Ngdi chua Khome thudng cd cac hang myc edng trinh nhu: ngdi chanh dien la dien thd chfnh; sala (nha hdi), noi tfn dd dang cung ll va cung la noi diing bQa vao djp ll eua nha su cung [r]
(1)MY THUAT - KIEN TRl'in KIEN TRUC CHUA KH0ME
bleu tupng nghe thuqt va tdm thCrc Phqt giao TRXN BAO NGOC
1 Ddc diem vdn hoa dan tdc cua ngudi Khcrnie Nam Bo
Vl mat chung tdc, ngudi Khome d ddng bing sdng CQu Long ed cung ngudn gd'c vdi ngudi Khome d Campuchia Tuy nhien, nhQng diin biin cua ljch sQ nen hai khd'i ngudi da la hai tdc ngudi d hai qud'c gia khac va ngudi Khome ddng bing sdng CQu Long cd nhtmg net van hda gin liln vdi dja ban cu tru cua minh Hien nay, so dan Khome cd khoang 1,2 trieu ngudi, sinh sd'ng tap trung chu yiu d hai tinh Tri Vinh va Sdc Trang (ehilm gin 60% sd dan Khome Nam Bd) Ngudi Khdme thudng djnh cu d noi dit gidng (vung da't dai, cao rio) va tap hpp cac phum va sdc (phum la dan vj cu tru cua nhiing ngudi ddng hp cung huylt thd'ng, cdn sdc Ii tap hpp nhiiu phum, cd quy md tuang duong vdi mdt lang cua ngudi Viet, xung quanh sdc cd luy tre bao bpc, trai dai tren cac day gidng)
Ngudi Khome Nam Bd cd ddi sd'ng tinh than gin liln vdi cudc sd'ng ndng nghiep lua nudc, tfn ngudng dan gian, ngoai tap tuc cung dng ba, hang nam cdn cd tue thd eae vj thin sieu nhien nhu Neaka Ta, Arak va cic 11 nghi ndng nghiep khic Neaka Ta, cdn gpi la Ong Ta, la vj thin bao hd cho mdt vung dat cd ranh gidi cu thi va duac thd cac milu dat d trung tam cua vung Arak la vj thin cua ddng hp va dupe ddng hp cung theo each rieng
Trudc Phat giio Tilu thQa trd tdn giao ddc tdn cua ngudi Khome (TK Xlll), khoang diu CN, dao Bilamdn va Phat giao Dai thQa da cd mat d ddng bing sdng Cuu Long
Dao Phat cua ngudi Khome theo phai Tieu thQa ehi thd nhit Phat Thich Ca Ta't ca ngudi dan Khome, tQ luc Ipt ldng cho din luc che't, diu la phat tu Nhtmg chfnh dao Phat cung phai chap nhan sy dung hda nhimg yiu td van hda ban dja dl tdn tai va phat triin
Tit ca cac yiu td van hda dupc Khorme hda ay da tac ddng din kiln true ngdi chua, lam cho nd trd nen ddc dao va mang mdt sic thai dja phuang rd net
Trong kho tang di san iiien true d ddng bang sdng Curu Long, ngdi chua Khome cd mdt vj tri
bet sue quan bdi y nghia Ijch SUI, nghe thudt vd xa hoi cua nd ddi sdng ngudi ddn Ngdi chua khdng nhufng Id noi sinh boat tdn giao md cdn Id mdt trung tam sinh boat van hda cua cdng ddng ddn cu khu vuc Noi ddy thudng diin cdc boat ddng vdn hda Id hoi, the due the thao trong ndm Ngdi chua nhu mot bieu tuong van hda tinh than vd vdt chat cua ddn cu khu vuc vdi nhung ddc diem kien true bet siic ddc ddo vd cd nhieu net rieng biet,
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(2)VAN HQA NGHE T H U A T TROMC MW^C
2 Dac diem Itie'n true ngdi chiia Khome Nam Bo
Ngdi chua la mdt cdng trinh cdng cdng quan trpng bac nha't phum sdc Din vung cu tru cua ngudi Khome, diiu gay in tupng manh me cho du khich cii nhin diu tidn la ngdi chua TQ xa, thip thoang an hien vung rimg cay diu, thdt ndt hay dQa la bd mii cao vut rit an tupng cua ngdi chua
Niu nhu ngdi chua Viet thudng dupc xay dyng d nhung ncd ed phong canh scm thuy huu tinh hoac tuan theo nhung nguyen tie cua phong thuy thi vj trf xay dyng cua ngdi chua Khome Nam Bd thudng la noi dupc cho la noi tu linh khf cua dit trdi, va cdn tuan thu mdt sd nguyen tac trie't ly Phat giao Tilu thQa cung nhu phong tuc tap quan cua ngudi Khome Ben canh dd, vj trf ngdi chua phai phu hpp vdi diiu kien ty nhien cua dja ban cu tru Thudng chung d vj trf trung tam cua sdc nhu chua Ong Mek, chua Kleang, hoac d vj trf cao rao eua dai dit gidng, nhu chua Phudn, chua Ang, chua Quy Ndng, cd tai giao Id dudng giao thdng thuy va bd, trai dpc theo qud'c Id nhu chua Diep Thach, chua Hang, chua Vung Liem
Ngdi chua Khome thudng cd cac hang myc edng trinh nhu: ngdi chanh dien la dien thd chfnh; sala (nha hdi), noi tfn dd dang cung ll va cung la noi diing bQa vao djp ll eua nha su cung phat tQ; trai dudng (thp trai) noi cac sy tap trung thye phim va dung bQa sau khit thye; day nha tang (tang xi), noi d cic su; nha d eua eic lyc ca, luc nhi (try tri trudng, phd); Idp hpc cho cic su cung la trudng hpe cho tre em d phum, sdc; thip cd't, thap thieu, noi dung tro hai cdt sau hda tang; cdng chfnh, tudng rao va cudi cung la mieu thd Ong Ta (Neakta)
Ngdi chua Khome cd bd cue phan tan nhung vin tuan thu nhQng nguyen tic rieng eua nd TQ ngoai vao phfa ddng la cdng chfnh, dupe kiln tao phong phu, mang dam phong cich dan tdc Nd'i vdi cdng la dudng xuyen qua khu rimg nhd thim u kha dai, day la eon dudng nhd't chinh dao tupng trung cho dudng nhit din tdi phat dai Cudi dudng la trung tam ngdi
chua Chanh dien nim ben trai dudng chanh dao, chay dpc theo hudng ddng - tay Theo quan niem cua Phat giao Tilu thQa: Phat d phuong tay, ngdi nhin vl phucmg ddng dl giao hda, ban an hue Hudng ddng cdn la hudng eua thin thanh, hudng linh thieng Chanh dien la trang tam cua bd cue, ddi dien vdi chanh dien phfa ben dudng chanh dao - eic Idp hpe eua su Mat tiin Idp hpc hudng vl phfa nam la phuong cua Bat Nha - tQc trf tue nhim thu hut nang luc vd bien, khai sing trf tue, thdng hiiu phat phap, tiin tdi thQc tinh, gat bd san si, giQ tam sach Ben canh cdn cd ngdi trQdng tilu hoc danh cho tre em khu vuc dan cu Quan trpng thQ hai la ngdi sala, cdng trinh dQpc xay dyng diu tien chua Sala nim vl phfa sau gde tay bac cua chua Tap trung trudc chanh dien la vudn thap cdt cua cic nha su da vien tjch Do so lupng su sai tu tai chua kha ddng ndn khudn vien chua cdn ed nhiiu tang xa, cac tang xa thudng nim phfa sau hoac ben phai chinh didn Trong chua cdn cd milu th6 Neakta vdi kiln true dan gian, nam d gin cdng chfnh, gde ddng - bic chua Day la minh chQng cho viec cdng sinh van hda giQa tfn ngudng dan gian va Phat giio An Dd Ngoai chiia cdn ed nhiiu gilng nudc ngpt dl lay nudc sinh hoat hang Cung cd mdt sd chua nhu chiia Ang gin liln vdi hd ao nhu ao Ba Om ndi tiing d Tra Vinh
Dac diem kien true ngdi chdnh dien Day la hang muc cdng trinh dupre ngucri Khdme dac biet quan tam va la ndi tap trung diy du nhit tai nang nghe thuit xay dyng Mat bang ngdi chanh dien cd dang hinh chQ nhat, chiiu dai gin gip ddi chiiu rdng Bdn ngoai co mdt din hai tudng rao ngan each giQa cic cip nin khac Dl den nin san chinh dien, phai di qua cic cdng d diu hdi tudng rao
san chinh dien ed hinh chQ nhat, san, ngoai thap cdt cua eae su cdn cd cac hdn da linh nhim xac djnh ranh gidi khu vuc chanh dien, ngudi Khdme gpi la da kilt gidi (seima) Viec chdn cit cac seima rit quan trpng Cac hon da linh cd thi dupc chdn chim hoac ndi tren san, hay dupre dat mdt am nhd San nin
(3)MY THUAT - KIEN TRl'lC
chung quanh chanh dien la noi cac tfn dd tu tap, ciu nguyen va hanh ll gidng nhu ldi chay dan thQ nha't d stupa eiia An Dd
Cd loai chanh dien: chanh dien cd hanh lang xung quanh, chanh dien chi cd hanh lang hai diu va chanh dien khdng cd hinh lang Hanh lang rdng tQ 1,8 - 2,5m cd chQc nang lam noi chay dan qui trinh hanh 11, la noi cac tfn dd ehuin bj 11 vat, vi eic 11 Idn chi eic nha su ed trach nhiem mdi dupc vao chanh dien
Ddi vdi eae ngdi chinh dien cd hanh lang xung quanh va hanh lang d hai diu hdi thi hanh lang d diu hdi hudng ddng la tiin sanh cd ldi vao chfnh, vdi hai bd cQa ddi xQng hai ben true dpc Ndi that chinh dien gdm cd gian vdi hang cdt TQ ngoai vao gian diu la khdng gian tiin dudng, hai gian tiip theo la khdng gian thieu hucmg va hai gian cdn lai la phat dien Tai day dat tupng phat Thfch Ca chfnh va cic tuong phat Thfch Ca nhd khac Be tupng each tudng hdi khoang hem mdt met la ldi chay dan, gidng nhu cac dien thd d cic Chaitya Phat giio An Dd Chiiu rdng chanh dien gdm budc (4 hing cdt) dupe chia khdng gian chfnh dinh cho cac su chu tri budi 11 va cic tfn dd lam 11 xuit gia, thp gidi, hai ben cinh vdi khiu dd nhd hem la gian dl cic tfn dd phat tu ngdi hanh 11
Ddi vdi loai chinh dien thQ ba khIp kfn thi chi la biin thi cua hai loai tren ma thdi Nhin chung ndi thit loai diu cd chiiu dai gian va chiiu rdng gdm budc
Mudn vao chinh dien, trudc hit phai qua eic cdng Cd loai chanh dien cdng d ben, trung vdi hudng ddng, tay, nam, bic vdi hai Idp tudng rao (chua Kleang, Sdc Trang) Nhung cung cd loai chinh dien chi cd cdng vao d hai diu hdi va ehi cd mdt Idp tudng rao (chua Ang, chua Hang, chua Vung Liem) Day la loai phd biin nhit Rieng chiia Phudn cd tdi cdng tQ hai hQdng ddng, tay Va cudi cung la loai khdng cd cdng va tudng rao (chua Dai, chua Tri Tien, Sdc Trang) Ngdi chinh dien thudng dQng tren nin cao tQ 0,5 - Im vi nhu dupre cao them bdi hang cdt dQng thing ben ngoai hanh lang Tren eae diu
cdt d bd'n gde dupc trang trf hinh tupng chim thin Krud minh ngudi diu chim, tren diu cdt cdn lai Ii cic tupng nu thin cd cinh Keynor
Cac hinh tupng niy d tu thi vuon len dd liy diim mii, tao sy chuyin tiip giQa phuang dQng cua cac cdt va phucmg ngang cua mai Diim mai dupc trang trf diy hoa van hoa la chay sud't chiiu dai ngdi chanh dien Tren mat dimg chanh dien d hai dau hdi ddng, tay la hai bd cua dd'i xQng vdi kfch thudc trung binh tQ 1,5 X 2,4m, ddi cd cQa cdn cao hon Mat ben trd cac cQa sd bing gd hai cinh, kfch thudc trung binh rdng tQ 1,0 -1,2m, cao 1,4 - 2,4m Tren mi cQa cdn dupc trang trf cac hoa van Do each bd trf cQa nhu vay, nen anh sing Ipt vao ben vQa du dl tao nen mdt khdng gian tdn kfnh, tham nghiem nai chanh dien
Cud'i cung, bd phan kiln true ndi bat va gay a'n tupng manh me nhit d mat dung ngdi chanh dien chfnh la bd mii Dd ddc cua bd mii chfnh tdi 60" va bd mai phu 30" that sy hieu qua cho viec che chan mua nang tai vung dit phucmg Nam Nhd bd mai ed ty le hai hda vdi than nha cung vdi cac budc cdt cua chiiu dai nha tao nen ve dep diy in tupmg Mai thudng dupc Ipp ngdi tring men miu vang hoac dd diim xuyIn vdi mau xanh tya nhu nhung chile vay rdng lip linh dudi inh mat trdi, trdng kha dep mit Tren bd nde, bd chay, nghe nhan Khome trang trf cac hinh tupng rin thin Naga vdi chile diu ba simg vuon len hoac nhOng chile chaivia thon din, cd vuom cao gin 2m mdt each thoit
Nhu da dl cap d tren, ngdi chanh dien thudng nam tren nin cao Nhimg ngdi chanh dien bl thi thudng ed ba cip nin, cdn vdi ngdi trung binh thi chi cd hai Cip thQ nhit sit mat da't cao khoang met, cang len tren cang nhd din ca'p tren cung cao dudi 0,5m Ngdi chinh dien dupe xem nhu Ii trung tam cua vu try, noi hdi tu khf thieng eua trdi dit Hinh tupmg nui vu try Meru trilt ly eua Phat giao dupc Khome hda ngdi phat dien vdi y nghla, ndi day la ndi dQc phat td'i cao ngy trj, hiin thj uy quyin cua phat phap Mat khac, nd cung phu hdp vdi khf hau im tha'p, mua lu nhiiu cua vung ddng bing sdng Cim Long
(4)VAN HQA NGHE THUAT TROMC MIWC
Dd liy bd mai cao Idn cua ngdi chinh dien la he khung cdt keo dan gian, thudc dang "xuyen trinh", gid'ng ngdi nha ngudi Viet Mdt bd vi keo thudng cd siu hang cdt, dd cd hai cdt cai dd vi keo tam giic, hai cdt dd hai gian hai ben va ngoai cung la cic cdt hanh Net dac thu ciia bd mii chua Khorme chfnh la cd dp ddc cao, lai dupc phan nhiiu cap va nhiiu nip Cd loai den bd'n ting mai liln vdi ba nep mai chdng len nhau, cd loai cd ba ting mai vdi ba nip mai hoac khdng ed nip mii nao Dac biet cd loai lai cd thip nde d giQa cac ting mai nhu chua Hang d Tra Vinh, chua Trudng Khanh d Sdc Trang Day la loai chju anh hudng kiln true cua cac ngdi chua d Thai Lan va Campuchia
Hau hit cac ngdi chanh dien xua diu dupe lam bing gd quy, chi nhung ngdi chanh dien sau mdi su dung he khung be tdng cd't thep, cdn tudng chi cd tfnh chit bao che Trong ndi that, gian chfnh giQa dupe ddng trin, cdn lai dl Id phin kit ciu ben bd mai
Kien true thdp
NhQng ngdi thap md, thap thieu thudng tha'y d cac ngdi chua Khome la hinh anh thu nhd va biin thi cua tda stupa An Dd Thap md cd quy md phu thudc vao vai vl xa hdi va kha nang tii chfnh cua ngudi da khuit Thap cd be hinh vudng, mdi canh dai 2m Phin tren cdn dupc trang trf hinh anh Reahu la'y diin tfch Phat giao Than thap la mdt khd'i vudng thon din len tren, phfa trudc cd chua mdt hoc nhd dl dua hu cd't vao, tiip din la mdt khd'i hinh thudn hoac hinh qua chudng up, bl mat dl tron hoac trang trf hoa van Tren qua chudng la cac dia trdn nhd din len tdi dinh Phin Idn tren dinh dupe trang trf dau tupng thin Mahaprum bd'n mat, diu dpi mu nhpn Diy Ii nhQng net ca ban, cdn thye tl, thip md rit da dang vl hinh thQc cung nhu trang trf hoa van
Ngoai thap md cdn cd thip thieu de gin giQ tro cua ngudi chit sau hda ting vdi udc nguyen mong sy che chd cua dQc phat Loai thip chi ed d mdt sd chua lau ddi va danh tiing nhu chua Quy Ndng, chua Samrong Ek
Kiln true thap thieu tuang ty nhu thap cdt nhtmg quy md Idn hem nhiiu
Sala (nhd hpi)
Sala la ngdi nha diu tien duoc xay dyng chua Day la ndi thd phat, ddng thdi cung la chd sinh hoat cua cac vj su sai luc chfnh dien va cac hang muc khac chua cd diiu kien xay dyng Kiln true sala mang dau an cua ngdi nha sin dai truyin thdng eua ngudi Khome, cd cd't nin cao han mat dit khoang 2m Cdt chd'ng bang gd hoac gach, xay vdm cud'n hay bing betdng cdt thep Ting him dung lam kho San dupc lim bing each ghep cac gd lai vdi Mat bing sala rdng rai vdi dien tich cd cdn Idn hem ea chanh dien Thdng thudng, cd ba budc cdt, khoang giQa Idn nhit, cac budc hai ben nhd han Chiiu dai sala ed tQ - gian, ci biet de'n 11 gian nhu d chiia Phudn Gian cudi eiia khoang giQa cd ban th5 phat hudng ddng Mat bing san sala khdng ddng diu ma dupc phan chia eae khu vuc ed cd't nin khac nhau, phu hop vdi chQc nang sii dung va chQc sic su sai chua
Kit ca'u sala tuong ty nhu kit ciu ngdi chanh dien, cd loai theo kilu kit ciu xuyen trfnh, ed loai theo kilu npe ngya ciia ngdi nha dan gian ngudi Viet d ddng bing sdng CQu Long
Cdng, tudng rao
Cdng, tudng rao la phin khdng thi thie'u dupe eua mdt ngdi chua Cdng thudng cd ba loai:
Loai thQ nha't, lim bing khung gd, cd mat bing hinh chQ T, tao hai ldi di hai ben, co dat ghi ngdi Day la biin thi cua loai nha thala-loai nha tam d phum, sdc danh cho ngudi dan dimg chan tru mua ning Bd mai gdm ed -3 ne'p giao hinh chQ thap Trdn nde chd giao cd thap nhpn va dupre trang tri theo ldi truyin thd'ng nhu d ngdi chanh dien
Loai thQ hai, xay dyng bing vat lieu betdng cd't thep Mat bing hinh chu nhat hoac vudng Day cung la dang bien thi ciia ngdi thala truyin thd'ng, nhien tren dinh mai cd cic thap dang Angkor nhiiu ting va dupre trang trf rin thin Nagar
(5)MY T H U A T - KIEN TRPC
Loai thQ ba, dan gian hem hai loai tren va mang dang dip mdt edng tam quan cua ngudi Viet Dang ed kit ciu bing betdng cd't thep, dac biet tren tim dan betdng ed ba thip kilu Angkor
Du d dang nao thi kit ciu cdng tam quan cua chua Khdme vin toit len tu tudng trilt ly Phat giio Dd la ba nguyen tic tu cua tri tue Tam quan (that la tam quan) bao gdm: khdng quan, mang y nghla ldi nhin vl ban thi uyen nguyen; gia quan: ldi nhin vl quy luat vd thudng va trung quan: each nhin thiu sud't dat chan ly la phat phip
Nhd tdng la chd d va hpc hanh cua su sai gid'ng kilu tang phdng (vihara) An Dd Cdng trinh thudng dupc xay dyng theo ldi nha d truyin thd'ng cua ngudi Khome Tang phdng cua vj dai dQc chu tri cd kiln true theo kilu nhi sin bing gd, mii ddc cao, Ipp ngdi vdi cic hoa van trang trf dan tdc Cdn lai la nhQng ngdi nha cip bdn binh thudng
Cot cd la mdt kiln true nhd nhimg kha ddc dio, dung dl treo cd ngu sic cua Phat giao Vj trf cua nd thudng rat ty nhung phai gin ngdi chanh dien Cdt cd cd don gian chi la cdt sit tren nin xi mang, tren dinh thudng cd chim thin; hoac ciu ky nhu d chua Quy Ndng cd d l dupc xay nhu mdt ngdi chanh dien thu nhd, tren phin giao eua mai cd cdt ed, tren dinh dupc trang trf chim thin, hay su tQ Cdt cd cdn cd y nghla khic la tupng trung cho true vu try, true linh thieng nhim thu hut sinh khf eua trdi dat dem phan phat cho chung sinh
3 Ddc diem nghe thuat trang trf, dieu kh^c
Trong khdng gian chanh dien, nghe thuat trang trf, tupng, hoa van dupc tap trung chii ye'u d phat dien Tuy dupe chia nhiiu ting cip nhtmg ehi cd mdt hinh anh tupng Thfch Ca vdi cac chu dl khac ma thdi
Cic cdt dupe son mii mau den, td ve nhu vang vdi cic hinh rdng, hoa sen nd cung phd'i vdi nhCmg dudng diim hoa van hinh thoi cung dupc nhu vang Tren cic bQc cua vdng d be thd dupe cham ldng eye ky ti mi hinh hoa Ii son
son thip vang long liy Ngoai tupmg phat, chua cdn sQ dung cac tupmg linh thu khac dl trang tri nhu Krud than ngudi dau chim, tupng Keynor ed dang tien nQ minh chim vdi guong mat hiin lanh dep de gidng tupng vu nQ Apsara, dpi ndn chdp nhiiu ting, minh mac ao xa rdng hoac hai ben hdng cd cinh
Reahu Ii hinh tupng trang trf ddc dio va rat phd biin tai chua Khome Nhan vat Reahu gin liln vdi thin thoai cd, mang mau sic tin ngudng ban dja Tupng Reahu cd dang chung la mat may dQ tpn, ddi mit iron trQng, mieng rdng vdi rang nhpn 1dm chdm, chi cd diu, khdng cd minh, hai tay cim mat trdi hay mat trang dua vao mieng dl nud't; hay d dang dang thdi mdt ludng cudng phong dupe each dieu Hinh tupng thudng xuit hien tren cdng, vdm cQa mat tiin chinh dien, tren ban thd phat hay tren cac mat thap
Tupng Chin (Yeak), hinh dang dupc nhan each hda, dudi dang ve cua mdt vd tudng cd than hinh cao to, chic khde, toan than mac giip try, ve mat tcm, mit ldi, may xlch, mieng rdng nhe nanh nhpn, tay cam chay vd Tupng Chin dQng trudc cdng chua hay xung quanh chanh dien, cd nhiem vu bao ve chua
Tren diim mai dupe trang trf hoa van dang hoa la hay nhQng day mui giao hudng xud'ng Cdn d trudng hdi tam giac thi trang tri cic dl tai cd lien quan din sy tfch ddi cua Phat giio nhu thai tu cudi cd xe ngya, phat tpa thiln tren dai sen hay don gian chi la hoa sen, phat Thfch Ca va chu tien, Reahu phun gid nudt trang
Cd thi ndi, ngdi chua Khome Nam Bd la mdt tdng hda cic sic thai rieng cua ngudi Khome Mac du khdng thi sanh dupe vl mat quy md, tfnh chit hoanh tring vdi cic kiln tnic Phat giao An Dd hay cic din thap cua ngudi Khdme Campuchia, nhung nhung gii trj nghe thuat dupc gQi gim hinh khdi kiln true, sy hda hpp giQa kiln tnic vi dieu khic cung vdi nhQng dudng net trang trf tinh xao diy an tupng, tit ca tao nen nhQng net rieng biet dac sic, gdp phan xung ding vao kho tang kiln true cua cac dan tdc Viet Nam •
TB.N