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^ PGS.. 'Vien Nghien ctru Ton guio.. 12 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Vi ciic nha sU chi gidi hian hoat ddng chfnh tri ciia minh trong ])hijm vi biin luiin va de xua't y kie'n ve viec cimg c[r]
(1)Nghien cxhi Ton giao So 12 - 2009 11
TON GIAO VA DAN TOC
MAY NET VE PHAT GIAO VIET NAM T H | LY
NGUYEN DUC SU
P hat giao Viet Nam thdi Ly tie'p tuc phat trie'n Phat giao Viet Nam thdi Bac thudc va tiep tuc sii hiing thinh cua Phat giao Viet Nam ke tii dat nddc ta biidc sang ki nguyen doc lap tu chu qua cac trieu dai Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le Nhdng sil phat trien ciia Phat giiio thdi Ly cd site sd'ng va cd net mat rang rd hdn sii phat trien cila Phat giiio Viet Nam d ciic the kf triidc Vi sil hiing thinh cua Phat giiio thdi Ly giin lien vdi cdng cuoc xiiy diing nen van minh Dili Viet Ma chfnh cdng cuoc Xiiy diing nen vim mmh Dai Viet nay, diin tdc Viet Nam dil dat diicic nhdng tfch bet siic huy hoang tren tat ca cac phiidng dien kinh te', chfnh tri van hoii, tii tddng Rieng Phat giao thdi Ly da cd nhiing ddng gdp quan cho cdng cuoc xay diing nen van minh Dili Viet khdng nhiing ve chinh tri tii tdting ma cii ve van hoc nghe thuat
Nhin vao Phat giiio thdi Ly, ngddi ta tha'y mdi quan he vdi nha nddc phong kie'n tap quyen dang diicic xay diing va ciing cod nddc ta liic dddng thdi, Chinh Ciic thien sii ma dai bieu la sii Van Hanh da gdp phan tfch ciic cho sil ddi ciia Viidng trieu Ly Sii Van Hanh khdng nhiing trilc tie'p dda nhflng If le khuyen Ly Cdng Ui'in len ngdi hoiing de ma cdn sii dung nhiing bai Sam Idu truyen dan gian de chuan bi dd luan cho sU xua't hien cua vUdng trieu Ly Ly Cdng Uan r a t coi sU Van Hanh
va da phong dng lam qudc sU Tiep sau Thien sU Van Hanh cd nhieu vi cao tang da dUtJc trieu dinh nha Ly mdi tham gia ban luan ve chfnh sii Su Da Biio dUdc Ly Thai Td mdi de'n kinh dd bay td y kien ve viec nUdc Ong da trinh bay.vdi vua Ly Than Tdng (1128 - 1137) ve le hUng vong tri loan cila xii tac Cac vi sU Dao Hiinh, Minh Khdng, Giac Hai ciing deu dUtJc cac vua nhii Ly dung, Cdn sU Nguyen Thudng thi cd Idi can giiin vua Ly Cao Tdng khdng nen me dam am nhae budn tham Hdn nUa nhieu vi cao Uing thdi Ly cd quan he than toe vdi tang Idp quy tdc quan lieu Su Vien Chie'u va sU Quiing Trf la qudc thfeh ciia nha Ly Su Man Giiic, sU Hue Sinh, sU Tri Bao xua't than tit quy tdc quan lieu Hau he't cac vua nha Ly tin theo dao Phat va ilng ho Phat giiio Ly Cdng Uan ldn len va trUdng dUdi mai chua Cho nen lam vua dng rii't ham mo dao Phat, dac biet Uu dai tiing ni Vii coi viec diic tUt;ing xay chua Ciic vua Ly Thai Tdng, Ly Thiinh Tdng, Ly Nhiin Tdng, Ly Anh Tdng, Ly Cao Tdng deu rat cd cain tinh vdi Phat giao va giup dd cho sU phfil trien cua Phat giiio Trong dd Ly Thanh Tdng lii ngUdi sang lap phai Thien Thiio DUdng
Cd the ndi, viec tham gia chfnh sU cua Ciic nha sU thdi Ly la tfch cUc va cd hieu quii Tuy nhien viec tham gui chfnh sU dd
(2)12 Nghien ciiu Ton giao So 12 - 2009
CO nhung han che nha't dinh Vi ciic nha sU chi gidi hian hoat ddng chfnh tri ciia minh ])hijm vi biin luiin va de xua't y kie'n ve viec cimg cd' nha nUdc phong kie'n thiic hien viec tri nUdc yen dan va giU gin bd cdi Do yeu ciiu thuc hien gidi luat cila ngUdi tu hanh, nen ciic nha sU du cd kie'n thilc stiu rdng ciing khdng tU minh dam nhiem chUc vu ciia ciic quan cai tri tii trieu dinh cho de'n dia phUdng ciing khdng the tU minh trd thiinh nhiing tudng linh quiin doi cua nhii nudc phong kie'n Ne'u cd nha sU nao dUclc phong Ciic chuc tang thd'ng tiing luc thi dd chi lii nhung quan chUc quan li tiing ni va tin Phat giao ciing nhU qutin li hoat ddng tdn giao ciia nha chua
Hdn nUa, cac nha sU bim luan vii de xui'it nhung y kien ve mat chinh tri ho khdng tim tha'y nhung giiio li cua dao Phat va nhung khiii niem, nhung nguyen tac kinh dien cua Phat giao cd the dung lam cd sd If luan cho nhung kien giiii ve chinh tri \'i the, phan nhieu cac nha sU da phai sU dung den nhUng nguyen If va nhiing khai niem hoc thuyet chfnh tri cua Nho giao De khuyen Ly Cdng Uan len ngdi hoang de', sU Vian Hanh dil dimg den khai niem nhan va thii ciia Nho giiio Cdn sU Nien Thdng biin vd ngudn gdc vong tri loan cua thien bia da sil dung ciic khiii niem quan td va tieu n h a n vdn la nhung khai niem ma Khdng Tu va Manh Tii van thUdng dung Ngay sU Nguyen ThUdng can gian vua Ly' Cao Tdng cung da trfch dan nhUng Idi dii ndi Kinh thi Phat giiio cd nhung diem yeu nhU viiy tren binh then chinh Iri cho nen du nd rat dUg'c nhii vua vii tang Idp quj' tdc coi trcing hdn nUa cdn dutic tilng Idp binh dtin d cac liing xa sung tfn nhUng nd van phiii de lai manh da't cho dao tri nUdc cua Khdng, Manh va nen giiio due Nho hoc sinh sdi niiv nd
Anh hudng cua Phat giao thdi Ly do'i vdi rill phiit trien cua nen van minh Dai Viet liic dUdng thdi trUdc bet bieu bien ci van hoc thdi Ly Ma van hoc thdi Ly la mot budc phat trien quan trong lieh sii van hoc Viet Nam So vdi cac the kl trudc thi viin hoc thdi Ly phong phii va cd chieu sau ve mat tU tUting Chfnh cac thien sU thdi Ly bang cac bai ke cac biii thd thien va n h u n g Idi jibat bieu ciic cuoc dam thoai gdp phan phat trien van hoc thdi Ly Ngoai nhiing ang viin chfnh luan cua cac danh nhan va cua trieu dinh nhii Ly n b u "Chie'u ddi dd" "Nam qudc sdn ha" "Van Id bd' diinh trdng", "Di chie'u liic lam chung" v.v thi bao trum len bau trdi viin hoc thdi Ly chfnh la cac bai thd thien Da so' cac tac giii ciia thd van thdi Ly chinh la Ciic thien sU Vi vay triet li tham sau cila Thien hoc da chi phdi xiic cam viin hoc va quan diem tham mi ciia cac thien sU Tu\' nhien lam thd thien ciic thien sU thdi Ly van mang nang truyen thdng dan tdc va trach nhiem xiiy diing nen viin minh Dai Viet cua nbUng ngUdi Viet Nam yeu nudc Noi dung ciia n h u n g bill thd thien dil dem lai cho viin lic)c thdi Ly n h u n g net ddc dao rieng biet khdng gidng vcii cac giai doan khiic lieh sil viin hoc Viet Nam
(3)Nguyen Dure Sir May net vc Phdt i^ido 13
Dieu dac biet diing luu y hi tieng ndi cua ciic t b i e n sU thdi Ly k h d n g nhUng a n h hUdng de'n t h e gidi q u a n cua cac l a n g Idp nhiin d a n m a cdn gdp phiin t h u c dii'y sU phiit t r i e n cua lieh sii t u t u d n g Viet N a m
Ve miil t u t u d n g , ciic ihien sU thdi Ly dac biel q u a n liim de'n su guii thoiit cua ngUdi NhUng dc If giai dUdng giiii thoiil t!d, h o da dUa r a q u a n niem ve ngUdi h i e n thilc v a cuoc sd'ng t r a n tuc cila ngUdi, dd'i vdi ho, t h e xac vii cuoc sdng t n i n tuc cua ct)n ngudi c u n g vdi ciinh viil x u n g q u a n h ngiitii deu mim vdng sinh diet h a y s m h hoii, deu hi chi phdi bdi luiit vd ngii vii vd t h u d n g Con ngUdi chiing n h u n g k h d n g tdn lai hiu diii, mil cdn lii mcil ciii gi gui t a m sii ke't hcip nhii't thdi cua t r i diii va ngii uiin mil t h a n h , Va neu tlUtic nbU viiy thi moi gui tri giin lien vdi ngUdi hien thiic vii moi su Viit cu the tldi di(Mi vdi ngu'tii ciing lii nhiim de khiing dinh chiin liim trf tfnh, chiin nbU, dieu t h e mdi hi su tdn tai cluin thUc vinh hiing Su ton lai chiin thuc \ a vinh hiing li'v hi biin the ciia mf)i vat Irc'n t h e gian ke ca ngUdi Ciic nhii tu hiinh theo ton chf cua Thien tdng deu khat) kluit vii mong dtii cluing ngti diicic fill b a n t h e ay d u n g n h u Thien sU Tit Dao Hijnh da ndi:
"Cuu hdn i)hiim t n i n vi t h u c kim Bill tri lui xU thi cluin tiim
Nguyen t h u y chi dfeh k h a i phUting tien
Lieu kicMi nhu' nhii df)iin khd t:im" Nghia la:
Liin Idc n h i e u giua cdi phiim t n i n nui chUa nhiin rd n i n g
Chiing biet ntii mit) lii chiin tiim
Mong ngudi ru long cbi cbt) ciii ttfch vii md phUting tien
De lluiy rd " n h u n h u " khdi phai khd cdng lim k i e m ' "
Vi vay theo ciic thien sU thdi Ly ft)n diiii'ng di den giai thoiit cua ngUtii mtit miit Viin jjluii thu'c hien gidi luat cua nhii chua n h u n g mat khac quan hdn lii phiii tha\' diitic chiln tiim, tU tfnh ndi Inin thiin minh Ma thiiy dUcic chiin tiim tu tfnh ndi ban t h a n minh lUc lii "kien tfnh t h a n h Phat", lii dUtJc guii thoat
N h i i n g chiin tiiin lU tfnh, chiin nhif, dieu t h e , v.v hi ciii nua hoat ddng n h a n thiic t h d n g ihUdng tiua ciic giai doan t;am tinh VII If tfnh k h d n g t h e (ihiit bien dUtic ngdn ngu viin tu k h d n g the bieu diit dUcic Con ngUdi chi cd the chUng ngi) tlu'tic cluin liim ihriy dutjc tii tfnh biing mot t h u trf tue t r u e giiic va linh nghiem goi hi Biit nlui Vi chiin t a m tii tfnh la cai vdn cd cuii ct)n ngUdi hien thuc thing sdng Irt'Mi t n i n gian vii d a n g liin loi vdng sinh tu Cho nen viec q u a n tiim kien tfnh lluinh Pbi'il cua mdi ngUdi cd lbi' du'iic thiic hii'n t r e n I r a n gian, trt)ng cdi sinh tU NhU \'iiy hi ft)n ngUdi ngt) ttai) viin cdn d a n g giin minh vdi su hicin h u u cua nhiing su vat giii hcip vd t h u d n g Mot ngUti'i ngo dao nbU t h e k h d n g he thoiit li cuoc sd'ng ma viin diiii t h a n Viio cutic st'jiig dd vdi tii't cii htiat tiling binh lliUdng cua ngUdi t n i n tuc, ke cii bt)at ddng chfnh tri gdp phiin viit) cdng cuoc d u n g nUdc vii giu nUdc
(4)14 Nghien ciru Ton giao So 12_-2()09
van de ay da phat trien them mot biidc Thien hoc vo'n cd d nUde ta tii cac the ki trUdc va thiic sU cd tac dung gt3i y cho moi ngUdi ke ca nhiing ngUdi cd hoc van d nUdc ta luc dUdng thdi di sau vao nhiing khfa canh tham thuy cila sinh hoat tinh than
0 thdi Ly, Phat giao khdng nhiing cd quan he mat thie't vdi tang Idp quy toe quan lieu, ma cdn di sau vao ndng thdn de tao dilng niem lin ciia cac tang Idp nhan dan tii ciuy tdc cho de'n binh diin, Phat giao da cd nhUng thay ddi nha't dinh ve phUdng thUc hoat dong de diip Ung nhiing nhu cau cila ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than, nhu cau tin ngUdng cila nhan dan liic ay Ma nhu cau bile xiic hang dau dd la chdng thien tai de cho miia mang dUtJc tUdi tdt, la phdng ngiia va dieu tri dUt3c moi benh tat de tri silc khoe, Chfnh 'vi the ma cac ngdi chua thdi Ly trd trung tiim thilc hien viec cau mUa, cau tU, cau ihti cila nha vua va cila dan chiing, Cac nha sU cdn thdng thao viec chUa benh, Nhieu ngdi chiia d cac lang xa lii ndi kham vii chUa benh cho dtin
De tranh thii diicic niem tin cila nhan diin, mot bo phan khdng nhd cac nha sU thdi Ly khdng chi gidi kinh thuyet phap va thiic hanh gidi lutit ma cdn biet nhieu phep la nhu phep hd phong, hoiin vii, hang long, phuc hd, phep dau thai, phep phu thuy trii ta ma, phep bdi loan tien tri, phep giai cac bai sam kf, v.v Chfnh vi the ma d thdi Ly, Phat giao mudn dap iing diidc nhdng ddi hdi cila cac tang Idp nhan dan de tdn tai va phat trien thi tii nd phiii cd sU ket hdp gifla Thien tdng va Mat tdng,
Thien tdng vdn coi the gidi hien tUt;ing la gia tudng ao hnyen va chi IhUa nhan mot thuc tai nha't va vinh hiing ma ho tam goi la til tfnh, chan tam, Phat tfnh, v.v Chd diic sac ciia Thien tdng la bao nhieu e d g a n g ciia ngUdi tu hanh deu
tap trung vao mdt khau cd ban la "quan tam kien tfnh Phat" Ma Phat thi tai tam chii khdng tim thay d ben ngoai ngUdi Vi vay Thien tdng de cao sU tu luyen ren riia tinh than chii quan ke ca phep tu Thien dinh vdi sU kien dinh ndi tam ciia ngUdi tu hanh
Cdn Miit tdng la mot tdng phai Phat giao smh ci An Do tii the ki IV va de'n the' kl thU VIII mdi trd he thti'ng, Cac nha sU thudc tdng {)hiii miy de cao ciit; nghi le tdn giiio than bi, nhii't lii le riific nUdc phep Ho dila vao the Iilc thtin linh va sii dung phep than chii ii'n quye't va nhUng mat ngfl de khai md trf lue giac ngo Ho doe nhiing kinh Tdng tri hay kinh Da la ni cd nhiing ngii ngdn day bf hiem dd va ho tin rang nhUng kinh cd the diing de cau mUa, cau tU va chUa benh Nha sU Maha va Til Dao Hanh thudng niem Idi chii Dai bi Tiim Dii la ni la mot than chii phd bie'n cila Mat tdng Cac vi cao tiing nhU Van Hanh, Thien Nham, Khdng Lo, Nguyen Hoc ciing chiu iinh hUcing cila Mat tdng mot
Ciich I'd ret
Trong nhdng tdng phai cua dao Phiit Mat long gan vdi Dijo giao hdn ca Vd'n chUa diing nhiing ye'u to' cua Mat tdng, Thien long thdi Ly khdng the khdng tie'p thu anh hiidng ciia Dao giao, Dac biet phep phii Ihuy trii ta ma, chUa benh bSng bua chu, phep doan mdng chiem tmh, ddng bdng, luyen thud'c trUdng sinh cua Dao giao cd nhieu net tUdng ddng vdi nhUng phiip t h u a t cila Mat tdng ma ta thUdng tha'y trting hoat dong cila mot sd khdng ft cac nha sU thdi Ly nhU Maha Tit Dao Hanh Khdng Lo v.v
(5)^^ytnDuc^^Mcty net ve Phdt gic'io 15
t h a n t h a n h hoa nhUng hien tUcing lU n h i e n n h u miiy, inUa, s a m chdp, gid bilo Id lut, v.v rdi thd p h u n g cac bien tUcing t u n h i e n dd n h u la cac vi thSn de cau mong cac vi t h a n ay d e m lai sii boa t h u a n cho lao d d n g s a n xua't va ddi sdng ngUdi Ndi b a t nha't la vi t h a n giup d a n chdng b a n c h d n g iing va chdng lil lut Viec thd cac vi t h a n dd dii dUcic thUc hien cac ngdi c h u a Hdn nUa t r o n g q u a n niem d a n gian dng But IhUdng hitin len n h u mot lUc lUcing sieu phiim cd nhieu phep la siin s a n g cdu giiip n h i i n g ngUdi lUdng t h i e n q u a cdn h o a n niin c h a n g b a n nhU dng B u t t r o n g t r u y e n T a m Cam dii cd tii thdi bii'y gid
Mdt diem diing luu y nUa la Pluii giao thdi Ly da n a n g cao hdn nUa sil k e l ht;ip dudng giiii thoiit tU liic vcii dUdng giai thoiit b a n g t h a lUc lUc dUdng cau den ciiu vdt cila ciic vi Bd tat, nhii't la Q u a n T h e Am Bd liil
Chfnh sU s u n g bdi Idi giai thoiit biing tha lUc n h u vay ham cho T h i e n tdng d nudc ta luc bay gid d u n g hoa vdi T i n h Do tdng inot t d n g phiii mil ciic Phiit l u chuyen niem Adida vii cau cdc vi Bd tiit nha't la Q u a n T h e Am Bd t a t cilu vdt s a n g Tay PhUdng cUc lac Viec due tUcing Phiit Adida d c h u a Q u y n h L a m va viec xay chua Mot Cot dd t h d Q u a n T h e Am Bd t a t d T h a n g Long thdi Ly dii chUng id vice tu theo T i n h Do t d n g hi tndt xu h u d n g diing ke P h a t gitio nUdc ta luc dUdng thdi St3 dl n h u vay la vi T i n h Do tdng phii bf3p vdi tin ngUdng cila ddng diio q u a n chiing b i n h diin
Su r a ddi ciia phiii T h i e n T h a o DUdng thdi Ly T h d n h T d n g dil t h e hien kha rd xu the' tin ngUdng cila P h a t giao thdi Ly- P h a i T h i e n T h a o DUting nhii sU Thao D u d n g c u n g vdi vua Ly T h a n h Tdng lap r a chiia Khai Qudc t h a n h : Thang Long Diiy la mot n h a sU ngUdi
T r u n g Qudc nhUng liii tu h a n h ti dd't Chiem T h a n h , nen dii bi vua Ly Thiinh Tdng bat liim tu binh nha vua cat quan d a n h Chiem Thiinh Nhii sU Thiio Dudng phai lam nd le hiiu hii q u a n Tiing luc NhUng sau nhii sU cd xem trdm va sUa chiia dUtIc sach NgU luc cua q u a n Tiing Luc nen dii dUtic vua Ly T h a n h Tdng mdi lam qudc sU Rdi cung lai chfnh vua Ly Thiinh Tdng la de tu dilu tien cua phiii Thien Thiio Du'dng Nhiing tU lieu ve pluli Thien Thao Du'dng ma c h u n g ta sUu tiitn dUtic hien cdn qua it nen chUa du b a n g chdng chi rd diic diem ciia phai Thien miy NbUng qua boat ddng ciia Ly T h a n h Tdng va cua ciic tin dd ihuoc pluii Thien Thiio Du'dng ta cd the tha'y d phiii Thien miy, sti kel hdp giUa Thien tdng vdi Tinh Do tdng vii Mat tdng, giua P h a t giiio va Nho giiio dUcic niing len mdt t a m cao mdi