Vdi nen my thuat Ddng San, tfn ngudng phdn thyc dupc bieu hien diy dfl vl toan dien nhat tren trd'ng ddng; Phat giio la ngudn cam hflng to ldn de ngudi nghe si da sing tao ra nhung k[r]
(1)V A N HOA NGHI^ T H U A T TROMC MIT^C
DIEN TRINH MY THUAT VIET NAM • • QUA MOT SO KIET TAC TIEU BIEU
NGUYfiN VAN Cl/ONG
My thu^t 1^ mot nhiifng loai hinh ngh6 thu^t c6 ljch siii lau doi nhat C<ic nhd kbio co da tim thay nhieu hire hoa c6 nien dai tir 75.000-95.000 nam trifdio tai chau Phi Bufc tugng co nhat Id tugng phu niif l(hda than dirge tac bdng ngd voi ma miit dugc tim thd'y hang Hohle Fels it tdy nam nudc Diic
c6 nien dai 35.000
ndm Viet Nam, hinh ve mat nguai cb simg tren ddu d hang Dong Ngi (Hoa Binh) c6 nien dai 10.000 ndm; nhirng hinh khac nguoi, muong thu, chir CO tren bai dd co Sapa (Ldo Cai) c6 nien dai cung vdi chuc ngdn ndm vd' trudc Khong chi Id
phuong tien phan dnh the gidi, my thudt cdn Id phuong tien the hidn tu tudng, tinh cdm ciia ngudi
My thuat bao gdm loai hinh CO ban, gdm didu khic, hdi hpa, kiln trfle Ngay nay, my thuat dupc md rpng vl loai hinh va hien dien mpi linh vye cua ddi sd'ng vdi chat lieu, phuang tien, phuang thflc bieu dat dudng nhu vd gidi han
Kiet tie (masterpiece) la tic phim nghe thuat dac sic Kiet tie tieu bilu la tic phim nghe thuat cd tfnh chat dai dien cho mpt thdi ky phit trien cua nghe thuat, chfla dung va phan Inh Ijch su, van hda, van minh cua dan tpc da san sinh nd Kiet tac my thuat tieu bilu ed the vupt khdi pham vi cua loai hinh nghe thuat, trd thinh bilu tupng cho d thdi ky ljch su, nin van hda, tham chf d mpt thdi dai Chang han, trdng ddng Ngtx Lu khdng chi la bieu tupng cua van hda Viet Nam, ml cdn la bieu tupng cfla d thdi dai Ddng San ndi tie'ng
Mdi mpt giai doan ljch su cd thi cd nhilu kiet tic Kiet tie my thuat tieu bieu dupc xlc djnh theo d c tieu chi sau: ndi tieng pham vi qudc gia, qudc te; cd gia trj nghe thuat ndi bat, dat dinh cao, the hien sy sang tao, sy ddc dao linh vye my thuat; cd gia trj ljch su, van hda tieu bilu, cd the dai dien cho mdt giai doan phat triin cua my thuat, cfla van hda
Rd rang, d c tieu chf tren chi cd tfnh dinh tfnh, bdi linh vuc van hda nghe thuat khd ma su dung d c tieu chf djnh luong, cd the can dong dim dupc
Mdi mdt thdi ky, mdt trao luu ljch sii my thuat ndi rieng, van hda ndi chung tuan theo quy luat ed tinh phd quit, dd II: hinh thanh, phat trien, thoai trao, diet vong vl sau dd bit diu mdt thdi ky hoac trio luu mdi Quy luat chju sy tic dpng cua nhilu yl'u td cd tfnh vat chat, xa hdi va ljch sir Diin trinh cua ljch sir my thuat dupc ve theo hinh sin, qua dd tren mdi dinh cua nd cd d c kiet tic tieu bilu Nhin diin trinh ljch sir qua d c kiet tie tya nhu dflng tren cao nhin d c dinh nfli de thay dupc dien mao toan canh ciia my thuat, qua dd cd the phin nao hinh dung dien mao cua van hda dan tde
1 Mpt sd kiet tac my thuat
tieu bieu
Vdi tidu chf tren, tie gia lya chpn kiet tac tieu bieu cua my thuat Viet Nam dl khao cfln: Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu (Ha Nam); Tuong Vu tiU Apsara (Tra Kieu, Quang Nam); Tupng Phdt Adidd (chua Phat Tfch, Bic Ninh); Tupng Phgt Quan dm nghin mat,
nghin tay (ehua But Thip, Bic
Ninh) va Buc tranh Thie'u nifben
hoa hue (Td Ngpc Van)
(2)MY THUAT - KIEN TRPC
Trd'ng ddng Nggc Ld •
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II mpt nhung trdng ddng Ddng Son tieu bieu nhat, dep nhat, cd kich thudc ldn, hinh ding chuin myc, cd hoa van, hpa tilt phong phfl nhit, dupc phat hien vao cud'i TK XIX tai tinh Ha Nam, hien dupe trung biy tai Bao tang Ljch su Viet Nam, HI Npi
Trd'ng cd hinh dang can ddi, mat trd'ng hoi trin ngoai tang trdng Trd'ng cd dudng kfnh 79cm, cao 63cm Tiian trd'ng cd phin: phin tren phinh gpi la tang, ndi liln vdi mat trd'ng; 2 phan giua than trd'ng hinh tru thing dflng; phin chan hoi loe hinh ndn cut Cd chie'c quai chia lam hai cap gin vao tang va phin giua trd'ng, dupc trang trf hinh ben tliUng Hoa van dupe trang trf d tren mat trd'ng va than trd'ng Hoa van cd loai Hoa van hinh hpc: cd cac loai hinh tam giac, hinh ehu S nghieng giy khfle, hinh trdn, dau cham nhd, vach song song ; hoa van hinh ngudi, dpng vat: hinh ngudi mfla, thdi ken, tay d m riu, d m giao, ddi trai gii d m chay gia cdi , hinh huou, chim (cd, vac, seu), chd; hoa van hinh dd vat: nha cua, thuyin, vfl khf (giio, cung ten), cdng cu (riu, chay cdi), trang phuc (vay, mu ldng chim)
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl II mpt kiet tic cfla nghe thuat trang trf Cac hoa van cd tfnh d e h dieu cao, rit dep vl dpc dao Tao hinh than trdng rat hai hda, cd tfnh bieu tupng Trdng ddng Ngpc Lu chfla dung quan niem vfl try quan, nhan sinh quan ddi hdi chflng ta phai tiep tuc nghien cfln, giai ma Le Van Sieu nhan djnh mat trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II bd ljch cua ngudi xua (1) Quan niem chung cho ring trd'ng ddng II nhae khf, dflng te ll va danh tran Gin day, cd y kiln cho ring trd'ng ddng la vat thieng de thd, gin vdi tfn ngudng phdn thyc cfla cu dan ndng nghiep Trd'ng ddng cd tupng hinh cfla cdi (sinh thyc khf nu), cua co thi phu nu Dung chiy (sinh thyc khf nam), gia vao trd'ng ddng la trinh diin hanh vi tfnh giao, d u sinh sdi nd, phong dang hda cd'c
Trdng ddng Ngpc Lu dat hau he't d c tieu chf eua mdt kiet tac tieu bieu, cd gia trj ndi bat vl ljch su va van hda nghe thuat Nd da vuot qua
pham vi la mdt san pham cfla nghe nhan, trd thinh kiet tie my thuat tieu bieu md diu cho ljch su my thuat va ljch su van hda Viet Nam Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl da trd bilu tupng cho van hda Viet Nam vl la bieu tuong cho d nin van minh Ddng Son ndi tieng
Tugng Vii ni} Apsara
Pho tupng Vu nu' Apsara d be tupng Tra Kieu (Quang Nam) cd nien dai vao cud'i TK X Pho tupng tac hinh mdt cd gai cd khudn mat diy dan, sd'ng mfli cao, mit to, mdi day vdi diy du dac diem nhan chflng Cham Diu dpi mu nhilu ting theo kieu Kirata - Mukara Mdt chile khd mdng manh dupc cham khic tinh tl, nhiing dudng trdn cua chudi hat day lung vl viin khd tao nhung lan sdng mim mai Cd gai gin nhu Ida the vdi bp ngyc cang trdn, cap dfli thon, bung nhd, cd tay trdn lin, toan bp co the tran diy sinh lye va sfle sdng Vu nu chuyen ddng theo tu the mfla, mdt chan dang nhdn gdt, mpt chan try vflng Mpt tay ud'n cong len phfa tren, mdt tay ud'n vdng xud'ng phfa dudi ã'ã'**"'wô#ilằiW(!l(i
^ ^ f ^ t ^ ? l t !
(3)VAN HOA NGHF THUAT TROMC MIWC Vii dieu phd bay ve dep nhuc d m nhung khiet Mdt ve dep khdng the diin ta bdi vfl dieu va nhjp dieu cua co thi vfl nu, tu khudn mat vdi cap mit nhu dang me dim nhae dieu
Pho tupng la kiet tie tieu bilu cho van hda Cham phat trien rye rd giai doan TK Vll-XV, vdi nghe thuat kiln trfle thip Cham tinh t l va nghe thuat dieu khic dat den sy hoan my va dpc dao
Tugng Phdt Adidd
Chfla Phat Tfch (xa Phat Tfch, huyen Tien Du, tinh Bic Ninh) dupe khdi dung vao thdi Ly (1057) Vua Ly Thanh Tdng cho xay dyng mdt thap eao Tuang truyin, ngdi thip bj dd da lp tupng Phat AdidI bing d l xanh nguyen khd'i dupc dat vang (2)
Pho tupng dupc tac bing da xanh nguyen khdi, chilu cao hien tai la 2m77 (3) Tucmg diin ta dfle Phat ngdi tren tda sen theo ldi kiet gii (4), than, tu tai Ddi ban tay kit In tam mudi, tay trai dat len long ban tay phai, hai ngdn d i cham Khudn mat phuc hau, mi mit khip hd, phan chieu sy tap trung ndi tam diy vien man Minh tupng tholt, Io phap nhu dfnh udt sat ngudi, nep ao mim mai, tuih te Dfle Phat ngdi tren tda sen, dat tren be tupng bat giac, giat d p theo hinh thang rdng phfa dudi, khie'n cho bflc tupng tholt m l vin vflng chic Be tuong dupc trang trf nhilu ldp hoa van kha day dac, tinh te Dang tupng thon dai, mat tupng biu binh, tre trung vdi hang ldng
may cong vflt, cd cao ba ngl'n (5), dac biet y phuc hai ldp, cd Io khoac ngoai mdng, nep ao lan tda m i m mai, vai I o phfl hinh II sen, nut ao thit trudc bung cho ta thiy than tupng thon nhd, lim cho nhan vat dam chat nu tfnh
Chfla Phat Tich la di tfch ljch su van hda dac biet quan trpng va tupng la kiet tie dieu khic hoan thien nhat, tieu bilu va md diu cho van hda Phat giio Viet Nam sau dem trudng ngin nam Bie thudc
Pho tugng Phdt Quan dm nghin mat nghin tay Pho tupng Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay (cdn gpi II tupng Bd tit Quan the' Am thien thii thien nhan) la tac phim dieu khic bing gd ldn nha't Viet Nam thudc chfla Bflt Thip (Ninh Phfle ty), thdn But Thap, xa Dinh Td, huyen Thuan Thinh, tinh Bie Ninh
Tupng cd nien dai tuyet dd'i la nam 1656, vdi tie gia dupc cho la Truang Thp Nam (6) Chilu cao d tupng la 3,7m Tupng cd 11 diu, 42 tay ldn vl 789 tay dai ngin khac Trong ldng mdi bin tay ed mdt mit Phat ngdi tren tda sen, cao 2,35m Diu rdng dpi tda sen cao 30cm Be tupng cao 54cm, hinh vudng dupe trang trf bing cac hoa van, cay cd, vat thieng nhu rdng vdi vien ngpc, ldn vdi qua cau, quat hai vdng trdn, hpa tiet sdng nudc, hoa sen Phat Quan am ngdi tpa thiin vdi dang hanh dao, hai tay chip trudc ngyc, hai tay dl tren dfli, phfa sau lung la d c chum d n h tay, vdi d c the rit da dang, dep mit Toan bd sau lung cfla tupng II mpt II d l ldn, tren dd co nhung ban tay nhd, tao hinh hudng tam nhu cac tia hio quang phit sang Phat Quan am vdi khudn mat thu thai, anh mit quang dai nhu bao quit d vfl try
Phgt Quan dm nghin mdt, ngliin tay la mpt kiet tie my thuat, ndi bat vl nghe thuat tao hinh vdi bd cue, ti le, hinh khoi, dudng net dat de'n dp hoan my, vua tao nen rung cam thim my, vua thi hien triet ly Phat giao Giai phap tao hinh vdi Id de lam nin, tren gin nhflng ban tay cd mit Phat, the hien triet ly cua Phat phap cd nghin mit, nghin bin tay cun dp chflng sinh, thuc sy II mdt sing tao tuyet vdi Pho tupng dupe dat khdng gian Phat giio ciia
(4)MY THUAT - KIEN TRCJC
chua But Thip, vdi Phat dien am u, cd Tfch thien am ting mai, thap da Bao Nghiem, liu chudng, ciu da cung vdi hon 70 tupng rit dep, dd cd tupng Tuyet San eflng II mpt kiet tic my thuat, thi Phgt Quan dm nghin
mdt nghin tay d n g ndi bat vdi nhung gia trj ljch
sir, van hda, nghe thuat tieu bieu
Bifc tranh Thie'u nif ben hoa hue
Bflc tranh Thie'u nir ben hoa hue la tac phim vdi cha't lieu son diu cfla hpa si Td Ngpc Van dupc sang tac nam 1943 Nhan vat tranh la mpt thie'u nu mac ao dii tring ngdi nghieng diu vud't tde mpt d e h duyen dang ben lp hoa hue tay tring (thudng gpi la hoa loa ken) Tao hinh cfla nhan vat nhu khd'i tupng, d ding ngudi tao hinh vdng eung nhu dm lay nhung bdng hoa tring, trdng dnh ma ddng Thie'u nu vdi trang phye, khudn mat, ban tay dupc diin ta bing nhflng khdi dupc gian lupe, khdng gian chan hda anh sing Tuy theo ky thuat tao hinh vl chit lieu phuang Tay nhung bflc tranh vin mang sic thai Viet Nam qua viec don gian hda khdi va mdu sdc xu ly tic phim
Tie pham dupc coi la hue tranh tieu bilu nha't cua danh hpa Td Ngpc Van va la mpt kiet tie tieu bieu cho my thuat Viet Nam nua diu TK XX Bflc tranh cung danh diu budc chuyen cd tfnh chat budc ngoat cfla my thuat Viet Nam giao luu, tie'p bie'n vdi van hda phuang Tay
2 Dien trinh van hda qua cac kiet tac my thuat tieu bieu
Cdc kiet tac tieu bieu qua cdc chi so
Ljch su my thuat Viet Nam qua kiet tie tieu bieu, tu trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl (nen van minh Ddng Son) den bflc tranh TTiie'u nfl ben hoa hue (TK XX) cd chilu dli thdi gian tfl 2.500 - 2.700 nam Tfnh trung binh cfl mdi 500 - 550 nam thi cd mpt kiet tac tieu bieu Tuy nhien, thdi gian giua d c kiet tic tidu bilu thuc tl cd dp dai ngin rat khic Ching han, tfl trdng ddng Ngpc Lfl din tupng Vfl nu Apsara va tupng Phat AdidI la hon 1.500 nam TK X va TK XI xuat hien kiet tic tieu bilu vdi khoang each thdi gian chi hon nfla the ky
Vl thd loai thi dieu khac chiem ti le 4/5 (= 80%); hgi hga chi cd 1/5 (= 20%) Chit lieu bin vflng cung chiem ti le ldn gdm cd ddng va
dd, 3/5 tie phim (= 60%) Nhu vay, vl loai hinh
thi didu khic cd sd lupng Ip dao va la the manh cua my thuat truyin thd'ng Viet Nam, hdi hpa phat triin rit han che va khdng cd thinh tyu ldn cho den TK XX Trong qua khu chi cd mdt sd đng tranh truyen thd'ng mang dam chit dan gian nhu tranh Ddng Hd (Bic Ninh), Hing Trd'ng ?(HI Npi), Ling Sinh (Huệ Khong cd hpa si dupc ghi danh nao ljch su, phai mai den cud'i TK XIX, diu XX my thuat mdi xuat hien hpa sị Tuong ty nhu van hpc Viet Nam truyin thd'ng thi tha chiem ti le Ip dao so vdi vdn xudi, cd nhilu nhi tho ndi tieng, sd lupng nha van khdng nhilu va van xudi khdng cd tyu nhu tho (7)
Vl cha't lieu cua kiet tic thi cd loai chat lieu dupc sfl dyng, gdm: ddng (trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu); dd (tupng Vu nu Apsara va Phat Adida); I gd (tupng Phat Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay) va I san ddu (tranh Thilu nu ben hoa hue) Ddng, da, gd la chat heu tu ty nhien vl tai chd, cdn son diu II chit lieu cdng nghiep dupc nhap tu phuang Tay
Vl tie gia cfla kiet tic thi chi xac djnh dupc 2/5 (Truang Thp Nam (?) vl Td Ngpc Van), cdn hiu hit d c tic gia II nghe nhan, nghe si dan gian va hp khdng dupe ghi danh tie phim Vl chu dl, hiu he't d c kiet tic (4/5 kiet tac = 80%) cd gin vdi tdn giao, tfn ngudng, dac biet II Phat giao thyc sy cd anh hudng manh me ddi vdi sang tao van hda nghe thuat Ta cung ed thi dl dang nhan thay dilu tuang ty d thdi dai Phuc d c kiet tie my thuat (tranh, tupng, kiln trfle) cua d c danh hpa vl dai nhu Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphaen, Michelangelo diu cd chu dl Thien chfla giio
Vl nhan vat cua d c kiet tie thi nhdn vdt nU cd 3/5 (=60%), gdm Vfl nfl Apsara, Phat Quan am nghin, mit nghtn tay, Thieu nu ben hoa hue, chua kl Phat Adida diy chit nu' tfnh, trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu cd tupng hinh cfla cdi, bilu tupng sinh thuc nUcung thupc pham trfl tfnh nu (tfn ngudng phdn thyc) Dilu dd cho tha'y
(5)VAN HOA NGHF T H U A T TROMC MU^C ndng nghiep lfla nudc, vdi che dp miu he vl tfn ngudng d u sy sinh sdi, nd da Inh hudng de'n dac dilm van hda dan tpc va my thuat cflng phan anh tfnh chit d c kiet tac
Vl dja dilm thi rieng tinh Bic Ninh cd kiet tic II tupng Phat AdidI, Phat Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay Dilu dl hilu bdi manh dit Bic Ninh vao thdi ky diu cdng nguyen da la trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau phdn thjnh, vang danh mdt thdi ljch sfl, vdi nhilu cao tang An Dp va chfla chiln dupc xay dyng
<^iet tac tieu )ieu
"ronj: J o n g "Jgoc Lu
/a nu Apsara
' h a i A d i d a ' h a i Q u a n a m
ghin m a t ighin lav
Tiieu nCr ben loa hue
The; loai
D i e u k h a c - t r a n g In'
Dieu Ichac
Dieu khac
Dieu k h i c
Hoi h o a C h a t lieu
D o n g
Da
Da
G o
San d i u
N i e n dai
T K V l l - V T C N T K X T K XI TK X V l l TK X X
T a c gia
K h u v e l d a n h K h u y e t d a n h K h u y e t d a n h TmiTng T h o N a m (•') T o N g o c van
N h a n vat
Co Iinh
nS
Na
Co Iinh na
Na
Na
T o n g i a o tin n g u o n g
Tin n g u o n g phon thuc
An D o g i a o Phat giat) Phai g i a o
K h o n g
Mdi quan he giifa vdn hda vd my thudt
Diin trinh cua my thuat song hanh ddng chay van hda Thanh tyu cfla my thuat cung la tuu cua van hda, phan anh dac dilm tinh chit cua mdi giai doan ljch su cfla van hda
Theo Trin Ngpc Them, tie'n trinh van hda Viet Nam cd the chia giai doan: van hda thdi tiin su, van hda Van Lang - Au Lac, van hda thdi chdng Bic thupc, van hda Dai Viet, van hda Dai Nam va van hda hien dai Siu giai doan tao ba ldp chdng len nhau: Idp van hda ban dja, ldp van hda giao luu vdi Trung Hoa va khu vye, \&p van hda giao luu vdi phuang tay (8)
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu la san pham cua ldp van hda ban dja Thanh tyu Idn nhit cua giai doan sau nghi trdng Ifla nudc la nghi luyen kim ddng Trd'ng ddng Ddng San xuit hien vio nhung TK VII-V TCN, gin vdi thdi dai nha nudc Van Lang, Au Lac Mac du Ijch su cfla thdi dai d c vua Hflng chua dupe tranh luan nga ngfl nhung hoa van va d c hoat d n h tren trd'ng
ddng da phan anh phin nao xa hdi cua nen van minh ndng nghiep Iy Trd'ng ddng Ddng San ndi chung va trdng ddng Ngpc Lfl ndi rieng la bd licit su bdng hinh vl xa hpi Lac Viet Xa hdi Iy phai cd trinh dp ky thuat va tay nghe rit cao cfla nghe nhan mdi cd the dfle dupc san pham cd dp phuc tap de'n nhu vay Cd y kien eho ring xa hpi Lae Viet da phit trien den trinh dp cd nha nudc mdi cd the td chuc khai quang, luyen kim, cd trinh dp khoa hpc nhat djnh mdi tim dupc vat lieu chiu lua de lam khuon due, hieu bie't tfnh nang hda ly cua hop kim ddng Xa hdi a'y da cd phan ting xa hdi, phan hda giau ngheo dupc phan anh hien vat tfly tang d cac ngdi md Day cflng chfnh la giai doan da tao nen dinh cao rye rd ljch su van hda va cd anh hudng din toan khu vye
Ba kiet tac tupng Vfl nu Apsara, Phat Adida vl Phat Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay thudc ve ldp van hda Dai Viet, dan tpc Viet da vupt thoat khdi ngan nam Bic thupc va budc vao giai doan ty chfl Trong giai doan nay, van hda dan tpc cd sy du nhap cfla Phat giao (d miin Trung la An Dp giao) va sau cd Nho giio va Dao giio Thdi dai Ly - Trin chflng kiln sy phat triin cyc thjnh cfla Phat giao Viet Nam Sy sung kfnh, d m hflng sang tao va thien tai cua nghe nhan da tao kiet tac tieu bieu cho van hoa Phat giio Viet Nam Trong sir sich Trung Hoa cdn truyin tung vl bd'n cdng trinh nghe thuat ldn cfla van hda Phat giio thdi Ly - Trin ma hp gpi II An Nam tUdgi khi, dd II tU0ig Phdt chiia
Quynh Ldm, thdp Bdo Thien, chudng Quy Dien va vgc Phd Minh Ngiy nay, chfla Bai Dinh tan
ty (Ninh Binh) chua hoan ma da lap cac ky luc dd cd ky luc vl tupng ddng ldn nhit Ddng Nam A nhu: tupng Phat Td 100 tan, Tam The 50 tan, Phat Di Lac 100 tan va Quan The Am 90 tin
Thyc ra, kiet tie Vfl nu Apsara thupc vao ddng chiy rieng cua van hda Cham tu TK II de'n XV Day la mdt nin van hda cd sy phat triin rue rd cua nghe thuat kiln true va dieu khic, dac biet kie'n trfle thap Cham cflng la kiet tic my thuat cd tim cd khu vye va the gidi, chfla dung nhflng bf In cua nghe thuat va ky thuat xiy ^ S - ,
(6)MY THUAT - KIEN T R G C
dyng thip Nin van hda Cham ed anh hudng vl tie'p thu An Do giio, Phat giio va Hdi giio, tao cho my thuat Cham mdt ban sic dpc dao Giai doan tu TK VII-XVI din II giai doan phit trien rye rd cua nghe thuat kiln true vl dieu khic vdi hang tram thap, tupng, be thd Thanh dja My San da dupc cdng nhan II Di san van hda the gidi
Kiet tic Thieu nd ben hoa hue cfla danh hpa Td Ngpc Van ddi bd'i d n h van hda Viet Nam bude vao cudc giao luu van hda phuang Tay Sy giao luu, tiep biln dd da lam bie'n ddi nin van hda Viet Nam tren mpi phuang dien, dac biet linh vuc my thuat
Viec Phip md Trudng Cao ding My thuat Ddng Duong nam 1925 de dao tao hpa si da lam eho my thuat Viet Nam sang mdt trang sfl mdi My thuat dupe xay dyng tren co sd tao hinh phuang tay, theo tu duy Iy, khoa hpc eua djnh luat xa gin va giai phlu Cac chit lieu mdi dupc du nhap, dd cd son diu, da md rpng kha nang diin ta, phan anh hien thyc mdt each vd cflng phong phfl My thuat cd xu hudng dan chu hda, gin vdi ddi sd'ng Tam hdn, cd't d e h cua ngudi Viet vin dupc chuyen tai vl thi hien dam net d c tic phim cfla d c nghe si Viet Nam tfl hpa si Le Huy Mien, ngudi Viet Nam diu tien hpc ve tai Phap, den the he diu dan hpc Trudng Cao ding My thuat Ddng Duong nhu Nguyin Gia Trf, Td Ngpc Van, Trin Van Cin, Nguyin Phan Chanh, Nguyin Dd Cung, Nguyin Tu Nghiem, Nguyin Sang, Bfli Xuan Phai, Duong Bfch Lien Cic bflc tranh cua hp rat khic tranh Phap ma rit Viet Nam bd cue, miu sic, dudng net Ndi tieng sd dd phai kl den d c bflc tranh tieu bilu nhu Em Thdy (Trin Van Cin), Chen dn quan (Nguyin Phan Chanh), Gidng (Nguyin Tu Nghiem), Kit nap Ddng tren trgn dia (Nguyin Sang)
Bflc tranh Thieu nuc ben hoa hue cfla hpa si Td Ngpc v a n la mpt minh chflng thi hien rit rd sy giao luu tie'p bie'n van hda thi hien linh vye my thuat Chit lieu son diu ve tren toan, hinh hpa va giai phlu cfla nhan vat theo ky thuat tao hinh phuang Tay Nhan vat la
ngudi cu the cfla mdt khoang khic cua ddi sdng, mac ddi (mpt kit qua giao luu tiep biln van hda), khung d n h tho mdng cfla ddi sd'ng thj dan Thie'u nu dupc ve vdi ky thuat hinh hpa vung vang Mae dfl dupc ve theo ldi hien thyc, nhung khdng tia tdt, di sau vao chi tilt nhu ldi ve phuong tay Khd'i dupc don gian hda, ddi chd chi gpi dl diin ta khd'i, gian lupc td'i da dp chuyen dam nhat Ddi chd hpa si buong vai net but rit chit lpc, tao dp nha'n Nhin chung toan bp tac pham dupc gian lupc vl miu, khdi va hinh ma vin diin ta dupc anh sang va khdng gian Phai chang dd d i ridng, d i ddc dao cfla Td Ngpc Van kiet tic Thieu nd ben hoa hue
Bieu dd dien trinh my thiicgt qua cdc kiet tac tieu bieu
^ ^ ^ ^
GBVH Tien SLF
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GDVH Van Lang
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GDVH Ch6ng Bic thuOc
GDVH Oai Vi$t
GDVH Dai Nam
GDVH hi0n dai
1 - Tr6ng Shng Ngpc Lu - Tu'p'ng Vu ni> Apsara - Tu'gng PhSt Adida
4 - Tu'tj'ng Ph#t Quan am nghin mSt nghin tay 5 - Tranh "Thiiu r\vi ben hoa hu#"
3 Thay Idi ket luan
My thuat Viet Nam cd ljch su hing ngan nam, gin vdi d c giai doan vl cac ldp van hda Qua trinh ljch su Iy da san sinh d c kiet tic dd cd d c kiet tic tieu bilu, da phan Inh diy du d c dac dilm, tfnh chit cfla d c giai doan vl d c ldp van hda
Ddng chay my thuat khdng phai lflc nao cflng thuan ddng My thuat Ddng Son phit trien vdi dinh cao rye rd vdi nghe thuat trang trf vdi dat de'n tuyet my, nhung lui tan va bj gian doan thdi gian ngin nam Bic thupc Giai doan tilp nd'i sau dan tpc da budc vio giai doan ty chu thi nghe thuat trang trf each dieu vdi d c mdtip hinh hgc khdng dupc tilp ndi, chi cdn
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vang vpng trdn cap vay Mudng (Tii Chi) va mai mai khie'n chflng ta nguong md di san cfla cha dng dupc phat Id tu ldng dat
Tdn giao, tfn ngudng cd vai trd be dd cho d c tyu my thuat Vdi nen my thuat Ddng San, tfn ngudng phdn thyc dupc bieu hien diy dfl vl toan dien nhat tren trd'ng ddng; Phat giio la ngudn cam hflng to ldn de ngudi nghe si da sing tao nhung kiet tic dieu khic tuyet my, cflng nhu An Dp giio dd'i vdi nghe thuat kien true va dieu khic Cham, tfn ngudng thd hoing ling vdi my thuat dinh lang
Nhin chung, my thuat dan gian vin la net ehu dao cua di san my thuat truyin thdng Nhflng ngudi nghe nhan, nghe si dan gian vd danh nhimg da sang tao mpt khd'i luong di san van hda dac sic, thi hien tii trf, tham my cua ngudi Viet qua kiln trfle, dieu khic
Viet Nam ed qua trinh giao luu, tiep bien vdi van hda Trung Hoa, mdt nin van hda ldn cd sy phit trien manh me cua hdi hpa, cd ly luan tao hinh vdi Luc phdp ludn tu TK VI sdm nhat trdn the gidi, cd danh hpa ndi tieng the gidi nhung hpi hpa Viet Nam truyin thd'ng hiu nhu khdng ed giao luu, tiep bien vdi hpi hpa Trung Hoa va hpi hpa truyin thd'ng Viet Nam khdng cd tiru nhu didu khic va kien trfle
Budc vao thdi ky hien dai, mac diu bd'i d n h thudc dja, bj bflc nhan van hda phuang tay, ngudi Viet vin tiep thu va tiep bien d c gii trj van hda nhan loai de lam giau cho van hda cua minh Chi vdng hai thap ky (tfl 1925 de'n 1945), d c the he hpa si cfla Trudng Cao ding My thuat Ddng Duong da tiep thu nghe thuat tao hinh phuong tay de dat nin mdng cho my thuat Viet Nam hdm nay, vua cd tfnh hien dai, vfla cd tfnh dan tpc
Do khudn khd cua bii khao cfln ndn cdn nhung kiet tie eung rat dang ty hio cua my thuat Viet Nam chua dupc dl cap nhu kie'n trfle va dieu khic dinh lang cua d c ngdi dinh lang tieu bieu Tay Ding, Chu Quyen, Dinh Bang ; d c ngdi chfla Tay Phuong, Bflt Thap ; nhi thd da Phit Diem ; dac biet la nghe thuat kiln trfle thip Cham, my thuat cd dd Hue, my thuat giai doan hien dai
Han nira, d c kiet tac my thuat tieu bieu cdn rit nhilu van dl cdn an chfla, ddi hdi chung ta can tiep tuc khim pha va giai ma •
N.V.C
1 Xem Le Van Sieu, Viet Nam Vdn minh su, hUp://tusacti.thuvienkhoahoc.com
2 Trong bai minh van khic tren tam bia Van Phiic dai thien III bi nien hieu Chi'nh Hoa nam thti (1687) hien dtmg truoc nha td cua chua, co doan viei: "Vua thd' ba tridu Ly, nam Long Thiiy Thai Binh (ttic nam 1057) cat len cay thap quy cao nghin truang, lai dtmg lap tucmg minh vang cao sau xich "
3 Can cii vao phong each va hoa tiei ciia hoa van, co y kie'n cho ring bt tuong da duoc lam lai cf doi Le De'n phuc che'pho tuong nam 1959 da phat hien be tuong bj thie'u di mpt khoi cau Can cu vao co the xac dinh chieu cao tuong CO the them 60cm nira (theo Trang Thanh Hidn) 4 iyi€ kiet gid co hai loai: kiei gia toan phin va ban kiei gia Kiel gia toan phan la 16 long ban chSn tren diii, con gpi la t.\\€ hdng ma Ban kiei gia chi 16 mpt long ban chan trai hoac phai, gpi la hang ma 16 ban chan phai va hang ma lp ban chan trai Ao phQ toan bp phan d&i nen kho xac dinh la nhan vat ngoi kiei gia hay ban kiei gia {Til
dien bieu tupng vdn hoa the gidi, Nxb Dd Ndng, 1997)
5 Nam 1947, chiia Phat Tfch bj Phap pha hiiy, diu tupng Adida bi gay De'n 1956-1957, diu tuong duoc phuc che theo tu lieu anh chtip luu trir tai Vien Vien d6ng Bac CO
6 Tren be tupng ghi: Nam Dong Giao, Thp Nam -Truang lien sinh - phiing khic (tam hieu: Nam Dong Giao la dia chi, Thp Nam la ten hieu, Truang la hp, tien sinh la bac trf gia, phijng khic la phung menh troi dat dung tutmg de tho); cung co y kien cho ring nguoi phung khic la nguai bo tien de thue tha khic tuong, roi cong diic tupng cho chiia
7 Thong ke Tit dien vdn hpc (Nxb Khoa hpc Xd
hoi Ha Npi, 1983-1984), 95 muc tir tac pham van
hpc Viet Nam thi co 69 tic pham tha va 26 tac pham van xu6i, tiic la tho chie'm 72,6% (trong so 26 miic tir van xuoi CO rai nhieu tic pham thupc the loai hich, cheo, tu6ng la nhOng the loai mang dam chat tha), dan theo Trin Ngoc Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 2001.tr.289
8 Trin Ngpc Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet
Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 2001, tr.75
hUp://tusacti.thuvienkhoahoc.com 2001.tr.289