Những kiến trúc cơ bản trong kiến trúc chùa khome Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long pdf

VAN HOA DAO DQC TON GIAO Tap Chi Cong tac Ton giao NHONG QUY Tic Cd BIN TRONG KIEN TRUC CHUA KHd-ME D6NG BING SONG Cfti LONG NGOC HUYEN gudi Kho-me theo Phat giao Tilu thira. Triet ly dao Phat da an sau \'ao cupc sdng eiia hp. Vi Nay, trong quan niem eiia ngudi Kho-me, dti cupc sdng edn khd khan, vai vii nhung ngoi chtia ciia hp phai la cdng trinh nghe thuat kiln triic khang trang, long liiy. Dupe ddng gdp cong eiia xay dung chtia, ngudi dan Klio-me liiy dd liun nilm hiinh phiic cho cugc sdng hien till va cho cugc ddi d the gidi vTnh hing trIn edi Niii ban. Qitia cua ngudi Kho-me vira la co sdciia Phiit giao ddng thdi cung trd thanh mpi trung tam cho Ciic sinh hoiit xa hpi \'ii van hda nghe thui^it ciia phum, sdc. Do do, \ iec xay dung ehtia biio gid cung man theo nhung nguyen tic \'ii quy dinh cd truyln, nhung nd khong qua 16 thupc \'iio thuyet phong thiiy. Dia dilm chtia dugc chgn la noi thoang mat, cao rao, rgng nii d trung tam cua phum sdc. Vi \'ai cii cim diit cho ngdi chinh dien, sau dd liin lugt chgn cac ngoi nhii khac. Ngdi nliii dau ti6n dugc dung la xa la (nhii tang) trong dd cd biin thd Phat. Sau khi nha tang xay dung xong thi xay tiep ngdi thap. Ngdi thap nay rgng dimg dl dung xa li (tro thilu ngudi chet). Klii xay dung ngdi chinh dien dugc thuc hiln theo nguyin tac xay trIn mot nen (khuon) cao hai hoiic ba cap. Cip thiip nhiit khii rgng d dudi nIn dai bing kit giich biio quanh liun hang nio, xay san de dung kin triii cho cac tin dd trong phum sdc lap bim thd Phat \ao nhung ngay 16 hdi. Cap giira cao hon nIn dudi khoiing Chiia Kha-me a Nam Bo Anh: TL mot met dl liim siin nIn quanh chinh dien, cii'p tr6n cao la nIn eiia ngoi ehinh dien cao khoiing til' 1,5 met den 3 met. Chinh dien cd hanli lang (chdn tien) bao quiinh \'ii bao gid cting quiiy vl hudng dong. Xay xong ehinh dien phiii lam 16 khanh thanh. Ll dugc td chiic trgng thi, vdi sir tham gia cua su sai trong chtia va cac chtia xung quiinh, ciia ngudi dan toan phum sdc. Ngudi ta diio 8 hd xung quanh nIn chtia (cd the nIn tr6n hoac giua san nIn dudi), tiii 8 hudng. NhQng phil'n da biit dting dl dinh dia gidi dugc chiun cac \'i 13d tiit ngdi tren tda sen dugc dem ra dung d cac hd dd. Sau khi chinh dien khanh thanh d budc thii nhai thi cac nha khac mdi dugc liin lugt dung til'p. Nha tiing (xa la) thudng dugc sira lai thiinh nhii d phia sau. Siiu dd la nhii thg trai (hd trai) \'di \'i tri d phia tra! hoac d phia sau chinh dien. Ngdi nha nay la noi tilp xiic giua su siii \di dan trong nhung ngay 16 hpi. Cd khi nha thg trai dugc dung theo kiiu nha san. Trong mat bins kiln 32 So 3- 2011 Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao VAN HOA DAO DLTC TON GIAO tnic cua khudn vi6n chtia cdn cd nhilu ngdi nha khac lam noi d cho cac \'i su sai ggi la kol rieng. Tren day la nhung ngoi nha ehinh trong chtia. Ngoai ra cdn chiec cdng dd so d sat dudng cai vdi nhilu Idi xay dung, trong tri khac nhau tiiy theo kha nang cua mdi chtia. Ngoi chtia Kha-me d rieng biet mot khu, an hien ben trong nhung hang cay cao viit, nd khong chi dep vi phong ciinh ddc dao ii6ng ma tu nd da lam cho phong each phum sdc trd n6n cd y nghTa. Ngoi chinh dien la ngoi nha dd so nhai eiia toan bp khu chtia thudng cd ba ciip mai, mdi cap lai chia lam 3 nip, nep bang d giua dugc nang cao han 2 nip ben. Cap mai thir nhiit doe tdi 60 dp, hai cap mai giiia va dudi thoiii han nhilu. Chinh sir thay ddi dp ddc cua cac cap mai khien cho mai chtia khdng trd n6n nang nl. Ddng thdi cac nep mai so le nhau da tiio nen mot net dep, hai hda, vui mit ri6ng ciia nghe thuiit kiln tnic Kha -me. Dl tiio nen su duyin dang ciia bp mai, nghe nhiin Kha me da dap chiiin nhung hinh rdng (Nilk) \'a hoa la each dieu. Trong nghe thuat trang tri ciia ngudi Kha-me, rdng thudng dupe the hiln d bg miii \'ii nhung cot trong chiiih diln chtia. Tr6n mai chinh dien, d moi kim (ciic mai bd nde) dugc chiim hoac dap mot cai duoi rdng tran. Dudi thon diin ciio giin 2 met udn ngupe len tr6n. Cudi duoi lupii thiinh mot khue nlid, tiio nen sir mIm niiii eiia rdng. Bd' giiii ciia mai la than rdng, cac vay lung dupe tia ro tiiiig cai cim each diu tren bd giiii. Diiu rdng dupe gin d vi tri cac gdc giiio ciia mai bao gid ciing ngdc 16n va thudng la cai diiu kep. Su kit hpp giiia than \'a dudi rdng da tiio n6n hinh iinh nhirng chile thuyin ngo dang dua boi trIn cac nip mai. Trong Phiit thoiii ciia ngudi Kho-me, rdng lit con viit linh thiing, tu nd biln thiinh chii'c thuyen dUii Phiit NUOI biln tdi ciie noi giiing kinh thuyet phap ciiu dp chiing sinli. Vi vay ngudi Kha-me da dua rdng 16n mai chiia; \'di y mong Phiit dimg d ehtia ciia hg dl cuu \'dl cho hp thoat khdi canh trilm luan. Mdt hinh thirc trang tri kiln true khiic gin liln \'di ciiu true bd mai dii duoc thi hiln d diiu ddc ciia cap mai tr6n phan nde nay cung thudng khdng cd mai, bao gid cung dugc bit bing gd hoac xay kin, tr6n dd cham hoac dip ndi nhting hoa day cd sdng ldn, d chinh giti'a la hinh Bd tat chip tay ngdi tr6n tda sen hoac mot vi than nao dd eiia ngudi Kho me. Chua Kha-me ddng bang sdng Cim Long cd bd mai dd so nhu viiy nhung cau triic khung ciia nd chi cd mpt kieu don gian. Vi keo cua ehtia dupe chia lam nhieu phiin. Q miii uen ke va qua giang la nhting thanh gd ldn, vuong, gan vdi nhau bang nhung mong en, tiio thiinh mpt tam giac deu. Diiu hai ke eheo nhau, dd thugng luong (xa nde) va thudng thudng cd cai ept trdn k6 dudi vi tri nay rdi ti tr6n chinh giu'a qua giang kep. Ke tr6n nang mai biing, ke dudi dd mai b6n. Diiu qua giang gin \'di xa thugng dpe vii ty tr6n diiu ept cai. Dudi xa thugng dp 40cm la xa trung. Vi tri giao tiep giira xa trung va cot cai cung la \'i tri klidi diiu cua ke mai giira. Ke niiy cd diiu dudi ti tren tudng biio quiinh ngoi ehinh dien, gdc cua ke \'a ept cai khoimg 60 dp. Mpt ddn tay ngang chdng \'iio than ept cai \'a ndi vdi diiu ke tiio cho kien triic th6in \'ung chai. Bp plnm eiia vi keo d phiin mai dudi ndi giiia tuong \'a cot hi6n cung dugc bd tii tuang lu nhu d mai giua, song phiin mai dudi dugc nho ra nhilu hon dl tranh mua hit. Chtia Kho-me cd Idng rdng, ept cao to biing cac loiii go quy \'a ciiu true etiii mai giip ne'p nhu vay da tao cho su luu thong khong khi trong chtia dugc thuan Igi. Mai ehiia thuc^ig Igp ngdi trang men nhilu mau sac liim cho chtia ndi b(it gitra nhung Itim cay ciio xiinh bao quanh ehinh dien. Chinh dien ehtia Kha-me lam theo diing quy ciieh, kich thude nhiit dinh: chieu dai bing hai chilu ngang; chilu cao bang chilu dai. Qiop nde thudng nhin thay rd nhai la hirili tam giac nhpn, chieu dung dai hon 1/4 \'a chiia nao cung cd hanh lang bao quiinh chinh dien. Qiinh dien cd hid cira chi'nh quay hudng dong \a hai cua trdng sang hudng tay. cting biiy cira sd hudng nam, biiy ciiii sd hudng bic. Dd hi nhung qu)' tac co biin ciiii kiln true ehtia Kha- me ddng bang song Cuu Long • So 3-2011 33 . Chi Cong tac Ton giao NHONG QUY Tic Cd BIN TRONG KIEN TRUC CHUA KHd-ME D6NG BING SONG Cfti LONG NGOC HUYEN gudi Kho-me theo Phat giao . la noi tilp xiic giua su siii di dan trong nhung ngay 16 hpi. Cd khi nha thg trai dugc dung theo kiiu nha san. Trong mat bins kiln 32 So 3- 2011