir bat buoc Xuat phat tu ban chat va dac diem cua nha nuac va phap luat nude ta quyen va nghia vu cua cac chu the cac quan he phap luat la thong nhat va luon di lien vdi Chu the co quyen thi dong thdi cung co nghia vu ddi vdi cac quyen tuang ung cua chu the Viec md rong quyen ddi vdi mot chu thS bao gid cung d6ng thdi la yeu cau cao han ve nghia vu cua

chu the trudc xa hoi va trudc cac chu the khac Phap luat cua nha nude ta, xet v i ban chat, khong thua nhan co nhung ngudi hoac Idp ngudi dac

quyen, dac lgi

4 Khach the ciia quan he phap luat

Ca nhan, t6 chiic tham gia vao mot quan he phap luat nao deu

nham thoa man nhung yeu ciiu nhat dinh ve vat chat, tinh than, hay ve chinh tri, xa hoi Do cd the la cac lgi ich vat chat, hoac cac lgi fch phi vat chat, cung co the la cac nhu cau ve hoat dong chfnh tri, xa Iioi

Co the hieu khach the cua quan he phap luat la nhung gi ma cac chu the mong muon dat dugc tham gia vao quan he phap luat Khach the cua quan he phap luat phan anh lgi fch cua chu the Sir quan tam nhieu hay ft cua chu the quan he phap luat doi vdi khach the la dong luc thuc day sir phat sinh, ton tai, cham dut quan he phap luat V I vay, co the noi khach the cua quan he phap luat la hanh vi xir sir cac chu the

Khach the cua quan he phap luat neu len vi tri, y nghia cua quan he phap luat dugc phap luat bao ve Thai xu ly cua nha nude co can cu vao khach the cua quan he phap luat mot quan he phap luat bi xam pham

5 Su kien phap ly

luat throng nhien phai co cac quy pham phap luat phu hop Nhung neu chi co cac quy pham phap luat thi cung chua the" lam phat sinh thay ddi hoac cham dut mot quan he phap luat cu thci Mdi quy pham phap luat, dac diem cua no, chi mdi neu len nhung tinh huong chung, nhung dieu kien chung ma thdi Mot quan he phap luat cu the chi phat sinh, thay ddi cham dut xay nhung su viec cu the' ddi song, phu hop vdi nhung dieu kien, hoan canh ma mot quy pham phap luat da gia dinh trudc Khoa hoc phap ly goi la cac su kien phap ly

Su kien phap Id nhung su viec cu the xay ddi song phi) hap vdi nhung dieu kien, liocin ciinh dd duoc du lieu mot quy pham phap luat td Idm phat sinh, thay ddi liocic cham dirt mot quan he phap luat the.

Su kien phap ly hao gom sir bien va hanh vi:

- Su bien la nhung sir kien phat sinh khong phu thuoc vao y muon chu quan cua ngudi nhung cung lam phat sinh thay ddi cham dut mot quan he phap luat CMng han, mot vu tai nan, nhung bien cd thien nhien cung lam phat sinh cac quan he phap luat ve bao hidm

- Hanh vi (bao gdm hanh dong va khong hanh dong) la nhung sir kien xay thong qua y chi cua ngudi Hanh vi duoc chia hanh vi hop phap, tire la lam hay khong lam mot viec phu hop vdi yeu cAu cua phap luat, va hanh vi khong hop phap, tuc la lam hay khong lam mot viec khong dung vdi yeu cau cua phap luat

Neu cd mot quy pham phap luat la cd dieu kien cftn thi sir kien phap 1> la di£u kien du de ap dung quy pham phap luat cho mot quan he xa hoi dt cd mot quan he phap luat cu the Dua vao noi dung cua sir kien phap ly ngudi ta lira chon quy pham phap luat thich hop dd ap dung, tu dd co mo quan he phap luat cu the vdi nhung chu the, khach the' va noi dung cu the cua cac chu thS dd Su kien phap ly la yeu td khdi dAu cua co che thirc hien phap luat Viec xac lap cac quan he phap luat thich ung vdi cac su ki6r

IV T H IJC H IE N P H A P L I AT VA AP 1)1 NG P H A P L U A T

1 K h niem y nghia ciia thirc hien phap luat

Nha nuac dat phap luat ban gid cung Inrdng vao viec diSu chinh cac quan he xa hoi, lam cho cac chu the tham gia vao cac quan he xa hoi co cach xu sir phu hop vdi loi ich cua xa hoi, loi ich chinh dang cua m6i

ngirdi, thuc day phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua dat nirdc Muc dich chi co the dat duoc neu phap luat nha nude ban hanh duoc thuc hien thirc te V I vay, cung vdi viec sang tao phap luat cua nha nude thi viec thuc hien phap luat la qua trinh khong the thieu cua viec quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat Tren y nghia do, thuc hien phap luat bao gom tat ca cac hanh vi duoc tien hanh phu hop vdi cac you cau cua cac quy pham phap luat Do la cac hanh vi hop phap cua cac chu the quan he phap luat

Thuc hien phap Inal Id mdi qua n inh hoat dong cd muc dich lam cho cac quy dinh ciia phap luat di vao tlu/c tc ddi song tao co sd phap ly cho hoat ddng ciia cac chii the quail lie phap luat.

2 Cac hinh thuc thuc hien phap luat

Cac quy pham phap luat rat phong plni va da dang nen viec thirc hien phap luat cung cd nhung hinh thuc khac Can cur vao tinh chat cua hoat dong viec thuc hien phap luat bao gom: tuan theo phap luat; thi hanh phap luat; van dung phap luat; ap dung phap luat

a- Tuan theo phap luat (con goi la tuan thu phap luat) la mot hinh thurc

thuc hien phap luat cac chu the tu kiem che khong tien hanh cac hanh vi ma phap luat ngan cain Trong tuan thu theo phap luat, ngudi thuc hien nghia vu mot cach thu dong ma khong phai thuc hien mot hanh vi cu the nao de thuc hien cac quy pham phap luat Hanh vi tuAn theo phap luat co d tat ca cac loai chu the cua quan he phap luat: co quan nha nuoc, ngudi co tham quvC'n co quan nha nude, td chuc xa hoi, cong dan

h- Thi hanh plidp luat: la hinh thuc thirc hien phap luat cac

chu the thuc hien nghia vu cua minh bang hanh dong tich cue

Khac vdi hinh thurc tuan theo phap luat hinh thde thi hanh phap luat

doi hoi chu the phai thirc hien hanh dong mot cach cu the tich cuc Chu the cua hinh thuc thirc hien phap luat cung co the la co quan nha nude, cac nha chuc trach cac to chuc xa hoi va moi cong dan

c- Van dung phap Inal (con goi la sir dung phap luat) la hinh thirc thirc

hien phap luat ma cac chu the thirc hien cac quyen duoc cho phep hoac dirge giao theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Hinh thiic thuc hien phap luat khac vdi hai hinh thuc tren d ch6 chu the co the' thuc hien hoac khong

thuc hien cac quyen dugc trao theo y chi cua minh chu khong hi ep buoc phai thuc hien Cung nhu hai hinh thuc thuc hien phapd luat tren, tat ca cac loai chu the ciia quan he phap luat deu co the sir dung hinh thuc thuc hien phap luat

d- Ap dung phap luat: la mot hinh thirc thuc hien phap luat dac biet

quan la qua trinh nha nude thong qua cac co quan ngudi ed thiim quydn tcS chuc cho cac chu the thirc hien nhung quy dinh ciia phap luat mot tinh huong cu the nao Viec ap dung phap luat xuat hien can co su can thiep ciia nhit nude vao qua trinh thuc hien cac quy pham phap luat ma cac hinh thuc thuc hien phap luat khac khong dap ung duoc Noi each khac, neu thieu su tham gia ciia nha nude thi rat nhieu trudng hgp cac quy pham phap luat khong the dugc the hien hoat dong thuc te ciia cac chu the quan he phap luat Ap dung phap luat mot mat la hoat dong thuc hien phap luat ciia co quan nha nude, ngudi cd tham quy6n mat khac la each thue nha nude to chuc cho cac chu the khac thuc

hien phap luat

Viec ap dung phap luat dugc thuc hien cac rrifting hup suit:

- Khi can ap dung cac bien phap cudng che ddi vdi cac chu the cd hanh vi vi pham phap luat;

- Khi cac quyen va nghia vu phap ly cu the nao cua :ac chii the quan he phap luat khong mac nhien phat sinh neu khong cd su can thiep ciia nha nude;

- Khi xay tranh chap v6 quyen va nghia vu phap ly giua cic ben tham

gia quan he phap luat ma cac ben khong the tu giai quyet dug:;

l i ^ c d R B cm di6u c h In h cAcum m m m $m - Trong mdi so quan he phap luat ma nha nude thay cAn thiet tham gia

de giam sat, kie!m tra hoat dong cua cac hen tham gia quan he do, hoac nha nirdc xac nhan sir ton tai hay khong tdn tai cua cac sir viec, sir kien nhat dinh

Tir nhirng noi dung tren cd the thay hoat ddng ap dung phap luat cd

nhung dac diem sau:

- Ap dung phap luat la hoat ddng mang tmh td chuc - quyen lire nha nirdc

Day la hoat dong rieng cd cua ca quan nha nirdc hoac cua nha chuc trach cd thaim quyen Han nua, phap luat quy dinh mdi loai caquan nha nirdc, ngirdi cd thaim quydn thirc hien mot sd hoat ddng ap dung phap luat cu the! nao Trong mot so trudng hgp dac biet, theo quy dinh cua phap luat mot td chuc chinh tri - xa hoi cung cd the thirc hien hoat ddng

Tinh td chuc - quyen lire dugc the hie d chd, hoat dong ap dung phap luat dugc tien hanh theo y chi dan phuang cua ca quan nha nude, ngudi cd thaim quye;n Cac quyet dinh ap dung phap luat co tinh bAt buoc ddi vdi chu the bi ap dung va eae ben khac cd lien quan Trong trudng hgp can thiet cac quyet dinh dugc dam bao thuc hien bdi cac bien phap cudng che nha nude

- Ap dung phap luat la hoat dong dugc thuc hien theo mot thu tuc chat che phap luat quy djnh ma ca quan nha nude, ngudi cd tham quyfin va cac ben co lien quan phai tuan thu nghiem chinh cac quy dinh

- Ap dung phap luat la hoat ddng dieu chinh ca biet, cu the' ddi vdi cac quan he xa hoi Bang vice ap dung phap luat, nhurng quy pham phap luat nhat djnh, vdi tu each la eae quy tic xir su chung dugc ca biet hda, cu the’ hda ddi vdi ca nhan, td churc cu the nhung tinh hudng cu the nhat dinh Kc't qua ciia mdi trudng hgp ap dung cu the bao gid cung the hien bang viec ca quan nha nude, ngudi cd thaim quyen dua mot van ban cu the’ - van ban ap dung quy pham phap luat (van ban ca biet)

✓ ^

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phai phan (ich sir viec lam sang to cac dieu kien hoan earth cu the cua vu viec de lira chon cac quy pham jphaps luat phu hop va dinh each giai quyet dung dan nhat

7 dm lai, up dung phap liuit Id hoar dong mang tinh to chuc - quyen

life nha ntfdc duoc thuc hien thong qua cac co quan nha nude, ngudi co tham quyen, hoac to chin xd lioi duoc nlia nude trao quyen theo trinh tu thn tuc phap luat quy dinh nhdm cd biet hoa cac quy pliqm phap Unit ddi vdi cac cd nhan, to chuc cu the cac trudng hop cu the.

Viec ap dung phap luat trai qua cac giai doan sau:

- Phan tich nhung tinh tiet da tao cau cua vu viec duoc dua xem xet;

- Lua chon quy pham phap luat phu hop de giai quyet vu viec do; - Ra quyet dinh (van ban) ap dung quy pham phap luat;

- TO chuc thuc hien quyet dinh ap dung quy pham phap luat V Y T H U C P H A P L U A T

1 Khai niem y thuc phap luat

Viec xac lap cac quan he phap luat, tuc la xac lap quyen va nghia vu ciia cac chii the; viec thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu thuc te thong qua hanh vi nhat dinh ciia cac chu the- duoc tien hanh nhu the nao, d inot muc rat quan phu thuoc vao thai chii quan ciia nguoi doi vdi phap luat tuc Id y thuc phap luat ciia nguoi xa hoi.

La bieu hien thai chii quan cua ngudi doi vdi phap luat, y thuc phap luat duoc the hien Id tdng hop nhung tu twring, quan diem, thdi do, su hieu biet ciia ngudi ddi vdi phap luat liien hanh cung nliu ddi vdi tinh than chung ciia phap ludt nha nitric, the hien sU ddnh gia ve tinh hop phap hay klidng lu/p phap hdnli vi xu su ciia ngudi, cung nhu td chuc, hoat dong ciia cac co quan, to clii'rc.

quyet djnh bdi tdn tai xa hoi Moi mot kieu nha nirdc va phap luat lich su' dcu cd mot he thdng y thuc phap luat tuong ung vdi no

Nhung y thuc phap luat eung cd tmh doe lap tucfng ddi eua no □ thuc phap luat cd the lac hau hern ton tai xa hoi Mot kieu nha nude va phap luat tuong ung vdi mot phuong thu\ san xuat vdi no da hi thu tieu nhung y lliiirc phap luat eua no van cd the ton tai dai dang xa hpi

['] thuc phap luat cung cd the tieu bd lion tdn tai xa hoi Nhung tu tudng phap luat dac biet la nhung tu tudng khoa hoe phap ly cua eae lire luong tien bo dang cam quyen cd lac dung to Idn viec hinh va phat trien mot nen phap luat tien lien, tlnie day su phat irien cua xa hoi

2 Vai trd ciia y thirc phap lual

- □ thurc phap luat irudc hei la tien de tu tuong true tiep de xay dung va hoan thien he thdng phap luat nha nude He thdng phap luat nha nude bao gid eung dugc xay dung lien eo sd mot che kinh tc.- xa hoi nhat linh phan anh nhu ciiu va xu hudng phai trien eua che kinh te - xa hoi rid V i vav nha nude, vdi tu each la ngudi true tiep sang tao phap luat tnrdc let phai nhan thuc dugc nhung ddi hoi khach quan eua ddi song kinh te - <a hoi thuc ti£n, nhung yeu cau mdi dat qua trinh phat trien cua <inh tc - xa hoi de phan anh kip thdi vao pluip lual Cd nhu vay phap uat mdi cd tac dung thuc day lao dieu kien ch o cac quan lie kinh te - xa hoi ndi phai trien Viec chuyen tir nen kinh le ke hoach hda tap trung sang ncin cinh te thi trudng vdi nhieu lhanh phan kinh tc ddnj; thdi md rong hoi nhap drill te quoc te ddi hoi nha nude, trudc het la co quan true tiep xay dung )hap lual phai nhan thurc dugc nhung ddi hoi mdi de xay dung va hoan hicn nen phap luat dap urng yeu cau cua thuc lien

- □ thurc phap luat quyet dinh hieu qua ciia viec thirc hien phap luat 'hap luat chi cd the di vao cuoc song, trd co sd cho ling xir ciia tgudi ngudi cd y thurc nghiem chinh chap hanh tuan thu phap luat

Trong xa hoi la hien nay, v thirc phap luat thieh urng vdi tinh chat ciia nude kieu mdi nha nude cua nhan dan nhan dan, vi nhan dan, mot en phap lual the hien y chi va lgi ich ciia nhan dan lao ddng, y chi cua da

TRUSdNG DAI HOC KftHM ?6 QUdC DAN 75

so ngirdi xa hoi Trong diiiu kien cua Nha nirdc phap quyOn phap luat co vi tri toi thUOTig, y thuc phap luat giu vi tri thong tri, la y thirc xa hoi chu dao he thong y thuc xa hoi Tuy nhien nhung tan tich ciia y thuc phap luat phong kien, tu sail, cung nhu y thtic phap luat ngudi tieu nong, san xuat nho chua phai da hoan toan hi xoa bo V i vay di doi vdi viec giao due y thuc phap luat mdi xa hoi chu nghla viec dau tranh de xoa bo y thuc phap luat cu la mot mat quan cua viec hoan thien n£n phap luat cung co trai tu phap luat xa hoi

- □ thuc phap luat cung la nhan to dam bao ap dung phap luat dung diin va co hieu qua Viec ap dung dung dSn quy dinh chung cua mot qu> pham phap luat vao mot cu viec cu the: doi hoi mot mat phai giai thich, larr sang to noi dung, muc di'ch y nghia ciia quy pham phap luat ay mat khai cung phai phan tich, n&m vung nhung tinh liet cua tung trudng hop tinl huong cu the cua thirc lien sinh dong phong phu Tat ca nhung dieu ch co the dat duoc neu nhung nguoif true tiep ap dung phap luat co kien thuc phap luat chuyen sau va d trinh cao

3 Boi diromg, giao due va nang cao y thirc phap luat

Cung nhu y thuc xa hoi noi chung, y thuc phap luat t6n tai va pha

trien tren co so nhung di£u kien kinh te - xa hoi khach quan nhat dinh v gAn lien vdi viec xay dung va hoan thien he thong phap luat nha nude Tu; nhien, nhung hoat dong td chtic thuc tiCn cu the de nang cao y thtic pha luat van co y nghla dat biet quan trong, ma viec b6i dudng, gia>

due nang cao y thtic phap luat cho moi tang ldp xa hoi tu co qua Dang, nha nude, cac to chtic xa hoi, to chtic kinh te, tu cac bo cong chtic kl thuc hanh cong vu nhiem vu ngudi hoat dong kinh doanh cho den tung c6n

dan co vai tro to Idn Tat ca nhimg dieu nhSm den viec nang cao trinh d van hoa phap ly xa hoi Nghi quyet cua Chinh phu so 61/2007/ND/NQ CP 07 thang 12 nam 2007 v6 viec ph6 bien giao due phap luat, nan

:cHuawfl;ia; P H ito iu fo r c d N G c g o iiu c h\m G &c s M w ;N ft W

Daiy manh viec hien, luyen truyen giao due phap luat cho moi doi

tuong xa hoi dan den loi song ton phap luat

- Tang cudng su lanh dao hoi duong kien thuc phap luat va ky nang ap dung phap luat cho can ho cong chuc Nang cao kien thuc phap Iv va y thuc phap luat noi chung cua can ho cong chuc co quan nha nude, to chuc Dang, td chuc xa hoi

- Day manh viec giang day phap luat nha trudng O tat ca cac cap hoc, - Md rdng cong khai dan chu thu hut dong dao quan chung nhan dan tham gia xay dung cac du' an luat thong qua dd nang cao y thuc phiip luat trona xa hoi.L

- Tang cudng dau tranh chong hanh vi \i plutm phap luat, chong tham nhung cac co quan cong quyen bao ve trat tu phap luat cac quydn tu dan chu, quyen loi va loi ich hop phap cua cong dan

V I V I P H A M P H A P L U A T VA T R A C H N H IF.M P H A P L Y Ban chat va nhung dau hieu cu ban ciia vi pham phap luat

Nhu cac phan tren chung ta phan tich phap luat, xet vd ban chat giai cap cua no, la su the hien va bao ve y chi cua giai cap thong tri va didu chinh cac quan he xa hoi nham bao dam On dinh trat tu chung xa hoi Nhung xa hoi, mdi ca nhan, moi to churc xir su vd mot van de cu the nao dd bao gid cung xuat phat tu su can nhac, tinh toan ve loi ich ciia minh cung nhu tu su nhan thuc vd bon phan ciia minh trudc xa hoi Trong xa hoi cd giai cap, luon luon ton tai cac loi ich khac nhau, tham chi ddi lap Mat khac nhan thuc ciia mdi ngudi vd bon phan cua minh ddi vdi xa hoi cung khac V i the khong phai bat cu va bao gid cung luon luon xir su dung vdi yeu cau ciia phap luat Vi pham phap luat vi the la didu khong thd tranh khdi moi xa hoi ca xa hoi ta, phap luat thd hien y chi va bao ve loi ich ciia cac tang Idp nhan dan lao dong chiem dai da so xa hoi

Nghien cuu van dd vi pham phap luat lam ro tinh chat, cac dau hieu co ban ciia no cung nhu cac nguyen nhan.cua cac loai vi pham phap luat cd y nghia to Ion dau tranh phong ngCra vi pham phap luat quan ly

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xa hoi V i pham phap luat la nhirng su kien phap ly va la eo so de truv cuu trach nhicm phap ly

Mol hanh vi duoc xac dinh la mot pham vi phap luat co hieu hien cua nhung dau hieu nhat dinh

Thi'f nhat vi pham phap luat luon luon la mot hanh vi (hanh dong

hoac khong hanh dong) cua nguoi Phap luat duoc dat de1 diC;u chinh

hanh vi, cach xu su cua nguoi Noi cach khac dieu ma phap luat quan tam ta hanh vi, cach xu su cua eon ngudi V i vay khong phai coi la vi pham phap luat ddi vdi cac suy nghi cac sd thi'ch ca nhan, cac dac ti'nh ca nhan khac cua mot ngudi neu no chua hieu hien cac hanh vi cu the cua cac ca nhan hoac hanh hoat dong cua mot coquan, to chirc

Thu hai vi pham phap luat khong nhung la hanh vi xac dinh cua

ngudi ma hanh vi phai trai vai cac quy dinh ciia phap lual, xam hai tdi

cac quan he xa hoi duoc phap luat bao ve Tmh trai phap luat duoc bieu hien d viec khong thuc hien nhung dieu phai lam theo quy dinh cua phap luat, lam nhung dieu ma phap luat cam hoac sir dung quycn viroi qua gidi han cho phep cua phap luat

Thu ha, vi pham phap luat la nhirng hanh vi trai phap luat nhung hanh

vi trai phap luat phai chua dung loi ciia chii the ciia hdnli vi De xac dinh

hanh vi vi pham phap luat, phai xem xet ca mat chu quan cua hanh vi, tufc la xac dinh loi cua ho la bieu hien trang thai tam ly ciia ngirdi thirc hien hanh vi Trang thai tam ly cd the la cd y hay vo y Ldi la yeu td khong the- thieu duoc de xac dinh hanh vi vi pham phap luat Ncu mot hanh vi trai phap luat duoc thuc hien nhung diOu kien va hoan canh khach quan ma chu the hanh vi khong the y thuc hoac ludng trudc duoc thi ho khong the bi coi la cd loi, va do khong the bi coi la vi pham phap luat

Thu tu, ndng luc chiu trach nhicm plidp ly ciia clui the da thuc hien hanh vi trai phap luat Trong phap luat, sir doc lap ganh chiu trach nhiem

phap ly chi quy dinh ddi vdi nhung ngudi cd kha nang tu lira chon duoc cach xir sir va cd sir tu y chi', tuc la ngudi phai cd kha nang nhan thufc, di6u khien duoc hanh vi ciia minh V i vay, nhung hanh vi mac du trai phap

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hanh vi thirc hicn thi van khong hi coi la vi pham phap luat

Tu' cac dau hieu co ban co the khai niem vi pham phap luat Id lidnli vi (hanh dong liodr khong hanh dong) trat phap luat vd co loi clui the co ndng life hanh vi tlufc hicn xiim hai cdc t/uan he xd hoi diMc phap luat hdo ve.

V i pham phap luat eo nhieu loai va thirdng duoc chia cac loai: - V i pham hanh chinh

- V i pham dan sir

- V i pham hinh sir (toi pham) - V i pham ky luat

2 Trach nhiem phap ly

Trong khoa hoc phap ly khai niem trach nliiem pltdp ly difefe hieu Id nlu'fng hdtt qua bat lefi md theo quy dinli ciia phap luat cd the dp dung ddi vdi car chii the dd cd hdnlt vi vi pham pluip lual No the hien sir len an, sir phan

ddi cua Nha nirdc, cua xa hoi ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham phap luat cung nhir ddi vdi ngirdi cd hanh vi vi pham phap lual

Truv cuu trach nhiem phap ly tac la ap dung cac bien phap cudng che da duoc quy dinh cac che tai cua quy pham phap luat Ban than trach nhicm pluip ly khong phai la su ciromg che nha nirdc ma chi la nghia vu phai ghanh chiu nhirng bien pluip cudng che nha nude Chii the vi pham phap luat bi buoc phai thirc hien cac cho lai cua phap luat Nha vay, ve noi dung tin trach nhiem phap ly la sir ap dung cac bien phap cadng che nha nude, ve hinh thirc la sir thirc hicn che tai quy pham phap luat Dd la qua trinh hoat dong ciia cac co quan nha nude co tham quyen xem xet, tim hieu sir viec, quyet dinh giai quyet sir vice va to churc thirc hien quyet dinh dd

Vice ap dung trach nhiem phap ly chinh la nhirng bien phap bao dam thirc te tmh cudng che ciia phap luat

Trach nhiem phap ly diro'c xac dinh tren co sd vi pham phap luat De truy cdu trach nhiem phap ly ddi vdi mot hanh vi vi pham phap luat cu the, trade het phai xac dinh muc thirc te cua cac mat thuoe cau ciia vi

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pham phap luat Cau vi pham phap luat bao gom: mat khach quan mat chu quan chu the khach the cua vi pham phap luat

Mat khach (/nan cua vi pham phap luat la nhurng bieu hien ben ngoai

cua vi pham phap luat No bao gom: + Hanh vi trai phap luat

+ Thiet hai ve vat chat hoac tinh than 111a xa hoi ganh chiu

+ Moi quan he nhan qua giua hanh vi trai phap luat va thiet hai

Mat chii quan cua hanh vi vi pham phap luat la loi cua ngudi vi pham

phap luat L6i la trang thai tam ly cua chu the’ doi vdi hanh vi trai phap luat

Loi co the la:

+ Loi co y true tiep: Chu the vi pham nhin thay irudc hau qua nguy hiem cho xa hoi hanh vi cua muih gay va mong muon dieu xay

+ Loi co y gian tiep: Chu the vi pham nhin thay hau qua xay khong mong muon song de mac no xay

+ L6i vd y \'i qua tu tin: Chii the vi pham nhin thay truoc hau qua

nguy hieim cho xa hoi hanh vi ciia minh gay nhung hy vong, tin tuong diSu khong xay hoac co the ngan chan duoc

+ L6i vo y cau tha: Chu the vi pham da khong nhin thay hflu qua

nguy hiem cho xa hoi hanh vi ciia minh gav ra, mac du co the hoac cAn phai nhin thay duoc

Chit the ciia hanh vi vi pham phap luat co the la ca nhan hoac to churc

co nang lure trach nhiem phap ly Nang luc trach nhiem phap ly ciia chu the vi pham phap luat duoc xem xet doi vdi tung loai vi pham phap luat cu the

Khach the ciia vi pham phap luat la nhung quan he xa hoi dang duoc

phap luat bao ve va dang bi xam hai Tinh chat ciia khach the phan anh mure nguy hiem ciia hanh vi vi pham phap luat

Nhung yeu to cau vi pham phap luat noi tren duoc lam ro nghien ciiru cac loai vi pham phap luat va cac che trach nhiem phap ly cu the

: CHUttftfl ft PH Aft iiuAT » c6NG Cy aifoj CHINK CAC M & QUAN Hfr XH:

Moi loai trach nhiem phap ly cung chi'nh la vicc van dung cac che tai tuong ling vao cac truong hop vi pham cu the’, bao gom:

- Trach nhiem hanh chi'nh - Trach nhiem dan su - Trach nhiem hinh su - Trach nhiem ky luat

V II P H A P C H E X A H O I ( H I N G H IA

1 Khai niem va dac diem cua phap the xa hpi chii nghTa cua Nha nude Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam

Didu 12 Hien phap 1992 khang dinh: “ Nha nirdc quan ly xa hoi bang phap luat, khong ngung tang cudng phap che xa hpi chu nghia”

Dd quan ly xa hoi Nha nude sir dung tdng hop cac phuong thuc cac cong cu khac nhau: giao due thuyet phuc van hda, nghe thuat Nhung phuong thurc quan ly co ban bao truni nhat phai la quan ly bang phap luat turc la thiet lap ndn phap die xa hpi chu nghia

Phap che xa hoi chu nghia Id phuong I hue quan ly ciia nha nude doi vdi xd hoi, hieu hien o' viec llii/c hien nghiem chinh vd d iet de hoat dong ciia cdc co quan nha nude ciia can ho cong chuc nha nude cdc cap, ciia cdc to chifc xd hoi, cdc id chirc kinh te ciia moi cong dan ddi vdi phap luat duoc nha nude han lidnli.

Nhu vav phap che bieu hien iren cac mat co ban sau:

- Trudc het pluip che Id nguyen tac td chuc vd hoat dong ciia ho may

nhd nude Phap che doi hoi viec to churc va hoat dong cua bo may nha

nude phai thuc hien dung theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Moi can bd cong churc nha nude phai tdn phap luat nghiem chinh va triet de thuc hanh cong vu, nhiem vu Can bo, cong churc chi duoc thirc hien nhung viec ma phap luat quy dinh

- Phap che cung Id nguyen tac hoat dong de thirc hien vai trd lanh dao

ciia Ddng cong san Viet Nam doi vdi xd hoi Vai tro lanh dao cua Dang

1992 cung da xac dinh: “ moi td churc Dang hoat dong nong khuon khcS Hien phap va phap lual” Phap che cung la nguyen toe hoot dong cua cac to chttc chinh tri xd lioi qua trinh tham gia quan ly nha mtd'c quan ly xa hoi.

- Phap che la nguyen tac xu' sir ciia cong dan Dieu doi hoi moi

cong dan ion phap lual nghiem chinh va triet de sinh hoat hang ngay, thirc hien cac hoat dong kinh doanh thuong mai tham gia vao cac cong viec cua nha nude Cong dan va cac chu the khong phai la can bo, cong churc cd quyt;n thuc hien nhung viec ma phap luat khong cam

De thiet lap va tang cudng phap che xa hoi can thuc hien dong thdi nhieu bien phap cu the tren hai linh vuc co ban

Mot Id Nha nude phai xay dung va ban hanh mot he thong phap luat

day du hoan chinh

H Id phai c6 co che va bien phap dam bao phap luat duoc thuc

hien nghiem chinh va triet de

Thieu mot hai dieu kien dC:u khong the thiet lap duoc nen phap che xa hoi

Dac diem cua phap che xa hoi chu nghla la tinh thong nhat cao cua no Tinh thong nhat bieu hien trudc het d su thong nhat chat che, su phdi hop nhip nhang giua cac quy pham phap luat, giua cac van ban phap luat vdi cung nhu d tinh thong nhat dong bo cua toan bo he thong phap luat Dieu doi hoi cac co' quan nha nude cac cap phai thirc hien nghiem chinh cac quy dinh hoat dong lap phap, lap quy

in !#§ •NlBlIJl& l CH IC A Cm6|0UAN :H £:XH V i vay, xem xct thu'c (rang trinh xay dung ban hanh phap luat cua nha nude va thirc hang, trinh thirc hicn phap luat xa hpi la tieu chuan ca ban de danh gia thuc trail" cua pluip che' cua Nha nuac ta hicn I ang cuong phap che xa hoi chu nghia doi vai Nha nuoc Viet Nam

Nhung tu'u trona cong cuoc doi mdi d dat nirdc da dua nuac taC • k

durng trudc thai ky phat trien mai vdi nhirng yeu cau va thach thuc mdi Trong nhu Dang ta nhan dinh he thong 16 chuc bo may nha nirdc, trinh

do nang luc cua bo may nha nude va di lien vdi no la thuc trang cua nen pluip che hien dang khong theo kip vdi nhung tuu doi mdi nC’n kinh te trd yeu to kirn ham su phat trien tiep tuc cua nen kinh te V i vay, tang cudng phap che xa Iioi chu nghia dang la mot yeu cau cap bach doi vdi dat nude ta hien gan lien vdi viec hoan thien mot budc bo may nha nude ma tam la cai cach nen hanh chinh quoc gia Noi cach khac, tang cu'dng phap che xa hoi chu nghia d Nha nude la hien khong phai chi la nhurng van de lien quan den phap luat va thirc hien phap luat ina trudc het no phai di lic;n vdi viec hoan thien cai to bo may nha nude bao gom ca lie thong lap phap he thong hanh phap va he thdng tu phap Trong nhung doi hoi cap bach va dugc coi la nhung bien phap quan nhat de tang cudng phap che la:

- Xay dung mol he thdng pluip luat day du dong bp va dan hoan thien lam ca sd cho viec td churc va hoat dpng ciia bp may nha nude tinh gian, gpn nhe co hieu luc, du trinh dap ung yeu cau cang cao cua cong viec doi mdi Dac biet, phap luat phai tao ca sd xay dung mot bp may hanh chinh lanh manh vdi cac thu tuc hanh chinh dan gian, xoa bo nhung thu tuc rudm tao ca hoi cho cac hanh vi quan lieu, tham nhung D6ng thdi phai xac dinh ro trach nhiem quyen han cua tung ca quan nha nude, cua can bp, cong churc nha nuac de tren ca sd m6i ca nhan thuc hien dung pham vi thaim quvSn dupe giao

dan, vi nhan dan” , theo nguyen tac: “ cong dan duoc lam moi viec ma phap luat khong cam”

- Mot llnh vuc het sue quan khac la xay dung mot he thong phap luat ve kinh te phu hop vdi nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu phan, hoat dong theo co che thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghla ma Dang da xac dinh I le thong phap luat phai tao nen mot khung phap ly vCra bao dam cho boat dong kinh doanh tu vira bao dam duoc vai tro di£u tiet quan ly cua Nha nude mot cach thich hop

- Trong llnh vuc thuc hien phap luat van dS co y nghla quan la nang cao trinh nhan thuc phap luat va y thuc phap luat cua moi cong dan cung nhu cua can bo, cong churc nha nude Dic;u bao gom ca viec nang cao nhan thurc ve ban chA't, vai tro cua phap luat cua Nha nude dan chu cua ta, cflng nhu nang cao hieu biet ve cac quy dinh phap luat cu the dfi bao dam rang bat ky ai, boat dong tren llnh vuc nao cung phai biet ro cac quytjn va nghla vu cua minh duoc phap luat quy dinh tren llnh vuc nhu the nao D6ng thdi, co quan nha nude cung nhu cac td chuc xa hoi phai thuc hien viec tuyen truven giao due d£ hinh va nang cao y thurc phap luat kien quyet dau tranh de dan gat bo nhurng tan du cua y thuc phap luat cu □ thuc phap luat cua cac chu the xa hoi phai thich urng vdi nhung dieu kien cua nfin kinh te cua xa hoi Viet Nam qua trinh thuc hien cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, thuc hien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ddng thdi vdi viec xay dung nen van hoa dam da ban sAc dan toe

- Noi den phap lu<)t la phai noi den su cudng che cua Nha nude ddi vdi ngudi vi pham phap luat Phap luat phai tao co so cho viec xti ly nghiem minh ddi vdi moi hanh vi vi pham phap luat Khong the dC* bat cur hanh vi vi pham phap luat nao ma khong bi xu ly theo dung phap luat

chiwhfl | l H H M K :c6nq c y e iiu chInn |§ ||| q u a n h£ xh j

( A ll H O I O N T A I*

1 Phan lich khai niem va nhung dac diem chung cua phap lual Tren ca sd hay so sanh phap lual vdi cac quy lac xuf su khac khong phai la phap lual irong xa hoi

2 Ban chat, dac diem vu vai no cua phap lual Nha nude ta qua trinh xay dung nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu phan theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia cd suquan ly cua Nha nude

3 Khai niem dac diem va co cau ciia quy pham phap luat Khai niem, dac diem va y nghia cua quan he phap luat Cac trudng hgp ca nhan la chu the cua quan he phap luat

6 Phan tich khai niem va nhung dieu kien cua phap nhan Phan biet phap nhan vdi the: nhan

7 Khai niem va cac loai su kien phap ly Vai tro cua su kien phap lv cache dieu chinh cua cac quan lie xa hoi bang phap luat

8 Khai niem va cac dau hieu cua vi pham phap luat

9 Khai niem va cac yeu td cau trach nhiem phap ly Phan biet trach nhiem phap ly vdi die tai cua quy pham phap luat

10 Khai niem dac diem cua phap che xa hoi chu nghTa va cac bien phap tang cudng phap che xa hoi chu nghTa qua trinh xay dung Nha nude phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia Viei Nam

T A I L I E U N G H IE N C l A ( H U O N G I I

1 Hien phap nufdc CHXHCN Viet Nam 1992 (Sira dcii)

2 Bp lual dan su nam 2005 (Ph<in thu nhat: Tu Di£u den Dieu 162)

Chutrng J

HINH THITC PHAP LUAT

I K H A I N IE M V A P H A N L O A I H IN H T H lfC P H A P L U A T 1 Khai niem, dac diem cua hinh thuc phap luat

M6i quoc gia co mot nt;n phap luat rieng vai nhirng hinh thurc the’ hien nhat dinh va mot quoc gia cung co the1 dong thai co nhirng cach bieiu hien khac ciia phap luat Tiiy thuoe vao di£u kien, dac didm cu thS ciia tung xa hoi, ciia mPi nude ma Nha nuoc chap nhan hoac thira nhan hinh thuc phap luat hay hinh thirc phap luat khac Nhung phan ti'ch d Chuong II giao trinh cho thay ban chat ciia phap luat la sir the hien y chi ciia giai cap thdng tri, giai cap cam quvcMi xa hpi Nhung ban than y chi ciia giai cap thdng tri chua phai la luat phap De y chi trd luat phap, giai cap thong tri phai tim cach the: hien v chi' ciia minh lhanh y chi ciia nha nude va thong qua nha nude, giai cap thong tri bien y chi eua minh phap luat Khoa hoc phap ly goi cach thirc bieu hien y chi ciia giai cap thdng tri nh.u vay la hinh thirc phap luat

Hinh thuc pluip luat (hay goi Id nguon phap luat) Id cach thu'c bieu hien y chi ciia giai cap thdng tri md thdng qua dd, v chi trd phap luat.

Dua vao su phan tich khai niem tren, co the neu cac dac diem ciia hinh thirc phap luat:

- Hinh thurc phap lual dirge hieu hien dudi nhung dang nhat dinh Chinh vi the ma no da gian hrge viec nhan thurc phap luat giup cho m6i ngudi xa hoi co the “ do" dugc nhung hanh vi cua minh \em minh dugc lam gi khong dugc lam gi va phai lam gi

- Hinh thuc phap luat la cong cu de du luan va xa hoi, nha lam luat can thiep co hieu qua vao nhung tinh huong can thiet va hudng xa hoi den muc dich cu the ma giai cap thong tri giai cap cam quyen da dat

2 Cac loai hinh thue phap luat

Trong lich sir xa hoi loai nguoi da t6n tai loai hinh thurc phap luat chu yeu la: tap quan phap, lien le phap va van ban quy pham phap luat.

Tap quan phap la hinh thurc phap luat ddi som nhat Trong thdi kv

c6 dai cac phong tuc, tap quan luu truyen xa hoi phu hgp vdi Igi ich cua giai cap thong tri da dugc giai cap thong tri thong qua nha nude thira nhan nang chung len phap luat Nhurng quy dinh nav khong dugc ghi van ban (con goi la phap luat bat van) dugc truyen kliiiu giua moi ngudi nhung vAn dugc nha nude bao dam thuc hien Tap quan phap la hinh thuc phap luat chu yeu ciia cac nha nude chiem huu no le va nha nude phong kien thdi ky dau Tap quan phap cung la mot hinh thuc phap luat cua nha nude tu san dac biet la nhung nude co chinh the quan chii lap hien, mac du vi tri ciia no khong dang ke Do tap quan phap, ve nguon goc dugc hinh mot cach tu phat, cham thay ddi va thudng co tinh cue bo nen ve nguyen tac hinh thuc phap luat khong phu hgp vdi xu the phat trien ciia xa hoi

Tien le phap (con goi la an le) la viec nha nude thira nhan cac ban an

i ** •’ '>•>:, •> \] Gimtfrig; 3> H1KH THIiK* iPHf t r

luat chira hoan chinh, hinh thurc phap luat cung da dugc su dung mot cach han che va linh hoat phap luat cua mot so nuoc xa hoi chu nghia

Ngay nay, phap luat Viet Nam, khai niem va trudng hgp ap dung cua tap quan co nhung quy dinh khac Dieu Bo luat Dan su nuoc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam Quoc hoi khoa X I, K y hgp thur thong qua 14/6/2005 quy dinh: “ Trong trudng hgp phap luat khong quy dinh va cac ben khortg co thoa thuan thi co the1 ap dung tap quan; neu khong co tap quan thi co the ap dung quy dinh tuong tu cua phap luat Tap quan va quy dinh tuong tu cua phap luat khong dugc trai vdi nhung nguyen tic quy dinh Bo luat nay” Nhu vay, mac du d nude ta, tap quan phap khong dugc Nha nude ta coi la nguon cua phap luat, nhung de cho mot so quyet dinh, ban an cua Toa an eo the phat huy dugc hieu luc phap ly, hoac dd xu ly mot cach linh hoat mot so quan he phap luat dan su thi tap quan vin dugc su dung trudng hgp nhat dinh Dieu nav dat cho cac co quan lap phap cua nha nuoc phai nghien curu thau dao loai nguon de’ tu kip thdi ban hanh nhung quy pham phap luat thich hgp D6ng thdi, viec tdng ket qua trinh giai quyet mot so vu viec cu the, dien hinh de de dudng loi, hudng dan giai quyet cac vu viec tuong tu cho cac Toa an nhan dan cap dudi cung la viec lam can thiet

Van ban quy pham phap luat xuat hien muon han tap quan phap

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3 Nguon phap luat ciia mot so nuac tren the giai

Tren day da d£ cap nhung loai nguon chu yeu cua phap luat I ich su m6i mot quoc gia lai co quan niem rieng ve ngu6n phap luat va ve gia tri cua tirng loai nguon C’hung ta da tung biet den nhung he thong phap luat Chau Au, Chau A he thong phap luat Anh - My he thong phap luat ton giao

a Nguon phap luat ciia Chau Au

He thong phap luat Romanh - Ghecmanh xuat hien dau tien Chau Au cac nude thuoc he Romanh - Ghecmanh, tu the ky 19 phap luat van da bat dau co vai tro quan va tro len phd bien voi sir doi cua cac bo luat He thong phap luat bao gom cac quy pham phap luat ung xu dap ling nhung yeu cau vd dao due xa hoi va cong ly Trong qua trinh phat trien cua xa hoi nhung nguyen nhan lich sir phap luat duoc coi la phuong tien de dieu chinh cac moi quail he muon mau muon ve giua cac cong dan vdi Trong nhung linh vuc ciia phap luat thi luat dan sir duoc doi va hoan thien sdm nhat Trong thdi ky luat dan sir duoc coi la nen

A

tang ciia he thong phap luat Chau Au

Do qua trinh thuoc dia hoa, he thong phap luat Romanh - Ghecmanh duoc phd cap tren mot viing lanh thd long ldn Do la noi ma den tan bay gid nhung he thong phap luat thuoc he nay, hoac gan vdi no van dang ton tai D6ng thdi d dd cung di£n su tiep nhan tu nguven he phap luat va dua lai ket qua la he thong phap luat Romanh - Ghecmanh da duoc phd cap mot phan hay loan bo d mot loat nude khong chiu sir thong tri ciia ngudi Chau

A A A r

Au nhung tu tuong Chau Au va xu huong theo he phap luat Chau An kha manh d dd

Trong ban than he thong phap luat Romanh - Ghecmanh cung ton tai nhung khac biet co ban, bdi moi nha nude duoc td chuc theo cach rieng, cd he thong phap luat quoc gia dac thu Dd la ly lam cho phap luat ciia cac nude Chau Au khac vdi phap luat cua cac nude ngoai Chau Au cung thuoc he thong phap luat Romanh - Ghecmanh Cac nude Chau Au luc dia da ddi mdi mot cach co ban he tu tuong da hinh va phat tridn d Chau Au sau cach mang Phap Dd la sir thay ddi tat ca cac llnh vuc

A 4

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Cac nude thuoe ve he thong phap luat Ronianh - Ghecmanh va cac nude thuoe he thong phap Luat Anh - My khong phai la khong co quan he vdi No deu chiu su anh hudng sau sac cua dao due thien chua giao va ke: tu thdi Phuc nhung dong diet hoc thong tri d cac nude da de cao tu tudng cua ca nhan chu nghia tir cac khai niem ve quyen sd huu cua cac ca nhan

b Cdc nguon phap luat Anh

c Nguon phap luat M y

Hien nay, co nhung sir khac biet, tham chi la ddi lap giua phap luat Anh va phap luat My Sir khac biet bat ngudn tir nhflrng ngudi di dan den M y (the' ky 17) Thdi dd, ho la dan tu co thai dp tich cue ddi vdi phap luat van, luon ca ngpi su tu cua tham phan xet xii dupe hinh bp luat tho so thdi bay gid tu 1634 d Matsachuset den 1682 d Pesinlvania Mdi quan tarn chinh cua ngudi M y khong phai la noi dung cua didu luat ma a tinh than va muc dich cua cac bo luat dd didu chinh

dupe quan he xa hoi mdi me, da dang dang dupe bat dAu xay dung d dd, thong qua cac cuoc di dan den M y de hinh mot quoc gia mdi hon Anh Con ngudi Anh th'i tu thdi da nhin nhan d luat moi de doa, no khong la cong cu huu hieu de bao ve dupe su tu do, su chuyen quyen cua minh Nhu vay tur dau chung ta da thay sir khac biet nhan thuc giua ngudi Anh va ngudi M y tir nhung nguyen tac khong dupe ngudi Anh dong tinh Tiep sau dd la ca mot tap hop cac yeu td phuc tap lam cho M y va ngudi dan M y trd mot quoc gia, mot dan toe khac mot cach sau sAc voi Anh va ngudi dan Anh Dd la su khac vd vi tri dia Iv ciia hai quoc gia, khac ve td chirc chinh the, dan cu, phan dan toe, ton giao, nep song Nude Anh luon tuan thii theo nguyen tAc tap trung nhung vAn dd ciia thuc tien xet xir Con nude M y la nha nude lien bang dd lai cAn phai dung hoa giua quyen loi quoc gia vdi nhung quydn loi cua timg bang Ngoai ra, giua hai quoc gia cd su khac biet quan la sir khac biet vd cau true kinh te Do cd nhung sir khac biet nhu vay ma viec giai quyet cac van de sinh cua nude M y cung khac so vdi nude Anh Nhung van de d day khong chi gidi ban sir khac biet vd quy pham phap luat No khac ca he thong cac khai niem, cau true phap luat va thuc tien vd ngudn phap luat khong ddng nhat giua Anh va My

0 M y hien so lupng cac dao luat cang tAng, cd nhidu tuydn tap chinh thirc bao gom phap luat ciia lien bang va ciia tidu lien bang V i du, Tuydn tap cac dao luat Hoa K y (United State Code Annotated) tap hop he thong nhung dao luat lien bang hien hanh Nhung no khong phai la bp luat

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l l i l M T M t f C P H A ifil ti-ii 1 l*i*

dien trinh hay Cac dao luat cua My don thuan la kot qua cua sir tap hgp cac quy pham phap luat chir khong phai la co so tao va phat trien phap luat nidi nhir d cac nirdc he Romanh - Cihecmanh Phap luat M y cung nhu phap luat Anh chu yeu la he thong phap luat ihirc uen xet xu cua Toa an tao Cac nha lap phap M y da tai tao lai bo luat nhung quy pham phap luat trudc do thirc tien xet xu cua Toa an tao Cac dao luat se khong cd y nghla no chua dugc Toa an giai thich Nhung ap dung Toa an khong dua tren an le ma chi ap dung cac dao luat ma thdi

d Cac ngudn phap lual Trung Quoc

Quan dieim truyC;n thong cua rung Quoc v£ che xa hoi hoan toan khac vdi quan diem cua phuong lay Trai qua bao the kv quan diem xa hoi Trung Quoc luon dua tren nhung nguyen lac co ban: thien vu tru va sir hai hoa ciia ngudi vdi tu nhien tinh phu tu su phuc timg cap tren, cam doan den mufc thai qua tir mdi gia dinh Trung Quoc Nhung nguyen tac dan den viec tap quan thay the cho tluii phuc timg phap luat d Trung Quoc

Dudi thdi nha Han (206 trudc Cong nguyen) trudng phai phap tri ddi vdi quan diOm cho rang chinh quyfin khong phai chi dua vao dao dire ciia nhung ngudi cam quyen (nhan tri dire tri) mil cac nha cAm quy£n phai xay dung ndn phap tri ciia dat nude vdi nhung dao luat hien hanh thudng xuyen, nha cam quven ban than ho phai nam virng chung, than dan phai iriet d£ thi hanh chung Day la lan dau tien quan diem phap luat gAn gio'ng vdi quan diem phuong lay.

Nhung suot thdi ky phong kien, xa hoi Trung Quoc van quan niem “ xa hoi khong can co phap luat'’ vi quan niem cd nen tang la nhung qui tAc nghiem ngat gia dinh phong kien Den nAm 1911, cudc Cach mang Tan Ilg i dien da lam thay ddi ca ban quan niem “ xa hoi

khong cAn cd phap luat" Sau nen cong hoa duoc thiet lap, viec ban hanh cac bd luat dugc tien hanh Bo luat dAn su bao gom ca luat dAn sir va luat thuong mai co hieu luc tir nam 1929 - 1931: Bd luat td tung dAn sir tir nAm 1932; Bo luat dat dai tir nam 1930 va den cd vAn cd hieu luc d Dai Loan Phap luat Trung Quoc giai ifoan dugc dua tren Luat La Ma

L U U L U U I i r U , l I I IT U M I T I'LO \ t H M I.IJ U i.i I t.1 H U H n T U I I J T H J l l J - l 1.1.11 IJ j l.l.U IT T.l J r.U.Ty i j.rj.l LI U.M I J U l I I <.I.I.1.T

i i • t 1 i i i i i i i i $ i i i i i i I : j v U x / t l V j I 1 fe y i d p \ I f > * -» < ■ i S I T j U l i i f W 1 i i i i ^ : i i i i i i i 11 i n r f k l

Den 1-10-1949, nirdc Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa ddi moi dao luat dugc ban hanh trirdc day deu bi huy bo, he thdng Toa an cu bi xoa bo yeu cau tao mot cai gl do, mdi me la mot yeu cau cap thiet cua he thong phap luat de cung cd che va dam bao vai trd lanh dao cua nha nude, vai tro dac biet cua giai cap vo san

Tir thang nam 1980 chinh sach mdi duoc hinh va phat trien Chinh sach mdi trudc het tu bo tu tudng '"Cach mang van hoa” va dau tranh giai cap la nguyen tac chu dao sir nghiep xay dung chu nghia xa hoi d Trung Quoc Nha lanh dao Dang Tieu Binh da dua phuang cham hien dai hoa bon llnh vuc chu chot la nong nghiep, cong nghiep, quoc phong va khoa hoc - cong nghe De lam dugc dieu do, Hien phap thu cua Trung Quoc (1982) dugc thong qua, co quy dinh cho phep tu ban nude ngoai cong tac vdi cac xl nghiep Trung Quoc; quy dinh vai tro chu dao ciia kinh tc Nha nude va nhung hinh thuc kinh te tap the; quy dinh dat dai thuoe v t Nha

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !-!•* ! ! !! ! j Jr , 'r » f iM*^* ‘ f*fA |r yE* r i ~ ' ^ ) ^ ' y ' ' ' * ' ! • • !-! ! ! ! !•! ! i f !! !-!'V!! ! I

d Nguon phap luat cdc nude dao H 6i

Khac vdi cac nguon phap luat da xem xet phap luat cua cac nude dao H6i (Islam ) khong phai la ITnh vuc khoa hoc doc lap ma no la mot nhung phan hop cua dao Hoi Ion giao nav la su tortg hop cua than hoc va Shary’a Thu nhat than hoc thiet lap len nhung giao ly va xac dinh

ngudi dan dao Hoi phai tin vao cai gi Tliu hai, Shary’a quy dinh ho cin

phai lam gl va khong dupe lam gl Shary’a co nghia la “ dudng can theo” va Shary’a tao nhung gi duoc goi la pluip luat dao Hoi Phap luat

dao Hoi la phan quan nhat cua lie thdng phap luat cac nude dao H6i Phap luat chi cho ngudi dan dao Hoi can phai xu su nhu the nao cho phu hop vdi ton giao cua ho Dua tren tu tudng ve nghia vu cua ngudi, Shary’a da cong nhan nhung ranh gidi nhat dinh ddi vdi cac bOn phan giua ngudi dan dao Hoi vdi Thuang de, ddng thdi qui dinh cu the ca nhung quyen cua ca nhan - sir khong ton nhung quyen sc keo theo nhung che tai cac tham phan dao Iio i dua Phap luat dao h6i co nguon, bao gom:

+ Coran la sach kinh cua dao Hoi

+ Sunna hay nhung Idi truven lien quan den nha tien tri dao H6i + Idjma duoc coi la khe udc thong nhat cua xa hoi dao Hoi

+ Kias la suy didn tuang tu duoc xem nhu phuang ihuc giai thich va ap dung phap luat dua tren kinh Coran va Sunna

Ndn tang cua phap luat diio Iioi cung nlnr toan bo nen van minh dao H6i la Tlidnh kinli Coran gom nhung Idi day cua Thanh Ala ddi vdi ngudi

cuoi cung sd nhung nha tien tri va su cua minh la Mohamed (570 - 632) Coran la nguon dau tien cua phap luat dao H6i, the: hien sd luong nhat dinh “ cac kh6 tho phap luat” cua Coran Cac nguyen uk co tfnh chat phap ly Coran khong du de dicu chinh moi mdi quan he giua nhung ngudi theo dao H6i giua cac che dinh cua dao Hoi Chinh vl the ma ben canh Coran cd Sunna

Sunna hay nhung Idi truydn lien quan den Nha tien tri, ke vd ddi song

coi la nguyen tac Sunna - tuyen tap nhirng adat - tire la nhirng truydn thuyet lien quan den nhung hoat dong va loi noi cua Mohamed nhieu ngudi sau tai tao lai No la thudc cho cach urng xir cua nguoi theo dao H6i La nguon thu hai ciia phap luat sau Coran, Sunna co tac dung gop phan tai tao cac tap quan phap ton tai tir trudc dao Hoi xuat hien

Idjma hay khe udc thdng nhat cua xa hoi dao H6i la nguon thu ba cua

phap luat dao Hoi Idjma dupe sir dung de di sau va phat tridn viec giai tln'ch chfnh thirc ngudn goc ciia thupng de no dupe hop phap hoa su lien he ciia Coran va Sunna Idjma co y nghia thuc te Idn Chi sau dupe chep Idjma cac qui pham phap luat nidi dupe ap dung ma khong phu thupc vao nguon goc cua chung

Kias duoc hidu la nhung suy xet theo su viec tuong tu Cac luat gia

dao Hoi co trach nhiem giai thich luat, thudng dung phuong phap suy xet theo su viec tuo'ng tu Kias Bang each ho co thd ket hop dupe Thanh

kinh va ly tri ngudi Kias trd nen hop phap nhd Coran va Sunny, no suy xet theo su viec tuong tu va dupe xem nhu phuong thirc giai tln'ch va ap dung phap luat Phap luat dao Hoi dupe xay dung tren co sd ciia nguyen tac uy tin va ve nguyen tac chi ap dung cho nhirng ngudi theo dao Hoi Do dao Hoi hinh tir thdi ky trung cd nen phap luat dao HPi la tap hop ciia nhidu quy dinh rieng le va thic'u sir he thdng hoa

Ngay phap luat dao Hoi van tiep tuc la mot nhung he thdng Idn ciia the gidi duong dai va dieu chinh cac mdi quan he ciia hori 800 trieu ngudi dan dao Hoi tao da so dan cu tap trung khoang 30 quoc gia nhung khong mot quoc gia nao sd dupe dinh hudng chi bang phap luat dao H6i Cac tap quan va phap luat van da bd sung hoac sira ddi phap luat dao Iioi Trong cac the ky 19 va 20, phap luat ciia cac nude dao Hoi da bat dau co nhung anh hudng va thay doi chii yeu la: qua trinh phuong Tay hoa dong cham den nhidu llnh vuc ciia phap luat dao H6i; viec phap didn hoa nhirng linh vuc khong lien quan den qua trinh phuang Tay hoa va viec xoa bo nhung Toa an truydn thdng co nhiem vu ap dung phap luat dao Hoi V I v^y, he thong phap luat thuc dinh cac nuoc dao Iio i

nay cung bao gdm nhung bo lual dao luat la cac hinh thuc phap luat van nha nude ban hanh va cung vdi phap luat dao Hoi, chung tao ngudn phap luat cua cac nude dao I loi

II V A N B A N Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T - H IN H T H U C P H A P L U A T C U A N H A N U O C C O N G HO A XA H O I C H U N G H IA V IE T N A M

1 Khai niem va dac diem cua \an ban quy pham phap luat

" Van ban quy pham phap luat la van ban co' quan nha ntfdc ban lianh hoac phoi lurp ban hanh theo tham quyen hinh thuc, trinh tit, thu tuc dtfr/c quy dinh Luat hoac I.uat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap lucjt cua Hoi dong nhan dan uy ban nlidn dan, co quy tuc xit

sit chung co hieu life bat buoc < hung, d i f f ft N lia niftft• bao dam tlufc hien de

dieu chinh cac quan he xd hoi" (Dieu I Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham

phap luat Quoc hoi thong qua 3-6-2008)

Van ban quy pham phap luat cd nhitng due diem sau day:

- Phai cac co quan Nha nude, ngudi cd thaim quy£n ban hanh hoac phoi hop ban hanh vdi nhung hinh thuc phap luat quy dinh

- Trinh tu, thu tuc ban hanh van ban duoc quy dinh chat che Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat va cac van ban phap luat khac cd lien quan

- Noi dung cua van ban cd chufa cac quy luc xit sit chung Quy tAc xu su

chung la nhung chuain muc ma moi co quan, to chuc va ca nhan phai tuan theo tham gia quan lie xa hoi duoc quy tac dd ditki chinh No duoc ap dung nhieu lan doi vdi moi ddi tuong hoac mot nhom doi urong va cd hieu luc pham vi toan quoc hoac tu'ng dia phuong

- Nha nude bao dam viec thuc hien cac van ban quy pham phap luat bang cac bien phap thich hop nhu tuyen truyen, giao due, thuyet phuc, cac bien phap v i td chuc, hanh chinh kinh te va trudng hop can thi£t la bien phap cuong che bit buoc thi hanh

NhCrng dac diem tren cho pliep phan biet van ban quy pham phap luat

1 j | a H % jl: j jji.il: i : I j j j I jfifr fc O lffii jQ Ifli C IIH It f e s | j j i I |i j j ■ i-j j j j j j i j j; j :l :i

hanh nhung khong co du cac yeu to cua van ban quy pham phap luat va dirge goi la van ban ap Jung quy pham phap lual nhu: nghi quyet cua Quoc

hoi vd chuong trinh xay dung luat phap Ienh va Nghi quyet ve dieu chinh chuong trinh xay dung luat, phap Ienh; nghi quyet cua Chfnh phu vd chuong trinh xay dung nghi quyet nghi dinh; Nghi quyet ve dieu chinh chuong trinh xay dung nghi quyet nghi dinh cua Chfnh phu; nghi dinh cua Chfnh phu phd chuain don vi bau cir va so lugng dai bieu Hoi d6ng nhan dan tinh, true thuoe trung uang (sau day goi chung la cap tmh); Nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi vd mien nhiem, hai nhiem hoac phe duvet ket qua bau cir dai bidu Quoc hoi va cac chuc vu khac, Quyet dinh phe duyet dd an khoan bien che va kinh phi quan ly hanh chfnh cua co quan, dan vi; Quyet dinh ve lap co quan, don vi; quyet dinh giao chi tieu kinh te - xa hoi cho co quan, don vi; quyet dinh lap cac Ban Chi dao, Hoi dong, U y ban lam thai de thuc hien nhiem vu mot thdi gian xac dinh; Lenh cong bd luat phap lenh cua Chu tich nude; quyet dinh phe duyet dieu le cua hoi, t6 chirc phi Chfnh phu; quyet dinh len luong khen thudng ky luat dieu dong cong tac; quvct dinh b6 nhiem, mien nhiem, cach chufc, cho tu chuc, tam dinh chi cong tac can bo, cong chuc; quyet dinh phe chuain ket qua bau cir cac vien U y ban nhan dan cap tinh; quyet dinh xu ly vi pham hanh chfnh; Van ban quy pham noi bo cua co quan, dan vi; Van ban ca biet de phat dong phong trao thi dua, bieu duong ngudi tot, viec tot, van ban ca biet co tfnh chat chi dao, didu hanh hanh chfnh hoac dd hudng din chuyen mOn, nghiep vu va cac van ban ca biet khac de’ giai quyet vu vide cu thd ddi vdi ddi lugng cu the

He thong van ban quy pham phap luat hien cua Nha nude ta bao gom: 1) Hien phap luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi

2) Phap lenh, nghi quyet cua U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi 3) Lenh quyet dinh cua Chu tich nuoc

4) Nghi dinh eua Chfnh phu

i i i 1,1 m i i i i • * i.ằ i M M ã M ô J

: !'\ !:!ã!ã" r;W!ôUP*l9; tv "U IM U T iIhV ^' D U A 'b i I''I l l i T ' * R U lr f llf llr ' *i i;: : ; i ' : " : i‘::!: I ; :! '■ ]!

6) Nghi quyet ciia Hoi dong Tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao, thong tir ciia Chanh an T oa an nhan dan toi cao

7) T hong lur ciia Vien truong Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao 8) Thong tu' ciia Bo trudng, T hu trudng co quan ngang ho 9) Quyet dinh ciia Tong Kiem loan Nha nuoc

10 Nghi quyet lien tich giua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi hoac giua Chinh phu vdi coquan trung iro'ng cua to chuc chinh tri - xa hoi

1 1) Thong tu lien tich giua Chanh an Toa an nhan dan Toi cao voi Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao; giua Bo trudng, Thu trudng co quan ngang bp vdi Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien trudng Vien kiem sal nhan dan toi cao; giua cac Bo irirdng, Thu trudng co quan ngang bo

12) Van ban quy pham phap luat ciia Hoi dcing nhan dan, U y ban nhan dan (bao gom nghi quyet cua Hoi dong nhan dan va quyet dinh, chi thi cua Uy ban nhan dan

Ngoai nhung quy dinh chung Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2008, viec ban hanh cac van ban phap luat ciia Hoi dong nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan throe quy dinh mot van ban rieng lit Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat ciia Hoi dong nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan duoc Quoc hoi thong qua 3-12-2004

2 So, kv hieu ciia van ban quy pham phap luat

Di£;u Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 2008 quy dinh viec danh so v<\ ghi ky hieu ciia van ban quy pham phap luat So, ky hieu ciia van ban quy pham phap luat phai the hien ro so thu' tu, nam ban hanh, loai van ban, co quan ban hanh van ban Ddi vdi luat phap lenh, nghi quyet ciia Quoc hoi U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi thi danh so thu tu theo tung loai van ban va nhiem ky ciia Quoc hoi

Hien tai so, ky hieu van ban quy pham phap luat ciia co quan ban hanh theo quy djnh sau day:

- So, ky hieu cua lual, nghi quyct cua Quoc hoi duoc sap xep thco thu tu nhu sau: “ loai van ban: so thu tu cua van ban/nam ban hanh/ten viet tat cua co quan ban hanh van ban va so khoa Quoc hoi” ;

- So, ky hieu cua phap lenh nghi quyet cua U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi dupe sap xep theo thu tu nhu sau: “ loai van ban: sd thu :u cua van ban/nam ban hanh/ten viet tat cua co quan ban hanh van ban va sd khoa Quoc hoi";

- So, ky hieu cua cac van ban quy pham phap luat khong thuoe

trudng hop tren dupe sap xep theo thu tu nhu sau: “ sd thu ;u cua van ban/nam ban hanh/ten viet tat cua loai van ban - ten viet tat cua co quan ban hanh van ban”

3 Nguyen tac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat

Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat la mot nhung hoat dong quan ly nha nude quan cua cac co quan nha nude De bao dam cho he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat thd hien dung dan y chi cua giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dong didu kien cua nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat phai dua tren nhung nguyen tac chi dao thdng nhat

Nhung nguyen tac co ban chi dao viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cung chfnh la nhung nguyen tac td chuc va hoat dong cua bp may nha nude nhu: nguyen tac tat ca quyen luc thuoe ve nhan dan, nguyen tac

tap trung dan chu, nguyen tac phap che xa hoi chu nghia Quan tridt nhung nguyen tac co ban do, viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat, Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 2008 quy dinh nguyen tac cu thd viec xay dung, ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat

a Bao dam tinh hap hien, hap phap va tinh thong nhat cua van ban

quy pham phap luat he thong phap luat

quy pham phap luat Cac van ban quy pham phap luat dugc ban hanh phai bao dam ti'nh thong nhat ihuf bac hieu lire phap ly cua van ban he thdng phap luat

Bao dam ti'nh thong nhat cua he thdng van ban dugc the hien d cho van ban quy pham phap luat cua co' quan nha nude cap dudi ban hanh phai phu hgp vdi van ban quy pham phap luat cua co quan nha nude cap tren va phai tuan thu theo Hien phap va luat Cac van ban qui pham phap luat eua cac co quan nha nude cung cap ve cung mot van de phai phu hgp vdi van ban cua ca quan nha nirdc co chuc nang quan ly chuyen nganh v<! van dc;

Nhung van ban quy pham pluip luat trai vdi Hien ph<p hate trai vdi van ban eua ca quan nha nude cap tren vi pham nguyen tAc phai dugc kip thai dinh chi viec thi hanh se bi co' quan nha nude co tham quydn bai bo, huy bo hoac sua ddi theo quy dinh cua phap luat

b Tuan thu tham quyen, hinh thuc, trinh tu, thu tuc xay dung, ban

hanh van ban quy pham phap luat

Dong thdi vdi viec thuc hien nguyen tac dugc de cap muc a, ban hanh \an ban quy pham phap luat, phai luan thu dung cac quy dinh \ i

thaim quydn cua moi ca quan Nha nude dugc bau hanh loai van ban quy pham phap luat, hinh thu'c, trinh tu, thu tuc soan thao va ban hanh

Khi ban hanh mot van ban quy pham phap luat nhu Luat, Nghi quyet

cua Quoc hoi, Phap lenh, Nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi thi ca

quan ban hanh phai thuc hicn day du cac buov sau Trade het lit lap chuong

trinh xay dung Luat, Phap lenh: tiep thuc hien soan thao Luat, Nghi quyet ciia Quoc hoi, Phap lenh, Nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi; tfuim tra du an Luat, Phap lenh du thao Nghi quyet; Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi xem xet, cho y kien ve du an Luat, du thao Nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi; thao luan, tiep thu, chinh ly va thong qua du an Luat, Phap lenh, du thao Nghi quyet; cuoi cung la cong bo van ban quy pham phap luat

quan nha nude co thaim quyen tranh sir ch6ng cheo mau thuan khong co tinh kha thi thirc hien van ban quy pham phap luat

c Bao dam tinh cong khai qua trinh xay dung, ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat tru tru&ng hap van ban quy pham phap luat cd noi dung thuoc bi mat nha nuoc; bao dam tinh minh bach cac quy dinh ciia van ban quy pham phap luat

Trong qua trinh xay dung va ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat, can cu: vao tinh chat va noi dung quy dinh dir an cua cac co quan nha nude co thaim quyen phai tao dieu kien dam bao sir tham gia gop y kien rong rai cua nhan dan viec xay dirng van ban quy pham phap luat de cho cac van ban bao dam cong khai Chi co the, sau van ban quy pham phap luat dirge ban hanh th'i viec thirc hien cac van ban mdi dirge sir hudng ung sau rong pham vi ca nirdc Duong nhien, tru trirdng hgp cac van ban quy pham phap luat co noi dung thuoc bf mat Nha nirdc

Bin g viec thong qua viec gop y kien cua Mat tran Td quoc Viet Nam va cac td churc vien, cac to chut xa hoi khac, t6 chuc kinh te, co quan nha nude, don vi vu trang nhan dan va cong dan viec xay dung van ban quy pham phap luat lam cho cac quy pham phap luat mang tinh thuc tiin , minh bach, tranh sir hieu lam, khong ro rang thuc hien phap luat, dam bao phap che xa hoi chii nghla Viec dam bao tinh minh bach ciia van ban quy pham phap luat cd y nghTa tao mot he thong phap luat on dinh va cd thC du doan, d6ng thdi giup nang cao tinh quy6n lire ciia cac co quan Nha nude De bao dam tinh minh bach ciia he thong van ban quy pham phap luat, cac co quan nha nude phai thudng xuyen soat cac quy pham phap luat da dugc ban hanh nham loai bd cac quy pham phap luat khong phu hgp vdi sir phat trieln khong ngimg cua cuoc song va khong ro rang

d Bao dam tinh kha thi cua van ban quy pham phap luat

|1 |Vtiimii J HINH TWlte 1^HAPLU. • * ' •

phap lual quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan ihi hanh mol van ban quy pham phap lual Co quan soan thao va ban hanh phap luat phai du lied day du nhirng dicu kien thuc lien cho viec ap dung quy pham phap luat duoc ban hanh phai chiu trach nhicm doi vdi viec ban hanh nhung quy pham phap luat khong cd tinh kha thi De thuc hien nguyen tac nay, phai tridt de’ luan iheo trinh tu, thu tuc soan thao, ban hanh da quy dinh Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 2008 Viec quy dinh thdi diem co hieu luc cua van ban quy pham phap lual duoc quy dinh van ban nhung khong sdm hon bon muoi lam ke tu cong bo hoac ky ban hanh cung la de co mot thdi gian chuan hi nhirng dieu kien can thiet cho viec ap dung phap luat Ap dung co che phan bien xa hoi qua trinh xay dung, ban hanh cung nang cao tinh kha tin cua van ban phap luat

d Khong lam can trd viec thuc hien dieu udc quoc te md Cong hod

xd Iioi chii nghia Viet Nam Id (hanh vien

Hien Viet Nam dang tang cudng tham gia vao cac quan he quoc te cang da dang va sau rong nhieu chieu Trong quan he cua Viet Nam vdi cac quoc gia khac dugc xac lap va giai quyet bang dieu udc quoc te Chi'nh vi vay ma phai dam hao sir phu hgp ddng thdi xu ly tln'ch dang nhung noi dung dugc quy dinh khac giua dieu udc quoc te vdi van ban quy pham phap luat ma Nha nude ta ban hanh la viec lam het sue c;\n thiet Dieu Luat ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc quoc te 2005 quy dinh:

“ Trong trudng hgp van ban quy pham phap luat va dieu udc quoc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Vici Nani la lhanh vien cd quy dinh khac vd cung mot van dd thi ap dung quy dinh cua dieu udc quoc te

2 Vide ban hanh van b;in quy pham phap luat phai bao dam khong lam can trd viec thuc hien dieu udc quoc le ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la vien co quy dinh ve cung mot van de

' • ' ! > ; i tI j ' j X j i O : ; ! •! * ! ! j j 1 ! ! ! • ' ! ! ' ! ! ! • ! * ! • ! ! ! • ’ ! ! • ! • ! • ! ? • ! • '• ! *

i i i « ; i ; i i ; i ; i ; i ; i i i i i i i i i i i ; i t't J i;i i i J t V I t J L > T C J f f i t l | J | D U A u ' i l l ■ n T ~ ' J f l l A I ' ‘ i;i;i i i i i i i »

quy dinh cua dieu udc quoc le da du ro, chi tiet de thirc hien: quyet dinh hoac kien nghi sua doi, bo sung, bai bo hoac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap lual de there hien dieu udc quoc te do”

Mot nhung nguyen tac cua viec ky ket va gia nhap cac dieu udc quoc te la ‘'Dieu udc quoc te co quy dinh trai hoac chua duoc quy dinh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hoi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc lioi, dieu udc quoc te ma de thuc hien can sua doi bo sung, bai bd hoac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hoi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc lioi phai duoc trinh Uy ban thudng vu Quae hoi cho y kien trudc dam

phan ky hoac gia nhap: trudng hop dam phan kv hoac gia nhap diC;u udc quoc te cd quy dinh trai vdi van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hoi thi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi bao cao Quoc lioi cho y kien" (Khoan Dieu Luat da dan)

4 He thong van ban quy pham phap luat cua co quan Nha nude ta a Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi

Hien phap nude Cong hoa xa ho ich u tigfia Viet Nam la luilt co bai

cua Nha nude, co hieu lire phap ly cao nhat he thong van ban quy pham phap luat cua Nha nude ta Hien phap quy dinh nhung van dt- co ban nhat cua Nha nude nhu: ban chat va hinh thuc cua Nha nude; the che chinh tri, kinh te' xa hoi cua Nha nude; dia vi phap ly cua cong dan; he thong td chuc, nguyen tac boat dong va tham quyen cua cac cor quan nha nude v v

Chi quoc hoi mdi cd quyen ban hanh hoac sua ddi Hien phap Hien phap duoc Quoc hoi thong qua vdi it nhat la hai phan ba tong so dai bieu Quoc hoi bieu quyet tan Quoc hoi quy dinh viec soan thao, thong qua, cong bo Hien phap, sua doi Hien phap va thu tuc, trinh tu giai thich Ilie n phap

Luat (Dao luat) la van b quypham ph luat co gu tri sau Hien

nhat qua nira tPng so dai hicu Quoc hoi hieu quyet tan Xay dung va ban hanh luat la hoat dpng chu yeu cua Quoc hoi cac Ky hop Quoc hoi Viet Nam phan dau de cac linh vuc co ban ciia doi song xa hpi deu dupe dieu chinh bang luat

Co cau chung cua mpt dao luat thudng co cac Phan (Phan thu nhat,

phan thu h ) va mot phan thudng chia cac Chifcrng (Chuong

I Chuong II ) Cac phan va chuong dupe danh sd thu tu tu dAu van ban den het van ban Trong mot Chuong, c6 thd chia cac Muc (Muc 1,

Muc ) dupe danh so thu tu tu dau chuong den het chuong Trong mpt muc chia cac Dieu (Didu 1, Didu ) dupe danh thu tu dau van

ban den het van ban Trong mot dieu chia cac Khoan (Khoan 1,

Khoan ) dupe danh sd thu tu dau dieu den het dieu Trong mpt Khoan co thd chia cac Diem (Diem a Diem b ) dupe danh thu: tu bAng chu

tu dau khoan den het khoan nhung khoan cd nhidu noi dung till se dupe viet nhung Doan khac nhau, goi theo thu tu cua tung diem M6i phAn,

chuong, muc, didu co ten neu noi dung khai quat cua Phan, Chuong, Muc, Dieu Co cau chung dupe su dung dd bao dam su thdng nhat viec xAy dung ban hanh van ban cung nhu viec vien dan su dung van ban quy pham phap luat

Nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi dupe han hanh dd quyet dinh nhiem vu phat

trien kinh te - xa hoi, du toan ngan sach nha nude va phan bo ngAn sach trung uong; didu chinh ngan sach nha nude, phd chuan quyet toan ngAn sach nha nude; quy dinh che lain vice cua Quoc hpi, uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi, Hpi dong dan toe, eae Uy han cua Quoc hpi, Doan dai bidu Quoc hoi, dai bieu Quoc hoi; phd chuan dieu udc quoc te va quyet djnh cac van dd khac thupc thaim quyen cua Quoc hoi

dd cd day du nhung dac diem cua mdi van Kin quy pham phap lual mdi dirge coi lit van ban quy pham phap lual

b Pit(i/> lent;, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi

Phap lenh cua Uy ban ihudng vu Quoc hoi quy dinh nhung van

duoc Quoc hoi giao sau moi ihdi gian thirc hien trinh Quoc hoi xem xel quyet dinh ban hanh lual

Ngh quyet cua Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi duoc ban hanh giai

thich I lion phap lual phap lenh: hu'dn dan hoat dong cua Hoi dong nhan dan: quyet dinh luyen bd tinh Hang chien tranh long dong vien hoac dong vien cue bo, ban bd tinh nang khan cap ca nirdc hoac timg dia phirong va quyei dinh nhCrng van khac thuoc tham quyen cua Uy ban Thirdng vu Quoc hoi Tuy nhien cung nhu'doi vdi nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi chi mot so nghi quvoi cua Uy ban Thirdng vu Quoc hoi vdi nhung noi dung neu tren cd nhCrng quy tac xu sir chung nidi thuoc loai van ban quy pham phap luat

c Lenh, quyet dinh cua Chu tich nuoc

Vdi ur cach la ngirdi diirng dau Nha nirdc, ngudi thay mat Nha nirdc ve ddi noi va ddi ngoai, Chii tich nirdc ban hanh lenh, quyei dinh de thirc hien nhung nhiem vu, quyen han cua Chu tich nirdc I lien phap, luat quy dinh

Lenh, quyei dinh cua Chu tich nude duoc ban hanh de thirc hien

nhiem vu, quven han cua Chii tich nirdc Hien phap luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi phap lenh nghi quyei cua Uy ban thirdng vu Quoc hoi quy dinh

d Nghi dinh cua Chinh phu

Nghi dinh cua Chinh phu duoc ban hanh de quy dinh cac van de sau day: - Quy dinh chi tiei thi hanh luat, nghi quyei ciia Quoc hoi, phap lenh, nghi quyei cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi, lenh, quyei dinh ciia Chu tich nirdc;

: J i ; : : : : ‘ '

I I 1.4 I I

che cong vu can bp cong chuc quyen nghia mi ciia cong dan va cac vaii dc khac thupc tham quven quan ly dieu hanh cua (.'hinh phu

- Quy dinh nhiem vu quycn han to churc bp may ciia cac bp co quan ngang bo, co quan thupc < 'hinh phu va cac co' quan khac ihupc tham quycn ciia Chinh phu:

- Quy dinh nhirng van can thiet nhu'ng chua du dieu kien xay dung luat hoac phap lenh dap ung you can quan ly nha nude, quan lv kinh to quan ly xa hpi N ice ban hanh nghi dinh phai du'p'c su' dong v cua L y ban thudng vu Quuc hpi

d Quyet dinh cua Thu tuong ( hinh phu

Quyct dinh cua Thu lirdng Chi'nh phu duoc ban hanh de quy dinh cac van de:

- Bien phap lanh dao dieu hanh hoa! dpng ciia Chinh phu va he thdng hanh chmh nha nuoc iu trung uong den co so", che dp lain viec vdi cac vien Chi'nh phu Chu tich uy ban nhan dan tinli true thupc trung uong va cac van de khac thupc tham quycn cua I hu tudng Chi'nh [)hu

- Bien pluip chi dao, phoi hop hoat dong ciia cac \ien Chinh phu: kiem tra hoat dpng cua cac bo, co'quan ngang bp coquan thuoe Chinh phii l y ban nhan dan cac cap vice thuc hicn chii truong chinh sach, phap luat cua Nha nude

e Thong tu cua Bo Iruong, 'I'hu truong co quan ngang ho

Thong tu cua Bo trudng Thu trudng co quan ngang bp dupe ban hanh d6 quy dinh cac van de‘ sau day:

- Quy dinh chi tiot thi hanh luat nghi quyet ciia Quoc hpi phap lenlu nghi quyet ciia L y han thudng vu Quoc hoi lenh quyet dinh cua Chu tich nude, nghi dinh ciia Chfnh phu quyei duiii cua Thu tudng Chi’nh phii:

- Quy dinh vc quy trinh quy chuan ky thuat dinh muc kinh te - ky thuat ciia nganh, linh vuc minh phu trach:

- Quy dinh hicu phap tic thuc hicn chuc nang quan ly nganh, ITnh vuc minh phu trach va nhung van de* khac Chfnh phu giao

» !m u 11»! ! ! i i : ! n ■:' ■ r , ' 11 u t :m.i• i ■ ■ ■'mi : , i ); , 11 : 11111 i.i ? !■-!.i t i » i p ? i i i nt om T T T r r rh i n i i i r ntt; r v i r r r n r r r r r H T

rn?ur^6DA| HOC KINH T6 QlldC DAN 107

i i i i g i i i i i i i i i i i f ^

g Nghi quyet cua H oi dong Tham phan Tod an nhan dan toi cao, Thong tu cua Chanh an Tod an nhan dan toi cao.

Nghi quyet cua Hoi dorig tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao dugc

ban hanh hudng dan cac T oa an ap dung thong nhat phap luat

Thong tu cua Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao dugc ban hanh de

thuc hien viec quan ly cac T oa an nhan dan dia phuong va Toa an quan sir ve td chuc; quy dinh nhung van de khac thuoc tham quyen cua Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao

h Thong thu cua Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao

Thong tu cua Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dAn toi cao dugc ban

hanh de quy dinh cac bien phap bao dam viec thirc hien nhiem vu quyen han cua Vien kiem sat nhAn dAn dia phuong, Vien kiem sat quAn sir; quy dinh nhung van de khac thuoc thAm quven cua Vien trudng Vien kie'm sat nhAn dAn toi cao

i Quyet dinh ciia Tong Kiem toan Nha nude

Quyet dinh cua Tdng Kiem toan Nha nuoc dugc ban hanh de quy

dinh, hudng dan cac chuAn inuc kiem loan nha nude; quy dinh cu the quy trinh kie^m toan, ho so kie'm toan

k Nghi quyet lien tich giua Uy han thudng vu Quoc hoi hoac giua Chinh phit vai ca quan trung uang ciia to chuc chinh tri - xd hoi.

Nghi quyet lien tich giua U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi hoac giua

Chfnh phu voi co quan trung uong cua id chuc chinh tri - xa hoi dugc ban hanh de hirdng dAn thi hanh nhung van de phap luat quy dinh ve viec td chuc chinh tri - xa hoi dd tham gia quan Iv nha nude

I Thong tu lien tich giua Chanh an Tod an nhan dan toi cao vdi

Thong tu lien tich giua Chanh an Toa an nhan dan loi cao voi Vien

trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao: giua Ho trudng, TTiu trirdng co' quan ngang ho vdi C’lutnh an T oa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien irudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao duoc ban hanh de lifting dan vice ap dung thong nhat phap luat hoat dong to mug va nhCrng van de khac lien quan den nhiem vu quyen han cua cac co quan

Thong lit lien tich giua cac l?o trudng Thu trudng co quan ngang bo

dugc ban hanh de hudng clan thi hanh lual nghi quvet cua Quoc lioi phap lenh, nghi quyet cua l y han thudng vu Quoc hoi lenh quyet dinh cua Chu tich nude, nghi dinh cua Chinh phu quvet dinh cua Thu tudng Chinh phu co lien quan den chuc nang nhiem vu quyen han cua bo, co quan ngang bo

m Van han quy pham phap lual cua H oi dong nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan

Van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hoi d6ng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan bao g6m nghi quyet cua Hoi dong nhan dan va quyei dinh chi thi cua Uy ban nhan dan cac cap duoc ban hanh theo quy dinh tai Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua I loi dong nhan dan Uy ban nhan dan nam 2004

5 Van ban quy dinh chi tiet va viec sua doi bo sung, thay the, huy bo, bai bo hoac dinh chi vice thi hanh van ban quy pham phap luat.

Van ban quy pham phap luat phai dugc quy dinh cu the van ban cc hieu luc thi thi hanh dugc ngay: trudng hgp van ban co dieu khoan ma noi dung lien quan don qu> Hinh qu> chuan ky ihuat, nhung van de chua cd tinh 6n dinh cao thi tai ilieu khoan co the giao cho co quan nha nude co tham quyen quy dinh chi tiet Co quan dugc giao ban hanh van ban quy dinh chi tiet khong dugc uy quyen tiep

Van ban quy dinh chi tiet phai quy dinh cu the khong lap lai quy dinh cua van ban dugc quy dinh chi tiet va phai duoc ban hanh co hieu luc cung thdi diem co hieu luc ciia van ban hoac dieu, khoan, diem dirge quy dinh chi tiet

Trudng hgp mot co quan dugc giao quy dinh chi tiet ve nhieu noi dung cua mot van ban quy pham phap luat thi ban hanh mot van ban de quy

?'!! ?!! ! ! ?•' M ! H I !'??! !! ! •? ! i ! ! U'! ! ! ?11 !■!■•1 !» !'!-!,:T r r ’ H' ITH 11 f ! • f ? ? !? IT H TTH TTT?!T H T H'!7 ! ?!'!T !? ?TT7>! ?T

! < : • : • * Xm * ' • ! ! _ ! ■? * ! ! ■ ! • ' • * ! • !• ! • ! ;! !•! J - ! ! •! !•!

i i;»:i • -ftiLi A P !• I inT> JtllA I*

dinh chi liet cac noi dung tru trudng hop can phai quy dinh cac van ban khac Trudng hop mpt co quan dupe giao quy dinh chi liet cac noi dung d nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat khac till co the ban hanh mpt van ban de quy dinh chi tiet

Van ban quy pham phap luat chi dupe sira doi bo sung, thay the, huv bo hoac bai bo bang van ban quy pham phap luat cua chfnh co quan nha nude da ban hanh van ban hoac bi dinh chi viec thi hanh, huy ho hoac bai bo bang van ban cua co quan nha nu'dc co tham quyen

Van ban sira doi bd sung, thay the huv bo bai bo hoac dinh chi viec thi hanh van ban khac phai xac dinh to len van ban dieu khoan diem cua sail ban bi sira ddi bd sung, thay the huy bo bai bo hoac dinh chi viec thi hanh

6 Giai thich luat, phap lenh

U y ban thudng vu Quoc hpi giai thfch luat phap lenh

Chu tich nude, Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi, Hpi dong dan toe va cac Uy ban ciia Quoc hpi Chfnh phu, Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao Mat tran Td quoc Viet Nam va cac td churc vien cua Mat tran, dai bieu Quoc hpi cd quyen de nghi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hpi

giai thfch luat phap lenh Uy ban thudng vu Quoc Iioi xem xet quyet dinh viec giai thfch

Tuy theo tinh chat, noi dung cua van can dupe giai thich, U v han thudng vu Quoc hoi giao Chfnh phii, l oa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao Hdi ddng dan toe Uy ban eua Quoc hoi soan thao du thao

nghi quyet gidi thich luat, pluip lenh trinh U y ban thudng vu Quoc hdi.

Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hdi giao cho loi ddng dan toe hoac U y ban ciia Quoc hoi tlid'm tra ve sir phu hop cua du thao nghi quyct giai thfch vdi

tinh than va noi dung cua van ban dupe giai thfch

7 X av dung, han hanh van ban quy pham phap Inal theo trinh tu, thu tuc rut gon

Trong trirdng hcfp khan cap hoac can sura doi cho phu hop voi van ban quy pham phap luat men dirge ban hanh thi viec xay dung, ban hanh luat nghi quyet ciia Quoc hoi phap lenh nghi quyet cua Uy ban thuong vu Quoc hoi lenh quyet dinh cua Chu tich nuoc nghi dinh cua Chinh phu quyet dinh cua Thu tuong Chihli phu co the dugc thuc hien theo trinh tu I Ini luc rill gon.

U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi quyet dinh viec xav dung, ban hanh phap lenh, nghi quyet ciia U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi theo trinh tu, thu tuc rut gon; trinh Quoc hoi viec xav dung, ban hanh luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi theo trinh tu' thu tuc rut gon

Chu tich nude quyet dinh viec ap dung tinh tu, thu tuc rut gon xay dung, ban hanh lenh, quyet dinh ciia Chu tich nuoc

Thu tudng Chinh phii quyei dinh viec ap dung trinh tu, thu tuc rut gon xav dung, ban hanh nghi dinh cua Chinh phu quyet dinh cua Thu tudng Chinh phu

III H IE U L i f e C IIA V A N B A N Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T VA N G U Y E N T A C A P D U N G V A N B A N Q U Y P H A M P H A P L U A T

I Hieu luc ciia van ban quv pham phap luat

Dieu kien quan va can thiet de thuc hien dung phap luat la viec xac dinh chinh xac hieu life cua van ban quy pham phap luat Hieu luc ciia van ban quy pham phap luat la gidi han tac dong cua no theo thdi gian, theo khong gian (lanh lhc>) va pham vi doi tugng thi hanh

a Hieu luc theo thdi gian

Hieu luc theo thdi gian ciia van ban quy pham phap luat dugc xac dinh tu' thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc den cham dut hieu luc cua van ban

.// Cong ho luat, phap lenli, nglii quyet cua Quoc hoi, Uy han Thudng vu Quoc hoi

V,;: I j: j Ii: s: i: j; i!; l i t W P f l& M CUfONO:.;

hoi, phap lenh, nghi quyet cua U v ban thudng vu Quoc hoi thdi han cham nhat la nutt'fi lam ngay, ke tir luat, phap lenh, nghi quyet duoc

thong qua

Doi vdi phap lenh, nghi quyet da dupe Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi

thong qua ma Chu tich nude de nghi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi xem xet lai theo quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 103 cua Hien phap thi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi xem xet lai nhung van de ma Chu tich nude cd y kien Neu phap lenh nghi quyet vAn duoc Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hdi bieu quyet tan ma Chu tich nude vAn khong nhat tit thi Chii tich nude trinh Quoc hdi quyet dinh tai kv hop gan nhat Trong cac trudng hap thi thdi han cong

bd chgm nhat la mitiri ngay, ke tir Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi thong

qua hoac Quoc hoi quyet dinh

a2 Viec ddng Cong bao van ban quy pham phap luat

Cong bao la an pham thdng tin phap ly chinh thuc ciia Nha nude, Chi'nh phii thdng nhat quan ly cd chirc niing dang cac van ban quy pham phap luat cac ca quan nha nude cd thaim quydn ban hanh hoac phdi hop ban hanih, cac didu udc quoc te da cd hieu luc ddi vdi nude Cong hda xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam va cac van ban phap luat khac theo quy dinh Cong bao dure xuat ban dudi hinh thuc Cong bao in va Cong bao dien tir

Cdnig bao dang toan van, dav du, kip thdi, chinh xac cac van ban co quai bain hanh gin dang tren Cong bao Cong bao khong dang van ban thuoe darh miuc hi mat Nha nude theo quy dinh eua phap luat, dieu udc quoc te maeae ben thoa thuan khong dang Cong bao Cac van ban quy pham phap lua ca quan nha nu’dc d trung uang ban hanh hoac phdi hop ban hanh phi dtucac dang Cong bao theo quy dinh cua Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham iluiat; cac van ban quy pham phap luat Iio i dong nhan dan, U y ban nhu diain tinh ban hanh duoc dang Cong bao theo quy dinh ciia Luat ban hanh varoattnt quy pham phap luat ciia Hoi dong nhan dan U y ban nhan dan

Com;, bao iu(ire Con# lioa \d hoi chii n#hia I iel Nam dang cacc van

an quiy pham phap lual sau day:

1) VAn ban quy pham phap lual ca quan nha nude d Trung um.sz an hamh hoac phoi hop ban hanh

2) D:eu udc quoc te da co hieu lire doi vdi nude ('ong hoa xa hd)i hu ghia 'Viet Nam

3) 'Vset Nam cua co quan ngudi cd tham quyfin d Trung uong xu l;v -ari an qu’y pham phap luat trai phap luat

4) Van ban dinh chmh van ban quy pham phap luat eo quant thi* udc d Trung uong ban hanh hoac phoi hop ban hanh

5) IDanh muc van ban, quy dinh het hieu luc thi hanh cac co qiari la nUfdt co tham quyt;n d T rung uong lap gut dang Cong bao

6) Van ban phap luat khac co quan nha nude d Trung uong lan« mh htoac phoi hop ban hanh Viec dAng van ban co quan ban hinh' jyet dtir.h

Com# ban cap tinh dang cac van ban quy pham phap luat sau day:

1) 'Van ban quy pham phap lual Hoi dong nhan dAn Uy ban mhin m cAp tinh ban hanh

2) 'Van ban co quan ngudi co tliAm quyen d cap tinh xu ly van bin ty phiani phap luat trai phap luat

3) V an ban dmh chinh van ban quy pham phap lual Hoi dong nh,n n Ujy ban nliAn dAn tinh ban hanh

4) IDanh muc van ban quy dinh het hieu lire thi hanh cac co qu.n a nucdccd tham quyen deap tinh lap gui dang (.'ong bao

5) 'Van ban phap luat khac Hoi dong nhAn dan cap tinh Uv bn An dian cap tinh, Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh; van b.n y pluuni phap luat Hoi dong nhan dAn Uy ban nhAn dAn cap huyen b,n nh V'iec dAng van ban co quan ban hanh quyet dinh

Vo gia tri phap ly, van ban dang tren Cong bao la vim ban chinh the cd giia tr: nhu ban goc Neu cd su khac giua C.ong bao in va Cot? i i n »i t i u i m.i i:iT.ri j j 11 h i f t't i i m r i i ' ; i.i.i 11 ■ 111 : 11 n i.i i i.i u i > ; i ■ i.t.ilM m u i j i'i'i i i h i i h i i i i i.i.ii i.in n i l i.u n n i i t

D a, h o c k in hm

bao dien ur (hi sir dunsj Coin: bao in lain can cu' chi'nh thu'c Vao cuoi nn nam co' quan xuat ban Cong bao sc xuat ban Muc hit Cong hdo de phuc \

cho viec tra cun van ban dang Cong bao Muc luc Cong bao tap hop ten ci van ban da dang Cong bao dupe sAp xep theo co' quan ban hanh va sap x« theo thii tu' thai gian

Thdi ban gui van ban dang Cong bao nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu ngh Viet Nam la luu (02 ngay) lain vice ke tu' cong bo dang kv b;

hanh, co quan ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat co trach nhiem g Van phong Chinh phii dang Cong bao Doi vdi dieu true quoc le thdi h; giri dang Cong bao dupe quy dinh la: thdi han nufe'i lain I ngay) ke tir nhan dupe dieu udc quoc te hai ben co hieu luc: va troi

thdi han l>a nuari (M) ngay) ke tir nhan dupe thong bao cua i

quan luu chieu dieu uoc quoc te nhieu ben ve hieu luc cua dieu uoc quoc nhiC;u ben Bo ngoai giao co trach nhiem luc gui Van phong Chinh pi de dang Cong bao

’Ihoi han gui van ban dang Cong bao cap tinh cung la irong luu ng (02 ngay) lam vice ke tu' thong qua hoac ky ban hanh co quan b

hanh phiii gui Van phong uy ban nhan dan cap tinh de dang Cong bao Thai han dang van ban tren Cong bao: l rong thai han inifrit lam ng (15 ngay) ke tu nhan dupe van ban, Van phong Chinh phu co tra

nhiem dang van ban tren Cong bao nuac Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia V Nam: Trong thai han ha nufo'i (M) ngay) ke tu nhan dupe \

ban Van phong uy ban nhan dan tinh co trach nhicm dang van ban ti Cong bao cap tinh Viec dAng tren Cong bao dien tir duoc thuc hien dong tl vdi viec dang van ban Iren Cong bao in va lucung mot co sd dir lieu

Nghi dinh so 100/2010/ND-CP 28-9-2010 cua Chinh phu i djnh ve Cong bao

a J Hicu life lt d ve n itric

Ve nguycn tAc, van ban quy pham phap luat cln co hieu lire dieu ch nhung quan lie xa hoi pluit sinh tir thai diem co hieu luc trd ve sau Noi r cach khac, thong thirdng van ban quy pham phap luat khong co hieu luc ve trudc (hieu lire hoi to) Chi nhung truong hop that can thiet

j:j Jijijlj:* if Jj:l jI*!i!•!1 ! ! i'i ! C f U A ^ g H IN H T H tjT C P H A P U J & Ti;j;j | j-l l-i ! I'I iI’i;!i!* J:i;;iill:!

urn quy pham phap luat nun dugc qu\ dinh hieu lire no' ve tru'dc Khong Urge quy dinh hieu luc tra w tru'dc doi vdi cac trudng hgp sau day:

a) Quy dinh trach nhiem phap k mdi doi vdi hanh vi ma vao thdi iem (hue hien hanh vi phap lual khong qu\ dinh trach nhiem phap ly:

b) Qu\ dinh trach nhiem pluip ly nang hon

a4 N#ii'n# hieu life van ban </u\ pham p-hdp luat

Van ban quy pham phap luat hi dinh chi viec thi hanh thi ngung hieu

K cho den co quyet dinh xu ly cua co quan nha nude co tham quyen

Yudng hgp co quan nha nude co tham quyen quyet dinh buy bo thi van an het hieu luc neu khong liuy bo llu van ban tiep tuc co hieu luc

I'hai diem ngung hieu luc tiep tuc co hieu luc cua van ban hoac het ieu luc cua van ban phai dugc quy dinh id tai quyet dinh dinh chi viec thi anh quyet dinh xu ly van ban quy pham phap luat cua co' quan nha nude tham quven Quyet dinh dinh chi viec thi hanh quyet dinh xu Iv van ban

uy pham phap luat phai duoc dang ('ong bao dua tin tren cac phuong tien long tin dai chung

t/5 Het hien life cua van ban quy phani phap liuit

Van ban quy pham plnip luat het hieu luc loan bo hoac mdi phan

ac irudng hgp sau day:

- Het thdi hail cd hieu luc da dugc quy dinh van ban;

- Dugc sira ddi bd sung hoac lha\ Ilk' bang van ban mdi cua chinh ca jan nha nude da ban hanh van ban do;

- Bi Iniy bo hoac hai ho hang mol van ban ciia co quan nha nude cd tain quyen

Trong trudng hgp mot van ban quy pham phap luat het hieu luc thi in ban quy pham chi tiet hoac hudng dan van ban dd cung dong thdi het eu luc tru trudng hop van ban quy dinh chi tiet hoac hudng dAn dugc giu i toan bd hoac mot phan, vi phu hop vdi quy dinh ciia van ban quy lam phap luat mdi

i.T.v.i»n i i « t i u » ».i i v u m i u »r r r m m i i i w u h i i »i.i i » i r m T i n -n u m ; i T^3?i:i; ;i i T r T»T T.-rTy.i T;'r r r i i >u u r r

b Hieu luc ve khong gian vd ddi tuong tac dong

[’ham vi ap dung theo khong gian ciia van ban quy pham phap luat c thd la tren toan lanh thd quoc gia, mot dia phuong hoac mot vun nhat dinh Ddi tuong tac dong cua van ban quy pham phap luat bao gdm c nhan, to chufc va nhung quan he xa hoi ma van ban didu chinh Hieu lu theo khong gian va ddi tupng cua van ban quy pham phap luat phu thuo vao th3im quyen cua ca quan ban hanh van ban dd

ITieo quy dinh hien hanh cua Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham pha luat thi cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua cac ca quan nha nude a [run uang cd hieu luc pham vi ca nude va dugc ap dung ddi vdi moi c quan, td chuc, ca nhan tru trudng hgp van ban cd quy dinh khac hoac did udc quoc te ma Cong hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam la vien cd qu dinh khac

Van ban cua Hoi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan ban hanh cd hie luc pham vi dia phuang dd

Van ban quy pham phap luat cung cd hieu luc ddi vdi ca quan, t chuc, ngudi nude ngoai d Viet Nam, trd trudng hap phap luat cua Viet Nar

hoac didu udc quoc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam ky ket hoa tham gia cd quy dinh khac Hien nay, phan Idn nhung dao luat ma noi dun cd lien quan den cac didu udc quoc te ddu quy dinh mdi quan he ChAn han, Didu 759 Khoan Bo luat dan su nam 2005 qui dinh “ Trong trudn hap didu udc quoc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam la vie cd qui dinh khac vdi qui dinh cua Bo luat thi ap dung qui dinh cu didu uoc quoc le dd

2 Nguyen tac ap dung, dang tai va dua tin van Inin quy pham phap lui a Nguyen tac dp dung

i i-i i i-i i-i i I : i i i I »«'» Ji-ujjlJjiL' **>' i ft_i2kj±u iia iiiij t iiE ii»: *s ii ft i i i l-ill-i i i l i-i i l i l i i 11 i i !

! V^ll yPfj ^11^! 'f’fll’ftl I rf l*Ivjr’ 'rTp^|j|n(|Tf f ?*T rr ',’1 ■Vi:!:!:!;!:! •!•!•?■■!•!•!:? T'rong trudng hgp cac van ban quy pham phap luat co quy dinh khac vc cung mot van thi ap dung van ban co hieu luc phap ly cao hon hoac ap dung van ban ma co quy dinh viec ap dung van ban quy pham phap luat Chang han, Ditiu Luat Doanh nghiep nam 2005 quy dinh:

*T Viec lap, tcS chuc quan ly va hoat dong cua doanh nghiep thuoc moi phAn kinh te ap dung iheo quy dinh cua Luat va cac quy dinh khac cua phap luat co lien quan

2 Trirdng hop dac thu lien quan den viec lap, to churc quan ly va hoat dong cua doanh nghiep duoc quy dinh tai Luat khac thi ap dung theo quy dinh cua Luat

3 Trudng hop dieu udc qudc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la vien co quy dinh khac voi quy dinh cua Luat thi ap dung theo quy dinh cua diC;u udc quoc te."

Trong trudng hop cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve cung mot van de cti/i# mot co quan han hanh ma co quy dinh khac thi ap dung

quy dinh cua van ban ban hanh sau Trong trudng hop ran han qtty pham phap luat mdi khong quy dinh trach nhiem phap ly hoac quy dinh trach

nhiem phap ly nhe hon ddi vdi hanh vi xay trudc van ban cd hieu luc thi ap dung van ban mdi

Ddi vdi cac quy dinh van ban qui dinh chi tiet thi hanh cd loi

cho ddi tuong ap dung thi thdi diem ap dung cac qui dinh dd duoc tinh tu thdi diem cd hieu luc cua van ban duoc qui dinh chi tiet va phai duoc quy :linh cu the van ban qui dinh chi tiet Neu no hat I tri cho ddi tuong ap

Jung ve nghla vu hoac che tai thi thdi diem cd hieu luc duoc tinh tir thdi liem cd hieu luc ciia van ban qui dinh chi tiet

h Dang tai va dua tin van han quy pham phap luat

Van ban quy pham phap luat phai duoc dang tai loan vein tren Trang

hong tin dien tir ciia co quan ban hanh van ban cham nhat la hai ngay, ke tu

igay cong bo hoac ky ban hanh va phai dua tin tren phuong lien thong tin

3 Kiem Ira va xu ly van ban qui pham phap luat tcai phap luat

Viec giam sat kiem tra va xir ly van ban quy pham phap lual co dau hieu trai phap luat duoc lien hanh ddi vdi tat ca cac van ban quy pham phap luat tru cac van ban Qudc hoi ban hanh lai ca ca quail nha nude cd tham gia vao viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat deu cd trach nhiem ihue hien viec

a Giam sat, xu ly van ban quy pham phap luat cd (fail hieu trai

>

phap luat Quoc hoi, l y ban thuong vu Quoc hoi, H oi dong dan toe cac Uy ban cua Quoc hoi tien hanh

Qudc hoi, Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi I loi dong dan toe cac U y ban

cua Qudc hoi pham vi nhiem vu quyen han cua minh giam sat viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat

Tham quyen trinh tu thu tuc giam sal viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat xu ly van ban quy pham phap lual cd dau hieu trai phap luat duoc ihue hien theo quy dinh cua Luat hoat dong giam sat cua Qudc hoi 2003

Noi dung hoat ddng giam sat, kiem tra cua Quoc lioi bao gdm:

- Xem xet bao cao cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi ve tinh hinh thi hanh Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Qudc hoi:

- Xem xet van ban quy pham phap lual cua Chu tich nude Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi Chinh phu Thu tudng Chinh phu Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien kiein sat nhan dan idi cao;

- Xem xet van ban quy pham phap luat cd dau hieu trai vdi Hien phap, luat nghi quyet cua Qudc hoi

Khi phat hien van ban quy pham phap luat cua Uy bun thudng vu Quoc hoi Chii tich nirdc cd dau hieu trai vdi Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua

Qudc hoi thi dai bieu Quoc hoi de nghi Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi, Chu

ijch nude sua ddi hoac huy bo mot phan hoac toan bo van ban dd U y bar thudng vu Qudc hoi, Chu tich nude cd trach nhiem xem xet tra l<ri dai biei

U y ban thirdng vu Quoc hpi, Clui tich nuac thi you cau Uy han thuang vu Qucc hoi trinh Quoc hoi xem xet, quyct dinh tai ky hop gan nhat

^uoc hoi xem xet van ban quy pham phap luat cua U y ban thuang vu Qucc hoi Chu tich nuac Ihu tudng Chinh phu Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao cd dau hieu trai Hien phap, luat nghi quyet cua Qj o c hoi theo trinh tu sau: Uy han thuang vu Quoc hoi xem xet van

banqty pham phap luat cd dau hieu trai vdi Mien phap luat, nghi quyet cua Qucc hoi: Quoc hoi thao luan, qua trinh thao luan, ngudi dung d&u ca quan da ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cd the trinh bay bd sung nhung van d£ co lien quan; Quoc hpi nghi quyet vC; viec van ban quy pham phap luat khong trai vdi Hicn phap, luat nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi; quyet dinh bai bd mot phan hoac loan bp van ban quy pham phap luat trai vdi Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi

Heat dong giam sat, kiem tra van ban quy pham phap luat cua Uy ban thi((fn$ \ u Quoc hoi co cac noi dung sau day:

- l y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi tu minh hoac theo de nghj cua Hoi dong dan to:, U y ban cua Quoc hoi, Doan dai bieu Quoc hoi hoac cua dai bieu Quoc noi quvet dinh xem xct van ban quy pham phap luat ciia Chinh phu, Thu lit rug Chinh phii Tod an nhan (Lin loi cao, \ ten kiem sat nhan dan toi cao

cd dai hieu trai vdi Hien phap lual nghi quyel cua Qudc hoi, phap lenh, nghi tuyet cua U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi

giao c.no Hoi ddng dan toe hoac L y ban cua Quoc hpi chuain bj y kien v6 van ban quy pham phap luat dd tic bao cao Uy ban thirdng vu Quoc hdi

Trong trudng hop nay, Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi cd quyen dinh chi

viec thi hanh mot ph^n hoac toan bd van ban quy pham phap luat cua Chinh phu Tnu tudng Chinh phu, Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, Vien kieim sat nhan dAn tdi cac trai vdi Hien phap, luat nghi quyet cua Quoc hpi va trinh Quoc hoi

xem xet, quyet dinh viec bai bd mot phan hoac toan bp van ban dd tai ky hop gm nhat; Quyet djnh huy bd mot phan hoac toan bo van ban quy pham

- U y ban thudng vu Quoc hoi tu minh hoac theo de nghi cua Thu tudng Chinh phu, Hoi dong dan toe, L y ban cua Quoc hoi, Doan dai bieu Qudc hoi hoac cua Dai bieu Quoc hoi quyet dinh xem xet nglii quyet ciia Hoi dong nhan dan tinh, trife tluioc trung K<fng co dii'u hieu trai vdi

Hien phap luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi phap lenh nghi quyet cua U y ban thuong vu Qudc hoi giao cho Hoi dong dan toe hoac U y ban cua Quoc hoi chuain bi y kien v6 nghi quyet de bao cao Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi

Trong trudng hop nay, Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi cd quyen bai bd mot

phan hoac toan bo nghi quyet sai trai cua Hoi ddng nhan dan tinh, phd true thuoc trung uong

Noi dung hoat dong giam sat, kiem tra van ban quy pham phap luat

cua Hoi dong dan toe, I'y ban ciia Qudc hoi la:

- Xem xet van ban quy pham phap luat cua Chinh plu'i Thu tudng Chinh phu Bd tnfdng Thu I rifting ca quan ngang bo Tod tin nhan dan toi cao Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao van ban quy pham phap luat lien tich giifa cac co quan nha mfdc cd tlidm quyen d trung ifo'ng hoac gitfa ca quan nha mfdc cd tham quyen vdi ca quan trung ifo'ng ciia to chifc cliinli tri - xd hoi cd dau hieu trai vdi lien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi phap lenh,

nghi quyet cua U v ban thudng vu Quoc hoi va van ban quy pham phap luat cua co quan nha nude cap tren

- Hoi ddng dan toe, Uy ban cua Qudc hoi pluim vi nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh cd trach nhiem thudng xuyOn theo doi, don doc Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chinh phu, Bo trudng, Thu trudng co quan ngang bd, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat de hudng dan thi hanh luat nghi quyet cua Qudc hoi phap lenh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi dung thdi han theo quy dinh ciia phap luat

dong dan toe, Uy han cua Quoc hoi pham vi nhiem.vu, quyen han cua minh co quyen kien nghi, yen edu co quan to chuc, ca nhan co tham quyen

xem xet su'a doi bd sung, dinh chi viec thi hanh hoac hai bo mot phan hoac toan bo van ban Trong thai han ha mi(oi ngay, ke tir nhan dugc

yeu cau ca quan (6 chut, ca nhan phai thong han cho Hoi d6ng, U y ban

biet viec giai quyet

h Kiem tra, xu ly van ban quy pham phap lual co dau hieu trai phap luat cua cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nude

Viec kiem tra, xir ly van ban quy pham phap luat Chinh phu va cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nirdc tien hanh thuc hien theo Nghi dinh so 40/2010/ND-CP 12-4-2010 Nghi dinh quy dinh v i kiem tra van

ban quy pham phap luat (goi tat la van ban) va xu ly van ban co dau hieu trai phap luat Bo trudng, Thu trirdng ca quan ngang Bo Hoi d6ng nhan dan,

•I

Uy ban nhan dan cac cap ban hanh

Cac van ban dugc kiem tra xu ly bao gom:

- Thong tu cua Bo trudng Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo;

- Thong tu lien tich giua cac Bo trudng Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo; thong tu lien tich giua Bo trudng Thu truang ca quan ngang Bo vdi Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao;

- Nghi quyet cua Hoi dong nhan dan quyet dinh, chi thi cua Uy ban nhan dan

h i Kiem tra van ban quy pham phap luat

Viec kiem tra van ban dugc tien hanh nham phat hien nhung noi dung trai phap luAt cua van ban de kip thai dinh chi huy bo, bai bo, dam bao tinh hgp hien, hgp phap va tinh thong nhat ciia he thong phap luat, dong thdi, kien nghi ca quan, nguai co thaim quyen xac dinh trach nhiem ca quan, nguai da ban hanh van ban trai phap luat, gop phAn nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua cong tac xay dung va hoan thien he thong phap luat

Noi dung kiem tra van ban la viec xem xet, danh gia va ket luan v i

Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat 03 thang nam 2008 va Lu^t Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hpi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan 03 thang 12 nam 2004

Van ban hop hien, lu/p phap la van ban dam bao du cac dieu kien sau:

- Duoc ban hanh dung can ci'f pluip ly ( co can cu' phap ly cho viec ban

hanh; va nhung van ban lam can cur phap ly da dupe ky ban hanh, thdng qua vao thai diem ban hanh van ban dupe kiem tra);

- Di((/c ban lidnh clung tham quyen Thaim quven han hanh van ban

bao gom thaim quyen ve hinh thurc va thaim quytm ve noi dung Tham quyen ve hinh thuc la viec ca quan, ngudi co tham quydn ban hanh van ban theo dung hinh thuc da dupe quy dinh tai Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat va Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat eua Hoi dong nhan dan, U y ban nhan dan Thaim quyfin ve noi dung la viec ca quan nguai co thaim quydn ban hanh van ban phu hop vai thaim quyen cua minh theo quy djnh cua phap luat;

-Noi dung cua van ban phai phu hop vdi quy dinli ciia phap lual

Nghia la van ban dupe ban hanh theo thaim quydn phai phu hop vdi Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet ciia Quoc hoi, phu hop vai van ban ca quan nha nuac cap tren ban hanh; van ban dupe ban hanh phai khong quy dinh tai cac noi dung da dupe quy dinh van ban quy pham phap luat khac va bao dam thong nhat giua van ban hien hanh vai van ban mai dupe ban hanh ciia cung mot ca quan; van ban Bp trudng Thu truong ca quan ngang Bp khac ban hanh phai phu hop vai van ban cua Bp truang Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo quan ly nha nude ve llnh virc dd; quyet dinh chi thi cua U y ban nhan dan phai phu hop vdi nghi quvet cua Hoi dong nhan dan cung cap; viec ban hanh van ban phai dam bao khong lam can trd viec thuc hien dic;u udc qudc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la nude vien;

- Van ban phdi duoc ban hanh dung trinh tu, thii tuc the thuc vd ky

thuat trinh bay theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.

j*:;.;.; j.; ij'l'ij j;j;: j j;

H I i iiiiLniuiii iTHtlfCI>HAP

1) Kiem tra van han co' quan nguoi co thum quvon ban hanh van ban gin den;

2) Kiem tra van ban nhan dugc veu cau kien nghi cua cac ca quan to chuc ca nhan phan anh v6 van ban co dau hieu trai phap luat;

?) Kiem tra van ban theo chuyen de dia ban (tai ca quan ban hanh van

ban) hoac theo nganh, llnh vuc

C<t sd phap ly de xac dinh noi dung trai phap luat cua van ban dugc

kithr tra la nhung van ban quy pham phap luat co hieu luc phap ly cao han dang co hieu luc hoac da dugc ky ban hanh thong qua tai thai ditim kieim tra \in ban theo quy dinh tai chuang IX "I lieu luc cua van ban quy pham phap luat, nguyen tac ap dung, cong khai van ban quy pham phap luat” cua Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat va chuang V ; Hi£u luc va nguyen tac ap dung van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hoi dong nhan dan Uy ban :ihan dan” cua Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hoi dong nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan

Viec kieim tra van ban bao gom tu kiem tra va kiem tra cua cac ca quan nha nude khac

Fo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo, Hoi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan cac cap co trach nhiem ti f kiem tra van ban minh ban hanh

hoac lien tich ban hanh sau van ban dugc ban hanh, nhan dugc thonj bao cua ca quan, nguai co tham quyen kie'm tra van ban hoac yeu cau, kien nghi cua ca quan, td churc ca nhan va cac phuang tien thong tin dai chung Khi thuc hien viec tu kie'm tra van ban, phat hien van ban co dau hieu trai phap luat thi ca quan, dan vi thuc hien viec tu kiem tra lAp ho so kien tra van ban va bao cao vdi ca quan ngudi co tham quyen da ban hanh hoac lien tich ban hanh van ban de xem xet thuc hien viec tu xu ly theo quy dinh

Fo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo kiem tra cac van ban co quy

!« i’iVi V i ’i V i i i • M O l O X O l t - O M i M i O I O X O m j O u m-i-i i S l f - i i i i M r O i M J l M •! • :• i O m,u • • X t ! < ' i i i j

i lil if I I j| j ;j|;{;i lil:: | ! ^ IPHifcffc £ !0 !$ f iBifci: C lj ld lid i: ;;; j | j I : j :I:: i I ill: Ii: 0IjI I

hien thaim quydn kiem tra van ban theo quy dinh noi tren co nhiem vu giup Thu tucmg Chi'nh phu kiem tra:

a) Thong tu Bo truong, Thu truong co quan ngang Bo ban hanh lien quan den llnh vuc quan lv nha nuoc cua Bo, co quan ngang Bo hoac lien quan den nhieu nganh, nhidu llnh vuc quan ly nha nuoc:

b) Thong tu' lien tich giua Bo truong Thu truong co quan ngang Bo; noi dung thuoe ITnh vuc quan ly nha nuoc cua Bo, co quan ngang Bo thong tu lien tich giua Bo truong, Thu truong co quan ngang Bo vdi Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien truong Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao;

c) Nghi quyet Hoi d6ng nhan dan quyet dinh, chi thi U y ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh lien quan den nhieu nganh, nhieu ITnh vuc quan ly nha nude

Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan cap linh to chuc kidm tra van ban Hoi d6ng nhan dan Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen ban hanh Chu tich U y ban nhan dan cap huyen tc> chirc kiem tra van ban Hoi dong nhan dan, U y ban nhan dan cap xa ban hanh

Viec kiem tra van ban co the thirc hien theo chuyen dd, dia ban hoac theo nganh, ITnh vuc

b2 Tham quyen xU ly van ban trai phap luat

Bo trudng Bo Tu pluip giup Thu tuong ('hinh phu xu ly van ban trai phap luat Bo truong Bo Tu phap trinh Tlni tudng Chmh phu xem xet quyet

dinh:

1) Dinh chi vide thi hanh, huy bo, bai bo mot phan hoac loan bo noi dung doi vdi:

b Quyet dinh chi thi U y han nhan dan cap linh ban hanh trai vdi I lien phap lual nghi quyct cua Quoc hoi phap lenh nghi quyet cua U v ban

I’hudng vu Quoc hpi, lenh quyet dinh cua Chu tich nude, nghi djnh cua Chinh phu, quyet djnh cua Thu tuong Chinh phu ihong tu, thong tu lien tjch eua cac Bp trudng, Thu trudng co quan ngang Bp va nghj quyet eua Iioi ddng nhan dan cac cap

2) Dinh chi viec thi hanh mot phan hoac loan ho noi dung ddi vdi:

a Noi dung trai phap luat thupc llnh vuc quan ly nha nude cua Bo, co quan ngang Bp thong lu lien tjch Bo truong, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo vdi Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao Vien trudng Vien Ki6m sat nhan dan tdi cao ban hanh ddng thdi veu can cac Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo thoa thuan vdi Cluinh an Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao cung xu ly van ban do:

b Nghj quyet cua Hpi dong nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh trai vdi Hien phap, luat, nghj quyet cua Quoc hoi, phap lenh, nghj quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi lenh nghj quvet cua Chu tich nude, nghj djnh cua Chfnh phu, quyet djnh cua Thu tudng chfnh phu, thong tu thdng tu lien tjch cua cac Bp trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo, dong thdi d<5 nghj Uy ban Thuang vu Qudc hoi hai bo

3) Thuc hien cac thaim quyen khac viec xu ly van ban trai phap luat theo quy djnh cua phap luat

- Bo trudng Tlui trudng < <>' quan ngang Ho cd quyen:

a Kien nghj Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bp hoac Thu tudng Chfnh phu dinh chi viec thi hanh, huy ho, bai bo mpt phan hoac toan bp van ban trai phap luat cac IV) trudng I hu trudng ca quan ngang Bo ban hanh lien quan den nganh linh vuc quan ly nha nude cua Bo nganh minh;

b Kien nghj Thu tudng Chfnh phu dinh chi viec thi hanh nghj quyet cua Hoi ddng nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh trai vdi Hien phap, luat, nghj quyet cua Qudc hpi phap lenh nghi quvei cua U v ban Thudng vu Quoc hdi lenh, quyet dinh cua Chu tjch nude, cac van ban Chfnh phu, Thu tudng

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j pi H !j H3||} :? jH& &$:? Ap: tijlkfr DAI' id4!fOHi0h:;;:! i;i I:: :i I; i]|jr jjjjjji;! Gn'nh phu ban hanh hoac trai vai cac van ban cua Bo, ca quan ngang bo ve llnh vuc Bo caquan ngang Bo phu trach;

c Dinh clu viec thi hanh va dd nghi Thu tudng Chinh phu huy bo, bai bo mot phan hoac toan bo quvet dinh, chi thi cua U y ban nhan dan cap tinh trai vdi van ban v6 nganh, llnh vuc quan Iv nha nirdc cua Bo nganh minh;

d Thirc hien nhung tham quyen khac dugc Chinh phu hoac Thu tudng Chinh phu giao viec xu ly van ban trai phap luat

- Do t rifting Tif phap co quyfin:

a Thuc hien tham quyen xu ly van ban trai phap luat nhu ddi voi Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo;

b Kien nghi Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bd hoac Thu tudng Chinh phu dinh chi viec thi hanh huy bo, bai bd mot phan hoac loan bo van ban trai phap luat Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo ban hanh lien quan den nganh, llnh vuc quan ly nha nude cua Bo, ca quan ngang Bo hoac lien quan den nhieu nganh nhit'u llnh vuc quan ly nha nude

Kien nghi Thu tudng Chinh phu dinh chi viec thi hanh nghi quyet trai phap luat Hoi d6ng nhan dan cap linh ban hanh lien quan den nhiiiu nganh, llnh vuc quan ly nha nude;

c Dinh chi viec thi hanh va de nghi Thu tudng Chinh phu huy bd, bai bd mot phan hoac toan bo quyet dinh, chi thi trai phap luat Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh lien quan den nhieu nganh, nhieu llnh vuc quan ly nha nude;

d Xu ly van ban lien tich trai phap luat giua cac Bo trudng Thu trudng ca quan ngang Bo giua cac Bo trudng, Thu trudng ca quan ngang

Bo vdi Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao theo thu tuc quy dinh tai Khoan Di£u 20 ciia Nghi dinh nay;

d Xir ly van ban trai phap luat dugc Thu tuong Chmh phu uy quyt'n va bao cao Thu tudng Chinh phu ve ket qua xu Iv

- Do trifting, Chu nhiem van phong Chinh phu cd quyen:

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h Kien nghi Bo trudng Bo Tu phap dinh chi viec thi hanh, huy ho, bai bo mot phan hoac toan bo van ban trai phap luat Bo trudng Bo Tu phap ban hanh ve nganh llnh vuc quan ly nha nude cua Bd Tu phap;

c Xu ly thong tu lien tich trai phap luat giua Bo trudng Bo Tu phap vdi cac Bo trudng Thu trudng co quan ngang Bd, Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien trudng Vien Kiem sat nhan dan loi cao;

d Xu ly cac van ban trai phap luat khac duoc Thu tudng Chmh phu giao

- Chu rich Lly hau nhan dan cap tinh Chu tich Uy han nhan dan cap

huyen co quySn:

1 ) Dinh chi viec thi hanh va huy bo Bai bo mot phan hoac toan bo van ban trai phap luat cua Uy ban nhan dan cap dudi true tiep

2) Dinh chi viec thi hanh nghi quyei irai phap luat ciia Hoi d6ng nhan dan cap dudi true tiep va de nghi Hoi dong nhan dan cap tinh huy bo hoac

bai bd

IV D I E l I O C Q U O C I E I K hai niem va phan loai

a Khai niem dieu udc qudc te

Ngay lir mdi ddi, cac quoc gia da co nhung quan he vdi nhieu llnh vuc nhu chinh tri, xa hoi, kinh te va van hoa Nhurng quy li\c dieu chinh mdi bang giao giua cac quoc gia giai doan dau hinh va ton tai dudi lhnh thirc cac tap quan qudc le, duoc cac qudc gia chap nhan va tir giac thuc hien Tuy nhien thong thudng cac tap quan chi co hieu luc theo timg vung vdi mot so nude chu khong cd y nghla la nhung tap quan chung cho tat ca cac q"dr gia Luc dau mdi quan he quoc te cung mdi chi gidi han pham vi mol so nude Ian can va chii yeu nham xac dinh chu quyen ve dai dai nen nhung quy tac qudc te luc chu yeu la nhung quy dinh ve chien iranh va mang nang tinh chat bat blnh dang, bao ve loi ich ciiu qudc gia manh

li-inii:.;;::\:&mQi TroNH 1PH AP: til)AT:CiJfONO:: !::i i ;•!!•:0:!HI

Cung vdi viec ma rong va da dang hoa cac quan he giu'a cac quoc gia tren nhieu linh vuc, giua cac khu vuc tren the gidi cac qudc gia nhan thuc can phai cung the che hda va quy dinh thdng nhat cac nguy en tac de giai quyet cd hieu qua nhung van de thuc day quan he hop tac giua cac qudc gia Viec hap tac dd the hien quan he giua cac qudc gia, vide lap cac td chuc qudc te khu vuc va loan cau dong thdi la viec ban hanh cac quy dinh cd tinh hat buoc ddi vdi cac qudc gia vien dudi hinh thuc cac dieu udc qudc te Khac vdi viec ban hanh phap luat d moi qudc gia, tren pham vi qudc te khong cd mot bd may nao cd tham quydn ban hanh phap luat dc ap dung chung cho tai ca cac qudc gia tren the gidi Khi cd van dd phat sinh giua cac qudc gia can duoc dieu chinh thi cac qudc gia cd cung chung mdi quan tam va lai ich se gap de thao luan va ky ket cac thda thuan chung cung ap dung NhCrng thda thuan nav dugc ky kei theo nhung nguyen tac cua Luat qudc te va dugc goi la cac dieu udc qudc te

Dieti udc quoc te Id nhirng thda thuan giua cdc chu the cua Luat qudc te (trudc het vd chit yeu Id cdc qudc gia) tren co' sd hinh dang, tu nguyen chi duoc ghi nhan mot van kien cluy nhat hoac hai hay nhieu vein kien cd quan he vdi vd vdi hdi ke ten goi rieng ciia no Id gi nham xac dinli, thay ddi hoac chain din cdc quycn vd nghia vu ciia cdc hen tham gia tren nhung linh vtfc md cdc hen quan him, phii hop vdi cdc nguyen tac co ban ciia Lual qudc te hien dai Tmh phii hgp vdi cac nguyen tac ca

ban cua Luat qudc te hien dai la dieu kien de cac dieu udc qudc te cd hieu luc Nhung didu udc qudc te dugc ky kei trai vdi nhung nguyen tac ca ban cua Luat qudc td hien dai se khong cd hieu luc va phai bi luiv bd Luat qudc te cd che dinh ludl dicu udc qudc te thd hien tap trung Cong udc Vien

vd luat didu udc qudc te ky 23-5-1969, cd hieu luc 27-1-1980, quy dinh vide dam phan, ky kei, cdng bd, phd chuan, phe duyet, chap thuan cung nhu vide gia nhap cac dieu udc quoc te

Khoan Didu Luat ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc qudc te 2005 cua Viet Nam dinh nghia: "Dicu udc qudc te md Cong hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap Id thda thuan being vein ban duoc ky ket hoac gia nhap nhan danh Nha mure hoac nhan danh Chinh phii nude

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' ■■cmm# & hinh THiHro ph a p

iwUfrR-Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Vic! Nam vdi mdi liodc nhieu qudc gia Id chirc

qudc tc hoac chu the khac cua pluip luat qudc li‘ klidng pliu ill udc vao ten goi Id hiep irdc, cdng udc hiep dinh dinh udc, thda thuan nghi dinh thu,

han ghi nhir, cdng ham trao ddi hoac van kirn cd ten goi khac."

Sir phat trien quan he hap tac qudc te cua Viet Nam vdi eae nude khac da doi hoi Vidi Nam tham gia kv kei va thuc hien nhieu didu udc quoe te song phuang va da phuang vit doi tac ky ket dieu udc cung rat da dang, phong phu, Viec tham gia ky ket se gop phan tang cudng ca sa phap ly idng the de ihue hien hoi nhap quoc le, cung co va thuc day cac moi quan lie, hap tac da dang vai cac nude Mat khac, \iec tham gia ky ket dieu udc qudc te eon tao dieu kien cho cac nude hieu ve Viet Nam va yon tarn md rong quan he hap tac vdi Viet Nani theo cac nguyen tac va quy pham chung cua luat phap qudc te

Ddi vdi mot dieu udc qudc le, neu Viet Nam tham gia tur giai datn dim phan va k y ket thi Viet Nam la thanh vien ky ket Con ddi vdi

nhung didu udc qudc te da duoc ky ket trudc sau nav Viet Nam tham gia theo thu tu gia nhap thi Viet Nam la lhanh vien gia nhap Du la vien

ky ket hay vien gia nhap cac dieu udc quoc te Viet Nam da tham gia, thudng goi chung la cac dieu udc qudc le ma \ iet Nam Id llidnh vien.

h Phan loai dieu udc quoc te

Didu udc qudc id la ten goi chung cho cac van ban hai hay nhidu chu the cua L.uat qudc te thda thuan ky ket Tuy theo tmh chat va noi dung cua tung loai van ban ma cac ben ky ket thda thuan xac dinh tdn goi cho chung Co the phan loai didu udc qudc le theo nhidu tieu chi khac

h i Can cir vdo danh nghia ciia dicu udc quoc tc

Can cu vao danh nghia cua dieu udc qudc le, theo Luat K y kd’t, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc quoc te 2005, dieu udc qudc te bao gom: Didu udc qudc te nhan danh Nha nirdc va dieu udc qudc te nhan danh Chinh phii

Dieu udc quoc te duoc ky kei hoac gia nhap nhan danh Nha nirdc

trong cac trudng hap: Dieu udc qudc id Chu tich nude true tiep ky vdi ngudi dung dau nha nude khac; dieu udc qudc te ve hda binh, an ninh, bien

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ijji j i l ! ifijil!! ji j i i i i w o e k in n q u^ c oAn ;::: ; i i;:: - i; Hi

gidi, lanh thd, chu quyen qudc gia; dieu udc qudc te vd quyen va nghla vu ca ban cua cong dan, ve tuong tro tu phap; dieu irdc qudc te ve td chuc qudc te phd cap va t6 churc qudc te khu vuc quan trong; dieu udc qudc te duoc ky ket nhan danh Nha nirdc theo thda thuan vdi ben ky ket nirdc ngoai

Dieu ub'c quoc le (June ky ket hoac gia nhap danh Chinh plui

trong cac trudng hop: de the hien dieu udc qudc te da duoc ky ket hoac gia nhap nhan danh nha nude; dieu udc qudc te vd cac llnh vuc va nhung td churc qudc te trir nhurng van de da duoc ky ket hoac gia nhap nhan danh nha nude; didu udc qudc te duoc ky ket nhan danh Chinh phu theo thoa thuan vdi ben ky ket nude ngoai

h2 Can cu vao chu the ky ket

Dieu udc qudc te co loai Thu nlidt didu udc song phuong la dieu udc

qudc te duoc ky ket bdi hai quoc gia vdi Thu hai didu udc da phuong

la didu udc qudc te duoc kv ket hoac gia nhap cua tu ba qudc gia trd len

h3 Can cU vao noi dung cua dieu Udc quoc te

Co the chia nhieu loai nhu dieu udc ve chinh tri la dieu udc qudc le lien quan den cac van de chinh tri ma cac qudc gia tham gia quan tarn va didu udc ve kinh te la didu udc qudc td lien quan den cac vdn dd \’d kinh te giua hai hoac nhieu qudc gia, cac didu udc qudc te vd bien hang khong, vu tru v.v

Ben canh dieu udc qudc te thi cd cac thda thuan qudc te nhan danh Qudc hoi, co quan cua Qudc hoi co quan giup vide cua Qudc hoi, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien Kiem sat nhan dan toi cao, Kiem toan Nha nude, bo, co quan ngang bo co quan thudc Chmh plni: I loi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan tinh, phd true thudc trung uong; co quan trung uong cua t<3 churc chinh tri - xa lioi, to churc chinh tri xa hoi - nghe nghiep, td churc xa hoi, 16 chuc xa hoi - nghe nghiep

2 Cac thoa thuan qudc tc

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-!•!-!!:!! f-i!-f f | vjt Vr !r P lA r i rTr’l !•! ! !•!•!?!!!!!! ! !.! !! i-! i

'I'hoa thuan (/ h o c tc la cam kcl hang van han ve hgp tac quoc to dirge

ky ket nhan danh co quan Nha ini'dc o' trung uong co quan cap tinh, co quan trung uong cua to churc pham vi chuc nang nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh vdi mot hoac nhieu hen ky ket nude ngoai Nhung no khong bao gom cac noi dung sau day:

a Hoa binh an ninh, bien gidi lanh thd, chu quyen qudc gia; b Quyen va nghla vu co han cua cong dan tuong trg tir phap; c Tham gia td chuc quoc te lien chinh phu;

d Ho trg phat trien chinh thurc thuoc quan he cap Nha nude hoac Chmh phu Viet Nam;

d) Cac van de khac thuoc quan lie cap Nha nude hoac Chinh phu theo quy dinh cua phap luat

Thoa thuan qudc te dugc ky ket vdi cac ten goi nhu: Thoa thuan, Ban ghi nhd Bien ban thoa thuan Bien ban trao ddi, Chuang trinh hgp tac, Ke hoach hgp tac va cac ten goi khac

Trach nhiem cua cac co quan quan ly nha nirdc viec ky ket va thuc hien thoa thuan qudc te la:

- Chinh phu thong nhat quan ly Nha nude ve ky ket va thuc hien thoa thuan qudc te

- Bo Ngoai grao chiu trach nhiem trudc Chinh phu viec thuc hien quan ly Nha nude ve kv ket va thuc hien thda thuan qudc te;

- Co quart Nha nude d trung i/ong co quan cap tinh va co quan quan ly hoat dong ddi ngoai ciia td chuc pham vi nhiem vu, quydn han ciia minh phoi hgp vdi Bo Ngoai giao thirc hien quan ly Nha nude vd ky ket va thirc hien thda thuAn qudc te

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3 Khai quat qua trinh ky kei va gia nhap dieu uoc quoc te

Khi thav cAn co mot van ban eo tinh phap ly didu chinh mpt llnh vuc quan he giua cac quoc gia thi cac quoc gia co lien quan xem xet de kv ket mot didu uoc quoc td Ky ket dieu uac quoc td la mot qua trinh gom nhieu giai doan vai nhung thu tuc khac nhau, theo llnh vuc ma dicu ucrc quoc td dieu chinh va so lupng cac ben tham gia Theo khoan Didu Luat Ky ket gia nhap va thirc hien didu uoc quoc td 2005 thi " Ky ket la nhirng hanh vi phap ly ngifrii hoac co' quan nha nitric co lham quycn thitc hien bao gom dam phan, ky, plie chuan phe duyet dieu itric quoc te hoac trao doi van kien tao dieu itric quoc te' Nhu vay, trinh tu tien hanh

ky ket didu uoc quoc td noi dung cua cac buoc trinh tu ky ket chinh cac bem tham gia ky ket thoa thuan Nhin chung qua trinh ky ket bao gom cac giai doan sau: de xuat vd viec dam phan va ky dieu uoc quoc te; thaim dinh dieu uoc quoc te; ky dieu uoc quoc te; phd chuan didu uoc quoc te; phe duyet dieu uoc quoc te

a De xuat ve viec dam phan vd ky dieu uoc quoc le

Cac ca quan de xuat nhu Toa an nhan dan toi cao Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao, bp, ca quan ngang bp, co quan thupc Chinh phu can cu vao nhiem vu quydn han dupe giao theo qui dinh cua phap luat hoac theo yeu cAu ciia hop tac quoc te, eo quyen chu dong de xuat vai Chinh phu vd viec dam phan ky didu uoc quoe td Co quan dd xuat phai lay y kien kiem tra bang van ban ciia Bo Ngoai giao dong thai lav y kien tham dinh cua Bo Tu phap Ncu Bp Ngoai giao la ca quan true tiep dd xuat dam phan, ky dicu uoc quoc td thi phai lay y kien tham dinh cua Bo Tu phap va y kien bang van ban cua cac co quan to chuc huu quan Vide dam phan ky didu uoc quoc te vd hoa binh an ninh bien giai, lanh tho chii quyen quoc gia Bo Ngoai giao chii tri, phoi hop vai cac ca quan, tP churc huu quan de xuat vdi Chinh phu Noi dung to trinh, bao cao dd xuat dam phan, ky didu uoc quoc te dupe qui dinh a Didu 14 Luat K y ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu uac

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b Quyet dinh viec daw phan va ky dieu udc qudc te

Sau xem xet va thay can thiet thi cac ext quan co tham quyen se quyet dinh Cu the Chinh phu quyet dinh dam phan ky dieu udc qudc te thdi han 15 ngav ke tir nhan duoc ho so co quan de xuat trinh hoac ke tu nhan dirge y kien eua l y ban T hudng vu qudc hoi hoac thong qua y kien cua Qudc hoi ve viec dam phan ky dieu irdc qudc te cd quy dinh trai hoac chua dirge quy dinh cac van ban qui pham phap luat cua Qudc hoi IJv ban Thirdng vu Qudc hoi ddi vdi dieu udc qudc te ma de thuc hien can sua ddi bd sung, bai bo hoac ban hanh van ban qui pham phap luat cua Qudc hoi, Uy han Thudng vu Qudc hoi Chmh phu quyet dinh trinh Chu tich nude quyet dinh ve vide dam phan ky didu udc qudc te nhan danh Nha nude thdi han 15 naav, ke tir naav nhan duoc ho so dow y C ^

co quan xuat trinh trudng hgp Chu tich nude kv vdi ngudi dung dau Nha nude khac

c Ho so trinh ve viec dam phan, ky dieu udc quoc te

Khi dam phan, ky didu udc quoc te co quan de xuat trinh Chmh phu phai lap hd so vd vide dam phan ky dieu udc qudc te 116 so bao gom:

- Td trinh cua co quan dd xuat (cd nhung noi dung quy dinh tai Didu 14 ciia Luat K y ket gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc qudc te)

- Van ban dieu udc qudc te bang tieng Viet, tieng nude ngoai; trudng hgp dieu udc qudc te chi dugc ky hang tieng nude ngoai thi phai eo ban djch didu udc quoc te bans’ tidng Viet kern theo;

- □ kien kiem tra cua Bd Naoai giao v kien tham dinh cua Bd Tu phap va y kien cua cac co quan, td chuc him quan;

- Cac tai lieu can thiet khac

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ã <:*:>ằ:ã i:o: i i i f c i l U i ijttlLl A tl* 1= | i AT1 A I *-'-** '•**1' 1* • ! • ' >

giao de doi chieu vai ngon ngu dugc ky cua dieu udc quoc te trudc trinh Chinh phu ve viec dam phan, ky Neu la han chinh dieu udc quoc te phai dong bia va dugc in tren giay dieu udc va co dong dau noi cua Bo Ngoai giao hoac cua ca quan dai dien cua nuoc Cong hoa Xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam d nude ngoai

d Dam phan vd soan thao dieu udc qudc te

Khi co quyet dinh ve viec dam phan va ky didu udc quoc te ca quan Nha nude cd tham quyen lap phai doan dam phan Dam phan la mot giai doan quan trong qua trinh ky ket dieu udc qudc te Do la qua trinh the hien v chi va dau tranh de di den thoa thuan ve noi dung va hinh thurc cua dieu udc qudc te Dam phan luon gan vdi giai doan soan lhao dieu udc quoc te

Sau dam phan thong nhat ve nguyen trie, cac hen tien hanh soan thao van ban dieu udc qudc te Ddi vdi dieu uac qudc te song phuong, hai ben cung ng6i vao ban soan lhao, ddi vdi dieu udc qudc te da phuang thi cac ben lap mot ca quan soan thao, thong thudng d mot uy ban Neu la dieu udc qudc te song phuong thi van ban thudng dugc soan thao bitng hai ngon ngu cua hai nude vien va co gia tri nhu Neu la didu udc qudc te da phuang thi van ban dugc soan lhao bang cac ngon ngu lam viec chmh thurc cua Lien hiep qudc nhu Anh, Phap, Nga, Trung, Tay Ban Nha va A Rap Sau van ban da dugc soan thao xong, cac hen the hien su nhat tri cua minh vd van ban bang thu tuc thong qua van ban dieu udc qudc te Vdi thu tuc nay, dieu udc qudc te chua co hieu luc, day mdi chi la ban du thao

d Tham dinh du thao dieu udc qudc te

Sau ban thao didu udc qudc te dugc hoan thi cac ben, theo phap luat cua nude minh tien hanh tham dinh noi dung cua van ban O Viet Nam, theo quy dinh tai Dieu 19 Luat ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc qudc te 2005 thi viec thaim dinh noi dung cua didu udc qudc te thuoc thAm quydn cua Bo Tu phap Qua trinh thiim dinh phai lam ro cac noi dung sau day:

- Tinh hgp hien;

I l l l l l i l l l i l p u i g n g l & H IN fTTtjifc PhM \ l u H f _

- Kha nang ap dung true tit-p loan lip hoac mpt phan dicu udc quoc tc; - You c;iu sira doi, ho sung, hai ho hoac han hanh van han quy pham phap luat de thuc hicn dicu udc quoc ic

e Ky dieu uac quoc te

Trudc tien hanh ky dicu udc quoc tc ca quan de xuat phdi hap vai Bo Ngoai giao va ca quan huu quan soat doi chieu van ban tieng Viet vdi van ban tiene nuac nsoai dc bao dam chmh xac vc noi dune va thong nhatv C W C

ve hlnli thuc

Cac didu udc quoc tc dcu phai dupe ky dc the hien su nliit tri cua cac hen ve van ban Cac hinh thuc ky bao gom ky tat ky Ad referendum va kv chmh thuc Ky tat la hinh thuc \ac nhan su nhat tri cua cac ben tham gia dam phan, chua lam phat sinh hieu luc cua vim ban dieu uac quoc td Phap luat cua Viet Nam quy dinh vim ban didu uoc quoc te phai dupe kv tat truac ky chi'nh thurc Kv Ad referendum lit hinh thuc ky vao van ban didu udc qudc td cua vi dai dien phai doan vdi didu kien la sau dd didu udc qudc te phai dupe ca quan cd thiini quyen phe duvet hoac phe chuan K y chinh thuc se lam phat sinh hieu lire cua vim han neu van han didu udc khong ciin cac thu tuc khac

Trong Dieu II Cong udc Vien vd l.uat dicu udc qudc te 1969 quy djnh: “ Vide dong y cua mpt quoc gia chap nhan su rang buoc cua mpt dieu udc co the dupe hieu thi hang viet ky trao doi cac van kien cau dieu uoc phd chuan chap thuan phe et hay gia nhap hoac bang hat cu each nao khac theo thoa thuan"

Thuc lien cua hoat dong ky ket dieu udc qudc tc va qui djnh eua Cong udc Vien nam 1969 co the thiiy cac qudc gia cd nhidu hinh thurc cite nhan su rang buoc eua didu udc quoc tc Su thoa thuan giua cac vien didu udc hoan toan chi phdi \icc sir dung hinh thuc nao gia trj eua moi hinh thuc ddi vdi thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc cua didu udc

Ca quan de xuat cd trach nhiem phdi hap vdi Bo Ngoai giao hoan thu tuc kv vao van ban didu udc quoc te id chuc Id ky didu udc qudc

n T J u u u u t n TT M i m u r» n h i tt i i n n o / 11 h t.n i , r v t i w m i i i i j i \ u i i v i / r u i i M i r r n v r u u 1,1.1 u T f u u i n m u * r r

IJIIBI IM p tlp liSi/CNG BAkMOC KINH

te mot cach trang co quoc ky Viet Nam va quoc ky cua hen ky ket nuac ngoai hoac ca cua to chuc quoc te huu quan

g Phe chuan dieu udc quoc te

Phe chuan la hanh vi phap ly Quoc hpi hoac Chu tich nuac thuc

hien de chap nhan sir rang bupc cua diC;u uac quoc te da ky doi vai nude Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam

Nhung dieu uac quoc te sau day phai dugc phe chuan: - Dieu uac quoc te co quy dinh phai phe chuain;

- Dieu uac quoc te duac ky nhan danh Nha nuac;

- Dieu uac quoc te duac ky nhan danh Chfnh phu co quy dinh trai vdi

•I

quy dinh cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hpi U y ban thudng vu Quoc hpi hoac co qui dinh lien quan den ngan sach nha nude

Cac ca quan de xuat trinh Chfnh phu de Chfnh phu trinh Chu tich nude ve viec phe chuain dieu udc quoc te sau lay y kien bang van ban cua Bp Ngoai giao va cac ca quan, tP churc huru quan Trong trudng hap Bp Ngoai giao la ca quan de xuat phe chuain dieu udc quoc te thi Bp Ngoai giao trinh Chfnh phu de Chfnh phu trinh Chu tjch nude ve viec phe chuan dieu udc quoc te sau lay y kien bang van ban cua cac ca quan, td churc huru quan

Trong dieu 82 Cong udc Vien nam 1969 da ghi nhan: "Cong udc se phai dugc phe chuan Cac van kien phe chuan se duac Tong thu ky Lien Hap Quoc luu chieu”

h Phe duyet dieu uac quoc te

Phe duyet la hanh vi phap ly Chfnh phu thuc hien de chap nhan su

rang bupc cua dieu udc quoc te da ky doi vdi nude Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam

Nhung dieu udc quoc te sau day phai duac phe duyet:

- Dieu udc quoc te nhan danh Chfnh phii co qui dinh phai phe duyet; - Di£u udc quoc te nhan danh Chfnh phu co qui djnh trai vdi quy djnh van ban qui pham phap luat cua Chfnh phu

- Dieu udc quoc te nhan danh Chmh phu co qui dinh phai hoan thu tuc phap ly noi bo

Co quan de xuat trinh Chinh phu quyet dinh phe duyet didu udc quoc te sau lav v kien bang van ban cua Bo Ngoai giao va cac co quan td chuc huu quan trudng hop dieu uoc quoc te da ky phai duoc phe chualn

i Gia nhap dieu uac qudc te nhieu ben

Gia nhap la viec mot chu the cua Luat quoc te quyet dinh d6ng y rang buoc minh vdi dieu udc quoc te nhieu ben da co ma minh chua phai la vien Theo Luat K y ket, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc quoc te 2005, gia nhap la hanh vi phap ly Qudc hoi, Chu tich nude hoac Chinh phu thuc hien dd chap nhan su rang buoc cua dieu udc qudc te nhieu ben ddi vdi nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam trudng hop nude Cong hoa Chu nghla Viet Nam khong ky dieu udc quoc te do, khong phu thuoc vao viec didu irdc qudc te da co hieu luc hay chua co hieu lire Cung theo Luat nay, Qudc hoi quyet dinh gia nhap dieu udc quoc te nhidu ben theo dd nghi cua Chii tich nude Chu tich nude quyet dinh gia nhap didu udc qudc te nhidu ben nhan danh Nha nude, didu udc qudc te nhidu ben co quy dinh phai phe chuan Chmh phu quyet dinh gia nhap dieu udc qudc te nhieu ben nhan danh Chinh phu Noi dung cua quyet dinh gia nhap didu udc qudc te nhidu ben, trinh tu thu tuc trinh, quyet dinh gia nhap didu udc qudc te nhidu ben duoc quy dinh d Khoan Dieu 50 va Dieu I Luat K y ket, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc qudc te 2005 Doi vdi Cong udc Vien 1969, den da cd tren 100 qudc gia la vien ciia Cong udc nay, dd co 24 qudc gia k\ ket va lai la nhung qudc gia gia nhap

k Bao luu dieu uac quoc te nhieu hen

chuan duyet luutc gia nhap dieu udc quoc le uliiou hon nhani loai dir hoac thay doi hieu lire phap ly cua mot hoac mot so quy dinh lieu udc quoc to ap dung chii vdi nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia V ia Nam" NhCrng dieu khoan bao lira co the dirge nil neu hoan canh cua qudc gia bao luru da thay doi khong doi hoi phai bao luu uua Bao hru chi co the lien hanh vao luc quoc gia thin hien cao hanh vi nham xac sir dong v chiu rang buoc cua mol dieu udc V I du nhu' ky phe chuan duyet Khi gia nhap Cong uoc Vien nam 1969 Chmh phu Viet Nam bao luu Dieu 66 Cong u'6c vdi noi dung sau:

(.’ong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam khong hi cao quy dinh ;ua dieu 66 Cong irdc Vien ve I uat dieu udc rang buoc Bat ky tranh chap nao giua cac ben ky ket lion quan don viec ap dung hoac giai thich cac diou V* va 64 chi diroc trinh Ion Toa an quo*, to quyet dinh hoac bat ky tranh chap nao lieu quan den viec ap dung hoac giai thich cac diou khoan khac chuang V cua Cong udc chi duoc trinh Ion L\ ban hoa giai xem xet sau co sir dong \ ciia 'at ca cac bon tranh chap tung trirdng hop cu the Cac hoa gun vien I rong l y ban hoa giai phai la nhCrng nguoi cac bon tr;inh chap chi dinh thong quan thoa thuan chung"

/ ( o n g ho dang ky dieu uoc quoc tc

4 Hieu lire ciia dieu udc quoc le

Dicu udc quoc le co hicu luc dap dug dugc cac dieu kien co' ban I.uat cac dicu udc qudc te qu\ dinh nlui ky kei dung tham quyen va thu luc then phap lual cua cac nude; dam bao nguycn tac tu' nguven va binh dang I rong ky kei dieu udc quoc tc: noi dung cua dieu Udc qudc te phai phu hop vdi nhung nguyen tac cct ban cua Lual quoc le hien dai Theo Dieu 61 Luat k y ket gia nhap va thuc hien Dieu Udc quoc te 2005 dieu udc qudc te cd hicu luc ddi vdi nude Cong hda \u hdi chu nghia Viet Nam theo the thirc va llidi han dugc quy dinh dicu u'o'c c j i k k le hoac theo thda thuan giua

ben Viet Nam va ben ky ket uii'oc ngoai Chang han khoan I va Dieu Chuong V II cua I liep djnh thuong mai Viet - My qu\ dinh I hep dinh cd gia tri ba nam va dugc gia han tiep tuc ba nam nifa neu khong ben nao giu thdng bao cho ben y dinh cua imnh ve viec cham dun I liep dinh it nhat >0 trudc Hiep dinh het hieu luc Thai diem cd hieu lu'c cua dieu udc qudc tc phu thuoe vao sir thoa thuan cua cac ben Neu dieu udc qudc te khong can phe chuan hoac phe duyel thi dieu udc quoc te dd cd hieu luc sau cac ben ky chinh time vao van ban Doi vdi dieu udc qudc te can phe chuan hoac phe duyet tin lhai diem cd hieu luc cua dieu udc qudc te cd the la thdi diem cac ben trao ddi tlur phe chuan hoac cd du so lugng quoc gia phe chuan dieu udc quoc le dd Cac dieu udc qudc le cd the quy dinh hoac khong quy dinh thdi han cd hieu luc cua minh Nhung didu udc qudc te khong cd dieu khoan quy dinh ve thdi han la nhung dieu udc quoc te cd hieu luc vd thdi han Thdng thudng mdi dieu udc qudc le se rang buoc cac ben ky ket pham vi lanh thd cua cac ben dd tru cd cac quy dinh khac d dieu irdc nav

Trong trudng hop don phuong cham dut hieu luc, ben don phuong cham dirt phai thong bao ro y dinh cua minh cho cac ben khac biet Neu mot cac ben co su phan doi thi cac ben se phai giai quyet tranh chap b£ng cac bien phap hoa binh da duoc ghi nhan Hien chuang Lien hap quoc

5 Moi quan he giua dieu uo'c quoc te va phap luat quoc gia

Voi chinh sach tang cuong hoi nhap quoc te ma dac biet quan la viec gia nhap Td chuc Thuong mai the giai (W T O ), Viet Nam dang tang cuong tham gia vao cac quan he quoc te cang da dang va sau rong Trong quan he cua Viet Nam vai cac quoc gia khac va vai cac td chuc quoc te, ca sa dd xac lap va giai quyet cac quan he quoc te moi llnh vuc la cac dieu udc quoc te Mot van dd thuc tidn dugc dat la phai dam bao su phu hgp, ddng thdi xu ly thich dang nhung noi dung quy dinh khac (xung ddt phap luat) giua didu udc quoc te vdi phap luat quoc gia

Didu udc quoc te la nguon cd ban cua phap luat quoc te, co gia tri bitt buoc doi vdi cac ben ky ket hoac tham gia, nhung ban than cac didu udc quoc te khong phai la nguon cua phap luat quo'c gia, khong phai la cac quy pham phap luat qudc gia V i vay, didu udc quoc te cd hieu luc thi viec thuc hien didu udc qudc td qudc gia chmh qudc gia dd quyet dinh, ndu didu udc qudc te dd khong co quy dinh khac Cd mot so dieu udc qudc te quy dinh cac qudc gia vien phai ban hanh nhung quy dinh rieng de cu the hoa va thuc hien didu udc qudc te d nude minh Co nhidu cach dd “ chuydn hoa” ndi dung cua didu udc qudc te noi dung cua cac van ban phap luat nude Viet Nam, theo quy dinh cua Luat K y ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005, neu viec thuc hien dieu udc qudc te doi hoi phai sua ddi, bd sung, huy bo hoac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam, thi cd quan dd xuat ky ket, cd quan nha nude huu quan cd tranh nhiem phai tu minh hoac kien nghi vdi ca quan nha nude cd thaim quydn kip thdi sua ddi, bd sung, huy bo hoac ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat dd theo quy dinh cua Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat

3i!33:l3:!3:!33:*3:53:!33:!3:!rM 33:!*! ! !33:!3:S3:!33:!3:!3

I I "GhWfr1 1 1 111 i l l

!:I:!:!3:533:53:!3:!33:!3:!3:!33:!3:t3:!33:!3:!3

da du lieu ihur hang uu tien ap dung phap lual quoc gia va cac dieu uac quoc te Trang trifang hap dieu uac quoc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap (Viet Nam Id vien) co quy dinh khac vai phap luat Viet Nam thi dp dung quy dinh ciia dieu ifd'c qudc te nhu iheo quv dinh cua Nghi quyet

so 71/2006QH11 29/1 1/2006 phe chuan Nghi dinh thu gia nhap Hiep dinh lap To chuc Thuang nuii The giai cua Viet Nam va quy dinh cua mot so dao luat Viet Nam

De thuc hien didu uac quoc te doi hoi cac hen phai hieu dung, chinh xac cac quy dinh cua dieu uac quoc te Vi kho khan vd ngon ngu nen dieu uac quoc te thuang kho hieu cac quoc gia vien phai thuc hien viec giai thich didu udc qudc te Van giai Much dieu udc qudc le dugc dac biet quan tam cac ben ky ket cd v kien hoc dong ve y nghla thuc ciia mot hoac mot so dieu khoan dieu udc Theo phap luat nude ta, tham quyen giai thich didu udc qudc te la cua Uv ban Thudng vu Qudc hc)i neu didu udc qudc te dugc Qudc hoi phe chuan va didu udc quoc te cd dieu khoan trai hoac chua dugc quy dinh cac van ban quy pham phap luat Qudc hoi, Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi ban hanh; la cua Chinh phu neu didu udc qudc te dugc ky ket vdi danh nghla Nha nude va danh nghla Chinh phu; la cua Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao neu didu udc qudc te To a an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao ky ket va la cua bd nganh neu didu udc qudc te dugc ky ket vdi danh nghia bo, nganh

V H E T H O N G H O A P H A P M AT

Luat phap, lap quy la hoat dong thudng xuyen, lien tuc cua cac ca quan nha nude Viec ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat mdi ddi hoi phai dugc thudng xuyen soat, he thong hoa cac van ban da ban hanh, phat hien nhung mau thuAn, chong cheo, bao dam su thong nhat cua hS thong phap luat, tao didu kien thuan lgi cho viec urn hieu, ap dung phap luat

J O V i i ' i i > » i i 11 : i ; • ! • • • ! • ! • ! ! ! • ! ' ! ; w ! - ! ! • ! ! ! • • l y 1 -• - * ! 1 ! • '1 ! ! - ! ! ! ! ! i !■!"■{•!•! ! ! !-!-t • ! ! ! ■ ! • ! : • ! • ! i !

i i ’i i;i i 'iii.i i i i i i i i i t i l U ' D | U A D I ' ‘I I A T T ' J f t ' A I* ‘ ' • ' ' ‘ i i i i i i * • M *.»;• i i;i.i s i.i ;«

•IIT* 13 !T!*-j’l! I i i I i;! i ■ i l!Tri!^,n'irr!ffclVri^T* l!P?rjj7*l I’j-l l! II I i i;j;lii iil i iilirlii-* i 11 i l l !

quart ngang bp ban hanh co lien quan don chu:c nang quan ly nganh ITnh virc cua bp, co' quan ngang bp co quan thupc Chmh phu"

Khoa hoc phap ly phan biet hai hinh thuc he thong hoa phap luat la tap hop hda va phap dien hda

1 l ap hop hda

Tap hop hda la sap xep cac van ban quy pham phap luat theo mpt tieu chi nhat dinh (theo thdi gian ban hanh van ban theo van de ma van ban quy dinh, theo co quan ban hanh van ban v.v ) Tap hop hda khong bd sung quy pham mdi, khong thay ddi noi dung cua van ban quy pham phap luat ma chi loai bd nhung quy pham da hot hieu luc thi hanh Doi tuong cua tap hop hda la van ban quy pham phap luat hoac nhirng phan, nhung dieu khoan cua van ban Ket qua cua tap hop hda lit nhung “ tap van ban he thong hda” ( hoac "tap luat le he thdng hda” ) Cac van ban tap van ban he thong hda van giu nguyen hieu lu'c cua no Khi can vien dan mpt quy pham nao dd thi phai ghi xuat xu la van ban cd quy pham dd chu khong phai lit tap van ban he thdng hda

2 Phap dien hda

dinh co tinh dial phu hop voi noi dung cua nhieu dao luat moi dirge han hanh tu'Ong thich voi cac Diou irdc quoc tc \.i thong le quoc to dap irng dirge nhu can phat trien kinh to - \;i h<*i va hoi nhap kinh te quoc to cua Viet

Nam hien

C A I H O I ON TAI*

1 Khai morn va dao dit*m cua hinh thirc phan luat Cac hinh thurc phap luat chu you iicii sir

3 Khai niem va dac diem c u a van h a i q iy plum ph lual cu a Nha

nirdc ta

4 NhCrng nguyen tac viec han hanh van ban quy pham phap luat NhCrng nguyen tac viec ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat Nhung quy dinh ve hieu luc cua van ban quy pharn phap luat ve cac mat thdi gian khong gian va ddi tirgng

7 NhCrng nguyen tac viec ap dung van ban quy pham phap luat Tham quyen cua cac co quan nha nirdc viec giam sat kiem tra va xir ly van ban quy pharn phap luat co dau hieu trai phap luat

c) Noi dung va nhCrng quy dinh khai qua! ve soan thao, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Quoc hoi va l, v ban thirdng vu Quoc hoi

10 Noi dung va ky hieu cua cac van ban quv pham phap luat cua cac co quan nha nude cd tham quyen khac d trung uong

I I Noi dung cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua I loi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan

12 Khai niem, phan loai dieu irdc qudc te

T A I L I E U N G H IE N C IJtJ C H U O N G I I I

1 Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat Quoc hoi thong qua 3-6-2008

2 Luat ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cua Hoi dong nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan Quoc hpi thong qua 3-12-2004

4 Luat ky ket, gia nhap va thirc hien didu uPc quoc te Quoc hpi thong qua 14-6-2005

5 Nghi djnh so 40/2010/ND-CP 12-4-2010 ve viec kiem tra va xu ly van ban quy pham phap luat

6 Nghi dinh so 100/2010/ND-CP 28-9-2010 vd cong bao

Chuong

HE THONG PHAP LUAT• •

I H E T H O N G P H A P L U A T V A N G A N H L U A T 1 K hai niem, dac diem cua he thong phap luat

D6 quan ly xa hoi, cac nha nude hien dai ddu phai ban hanh mot khoi lugng Idn van ban phap luat Cac van ban phap luat chura dung cac quy pham phap luat la nhung quy tac xu su co tinh bat buoc chung de dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi cu thd Nhung quy pham phap luat khong ton tai mot cach rdi rac ma co mdi lien he huu ca vai nhau, hgp mdt chinh thd thong nhat - mot he thong phap luat He thong phap luat co nhung dac diem chung sau day:

a Co sif thong nhat, nhat quan he thong

Su thong nhat cua he thong phap luat dugc the hien su thdng nhat giua cac quy pham phap luat vdi cung nhu giua cac van ban phap luat he thong ay Ti'nh thong nhat la thuoe tinh chung cua he thong phap luat cua moi nha nude, nhung muc ciia su thdng nhat ay lai phu thudc vao ban chat, dac diem cua moi kieu nha nude Trong he thdng phap luat cua Nha nude ta, cac quy pham phap luat cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua ca quan nha nirdc cap dudi phai phu hgp va khong dugc trai vdi quy pham phap luat van ban quy pham phap luat cua cac eo quan nha nude ca'p tren, ta't ca cac quy pham phap luat cua toan he thong khong dugc trai vdi cac quy pham phap luat Hien phap va Luat cua Qudc hoi Su thdng nhat, nhat quan ay, suy cho cung dugc quy dinh bdi su thdng nhat cua quan he san xuat tao ca sd kinh te cua xa hoi su thdng nhat y chi' ciia giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dong the' hien phap luat

b Su phan chia he thong phap luat cdc bo phan cau thanh

thanh cac ho phan can cua no Sir phan chia la tat you hoi long the quan he xa hoi phap luat didu chmh hao gom nhidu linh vuc khac vai nhung tilth chat, dac diem khac nhau: moi linh vuc quan ho xa hoi ay lai hao gom nhieu nhom quan ho xa hoi voi n'nh dial, dac diem khong giong ton lai mot cach doc lap tuong doi vai

Moi he thong phap luat cua moi quoc gia co mol each phan diia cac bo phan cau khac phu hop vai ket cau kinh le - xa hoi cua quoc gia Xa hoi loai nguoi da tung biet den su phan chia phap lual cho chu no va phap luat cho no le he thong phap luat cua nha nuoc chu no: phap luat cho quy toe phap luat cho lang lu ho thong phap luat cua nha nuoc phong kien: cong phap va iu phap ho thong phap

luat cua mot so nuoc tu sail

He thong phap luat cua Nha nuoc ta dugc phan chia nganh luat va moi nganh luat co the chia cac cho dinh phap luat N yiin li lual la t6ng the nhung quy pham phap Iuai didu chinh mot linh vuc quan he

xa hoi voi nhung dac didm chung nhat dinh Chang hau nganh Iuai lao dong didu chinh quan ho lao dong giua nguai lao dong I am cong an I uong vai nguai su dung lao dong va nhung quan he lion quan true tiep vai quan he lao dong Nhung quan ho lao dong co nhung dac diem rieng khac voi nhung quan he hon nhan \ a gia dinh, quan ho lao dong eua cac can bo, cong chuc ca quan nha nuoc Che dinh phap luat la nhung nhom quy pham

phap luat thuoc mol nganh luat, didu chinh nhung nhom quan he xa hoi nho hon co dac diem giong han hoac dieu chinh lung mat, lung khia canh cu the cua cac quan he xa hoi thuoc doi tuong didu chinh cua nganh lual Chang han, che dinh hgp dong lao dong, che dinh tien I uong v.v la nhUng cho dinh diou chinh cac nhom quan he xa hoi ve tuyen dung lao dong, vd tra cong cua nganh luat lao dong Moi nganh luat co the bao gom nhidu did dinh phap luat

c Tinh khach quan cua he thong phap luat

quart xa hoi Cung can iha\ i.me nhirng didu kien nliai dinh you to clui quail cua nha nirdc, cua uli;i him lual ciing cd nhirng anh hudng nhai diuli den viec hinh lhanh cac nuanh lual (.'hang han su quan tam xav dung phap luat hinh sir cho non o nude la pluip lual hinh sir duoc sdm phap dien hoa va no' mot nganh luat ddc lap, luc phap luat dan sir lai duoc phap dien hoa muon lion liiy nhien ca cac trudng hop you to khach quan van giu vai iro quyol dinh (linh chat cap thiol cua mol nganh luat hinh sir dicu chmh quan ho xa hoi)

Tir sir phan tich cac dac diem cua lie ihong phap luat cd the kdl hum rang: I Id thdng pluip luat la ca cau hen cua phap luat, ihe luon sir thdng nhat noi lai cua cac quy pham pluip lu.il va sir phan chia mot cach kluich quan cac quy pham phap luat he thdng ay llumh cac nganh luat va che dinh phap lual phii hop vo'i linh ch.al dac diem cua cac quan he xa hoi ma no dieu chinh

2 Nhung can cu dc phan chia nganh lual

Nilur tren da noi, mdi quoc gia cd the chia ho lining phap luat mdt cach khac nhirng uhin chung urn cir pluiu chia nganh luat van la sir khac biet cua cac linh virc quan he hoi ma long liid quv pham pluip lual dieu chinh I.inh virc quan he xa h<'i goi la doi nrg'ug dicu chinh cua nganh

luat Mdi nganh luat cd mot doi t irons: dieu chinh vdi nhung tinh chat dacC • • • V

d iem rienu, khac voi d oi tirou^ dicu ch in h cu a nganh lual khac f)o i iirtfnc- I T fc

didu chinh la can cu clui you de plum chia nganh luat

Hon canh ddi tuong dieu chmh c ac nganh lual duoc phan biol boi

phtfrfng phap dicu chinh la cach tlurc ma nha nude su dung phap lual

phirang phap menh lenh va phuang phap thoa thuan la hai phuang phap chu yeu dugc su dung viec dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi M6i nganh luat co mot doi tugng di^u chinh rieng nhung moi nganh luat co the sir dung mot hoac ca hai phuong phap dieu chinh noi tren

II C A C N G A N H L U A T T R O N G H E T H O N G P H A P L U A T C U A N H A N U ()C V IE T N A M

Xac dinh dung dAn cac nganh luat va ranh giai giua cac nganh luat co y nghla quan trong qua trinh xay dung va ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat cung nhu viec he thong hoa phap luat Van de phan chia nganh luat khong phai la mot viec lam cung nhac, bat bien ma co su thay ddi nhat dinh qua tung thai ky phat tritin kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nude

Trong he thong phap luat cua nha nuoc ta hien nay, muc phat trien cua cac nganh luAt co khac nhung noi chung co cac nganh luat chu yeu sau day: Luat nha nude, luat hanh chmh, luat tai chmh luat dat dai, luat dan su, luat lao dong, luat hon nhan va gia dinh, luat hinh su, luat kinh te, luat td tung hinh su, luat td tung dan su, luat td tung hanh chmh

1 Luat nha nurdc (luat Hien phap)

Luat nha nude la tong the nhurng quy pham phap luat dic;u chinh cac quan he xa hoi ca ban cau Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam 06 la cac quan he xa hoi gan licln vdi viec xac dinh che chmh tri, kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, chmh sach ddi ngoai va an ninh qudc phong; xac dinh dia vi phap ly cua cong dan; quy dinh td chuc va hoat dong cua cac ca quan nha nuoc bo may Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam Cac quy pham phap luat cua nganh luat nha nude xac dinh cac nguyen tac co ban mang tinh dinh hudng cho toan bo he thong phap luat

Noi dung luat nha nude bao gom nhung che dinh chu yeu sau day:

a Che dinh ve che chmh tri cua Nha nude bao gom nhung quy pham phap luat didu chinh cac quan he xa hoi ca ban thuoc linh vuc chinh

nha nude tren the gidi va vdi cac to churc quoc te \ v

h Che dinh ve che kinh le bao gdm cac quy pham phap luat xac dinh ca che kinh te cua nen kinh te, xac dinh chinh sach lien quan den nhung tu lieu san xuat va nhCrng tai san chu yeu cua dat nude; quan he giua Nha nude vdi cac to churc kinh te

c Che dinh ve van hoa giao due, khoa hoc cong nghe bao g6m cac quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi hinh qua trinh nha nirdc quan ly su nghiep van hoa giao due khoa hoc va cong nghe

d Che dinh bao ve Til qudc xa hoi chu nghia bao g6m cac quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi linh vuc bao ve to qudc va an ninh qudc gia nhu: vail dC; xay dung cac lire luong vu trang nhan dan, xac dinh trach nhiem ciia Nha nirdc va nhan dan viec cling cd va tang cudng n6n qudc phong, an ninh nluin dan

d Che dinh quydn va nghia vu co ban cua cong dan bao gom cac quy pham phap luat xac dinh dia vi phap ly cua cong dan tat ca cac linh vuc cua ddi song xa hoi

e Che dinh vd bd may Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam, bao g6m ciic quy pham phap luat xac dinh dia vi phap ly (vi tri, tha'm quyen, co citu td churc) cua cac ca quan nha nude bp may Nha nude nhu: Qudc hoi, Chu tich nude Chinh phu, Mdi ddng nhan dan va U y ban nhan dan, Toa an nhan dan va Vien kiem sat nhan dan

Ngudn chu yeu cua luat nha nude la I licit phap (do nganh luat dupe goi la luat Hien phap) Nha nude Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa - la Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam - tu ddi deii da ban hanh bon ban Mien phap phu hop vdi tinh hinh nhiem vu cua each mang va dac die-m kinh te xa hoi cua mdi thdi ky lich sir

Hien phap dau tien la I lien phap nam 1946 Qudc hoi khoa I thong qua tai phien hop 9.11.1946 bao gom Ldi noi dau chuang 70 dieu Hien phap nam 1946 xac djnh nhung qua ciia Cach mang Thang Tam, xac dinh hinh thuc chinh the cua nha nude ta la Cong hoa dan chu nhan dan, dat nen mong cho viec td churc va hoat dong cua indt bo may nha nude kidu mdi

Hien phap nam 1959 Quoc hdi khoa I thong qua tai K y hop thu' i i ngav 31/12/1959 bao gom Loi noi dau 10 chuong 12 dicu Hicn phap

nam 9 da cu the hoa dudng Idi chien luoc ma Dai hoi Dang loan quoc

lan thu III da de la xav dung chii nghia xa hoi d Mien Hac va dau tranh giai plldng Mien Nam thdng nhat I d qudc

Hicn phap nam 1980 Qudc hoi khoa V I thdng qua tai Ky hop llur phien hop 18-12-1980 bao gom Ldi noi dau 12 chuong 147 dieu Hien phap nam 1980 duoc coi la ban llien phap cua thdi ky qua dd tien len chu nghia xa hdi tren pham vi ca nude

1 lien phap nam 1992 Quoc hoi khoa V III Ky hop thu' 1 thdng qua tai phien hop 15-4-1-1992, bao gom Ldi noi dau, 12 chuong 147 dieu ke thira va phat trien cac quy dinh ciia cac Hien phap 1946 1959 1980, tiep tuc the che hoa dudng ldi chien luoc xay dung chu nghia xa hdi va bao ve To qude xa hdi chii nghia dieu kien cua sir nghiep ddi mdi

Sau gan mudi nam thuc hien nham bao dam cho I lien phap - luat co ban cua Nha nirdc thu'c sir phu hop vdi dac diem tinh hinh cua dat nirdc qua nhieu nam ddi mdi toan dien tai phien hop 25-12-2001 Qudc hdi khoa X Ky hop thu' 10 da thdng qua Nghi quyet sira ddi bd sung mot sd dieu ciia Hien pluip nam 1992

Hien phap nam 1992 (sira ddi, bd sung nam 2001) la co so' phap ly xay dung mot nha nirdc phap quyc;n xa hdi chii nghia ciia nhan dan, nhan dan, vi nluin dan

Nguon cua nganh luat nha nirdc bao gdin mot sd luat va nghi quyet cua Qudc hdi, mdt sd phap lenh va nghi quyet ciia Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi mdt sd nghi quyet va nghi dinh ciia chinh [ihu mdt so nghi quyet cua Ildi ddng nhan dan cac cap co cac quy pham phap luat

2 Lu al hanh chi'nh

Luat hanh chi'nh la tdng the nhung quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi hinh qua trinh td chufc, thirc hien cac hoat dong chap hanh - didu hanh cua cac co quan nha nude tren cac ITnh virc hanh chi'nh, chi'nh tri, kinh te van hoa xa hoi

Cac quy pham phap luat hanh chi'nh quy dinh cac nguyen tdc hinh thu'c, phuang phap quan ly nha nirdc; xac dinh quy che phap ly cua cac chu the quan ly nha nude; dieu chinh hoat dong cdng vu cua can bo, cdng chuc; quy dinh thu tuc hanh chinh va trach nhiem hanh chi'nh

He thdng luat hanh chinh Viet Nam bao gom hai phan: phSn chung va phan rieng Phan chung cua luat hanh chi'nh bao gdm cac quy pham quy dinh nhung nguyen t^c chung phat sinli linh vuc va pham vi quan ly nha nude nhu:

a) Dia vi phap ly cua cac co quan hanh chi'nh nha nude; b' Che dinh ban hanh van ban hanh chi'nh;

c) Quy che phap ly ve can bo cdng chute;

d-' Quy che phap ly ddi vdi cac td chuc cdng dan ngudi nude ngoai, ngudi khdng qudc tich;

d i Thu tuc hanh chinh:

e) Quy che giam sat, kiem tra hanh chi'nh;

g) Xu ly vi pham hanh chmh (trach nhiem hanh chi'nh); h) Tai phan hanh chi'nh

Phan rieng cua Luat hanh chi'nh didu chinh cac hoat dong quan ly nha nude ddi vdi cac ITnh vuc cu the cua ddi song xa hoi: quan ly cdng dan, phap nhSn, td chuc xa hoi, quan ly kinh te, trat tu, an toan xa hoi, y te van hoa, giao due v.v

Nguon ciia luat hanh chinh Viet Nam bao gom cac luat, van ban quy pham dudi luat va van ban hanh chinh co chua dung cac quy dinh ve quan ly nha nuoc

Nhung noi dung chu yeu ciia luat hanh chinh duoc nghien cuu Chuong V giao trinh

3 Luat tai chinh

Luat tai chi'nh la t6ng the’ nhung quy pham phap luat didu chinh cac quan he xa hoi phat sinh qua trinh tao lap, phan phdi su dung quy tidn te tap trung ciia Nha nude, nham dap ung yeu cfiu tich luy vd tieu dung xa hoi

Lu$t tai chi'nh bao g6m cac che dinh chii yeu sau day:

a Che dinh tao lap vd chap hanh ngan sach nha nude

Bao g6m cac quy dinh ve du toan ngan sach ciia cac co quan nha nude co thaim quydn, phe chuain ngan sach cua Qudc hoi, cdng bd ngan sach, chap hanh ngan sach va quyet toan ngan sach

b Che dinh thu ngan sach nha nuac

Thu ngan sach nha nude la hoat dong ciia nha nude tap trung mot bo phan ciia cai xa hoi dudi hinh thurc gia tri theo cac hinh thuc va phuong phap nhat dinh dd lap quy ngan sach nha nude

Cac quv pham phap luat vd thu ngan sach nha nude bao gem: phap luat vd thu ngan sach tU thue; phap luat vd thu ngan sach nha nude :U phi, le phi; phap luat ve cac khoan thu khac ciia ngan sach nha nude nhu vien tro, tai san sung cong v.v

c Che dinh chi ngan sach nha nu&c

Chi ngan sach nha nude la hoat dong ciia nha nude nham phan phdi va sii dung quy ngan sach nha nude theo du toan ngiln sach nha nude da dugc co quan nha nude co thaim quydn quyet dinh

Ngudn chu yeu cua luat tai chmh la Luat Ngan sach nha nude nam 2002, cac dao luat thue va cac van ban quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dAn thi hanh luat

4 Luat dat dai

La mot nganh luat doc lap he thong phap luat, luat dat dai la tong the’ cac quy pham phap luat didu chinh cac quan he xa hoi hinh qua trinh quan ly va sir dung dat dai Cac quy pham phap luat cua luat dat dai, mot mat khang dinh dat dai thuoc so huu toan dan Nha nuoc la dai dien chu so huu nhu quy dinh cua Hien phap nam 1992, mat khac quy dinh che quan ly dat dai, che su dung dat dai va quydn, nghla vu cua ngudi su dung dA't

Quan ly va su dung dat dua tren nhung nguyen tAc co ban sau dAy:

Mot la, dat dai thuoc so huu toan dAn Nha nuoc Cong hoa xa hoi chu

nghla Viet Nam thuc hien quyen cua chu so huu ddi vdi dat dai Chinh phu thong nhat quan Iv nha nude vd dat dai

H la, nha nude bao ve quydn, lai ich hap phap cua ngudi sir dung

dat ddng thdi ddi hoi ngudi sir dung dat thuc hien day du nghia vu cua minh theo quy dinh cua phap luat

He thong luAt dat dai bao gom cac che dinh chu yeu sau dAy:

a) Che dinh quan ly nha nude ve dat dai.

Quan ly nha nude vd dat dai bao gom nhung ndi dung ca ban sau dAy: - Ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve quan ly, sir dung dat dai va t6 chuc thuc hien cac vAn ban do;

- Xac djnh dia gidi hanh chmh, lap va quan ly h6 so dia gidi hanh chmh, lap ban hanh chmh;

- Khao sat, dac, danh gia, phAn hang dat; lap ban dia chmh, ban d6 hien trang su dung dat va ban d6 quy hoach su dung dat;

- Quan ly quy hoach, ke hoach su dung dat;

- Dang ky quvdn sir dung dai, lap va quan ly ho sa dia chinh cap gia’y

chung nhan quydn sir dung dat; - Quan ly tai chfnh ve dat dai;

- Quan ly va phat trien thi trudng quydn sir dung dat thi trudng bat dong san;

- Quan ly, giam sat vide thuc hien quydn va nghia vu ciia ngudi sii dung dat;

- lhanh tra, kiem tra viec chap hanh eae quy dinh eua phap luat ve dat dai va xii ly vi pham phap luat vd dat dai;

- Giai quyet tranh chap vd dat dai, giai quyet khieu nai, to cao cac vi pham viec quan W va sir dung dai dai;

- Quan ly cac hoat dong dich vu cong vd dai dai

Nhung noi dung cu thd’ ciia quan ly nha nuoc ve dat dai dugc quy dinh tai chuong II Luat dai dai nam 2003 (tu Didu 16 den Didu 65)

b Che dinh sic dung dal.

Che dinh sir dung dai bao gom cac quy dinh vd su dung cac loai dai va ve quydn va nghia vu ciia nguoi sir dung dat

Can cu vao muc dich sir dung, dai dai dugc phan biet ba nhom: - Nhom dat ndng nghidp bao gOm: dAt trdng cay hang nam, dai trdng cay lau nam, dat rung san xuat, dat rung phong ho, dat rung dac dung, dai nuoi tr6ng thuy san dat lam nuoc dat ndng nghiep khac theo quy dinh eua Chfnh phii

- Nhom dai nong nghiep bao gom: dat 6; dat xay dung tru sir co quan, xAy dung cong trinh sir nghidp; dat sir dung vao muc dfch quoc phong, an ninh; dat san xuat, kinh doanh phi nong nghiep; dat sir dung vao muc dfch cdng cong; dat cac co so ton giao sir dung; dai co cong trinh la dinh, den mieu am tir dudng, nha tho hp; dat lam nghia trang, nghia dia; dat song, ngoi, kdnh rach, suoi va mat nude chuyen dung; dat phi nong nghidp khac theo quy dinh cua Chfnh phii

Can cur vao tinh chat, dac diem cua cac loai dat phap luat quy dinh thdi han sir dung doi vdi tung loai dal (Luat dat dai nam 2003 tu diem 66 den dieu 104)

Vd quydn va nghia vu cua nguoi su dung dat, trudc het Luat dat dai quy dinh cac quydn va nghla vu chung cua ngudi sii dung dat, sau luat quy dinh quyen va nghia vu cua cac chu the su dung dat cu the nhu:

- Quyen va nghia vu cua to chuc su dung dat;

- Quydn va nghia vu cua ho gia dinh, ca nhan cong d6ng dan cu su dung dat;

- Quvdn va nghia nghia vu cua ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu d nude ngoai, t6 chuc, ca nhan nude ngoai su dung dat

Quydn va nghia vu cua ngudi su dung dat dugc quy dinh Luat dat dai nam 2003 (tu Didu 105 den Dieu 12)

Nguon chu yeu cua luat dat dai la Lual dat dai Qudc hoi thong qua ngav 26-11-2003 co hieu luc 01-7-2004 va cac van ban hudng diin thi hanh

5 Luat dan sir

I ,uat dan su la tcing thd quy pham phap luat didu chinh cac quan he tai san va quan he nhan than nhat dinh xa hoi

Cac quy pham phap luat dan su quy dinh dia vi phap ly, chuain muc phap ly cho each ung xtr cua ca nhan, phap nhan chu the khac; quydn, nghia vu cua cac chu the vd nhan than va tai san cac quan he dan sir, hon nhan va gia dinh, kinh doanh, thuong mai, lao ddng

Trong he thong phap luat Viet Nam luat dan su co vi tri het sue quan Luat dan sir didu chinh mot linh vuc rong Idn cua cac quan he xa hoi la cac giao luu dan su eua ca nhan, phap nhan va cac chu thd khac

Vdi nhiem vu bao ve quydn, lgi ich hop phap cua ca nhan, tcS chuc, Igi ich cua nha nude, lgi ich cong cong, bao dam sir binh dang va an toan phap ly quan he dan sir, luat dan sir gop phan tao didu kien dap ung nhu cau vat chat va tinh than cua nhan dan, thuc day sir phat tridn kinh le xa hoi

? ! ! ! H !1!;?:! !;! } !;! ?j f?* !j ! j U5H !:! j:?;!i?:!:l.!j!;!j J i l J I J i l f f r ! I i ! H U ! H - j - f - fj ; ! l - i iJ I -■!i i ; !j !j i M M

a) Che dinh tdi san vd quyen so huu

Quydn sa huu - ma khach the quan cua no la tai san - la mot noi dung cua quan he tai san thuoe doi tuong dieu chinh cua luat dan su

Che dinh tai san va quydn so huu quy dinh:

- Nhung van de chung vd tai san va quyen so huu

- Phan loai tai san de thuc hien cac yeu ciiu vd giao dich dan su

- Xac dinh noi dung quydn so huu vdi cac quydn nang chiem huu, sir dung, dinh doat tai san

- Xac dinh cac hinh thuc so huu: sd huu nha nude, so huu tap thd, so huu tu nhan, so huu ciia cac 16 chuc khac

- Van dd xac lap, cham dut quydn so huu - Van dd bao ve quyen so huu theo luat dan su

- Han che quydn so huu nhung trudng hop luat quy dinh

b) Che dinh nghia vu dan su vd hap dong dan su

Nghia vu dan su va hop d6ng dan sir la mot noi dung cua quan he chuyen dich tai san Che dinh ciia luat dan suquy dinh:

- Khai niem nghia noi dan sir

- Cac phuong thurc thuc hien nghia vu dan su

- Cac bien phap bao dam thuc hien nghia vu dan sir - Trach nhiem dan su

- Cham dut nghia vu dan sir

- Giao ket, thu'c hien hop dong dan sir - Cac loai hop ddng dan sir thong dung - Cac van dd hen quan den nghia vu dan sir

- Trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop d6ng

c) Che dinh thita ke

d) Che dinh chuyen quyen sit dung dat

Do dat dai la loai tai san dac biet thuoe chu so huu nhat la nha• J

nuoc ca nhan to chuc chi’ co quyen su dung nen luat dan sir co mot cho dinh rieng ve chuyen quven sir dung dat Che dinh quy dinh van de thira ke quydn su dung dat bay loai hop dong chuyen quvdn sir dung dat bao g6m: hop d6ng chuyen doi quyen sir dung dat; hop dong chuyen nhuong quydn sir dung dat; hop dong thud, thue lai quyen su dung dat; hop dong the chap quven su dung dat; hop dong tang, cho quyen su' dung dat; hop dong gop von bang gia tri quyen su dung dat

d) Che dinh quyen sd huu tri tue va chuyen giao cdng nghe

Quyen so huu tri tue la loai quydn nhan than lien quan den tai san luat d.in sir didu chinh Che dinh quy dinh hai loai quyen so huu tri tue la quydn tac gia va quydn lien quan den quyen tac gia; quydn so huu cong nghiep va quydn doi vdi giong cay trdng

Chuyen giao cong nghe die dinh bao gom cac quy dinh vd quydn cliuydn giao cong nghe khong duoc chuyen giao va hop ddng chuyen giao cong nghe

e) Cite dinh quan he dan sued yeu to nuoc ngoai

Quan he dan sir co veu id nude ngoai la quan he dan su cd it nhat mot cac ben tham gia la co quan td chirc, ca nhan nude ngoai, ngudi Viet Nam djnh cu d nude ngoai hoac la cac quan he dan sir giua cac ben tham gia la cdng dan to chirc Viet Nam nhung can cir de xac lap thay doi, cham dut quan he theo phap lual nude ngoai, phat sinh tai nude ngoai hoac tai san lien quan den quan he d nude ngoai

Dac didm ca ban cua quan he nhan than va quan he tai san thuoe doi tugng didu chinh ciia luat dan sir la cac chii the' ciia quan he luon luon co vi tri binh dang ve mat pluip ly sir doc lap khong phu thuoe vd tO chutc cung nhu vd tai san Do do, phuang phap dieu chinh ciia luat dan su la phuang phap thoa thuan tu dinh doat ciia cac ducmg sir

Nguon chu yeu ciia nganh luat dan sir la Bo luat dan su Quoc hoi thong qua 14-6-2005 co hieu luc ke tir 01-01-2006 va Nghi quyet so 45/2005/QH11 14-6-2005 ciia Quoc hoi ve thi hanh Bo luat dan su

Noi dung chii yeu ciia nganh luat dan sir duac nghien cuu Chuang V I cua Giao trinh

6 Luat lao dong

Luat lao dong la tOng the quy phanr phap luat did;u chinh quan lie lao dong giua nguai lao dong lam cong an luang vai nguai sir dung lao dOng va cac quan he xa hoi lien quan den quan he lao dong

Phap luat lao dong bao ve quydn lam viec, lgi ich va cac quydn khac ciia ngudi lao dong d6ng thdi bao ve quyen va lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi sir dung lao dong, tao didu kien cho mdi quan he lao dong dugc hai hoa va On dinh, gop phan phat huy tri sang tao va tai nang ciia ngudi lao dong tri oc va lao dong chan lay ciia ngirdi quan ly lao dong, nham dat nang sual, chat lugng va tien bo xa hoi lao dong, san xuat, dich vu, hieu qua sir dung va quan ly lao dong, gop phan cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude V i vay phap luat lao dong co vi tri quan trong ddi song xa hoi va he thong phap luat quoc gia

Nguon chii yeu ciia phap luat lao dong nude ta hien la Bo luat lao dong Qudc hoi thong qua 23-6-1994 va luat sira d6i bo sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007 va cac van ban hudng dAn tin hanh luat

Luat lao dong Viet Nam bao gom cac che dinh chu yeu sau day:

a) Che dinh hap dong lao dong

dung lao dong ve viec lam cd tra cong, dien kien lao dong, quyen va nghTa vu cua mdi ben quan he lao dong

Hop d6ng lao dong bao gom ba loai: hop ddng lao ddng khong xac

dinh thdi han, hcfp ddng lao dong xac dinh thdi han va hop ddng lao dong theo mint vu hoac theo mot cong viec nhat dinh cd thdi han dudi 12 thang

Che dinh hop ddng lao dong quy dinh:

- Che giao ket hop dong lao ddng quy djnh nguycn lie giao ket hop ddng; chu the1 giao ket hop ddng; noi dung va hinh thuc hop ddng; phuong

thuc giao ket hop ddng hieu luc cua hop ddng

- Che thuc hien thay ddi, tam hoan hop ddng lao ddng quy djnh nguvcn tac thuc hien hop ddng; thay doi chu the va thay ddi noi dung cua hop ddng; cac trudng hop tam hoan hop ddng va hau qua phap ly ciia viec tam hoan hop ddng lao dong

- Che cham dut hop ddng lao dong quy djnh ba trudng hop cham dut hop ddng lao dong la cham dut hop ddng lao dpng y chi cua hai ben, cham dut hop ddng lao ddng ngudi thu ba hoac su bien, chiton dut hop ddng lao dong y chi cua mot ben (don phuong cham dut hop ddng); quy djnh cac che tro cap thdi viec va tro cap mat viec lam cac trudng hop duim dirt hop ddng lao ddng

b) Che dinh thoa udc lao dong tap the

Thoa udc lao ddng tap the la van ban thoa thuan giua tap the lao ddng va ngudi su dung lao dong vc cac dicu kien lao ddng va didu kien su dung lao ddng, vd quyen loi va nghia vu cua hai ben quan he lao ddng

Thoa udc lao dong tap the dai dien cua tap the lao ddng va ngudi su dung lao dong thuang lugng ky ket Trong doanh nghiep, thoa udc lao dong tap the; dugc coi nhu la nhung quy pham noi bo, bd sung cho nhung quy pham phap luat didu chinh quan lie lao dong

Che thoa udc lao dong tap the quy dinh:

- Che djnh thoa udc lao ddng tap the' quy djnh nguyen tac ky ket thoa udc; chu the thuang lugng va ky ket thoa udc: ndi dung ciia thoa udc; thu tuc ky ket thoa udc

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- Che thirc hien thoa irdc lao dong tap the quy dinh quyOn va nghla vu cua cac ben doi vdi cac trudng hop cu the phat sinh qua trinh thuc hien thoa udc

c) Che dinh ky luat lao dong vd trach nhiem vat chat

La mot che dinh cua luat lao dOng, ky luat lao ddng la tcing the’ cac quy pham phap luat nha nude ban hanh, bao gom cac quy dinh v£ viec tuan theo thdi gian cong nghe va dieu hanh san xuat kinh doanh cung nhu cac bien phap xu ly ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng vi pham cac quy dinh ay

Kv luat lao dong co y nghia quan trong viec tei chuc lao dong doanh nghiep cung nhu tren pham vi toan xa hoi K y luat lao dong la can cu phap ly de ngudi sir dung lao dong to chuc dieu hanh hoat dong lao dong theo yeu cau cua san xuat kinh doanh va cung la can cu phap ly de ngudi

lao dong hoan nghla vu lao dong cua minh theo hop ddng lao dong Che dinh ky luat lao dong quy dinh:

- Noi dung cua ky luat lao dong bao gom nhom nghia vu cua ngudi lao dong: chap hanh thai gid lam viec thdi gid nghi ngoi; chap hanh menh lenh dieu hanh san xuat kinh doanh cua ngudi sir dung lao dong: chap hanh quy trinh cong nghe, cac quy dinh ve an toan lao dong, ve sinh lao dong; bao ve tai san, bao ve bi mat cong nghe hi mat kinh doanh thuoc pham vi trach nhiem dupe giao

Noi dung cua ky luat lao dong phai dupe doanh nghiep (ngudi sir dung lao dong) cu the hoa noi quy lao ddng Noi quy lao dong la van ban quy pham noi bp cua doanh nghiep, chura dung cac nghla vu cua ngudi lao dong qua trinh lao dong d doanh nghiep Noi quy lao dong phai bao dam cac di^u kien luat lao ddng quy dinh

- Cac hinh thuc ky luat lao dong ap dung ddi vdi ngudi lao dong vi pham ky luat lao dong va noi quy lao dong, bao g6m: khien trach; keo dai

thdi han nang ngach luong khong qua thang, chuyen di lam viec khac co

muc luang thap hem thdi han toi da thang; cach chuc; sa thai Can

dung doi vai nguai lao dong vi pham ky lual lao dong va gay thiet hai vat chat nguai sir dung lao dong Che trach nhicm vat chat quy dinh muc hoi thudng va cach thuc hien vicc boi thudng cac trudng hop vi pham cu thd

- Thu tuc xir ly ky luat lao ddng va ap dung trach nhiem vat chat quy dinh thdi hieu xir ly; quyct dinh ky luat; thu tuc giam xoa ky luat; van de tam dinh chi cong viec ciia ngudi lao dong dc xem xet viec xir ly ky luat

d) Che dinh tien luong

Tien luong la so tien ma nguai su dung lao dong tra cho ngudi lao dong sau nguoi lao dong da hoan cong viec theo hop ddng lao dong Tien luong ciia ngudi lao dong hai ben thoa thuan hgp ddng lao dong va dugc tra can cir vao nang suat lao dong, chat lugng va hieu qua ciia cong viec nhung khong dugc thap han muc tien luang tdi thieu nha nude quy dinh

Che dinh tidn luang quy dinh:

- Mdc luang tdi thidu ciia ngudi lao dong tung thdi ky nhat djnh; - Thang luang bang luang ap dung cho cac loai lao dong;

- Che phu cap luang;

- Che tra luong ngudi lao dong lam them gid, ngirng vide; - C'hd'do tidn thudng;

- Che tam ung tidn luang; - Cac hinh thuc tra luang;

- Cac quy djnh ve khau tru tien luang;

d) Che dinh hdo hiern xd hoi

Bao hidm xa hoi la su bao dam vat chat su cham soc va phuc hoi sue choe cho ngudi lao d6ng va than nhan ciia ho nhung trudng hgp ngudi

ao dong bi giam hoac bj mat thu nhap binh thudng ho bj tam thdi hoac loan toan mat kha nang lao dong hoac gap nhung riii ro bat hanh khac lham giup ho khac phu kho khan, tin djnh cuoc song

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Quoc hoi thong qua 29-6-2006 va co hicu luc tu 1-1-2007, hao gom nhung noi dung chu yeu sau day:

- Che bao hiem xa hoi bat buoc; - Che bao hiem xa hoi tu nguyen; - Che bao hiem that nghiep; - Quy bao hiem xa hoi;

- T6 chuc bao hiem xa hoi;

e) Che dinh tranh chap lao dong id gidi quyet tranh chap lao dong

Tranh chap lao dong la nhung tranh chap giua ngudi lao dpng (hoac tap thd lao dong) ve quydn va lgi fch lien quan den vicc lam, tidn luong, thu nhap va cac didu kien lao dong khac, vd thuc hien hgp dong lao dong, thoa udc lao dong tap the va qua trinh hoc nghe

Can cu vao chu thd tranh chap va noi dung tranh chap, phap luat phan biet hai loai tranh chap lao dong: tranh chap lao dong ca nhan va tranh chap lao dpng tap the

Ve giai quyet tranh chap lao dong, che'dinh quy dinh:

- Co quan, 16 churc co thaim quydn giai quyet tranh chap lao dong la Hoi dong hoa giai lao dong co sd (hoac hoa giai vien lao dong) Hoi d6ng

trong tai lao dong cap linh, Toa an nhan dan

- Trinh tu giai quyet tranh chap lao dpng ca nhAn bao gdm: hoa giai tai hpi dong hoa giai lao dpng co sd (hoac hoa giai vien lao dong); neu hoa giai khong thanh, cac ben co quydn veu cau toa an giai quyet

- Trinh tu giai quyet tranh chap lao dpng lap thd bao gom: hoa giai tai hoi dong hoa giai lao dong co sd (hoac lioa giai vien lao dong); neu tap the lao dong khong dong v vdi quyet dinh trpng tai thi co quyen yeu cfiu toa ar giai quyet hoac tidn hanh dinh cong; neu ngudi su dung lao dpng khdn< d6ng y vdi quyet dinh tai thi co quyen yeu cau toa an giai quyet

Viec giai quyet tranh chap lao dong tai Toa an dugc tien hanh theo thi tuc td lung dan su quy dinh tai Bo luat id tung dan sir Qudc hoi thong qu; 15-6-2004, co hieu luc ke tir 01-1-2005

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g) Che dinh dinh cong vd giai quyet cuoc dinh cong

Dudi goc phap ly, dinh cong la mol quyen co han cua nguai lao dong dugc phap luat quy dinh iheo ngudi lao dong co quv6n ngirng viec

tap the lao dong co quydn ngung viec tap the de buoc nguai su dung lao dong thoa man nhung yeu sach cua tap the lao dong quan he lao dong

Mot cuoc dinh cong dugc coi la hgp phap co du cac didu kien sau day: - Phat sinh tu tranh chap lao dgng tap the va pham vi quan he lao dong;

- Thuc hien dinh cong pham vi doanh nghiep:

- Tap the lao dong khong dong \ vai quyet dinh cua Hoi dong tai lao dong nhung khong khai kien T oa an;

- Do ban chap hanh cong doan ca sa quyet dinh sau dugc qua 1/2 so nguai lao dong tap the lao dong tan thanh:

- Doanh nghiep dinh cong khong thuoc danh muc phuc vu lgi ich cong cong hoac doanh nghiep thiet you cho nen kinh te quoc dan hoac an ninh, quoc phong Chmh phu quy dinh;

- Khong vi pham quyet dinh cua T hu tudng Chinh phu vd viec hoan ngung cuoc dinh cong

Che dinh dinh cong va giai quyet dinh cong quy dinh:

- Thu tuc tien hanh cuoc dinh cong: Viec dinh cong co the tap thd lao dong hoac ban chap hanh cong doan ca so' khai xudng Ban chap hanh cong doan phai tien hanh lav v kien cua tap the lao dong; neu dugc qua 1/2

so nguai lao dong tan tin ban chap hanh cong doan ca sa quyet dinh dinh cong va lanh dao cuoc dinh cong

- TTiu tuc giai quyet cuoc dinh cong: Ban chap hanh cong doan ca sa co quyen yeu cau toa an ket luan cuoc dinh cong la hgp phap; nguai sir dung lao dong co quydn yeu cau toa an ket luan cuoc dinh cong la bat hgp phap; ca quan lao dong cA'p tinh lien doan lao dong cap tinh co quydn yeu cAu toa an ket luan cudc dinh cong la hgp phap hoac bat hgp phap; vien kiem sat nhan dan co quydn khai to dd yeu cau toa an ket luan cuoc dinh cong la bat hgp phap

Toa an nhan dan la ca quail co thaim quydn quyet dinh ket luan cuoc

Lual lion nhan va gia dinh la tong the quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he nhan than va quan he tai san giua cac vien gia dinh, xay dung chuan muc phap ly cho cach ung xu va hao ve cac quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua cac vien gia dinh Viet Nam

Luat hon nhan va gia dinh quy dinh che hon nhan va gia dinh trach nhiem cua cong dan, nha nude va xa hoi viec xay dung, cung co che hon nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam

Nguon chu yeu cua Luat hon nhan va gia dinh la Luat hon nhan va gia dinh Quoc hoi thong qua 9-6-2000, co hieu luc 01-01-2001 va cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh lual

Lual hon nhan va gia dinh bao gdm cac che dinh sau day:

a) Che dinh ket hon

Ket hon la su kien phap ly quan nliam xac lap quan he hon nhan giua nam va nir, co so dd xay dung gia dinh

Che dinh ket hon co cac quy dinh sau:

- Didu kien ket hon va nhung trudng hgp cam ket hon;

- Dang ky ket hon tai co quan nha nude co th^m quyen, thuc hien theo nghi thurc phap luat quy dinh;

- Huy viec kei hon trai phap luat

h) Che dinh quan he gii/a va va chong

Quan lie giua vg va chong la quan he nhan than va quan he tai san phat sinh su kien ket hon Che dinh quan he giua vg va chong quy dinh:

- Tinh nghia vg, chong va su binh dang vg chdng ve quydn va nghia vu gia dinh;

- Van dd lua chon noi cu tru cua vg, chdng

- Ton danh du nhan pham, uy tin; ton quyen tu tin ngudng cua vg va chong;

- Van dd dai dien cho giua vg chong;

- Trach nhiem lien ddi cua vg chong ddi vdi cac giao dich dan su

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mot hen thirc hien;

- l san chung vg, chong va viec thurc hien quyen sd huu, viec chia tai san chung viec thira ke tai san;

- Tai san rieng vg, chong va viec thuc hien quyen so huu doi vdi tai san rieng

c) Che dinh quan he giua cha me va con

Quan he giua cha me va la quan he huvet thong gan gui nhat quan he gia dinh Che dinh nav co nhirng quy dinh chu yeu sau day:

- Nghia vu va quyen cua cha me ddi vdi va nghia vu va quyen cua doi vdi cha me;

- NghTa vu va quyen cua bo dugng, me ke va rieng cua vg hoac chong; - Van dC; dai dien cho va boi thudng thiet hai gay ra;

- Van de han che quydn cua cha me ddi vdi chua nien;

- Van de tai san rieng cua va quyen cua cha me viec quan ly va dinh doat tai san rieng cua

d) Che dinh quan he giua ong bd vd chdu; giua anh chi eni va giua cdc vien gia dinh.

Day la mot dang quan lie huyet thdng ma gan gui xep sau quan lie cha me va Che dinh co cac quy dinh: nglna vu va quven ciia ong ba noi ngoai va chau; nghTa vu va quven cua anh, chi, em; quan he giua cac vien gia dinh

d) Che dinh cap dudng

Che dinh cap duang quy dinh:

- Cac trudng hgp thuc hien nghia vu cap duang;

- Mire cap duang va phuong thurc thuc hien nghla vu cap duang; - Nghla vu cap duang giua nhung nguai co quan lie cap duang; - Cac trudng hgp cham dut nghla vu cap duang

e) Che dinh xac dinh cha, me, con

Che dinh xac dinh cha, me, la chc dinh cua luat hon nhan va gia dinh cu the hoa Dieu 43 Bo luat dan su' nam 2005 quy dinh quydn nhan, khong nhan cha, me,

Che dinh quy dinh:

- Phuang thurc xac dinh cha, me, con; - Quydn nhan cha, me;

- Quvet yeu cAu xac dinh cha, me cho hoac xac dinh cho cha, me

g) Che dinh nudi

Che dinh nuoi dugc quy dinh luat hon nhan va gia dinh nham gop phan vao viec trdng nom, nuoi duang, chiim soc va giao due tre em, dac biet la doi vdi cac tie mo coi; tan tat, bi cha me bo rai v.v Phap luat cung cho phep nhan nguai da nien tan tat lam nuoi hoac lam nuoi cua nguai gia, yeu, co dan de cha me nuoi va nuoi nuang lira, cham soc, giup da lin cuoc song

Che dinh nuoi co cac quy dinh:

- Dieu kien cua nguai dugc nhan lam nuoi va ngugi nhan nuoi; - Thu tuc nhan nuoi;

- Quydn va nghia vu giua cha me nuoi va nuoi; - Cham dut viec nuoi nuoi

h) Che dinh giam ho giua cac vien gia dinh.

Che dinh giam ho giua cac vien gia dinh nhain cu thd hoa che dinh giam ho cua Bo luat dan sir vao cac quan he hon nhan va gia dinh

Che dinh quy dinh:

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- Con nong giam he) cho bo dugng, me ke;

* - Giam ho giua anh chi, cm; giura ong ba va chau

i) Che dinh chant diet hon nhan

Ly hon la viec cham dirt quan he vg chdng tnrdc phap luat theo yeu cdu cua mot ben hoac sir thuan tinh cua hai vg chong va dugc toa an cong nhan bi\ng ban an xu cho ly hon hoac bing quyet dinh cong nhan thuan tinh ly hon

Che ly hon quy dinh:

- Quyen yeu cau toa an giai quyet viec ly lion; - Van dd hoa giai tai co so vii tai toa an

- Can cur de toa an quyet dinh cho ly hon;

- Thuan tinh ly hon va ly hon theo yeu cau ciia mot ben;

- Viec cham soc giao due, nuoi duang, tham nom sau ly hon; - Chia tai san sau ly lion

k) Che dinh quan he hon nhan vd gia dinh cd yeu to nude ngoai

Quan he hon nhan va gia dinh co yeu to nirdc ngoai la quan he hon nhan va gia dinh giura cong dan Viet Nam vdi ngudi nude ngoai, giura ngudi nude ngoai vdi thurdng tru tai Viet Nam, giua cong dan Viet Nam vdi tna can cur dd xac lap thay d6i cham durt quan he theo phap luat

nude ngoai hoac tai sail lien quan den quan he d nude ngoai Nha nude ta ton va bao ve quan lie lion nhan va gia dinh co yeu to nude ngoai phu hgp vdi phap luat Viet Nam va didu udc quoc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap

Che dinh co cac quy dinh:

- Nguyen t&c ap dung phap luat ddi vdi quan he hon nhan va gia dinh co yeu td nude ngoai;

- Thaim quydn giai quyet cac viec vd hon nhan va gia dinh co yeu td nude ngoai;

- Ket hon va ly hon co yeu td nude ngoai;

Luat hinh su la tdng the’ cac quy pham phap luat quy dinh nhung hanh vi nguy hidm cho xa hoi bi coi la toi pham, nhung hinh phat Luat hinh su co ddi tuong didu chinh la cac quan he xa hoi phat sinh giua nha nude va ngudi pham toi

Luat hinh su “ co nhiem vu bao ve did xa hoi chu nghia, quydn lam chu cua nhan dan, bao ve quydn binh dfing giua d6ng bao cac dan toe, bao

ve loi ich cua Nha nude, quyen, loi ich hop phap cua cdng dan, t6 churc, bao

ve trat tu phap luat xa hpi chu nghia, chong moi hanh vi pham toi, dong thdi giao due moi ngudi y thue tuan theo phap luat, dau tranh phong ngua va chong toi pham” (Didu I Bp luat hinh su nam 1999)

Hd ihdng luat hinh su bao g6m hai ph^n: Phan chung va Ph^n cac toi

pham Ph&n chung bao gom cac quy pham phap luat quy dinh cac khai niem co ban cua luat hinh su nhu toi pham, hinh phat va cac nguyen tAc co ban cua luat hinh su Phan cac toi pham quy dinh cac loai toi pham cung vdi nhung toi pham vu the, khung hinh phat va muc hinh phat ap dung doi vdi cac toi pham ay

Phan chung cua luAt hinh su bao gom nhung che dinh sau day:

a) Che dinh toi pham

Toi pham la hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hoi dupe quy dinh Bp luat hinh su ngudi co nang luc trach nhiem hinh sir thuc hien mpt cach cd y hoac vo y, xiim pham cac quan he xa hpi duoc luat hinh sir bao ve

Che dinh toi pham quy dinh khai niem toi pham va phan loai toi pham; nhung van de lien quan den toi pham nhu: cd y pham toi, vo y pham toi, phong vd chi'nh dang, tinh thd cA'p thiet, dong pham v.v , nhung khai niem vd trach nhiem hinh su nhu: tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh su, thdi hieu truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su, mien trach nhiem hinh su

b) Che dinh hinh phat

Hinh phat la bien phap cudng che' nghiem kh^c nhat cua Nha nude nham tudc bo hoac han che quydn, loi ich eua ngudi pham toi Hinh phat

mot mat nham trCrng tri ngirdi pham toi va mat khac nham giao due ho trd ngudi cd ich cho xa hpi, ngan ngira ho pham toi mdi Hinh phat nham giao due ngudi khac ton phap luat, dau tranh phong ngua va chong toi pham

Che dinh hinh phat quy dinh cac loai hinh phat (hinh phat chmh va hinh phat b6 sung), cac bien phap tu phap nhung va’n de vg quyet dinh hinh

phat va chap hanh hinh phat

Phan cac toi pham quy dinh 14 loai toi pham bao gPm: - Cac toi xam pham an ninh quoc gia;

- Cac toi xam pham tinh mang, sure khoe nhan pham, danh du cua ngudi;

- Cac toi xam pham quyen tu dan chu cua cong dan; - Cac toi xam pham sd huu;

- Cac toi xam pham che dp lion nhan va gia dinh; - Cac toi xam pham trat tu quan ly kinh te;

- Cac toi xam pham ve moi irudng; - Cac tpi pham vd ma tuy;

- Cac tpi xam pham an loan cdng cong, trat tu cong cpng; - Cac tpi xam pham trat tu quan ly hanh chinh;

- Cac tpi pham vt* chuc vu;

- Cac loi xam pham hoat dpng tu phap;

- Cac tpi xam pham nghia vu, trach nhiem quan nhan;

- Cac tpi pha hoai hoa binh, chong loai ngudi va tpi pham chien tranh Nguon chu yeu cua luat hinh sir la Bp luat hinh sir Qudc hpi thong qua ngav 21-L2-L999, co hieu luc tu 01-7-2000, sira dcii, bP sung nam

2009; Nghi quyet s6 32/1999/QH10 21-12-1999 vd viec thi hanh Bp

luat hinh sir va cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh luat

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9 Luat kinh le

Quan diem coi luat kinh te la mot nganh luat doc lap xuat hicn d cac nude xa hoi chu nghTa irons dicu kien nen kinh tc van hanh theo eo che ke hoach hoa tap trung

Thco quan diem nav luat kinh le duoc hieu la tdng the cac quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi phat sinh qua trinh quan ly nha nude ve kinh te va qua trinh kinh doanh cua xa hoi Quan diem nhan dinh rang, quan lie quan ly nha nude vd kinh td giua cac co quan hanh chinh nha nude vdi cac doanh nghiep eae to chuc kinh te va eae quan he kinh doanh giua cac doanh nghidp, cac id chuc kinh td vdi la mdt loai quan he xa hoi dac thu: mdi loai quan he xa hdi deu idn tai hai veu td ket hop chat che vdi - yeu td tai san va yeu td to chuc ke hoach Do tinh dac ihu dd cho nen khong the coi quan he quan ly nha nude vd kinh id nhu quan he hanh chinh noi chung va dua no thuoe ddi tuong didu chinh eua nganh luat hanh chinh: cung nhu khong the coi cac quan lie kinh doanh nhu quan he tai san ndi chung de dua no thuoe ddi luong dieu chinh cua nganh luat dan su ma phai cd mol nganh luat doe lap die;u chinh hai loai quan lie xa Iioi - dd la nganh luat kinh te

Trong dieu kien cua nen kinh id ihi irudna dinh hudng X IIC N cuac c «_

nude la hien nay, eae quan lie quan lv nha nude vd kinh td va cac quan he kinh doanh eung phai duoc dieu chinh bang mot nganh luat rieng - nganh luat kinh te vdi nhung che dinh chu yeu sau day:

a) Che dinh quan lv nha nude vd kinh td;

b) Che dinh lap, hoat dong cua doanh nghiep va cac chu thd kinh doanh khac;

c) Che dinh hop ddng kinh doanh;

d) Clio dinh giai quyct tranh chap kinh doanh, ihuong mai; d) Che dinh ve pha san doanh nghidp hop tac xa

10 Luat td tung hinh sir

tung hinh sir "quy dinh irinh lu thu tuc kho'i to dieu tra to xet xu va thi hanh an hinh sir; chirc nang nhiem vu quyen han va mdi quan he giua cac co' quan tien hanh to lung: quyen va nghia vu cua nhung ngudi tham gia td lung, cua cac co' quan id chuc va cong dan: hop tac quoc te td tung hinh sir nham chu dong phong ngira m:an chan toi pham phat hien chmh xac, nhanh chong va xu Iv cong minh kip thdi moi hanh vi pham toi khong de! loai toi pham khong lam oan nguoi vd toi" (f)icu Bp luat to tung hinh

sir Quoc hpi thong qua 26-1 I -2003)

Luat td tung hinh sir hao gom cac che dinh chu you sau day: a) Che dinh nguyen tac co ban cua to lung lunh su:

b) Che dinh cofquan lien hanh to tung va ngudi lien hanh id tung; c) Che dinh ngudi tham gia id limn;

d) Che dinh chung cu:

d) Che dinh cac bien phap ngan chan; e) Che dinh khdi to vu an kho'i to bi can: g) G ie dinh dieu tra truy td;

h) d ie dinh xet xu so tham: i) Che dinh xet xu phuc tham; k) Che dinh tin hanh an:

1) Che dinh xet lai ban an va quvei dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat: m) Che dinh thu luc dac biet:

n) Che dinh hop tac quoc te

Ngudn chu yeu cua luat to lung hinh sir la Bp luat td tung hinh sir Qudc hot thong qua ngav 26-1 1-2003, cd hieu Inc 01-7-2004, Nghi quyet so 24/2003/QI11 ngav 26-1 1-2003 ve viec thi hanh Bp lual td tung hinh su va cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh luat

Noi dung chu yeu cua luat td tung hinh sir dupe de cap Chuang V II Giao trinh nav

Theo Dieu Bo lual td tung dan su' Quoc hoi thong qua 15/6/2004 thi luat td tung dan sir la t6ng the quy pham phap luat quy dinh

cac nguyen tac co ban quy dinh trinh tu\ thu tuc khdi kien dd Toa an giai quyet cac vu an vd tranh chap dan sir (theo nghia hep), tranh chap hdn nhan va gia dinh tranh chap kinh doanh - thirong mai, tranh chap lao dong (goi chung la vu an dan sir theo nghia rong) va trinh tu, thu tuc yeu cau de Toa an giai quyet cac viec vd yeu cau dan sir, hon nhan va gia dinh, kinh doanh - thirong mai, lao dong (goi chung la viec dan sir); trinh tir, thu tuc giai quyet vu an dan sir, viec dan sir (goi chung la vu, viec dan su) tai Toa an; thi hanh an dan sir; nhiem vu, quydn han trach nhiem cua co quan tien hanh td tung; quydn va nghia vu cua ngudi tham gia td tung cua ca nhan, co quan, t6 chuc co lien quan Noi mot cach khac, luat td lung dan sir co ddi

tuong didu chinh la cac quan he xa hoi phat sinh qua trinh ca nhan, co quan, t6 chuc yeu cau Toa an giai quyet cac vu viec dan sir va trinh tir, thu

tuc giai quyet cac vu viec dan sir cua Toa an nhan dan

Luat td tung dan sir bao gom nhirng che' dinh chu yeu sau day: a) Che dinh nguyen tac co ban cua td dung dan sir;

b) Che dinh co quan tien hanh td tung ngirdi tien hanh td tung; c) Che dinh ngirdi tham gia td tung;

d) Che dinh chung minh va chung cu;

d) Che dinh cac bo phan khan cap tam thdi; e) Che dinh khdi kien;

g) Che dinh giai quyet vu an tai Toa an cap so thaim; h) Che dinh giai quyet vu an tai Toa an cap phuc thaim;

i) Che dinh xet lai ban an, quyet dinh da co hieu lire phap luat: k) Che dinh giai quyet viec dan sir;

1) Che dinh thi hanh an dan sir

m) Che dinh cong nhan va cho thi hanh tai Viet Nam ban an, quyet dinh dan sir ciia toa an nirdc ngoai, quyet dinh cua tai nirdc ngoai

Nguon chii yeu ciia luat td tung dan sir la Bo luat td tung dan sir

a lly !ll:l I ; *♦»

Quoc hoi thong qua 15-6-2004 co hicu lire k6 tir 01-1-2005, Luat

Thi hanh an dan sir 2008; Nghi quyet so 32/2004/QHl 15-6-2004 ve viec thi hanh Bo luat to tung dan sir va cac van ban quy dinh chi tiet va hudng din thi hanh luat

Noi dung chu yeu cua luat to tung dan sir dirge nghien curu Qiirong V I giao trinh

12 Luat to tung hanh chi'nh

Luat to tung hanh chfnh la tong the quy pham phap luat quy djnh trinh tir, tlni tuc giai quyet cac vu an hanh chfnh Trong cac vu an hanh chfnh, luon luon co mot bon chu the la co quan nha nuoc, dac biet la co quan hanh chfnh nha nuoc V i the ngoai cac budc chung nhir cua cac nganh luat to tung khac co nhCrng quy dinh rat rieng cho viec khieu kien va giai quyet cac vu an hanh chfnh

Luat to tung hanh chfnh bao gom cac che djnh sau day: a) Cho dinh vd nguyen tAc to tung hanh chfnh;

b) Che dinh co quan tidn hanh to tung va ngudi tien hanh td tung; c) Che dinh ngudi tham gia td tung;

d) Che dinh khdi kien thu ly vu an hanh chfnh; d) Che dinh phien toa so tham:

e) Che dinh phien toa phuc tham: g) Che dinh giam doc tham, tai tham;

h) Che dinh thu tuc dac biet xem xet lai quyet dinh cua Hoi ddng 'I’ham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao;

i) Che djnh thu tuc thi hanh ban an, quyct dinh cua 'Ida an ve vu an hanh chi'nh

Nguon chu yeu cua Luat td lung hanh chfnh la Luat Td tung hanh chfnh nam 2010, Luat Trach nhicm boi thirdng cua nha nude nam 2009

Mot sd noi dung ciia luat td tung hanh chfnh dugc nghien curu Chuong V giao trinh

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I II H E T H O N G P H A P L U A T Q U O C T E

Trong moi qudc gia hen canh he thong phap luat quoc gia ton tai mot he thong phap luat qudc te Cac quy pham phap luat quoc te hinh tren co sd thoa thuan giua cac quoc gia va the hien y chi chung cua cac qudc gia Phap luat qudc te dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi phat sinh cac sinh hoat qudc te giua cac qudc gia cac td churc qudc te vdi Phap luat qudc te hao gdm hai bo phan: cong phap qudc te (luat qudc le) va lu phap qudc te

1 Cong phap qudc te (Luat qudc te)

Luat qudc te la tap hop nhung quy pham phap luat didu chinh ciic quan he xa hoi ve chmh tri hoac cac khia canh chmh tri cua quan he kinh te, thuang mai, khoa hoc - ky thuat, van hoa giura cac qudc gia vdi nhau, giua cac qudc gia vdi cac td churc qudc te lien chinh phu hoac cac chu the khac cua phap luat qudc te

Luat qudc te hien dai bao gdm nhung noi dung co ban sau day:

a Che dinh nhung nguyen Idc ca han cua luat qudc te gdm cd: - Nguyen t<k ton chu quyen qudc gia;

- Nguyen l Ac binh dang chu quydn giua cac qudc gia; - Nguyen tac dan toe tu quyet;

- Nguyen tac khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bp ciia cac qudc gia khac - Nguyen tac cam dung vu lire hoac de doa dung vu lire;

- Nguyen tac hoa binh giai quvet cac tranh chap qudc te; - Nguyen tac ton cac quydn ca ban cua ngudi; - Nguyen tac hop tac giua cac qudc gia;

- Nguyen tac tu nguyen thuc hien cac cam ket qudc te

h Che dinh luat dieu udc qudc te

dd cap den Chuong III Trong luat quoe to, qua trinh xay dung, ky ket va tri hieu lire cua cac dieu uoc quoc te duoc didu chinh bang Cong udc Vien ve luat dicu uoc quoc te ky tai Vien 23-5-1969 va co hieu lire 23-5-1980 Cong uoc da duoc “ noi luat hoa" bang Luat ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien didu udc qudc to Qudc hdi Viet Nam khoa X I thong qua 14-6-2005

Dieu irdc qudc te ma Cong hoa xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam kv ket hoac gia nhap la thoa thuan bang van ban duoc ky ket hoac gia nhap nhan danh Nha nude hoac nhan danh Chinh phu Cong hoa xa hdi chu nglna Viet Nam vdi mot hoac nhieu quoc gia, id chuc qudc te hoac chu the khac ciia phap iuat qudc te khong phu thuoe vao ten toi la hiep udc, cdng udc, hiep djnh, dinh udc thoa thuan nghi djnh thu ban ghi nhd cdng ham trao ddi hoac van kien cd ten goi khac

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Luat didu udc qudc le quy dinh nhung ndi dung co ban sau day: - Ky ket didu udc qudc te;

- Gia nhap dieu udc quoc te; - Bao luu didu udc qudc te; - Ilieu luc cua didu udc qudc tc; - Thuc hien didu udc qudc te

Nhirng noi dung co ban cua luat dieu udc qudc te duoc trinh bay Chuong III giao trinh

c Che dinh dan cu luat quoc te

Thco luat qudc tc, dan cu duoc hieu la tdng the nhung ngudi song tren lanh tho cua mot quoc gia nhat dinh Thanh phan dan cu cua mdt nude bao gom: cdng dan ciia nu'dc dd ngudi cd qudc tjch nude ngoai ngudi khong quoc tjch ngudi nhieu qudc tjch Che djnh dan cu quy djnh van de qudc tjch, dia vj phap ly ciia nhung ngudi lluinh phan dan cu

d Che dinh hdo ve quyen ngudi quy dinh ndi dung cac quydn

d Che dinh lanh tho vd bien gidi qudc gia, quy dinh cac ho phan cau cua lanh tho quoc gia (nhu cac vung dat vung nude, vung trdi); quy che phap ly cua lanh thd qudc gia; quy che phap ly cua bien gidi qudc gia

e Che dinh ve luat bien quoc te, quy dinh quy che phap ly ddi vdi cac

vung bidn nhu noi thuy; quy che phap ly ve lanh hai; vimg dac quydn kinh te thdm luc dia; quy che phap ly ve bien qudc te v.v

g Phap luat ve hang khong quoc te, quy dinh cac nguyen tac va cac

thuang quyen ca ban luat hang khong dan dung qudc te, quy che phap ly ve vung trdi, phi hanh doan, quy che vd chuyen bay qudc te va dudng bay qudc te

h Che dinh ve ngoai giao vd lanh sudua quy che phap ly \'d cac

ca quan dai dien ngoai giao cua nha nude, ca quan lanh su; nhung uu dai va midn tru cho cac ca quan va vien chuc ngoai giao va lanh sir

i Hoi tigH quoc te vd cac to chitc qudc te, quy dinh quy che vd td

churc, dam phan va ky ket cac van ban cua hoi nghi qudc te; dia vi phap ly cua cac td churc qudc te toan cau nhu Lien Hap Qudc, cac td churc chuyen mon ciia Lien Hop Qudc, cac td chuc qudc te khu vuc va cac td churc qudc te khac

k Che dinh giai quyet cac tranh chap quoc te, quy dinh cac nguyen

t&c giai quyet cac tranh chap qudc te, cac bien phap giai quyet hoa binh cac tranh chap qudc te

/ Che dinh phap luat quoc te tap quan quoc te ve chien tranh, quy

dinh vd van dd tuyen chien, khdi chien; van dd sir dung vu khi" va phuang tien chien tranh, bao ho nan nhAn chien tranh v.v

m Che dinh trach nhiem phap ly quoc te, quy dinh chu thd ciia trach

2 Tir phap quoc te

Tu phap quoc te la tap hop nhung quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he dan su' co yeu to nude ngoai Quan he dan sir d day dupe hieu thee nghla rong, bao gom quan he dan su (theo nghla hep), quan he kinh te - thuong mai, quan he lao dong, quan he hon nhan va gia dinh Theo Didu 758 Bp luat Dan sir 2005, “ Quan he dan sued yen to nude ngoai la quan he dan su co it nhat mot cac hen tham gia Id co quan, to chuc, cd nhan nitric ngoai, ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu d mfdc ngoai lioac Id cdic quan he dan su giifa cac hen tham gia Id cdng dan, td cliifc \ iet Nam nhung can cit de .xac lap, thay ddi, cham din quan lie dd theo phap luat mfdc ngoai, phat sinh tai mfdc ngoai hoac tai san lien qnan den quan he dd o’ nude ngoai''.

Chu the cua tu phap qudc te trudc het va chu yeu la ca nhan, phap nhan cua cac nude tham gia giao luu qudc te; ngoai ra, nhung trudng hop nhat dinh, Nha nude, cac td chuc qudc te lien chinh phu cung dupe thira nhan la chu the cua tu phap quoc te

Cac nguyen tac co ban cua tu phap qudc te bao gdm:

- Nguy£n tac ton quyen mien trir tir phap cua cac qudc gia;

- Nguyen tac binh dang vd mat phap ly giua cac che dp sd huu cua cac qudc gia khac nhau:

- Nguyen tac khong phan biet ddi xir giua cong dan nirdc sd tai va ngudi nude ngoai, giua ngirdi nirdc ngoai vdi tren lanh thd mot qudc gia;

- Nguyen tac cd di cd lai

Ngudn chu yeu ciia tu phap qudc te la phap luat qudc gia, didu udc qudc te, tap quan qudc te

a Phap luat quoc gia: nude ta phap luat qudc gia tham gia didu

chinh cac quan he thuoc llnh vuc tu phap qudc te cd cac van ban quy pham phap luat chii yeu nhu: Bp luat Dan sir nam 2005 Luat hon nhan va gia dinh nam 2000, Bp luai Mang hai nam 2005 Bp hull Lao dong nam 1994 va cac Luat sira ddi bd sung nam 2002, 2006, 2007 Luat Hang khong dan dung Viet Nam nam 2006 v.v

* ! • !! • ! • ? • !• ! • ! • ! J I* ! > ! ! ' ! ! ! ! ' : ' • ! ^ i - I : 1 ! ! ! : ! h J ] j J ' ! ! ! i ' - l J - •!•?■! •* •! •!•! •! ? -: •! '.■ -S T lT ? ?J - i !•!•!•!•? •! !ã!ã!ã! !

1 ôô;* i A : ằ P l i J l J 'D IL A D I >) I n T J n A I ' ' ' • ' 'i:i:i1 'i‘M i-ii '3 *|'j • ' *' • •’* • *'

i ; : i ; i i i i :'i « ■ » K V r » I . V “ l i V W V / I T v l i : i i : i i ' i « : i ; i : i i ; i I j i ; i t i ' i i I

dieu uoc quoc to da phu'Ong ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap nhu: I liep dinh tuong tra tu phap va phap ly giua Viet Nam va cac nuoc Hiep dinh thuong mai va hang hai I liep dinh tranh danh thue hai lan ( ong uoc Paris nam 1883 ve so huu cong nghiep (Viet Nam gia nhap nam 1^81), Hiep dinh khung hop tac Viet Nam - MU (ky nam 1092k cong uoc Now York nam

1958 ve cong nhan va thi hanh quyct dinh cua tai nude ngoai (gia nhap nam 1995), Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet Nam - Hoa Kv v.v

c Tap quan qudc te: Tap quan quoc to la nhung quy tac xu su khong

do cac quoc gia hay cac to chuc qudc to’ dat nhirng duoc nhieu qudc gia chap nhan va ap dung nhu mot quy pham pluip luat qudc to Tap quan qudc te xuat hien moi llnh virc cua pluip luat qudc te Pham vi cua cac tap quan qudc te cd the la toan cau hoac kiui vuc Trong tu phap qudc tc, cd nhung tap quan ve thuong mai, hang hai qudc to va nhung tap quan qudc te khac Hien tai duoc ap dung nhieu nhat cac quan he thuang mai qudc to la Cac dieu kien thuang mai qudc to ( IN C O T FR M S 2000) va ban Quy tac va thuc hanh thdng nhat ve tin dung chung tir (U C P 600)

Noi dung tu phap qudc to' Viet Nam bao gom cac che dinh chu you sau day: a Che dinh chu the cua tu pluip quoc te quy dinh dia vi phap ly cua ca nhan va td churc nude ngoai tai Viet Nam va quy cho phap ly ddi vdi ca nhan va to chuc nude ngoai tai Viet Nam

b Che dinh quydn sd huu tu phap quoc te, quy dinh van de giai quyet xung dot phap luat vd quydn sd huu; van de chuyen dich quyen sd hUu; van quyen sd huu cua ngudi nu'dc ngoai tai Viet Nam, bao ho sd huu tri tue giao dich qudc to v.v

c Che dinh hop ddng va trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai tu phap qudc te, quy dinh van dd giao ket va thuc hicn hop ddng tu phap qudc td; quy che bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng nr phap qudc to

d Old dinh toan quoe to quy dinh phuong tien va phuong thuc loan qudc te; hinh thuc tin dung va viec xac lap thuc hien quan he tin dung toan qudc te v.v

d Che dinh thira ke tu phap qudc te, quy dinh cac nguyen tac

A ‘ ‘ijfi tu A u p ' DUA ia

gidi quycl xung dpi phap luai vc thira ke: van de giai quycl viec ihu'a ke cd vcu to nuoc ngoai

wf t

e Che dinh hon nhan va gia dinh tu' phap quoc te co cac quy dinh ve ket hon: ve quan he nhan than va quan he tai san gia dinh; ve quan he giua nhung nguoi gia dinh; van de nuOi nuoi; vail de xac dinh cha, me

g Che dinh quan lie lao dong tu phap quoc te quy dinh van de giai quyei xung dot phap luat ve lao dong cd yeu td nude ngoai: quan he lao dona cd veu to nu'dc naoai

h Che dinh td tung dan su qudc te quy dinh dia vi phap ly cua cac chu the nude ngoai to dung dan su quoc te: tham quydn xet xir dan su qudc le: van de uy tliac tu phap quoc te: van de cong nhan va thi hanh ban an va quyet dinh ciia toa an nude ngoai

IV H E T H O N G K H O A H O C P H A P I V (H E T H O N G L U A T H O C ) He thong khoa hoc phap ly la tong the cac mon khoa hoc cd ddi tupng nghien cuu la vaii dd nha nuoc va phap luat dd mdi mon khoa hoc nghien cuu mpl mill, mpl a canh hoac mpl so mat nipt sd khia canh ciia van de Giua he thong khoa hoc phap ly va he thong phap luat cd moi lien he chat che vdi nhau, tac dong qua lai Ian

1 le thong khoa hoc phap ly co the chia cac nhom sau day:

1 Nhom cac moil khoa hoc ve ly luan va lieh sir gdm cac mon khoa

hoc ly luan chung ve nha rnrPc va phap luat, I ich sir nha nude va phap luat v.v Nhom cac mon khoa hoc nghien curu ngudn goc, ban chat, quy luat phat sinh, phat tridn ciia nha nude va phap luat; lich sir cac nha nude va phap luat; dua nhung khai niem, pham tru, nguyen tac lam co so cho viec nghien cuu nha nude va pluip lual noi chung va la co sd ly luan cho viec nghien curu cac mon khoa hoc phap ly khac

2 Nhom cac mon khoa hoc phap ly chuvcn nganh gdm cac mon khoa hoc cd ddi tupng nghien cuu la cac nganh luat he thong phap luat, nhu mon luat dan sir mon luat hinh sir mon luat lao dong v.v Cd bao nhieu nganh luat thi cd bAy nhieu mon khoa hoc phap ly chuyen nganh

rr.i'j i.i.h mh i i.i uj.h »i mi i.itj'i m i r.» u h i iii i nrn 111ri i t rrrrji.rr m.i.ii vu rTTxrrr»,iT,r,mT.rrv:rrn 'J.u iL».».».uxiiyfjTrr.rrrj:u itrvj ir

Trong thirc te hinh nhu'ng mon khoa hoc chi nghien cuu mol hoac mot so che dinh cua mot nganh lual nao vai tir cach la mot bo phan tach tir mon khoa hoc phap ly chu\en nganh (vi du, mon hoc luat doanh nghiep tach tir mon luAt kinh le' luat hop ddng tach lir mon luat dan su v.v ) Co nhirng mon hoc nghien cuu mot so che dinh cua mot so nganh luat nham phuc vu mot yeu cau nhat dinh (vi du, mon luat kinh doanh nghien ciru mot so che dinh ciia luat kinh te, luat dan sir, luat lao dpng v v ) Co thd coi mon khoa hoc nhu la mot mon khoa hoc phap ly lien nganh

3 Nhom cac mon khoa hoc phap ly quoc te g6m cac mon khoa hoc

phap ly nghien cuu phap luat quoc te, mon khoa hoc phap ly nghien ciru phap luat ciia mpt quoc gia

4 Nhom cac mon khoa hoc phap ly ihuc nghiem gdm cac mon khoa hoc phap ly nghien ciru cac van dd co tmh chat “ ky thuat” nhu: mon pham phap hoc, mon giam dinh phap y, mon tam ly iu phap v.v Thanh tuu ciia

cac mon khoa hoc phuc vu cho viec xay dung, thuc hien va ap dung phap luat, dac biet la viec giai quyet dung dan cac vu an hinh sir, dan sir

C A U H O I O N T A P

1 Khai niem, dac didm ciia he thong phap lual

2 Khai niem doi tuang didu chinh va phuang phap dieu chinh ciia nganh luat

3 Doi tuong didu chinh va nhung noi dung chii yeu ciia cac nganh luat he thong phap luAt ciia Nha nuoc ta hien

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T A I L IE U NC.HIKN C l l! C H l O N G IV

1 Khoa Luat Dai hoc Qudc gia I la Noi: Giao trinh Ly luan ve nha

nude \a phap luat Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi 2002

2 Bo luat Lao dong nam 1994 va Luat sira ddi bd sung nam 2002, 2006 2007

i l l f f j j p H I M uM i c h i n k N iiiM i ij ii ijj ij ij jjj ijji h] ji

Chuong5

LUAT HANH CHINH VIET NAM• •

I K H A I M E M C H U N G \ £ L U A T H A N H C H IN H

L f)6i tirung va phirong phap dieu chinh ciia luat hanh chinh

Xet ve mai tham quyen hoat dpng, cac cu quan bp may Nha nuac ta bao gom ca quan quycn luc nha nuoc, co quan quan lv (hanh chi'nh) nha nuac, ca quan kiem sat nha nuac va co quan xct xu nha nude

Trong do, cac co quan quan ly (hanh chi'nh) nha nuac la co quan chap hanh cua ca quan quydn luc, duac tcS churc mot he thong chat che tu Trung ucrng den dia phuang va ca so de true tiep quan ly, didu hanh cac mat hoat dong cua dai song xa hpi tu kinh td, van hoa den an ninh, quoc phong, tu hoat dong doi noi den hoat dpng doi ngoai Nhu vay, moi quan he va su phan dinh vd thdm quydn hoat dpng cua co quan quan ly (hanh chinh) nha nude vai cac ca quan nha nuac khac nhu co quan quydn luc, co quan kiem sat, co quan xet xu thi khai niem quan ly nha nude dupe hidu theo mot nghia hep, tire la chi gidi han cac hoat dong chap hanh va didu hanh,

chu yeu la cua ca quan quan ly (hanh chi'nh) nha nude Viec xac dinh khai niem quan ly nha nude la ca sd de xac dinh ddi ttrang didu chinh va noi dung cua luat hanh chi'nh

Vdi tu cach la mot nganh luat dpc lap he thdng luat cua Nha nude Iiuil hanh chinh la long hop nhung quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cdc quan he xd hoi phat sinh qua trinh thuc liien hoat dong chap hanh vd dieu hanh ciia cdc co quan nha mfdc ddi vdi moi linh vuc ciia ddi song xd hoi.

a Ddi tuong dieu chinh

Cac quail ho xa hpi ma luat luinh chinh dicu chinh co the ch.a

bon nhom sau day:

Tlnf nliat cac quan ho xa hoi phat sinh hoat dong chap :ianh vii

dieu hanh cua cac co quan quan l\ nha nuoc Khi thuc hien vice quai ly nha nude doi vdi moi mat cua ddi song xa hoi

Thu luu, cac quan ho trona hoat dorm to chuc va cona tac no ho cuaI V, I , •

cac co quan quan ly nha nude

Day lit hai nhom quan lie xa hpi thuoe doi tup'ng diou chmh :hu you cua luat hanh chinh

Tlu'f ha, nhung quan he xa hpi mang ti'nh chat chap hanh va dieu hanh

phat sinh hoat dpng to chuc va cong tac noi bp cua cac co' ejian kiem sat, co quan xet xir coquan quycn luc

Thu tif mot so quan he xa hoi mang tinh chat chap hanh va d.eu hanh

khi cac co quan nha nude khong phai la co quan quan ly va mpt si to churc chmh tri - xa hpi dupe trao quven thuc hicn mpt so chuc nang qua:i ly nha nude cu the

h Phuong phap dieu chinh

La nhung quan lie xa hoi thupc linh ore quan ly nha nude, tac quan lie xa hpi ma Luat hanh chinh dieu chinh to mol dac iein quan la bao gid cung co it nhat nipt bon chu the mang quyen luc n.ia nude, nhan danh nha nude va ben phai chap hanh quven luc I rong cac quan he khong co su binh dang ve v chi ma luon luon co mot Don phai phuc lung v chi cua ben Ben mang quyen luc nha nude, nhan danh nha nude co quyen don phuong dua quvet dinh quail ly va ben ;6 nghia

mrtih l( nh la phuong phap dieu chinh chu \eu cua lual hanh chinh va

dirge goi la phirang phap hanh ( hinh

Dac diem ve doi tirpng dieu chinh va plurong phap dieu chinh cua luat hanh chinh la co' so' de phan biet nganh luat vai cac nganh luat khac he ihong phap luat noi clumg

2 Ho thong luat hanh chmh

Cung nhu' cac nganh lual khac he thong luat hanh chinh la su phan chia cac quy pham cua lual hanh elu'nlt cac che dinh cu the Trong do, moi che dinh dieu chinh moi nhom cac quan he xa hoi He thong phap luat hanh chinh dugc sap xep phan chung va phan rieng

Phan chung bao gdm cac che dinh iun quan den tat ca cac nganh cac linh vuc ciia quan ly Nha mrdi Nhung the dinh chu yeu thuoc phan bao gdm:

- Cac nguyen tac ca ban cua quan !\ nha nude:

- V i in', tham quyen cua cac ca quan dan vi bo may hanh chmh nha nirdc;

- Thu tuc hanh chinh va van ban hanh chinh nha nirdc; - Quy che hanh phap ly hanh chinh vdi can bo cong chuc;

- Quy che phap ly hanh chinh doi vdi cong dan id chuc xa hoi, ngudi nirdc ngoai ngu'di khong quoc tich:

- Trach nhiem hanh chinh:

- Che phap ly ve cong lac tra \a giai quyet khieu nai, td cao; - Che dp phap ly ve vice giai quyet cac vu an hanh chinh (Td lung hanh chinh)

Phan rieng cua luat hanh chinh bao gdm cac che dinh dieu chinh cac quan he quan ly dieu hanh cac linh vuc cac mat hoat dong cu the cua ddi song xa hoi: an ninh chinh tri trat tu an loan xa hoi, kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, khoa hoc va cong nghe, y te giao due, ton giao, ddi ngoai v.v dd cac che dinh ve quan ly hanh chinh nha nirdc ve kinh te va hoat dong kinh doanh Ja mot bp phan rai quan cua lual hanh chinh

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3 Quail he phap luat hanh chmh

Cac quan he xa Iioi linh virc quan ly chi huy dieu hanh cac mat hoat dong cua dai song xa Iioi dugc cac quy pham cua luat hanh chinh dieu chinh tra cac quan he phap luat hanh chinh Noi cach khac, quan he phap luat hanh chfnh la hinh thuc bieu hien ve mat phap ly cua cac quan he ve quan ly nha nuac Viec quan ly nha nuac la cac co' quan nha nuac hoac can bo cong chuc thirc hien va ban than no la hoat dong chap hanh Hien phap va luat Chfnh vi vay cac quan lie xa hoi ve quan ly nha nuac chi co the bieu hien duai hinh (hue quan he phap luat chi ton lai gan lien vai nha nuac va phap luat

La mot loai quan he phap luat cu the quan he phap luat hanh chfnh co tat ca nhung dac diem cua quan he phap luat noi chung: Do la cac quan he y chi m6i be'n (chu the) co cac quyen va nghia vu phap 1C tuc la cac

chu the dugc va phai xu sir nhung muc do, pham vi nhat dinh ma Nha nuac da xac dinh cac quy pham phap luat

Tuv nhien quan lie phap luat hanh chinh eung co nhung dac diem rieng Nhung dac diem na\ xuat phat tir cac dac diem ciia luat hanh chfnh Trong do, nhirng dac diem chii yeu la:

Thu nhat, quyen va nghTa vu cua moi ben tham gia quan he phap luat

hanh chinh luon g;in lidn vai hoat dong chap hanh, dieu hanh cua quan ly Nha nuac Cac quydn va nghia vu chi phat sinh qua trinh quan ly hanh chfnh Nha nuac cac linh vuc cu the cua dai song xa hoi

Tint' Ik ii quan he phap luat hanh chinh co the phat sinh theo yeu cau

hgp phap cua bat ky ben chu the nao, su thoa tluian cua ben khong phai la didu kien bat buoc phai co cho viec hinh cac quan he phap luat hanh chinh

Thu ba, quan he phap luat hanh chfnh bao gia cung co it nhat

khac duoc nha nirofc trao quyen liuiv hien nhCrng nhiem vu quan ly nha nude cu (he nao Do vay, khong the hinh moi quan he phap luat hanh chinh giua cac ca nhan to chuc \a hoi \6‘i iiluu neu cac ca nhan to chuc

khong dupe nha nirdc trao quyen thuc liion nhiem vu quan ly nha nirdc Trong cac quan he phap luat hanh chmh thu tho nhan danh quyou lire Nha nude luon cd quyen don phudng dua cac quyet dinh quan ly va hen (cac ddi tirpng hi quan ly > cd nghia mi ha; hupc phai chap hanh cac quyet dinh don phuong dd

Tln'f lit phan ldn cac tranh chap phat miiIi trmig quan he phap luat

hanh chinh dupe giai quyet theo thu tuc hanh chinh Mot sd it cac tranh chap cd tinh chat phuc tap, sau da giai quyet theo thu tuc hanh chinh ma khong dat ket qua thi cd the diroc giai quyet theo thu tuc to tung hanh chinh Quan he to tung hanh chinh cd nhirug dac diem rieng phu hop vdi dac diem cua quan he pluif) luat hanh chinh va khac biet vdi cac quan he to tung dan sir to tung hinh sir

Thi( nam ben vi pham quan lie pluip luat hanh chinh phai chiu

trach nhiem phap ly trirdc Nha nude chii' khong phai trudc hen lioi vi, ban chat cua su vi pham dd bao gid cung la vi pham trat tir quail ly nha nude noi chung

Nhung dac diem tren the hien ca quan lie phap luat hanh chinh doc va quan he phap luat hanh chinh ngang (Juan he phap lual hanh chinh doc hinh giua cac clui the cd quan ho le thudc ve mat td chuc nhu

nhung quan he giua Chmh phu vdi cac bp, co quan ngang bp; giua Chinh phu vdi Uy ban nhan dan cap tmh (Juan he phap luat hanh ( hinh ngang

hinh giua cac chu the cua luat hanh chinh ma giua ho khong cd su le thuoc ve mat tP chUc chang han nlur nhUng quan lie giua cac bo cac nganh vdi Giua cac co quan co mdi quan he phoi hop de cung thuc hien cac hoat dong quan ly nha nude irowg pham vi nganh hoac cac dia phuong Cung thudc loai la nhung quan he giua cac cd quan hanh chinh nha nude vdi td chuc xa hoi v<Vi cons dan, ngudi nude nszoai

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4 Lu al hanh chmh voi viec xav dun<> va hoan (hien 1)6 mav nha nuoc vaV ã n ô %r

cdng cuoc doi mdi d nude ta hicn nay.

Quyen luc nha nirdc noi chung bao gom quyen lap phap quyen hanh phap va quydn tir phap nirdc ta, lap phap thuoe tham quycn chi eta Qudc hoi - ca quan quyen lire Nha nirdc eao nhat Quydn tir phap the hien hoat ddng eua eae toa an nhan dan va vien kiem sat nhan dan Quyen hanh phap the hien hoat (long cua Cln'nh phu, cac co quan ciia Chinh phu, cua cac co quan chinh quydn nha nude cac cap quan ly dieu hanh cac mat hoat ddng eua ddi song xa hdi Chmh vi vay, luat hanh chmh giti vai trd chu yeu viec xac lap va hoan thien hoat ddng hanh phap cua Nha nude Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghia Viet Nam, quyen luc nha nude la thdng nhat va khong the phan chia Cluing la khong chu truong “ tam quydn pluin lap’’ Trong bo may nha nude Qudc hdi la ca quan qi.ven lire nha nude cao nhat Tuy vav, de thuc hicn cd hieu qua churc nang cua Nha nude thi td chuc va hoat dong ciia bd may nha nude van can phai cd sir phan cong va phdi hup hap ly, id rang ba quyen lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap Cac quy dinh ciia Luat hanh chfnh vd td churc tham quydn va che lam viec cua bo may hanh chfnh nha nude, vd cac nguyen tac quan ly nha nude, vd quy che can bd, cong chuc \a cdng vu la ca sd cho hoat dong hanh phap eua Nha nude Ban than each dat van de nhu the da ndi len vai trd to Idn cua luat hanh chfnh

: • - : : :-ij-3gH g»c»ihia

Sir phai trien manh me vdi nhung ddi hoi mdi va 10 Idn cua non kinh

te da dat nhung veu cau nhiem vu mdi cua bd may nha nude Bd mavV ^ • •» nha nude hinh nen kinh te ke hoach hoa tap trung bao cap trudc da\ dang to bat cap vdi veu cau mdi cua nen kinh le ca ve td chuc \ a trinh dd nang lire V i vav Nghi quyet I Idi nghi Ban chap hanh Trung uong Ian thu Tam (khoa V II) Dang ( ong san Viet Nam da de chu truong: “ T iep tuc xay dung va hoan thien Nha nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghla Viet Nam tam la cai cach mot budc nen hanh chinh"

Ve nhiem vu cai each nen hanh chmh nha nuoc Nghi quyei xac dinh ba ndi dung chu yeu lit:

Thu nha! cai cach the che hanh ( hinh nlui nude bao gdm viec cai cachC •

thu tuc hanh chmh thu tuc giai quyet cac khieu nai cua dan thu tuc lap phap, lap quy va nang cao hieu luc thi hanh phap luat

Thu hai chan chinh to chuc va quy die hoat dong cua bo may nha

nude noi chung cua he thong hanh chmh ndi rieng: tu dd tao moi quan he hop tac, than thien giua cac co quan nha nude viec thuc hien nhiem vu quven han theo quy dinh eua phap luat

Thu xay dung, kien loan doi ngn can ho cong chuc de tu dd nang

cao hieu qua ciia viec thuc hien nhiem vu cong vu

De thuc hien du'dna loi, chu trudna ma Dana da xac dinh luat hanh'w v C • •

chmh Viet Nam phai cd su ddi mdi ve chat ddi vdi tai ca cac che dinh cua no Mat khac, thuc te dd cung la co sd de luat hanh chmh phat trien mot each hoan chinh vdi tu each la mot nganh luat doc lap he thong phap luat eua Nha nude, cung nhu qua trinh xay dirng Nha nude phap quycMi xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam, khac phuc tinh trang tan man, chap va cua luat hanh chmh hien hanh

Cai each hanh chinh moi ilnh vuc quan ly nha nude la nhiem vu tam eua Chinh phu ndi rieng cung nhu cua Nha nude Viet Nam ndi chung da duoc thirc hien tich cue nam ddi mdi va se v;in la cong

viec phai duoc chu va kien quyei thu'c hien nhung nam tdi cua thdi kv hoi nhap kinh te qudc te

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1 Khai niem va dac diem cua co quan hanh chinh nha nuoc

Cac co quan hanh chmh nha nude la cac chu the chu yeu cua quan he phap luat hanh chmh Cac co quan la mot bo phan eua bo may nha nude, nha nude lap de thirc hien chute nang quan ly hanh chinh nha nirdc Dd la nhCrng eo quan thirc hien cac hoat dong chap hanh, didu hanh cac mat hoat ddng cua ddi song xa hoi Chmh vi vay, he thdng cac co quan hanh chi'nh nha nirdc cung chi'nh la he thdng cac eo quan quan ly nha nude

La mot loai co quan nha nirdc, eo quan hanh chi'nh nha nude cd tat ca nhirng dao diem cua eo quan nha nirdc ndi chung, ma dd dac diem quan nhat la tinh quyen life nha mute Cac co quan hoat dong

ddu nhan danh nha nirdc, v! loi fch nha nirdc, co quydn don phirong dua eae quyet dinh quan ly dd thirc hien chuc nang eua minh Mat khac, cac quyet dinh don phirong dd co hieu luc biU buoc thirc hien va co quan nha nude cd quydn ap dung nhCrng bien phap cudng che cAn thiet de dam bao thirc thi cac quyet dinh don phirong

Mot dac didm chung khac cua cac co quan nha nude, dd cd cac co quan hanh chinh nha nirdc la pham vi tham quyen Tham quven cd thd duoc hieu la tdng thd nhung quydn va nghTa vu chung cung nhu eae quydn han cu thd duoc phap luat quy dinh de cac co quan thue hien chuc nang cua minh Thaim quydn cua mdi eo quan nha nude bao gid eung duoc xac dinh gidi han vd pham vi ddi tuong tac dpng cung nhu vd khong gian, thdi gian Tren eo so dd, eae co quan nha nude chi hoat dong pham vi tham quyen cua minh neu vuot khdi pham vi dd la vi pham phap luat Nhung pham vi dd co quan hanh chmh nha nude hoat dong ddc lap, chu dong, sang tao Mat khac viec thue hien tham quydn da duoc quy dinh cung la nghTa vu cua cac co quan nha nude Viec thuc hien cac tham quydn dd khting phu thuoe vao y muon chu quan sir xet doan rieng cua ban than mot co quan nao cung nhu cua bat ky ngudi lanh dao nao

Ben canh nhirng dac diem chung cua co quan nha nude, cac co quan hanh chi'nh Nha nude cd mot sd dac diem rieng sau day phan biet vdi