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conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions).. • These elements could be broken down into their respec[r]

Structuralism

• seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events To this,

Introspection

• literally means 'looking within', to try to describe a person's memory, perceptions, cognitive

processes, and/or motivations

• three types of mental elements constituting

conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions)

• These elements could be broken down into their respective properties, which he determined were quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and

Functionalism

• states that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their

functional role – that is, they have causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs

• mental states are the corresponding functional role, mental states can be sufficiently explained without taking into account the underlying

Behaviorism

• It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that

individual's history, including especially

reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and

controlling stimuli

• Behaviorism focuses on one particular view of

learning: a change in external behavior achieved through using reinforcement and repetition to

Main versions • Methodological behaviorism: Watson's

behaviorism states that only public events

(behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed, and that therefore private events (thoughts and feelings) should be ignored • Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism

theorizes that processes within the organism should be acknowledged, particularly the

presence of private events (such as thoughts and feelings), and suggests that environmental

Cognitivism

• Cognitive theory mainly stresses the acquisition of knowledge and growth of the mental structure • The process of assimilating and expanding our

intellectual horizon is termed as cognitive development

• In cognitive theories not only the environmental factors and instructional components play an

Differences

• A behaviorist uses feedback (reinforcement) to

change the behavior in the desired direction, while the cognitivist uses the feedback for guiding and supporting the accurate mental connections

• Cognitivists examine the learner's 'how to design'

instruction that it can be assimilated (i e , what about the learners existing mental structures?) In contrast, the behaviorists looks at learners how to determine where the lesson should begin ( i e., At what level the learners are performing

Humanistic

• emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity • It adopts a holistic approach to human existence

and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole

person" greater than the sum of our parts and

encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people Humanistic

Humanistic Therapy • encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness

that helps the client change their state of mind and behaviour from one set of reactions to a healthier one with more productive

self-awareness and thoughtful actions Essentially, this approach allows the merging of mindfulness and behavioural therapy, with positive social

Principles of Humanistic

• Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of

their parts They cannot be reduced to components • Human beings have their existence in a uniquely

human context, as well as in a cosmic ecology

• Human beings are aware and are aware of being

aware - i.e., they are conscious Human

consciousness always includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people

• Human beings have the ability to make choices and therefore have responsibility