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Xuait khau VLXD gdm sd xay dung, da dp lat ed gia trj xuat kha'u rat cao td 100 USD den 1000 USD cho mdt tan san pham (gia trj xuat khau cao gap nhieu lan so vdi xuat khau than, xuait[r]
(1)o d i Mdi QUAN LY Ey-sf^-'
MOT SO GIAI n P l c i ^ l A U l E liioNG SUY GIAM SAN XUAT VAT L1EU XAY Dl/NG
TS TRAN V A N HUYNH
C h u tjeh Hpi V q t lieu Xay d u n g Viet N a m
I Thuc trang n g a n h CN VLXD Viet Nam
1 Trong nhUng nam gan day, nganh CN VLXD nUdc ta dupe dau tu phat trie'n manh me Ngay nay, thj trudng VLXD da trd thi trudng hoat dpng sdi ddng nhat thdi ky ddi mdi, dap dng nhu cau xay dung nUdc va xuat khau, cd mat tren 100 thj trudng cac nude va vung lanh thd
- Den nang lUc san xuat cCia xi mang nUde ta da vupt qua ngudng 45 trieu tan va dU kien den cudi nam 2010 se tren 55 trieu tan, dap i/ng day du nhu cau thj trudng nUde va xuat kha'u
- Ve kinh xay dung ed nha may vdi tdng cdng suat la 107.5 trieu m' (QTC) Neu nam 2010 nha may kfnh Chu Lai vao san xuat se dua edng suat toan nganh len 141.5 tneu m^
- Ve gach dp lat ceramic, gran-ite da vupt ngudng 300 theu m', vupt xa nhu cau ndi dja, cd kha nang xuat khau tren 30%
- Ve sd ve sinh, vdi nang lUc 9.2 tneu san pha'm/nam, khdng nhiimg dap dng yeu cau nudc ma cdn cd the xuat kha'u tren 20%
- Ve da dp lat, phat t h i n rat nhanh, dUa nang lUc len theu m7 nam, cd nhieu chung loai rat hap
dan, chat lupng tdt, mau ma mau sac rat phong phu, khdng nhung dap Lfng nhu cau nudc ma edn xuat kha'u nhieu nudc tren the gidi, kim ngach xuat khau nam 2008 tren 100 trieu USD,
- Tam Ipp Fibro - xi mang da dUa nang lUc san xuat len tren 90 trieu m^nam
- Gach dat set nung 20 ty vien, da xay dung 88 trieu m', eat xay dung tren 80 trieu m\ cac loai vat lieu composite, vat lieu trang trf hoan thien dupc phat trien, nhieu chung loai,
Ngoai nganh VLXD nudc ta da tang tde ve xuat khau, nam 2001, kim ngach xuat kha'u ehi cd 27 theu USD thi nam 2007 tang len 283 trieu USD, gap 10,3 lan, tang binh quan hang nam 45%
2 Nhung den nam 2008, anh hudng cua cudc khung hoang kinh te tai chfnh toan cau, nUde ta bj suy giam kinh te, nganh edng nghiep VLXD eOng da bj anh hudng Idn, san xuat, kinh doanh bj giam sut Trong dd noi len;
- S d ve sinh chi khai thac vdi 80% cdng suat Mdt sd nha may Thanh Tn, Viet Tri, Binh Duong, Thien Thanh, S d v e sinh Da Nang, ehi khai thae dupe dudi 60%,
- Kfnh xay dung, tieu thu giam sut, hang tdn kho Idn, 34
theu m^ kinh doanh thua 16, nen hai nha may phai ddng eda vdi edng suat 8.5 trieu m^ nha may da tam thdi tat 16 42 tneu m^ Hien ehi cdn van hanh 65,5 trieu m^ bang % tdng edng suat da xay dung lap dat
- Gach Ceramic, Granite chi khai thac dupc 70-80% tdng edng suat, cd don vj chi dupc 58%
- Cac loai VLXD khac nhU tam lop, khai thac khoang 90% edng suat, da dp lat phat trie'n tdt
II Nguyen nhan giam sut: Lam phat, suy thoai kinh te lam cho thj trudng bat ddng san ddng bang, dau t u xay dUng cdng tnnh bj giam, cham lai, nhu cau VLXD giam
2 VLXD nhap khau tran lan, bang nhieu dudng nhap kha'u chinh ngach, tieu ngach, theo dudng thiet bj toan bp tong thau EPC, gian lan thuong mai nhu khai giam don gia tfnh thue (bang 50-70% gia that), khai sai quy each, chung loai, chat lupng san pha'm, san pham gach granite thd khai lam nguyen lieu de giam thue suat nhap, quay vdng hoa don Hang nhap khau khong dupc kiem tra chat che chat lupng, thieu hang rao ky thuat, Kim ngach nhap kha'u tang dot bien: nam 2008 so vdi 2007 kinh xay dUng tang 1.5
(2)M6T S GIAI PHAP KicH cAu lan (30 tneu len 45 trieu USD) Hai
thang dau nam 2009 nhap kha'u khoang trieu m^ (QTC), chiem khoang 30% thj phan ki'nh xay dung npi dja
Kim ngach nhap kha'u sd xay dung td 4.775 theu USD nam 2007 tang len 6.813 tneu USD nam 2008 tang len 1.42 lan, chiem 15% thj phan npi dja
3 Gia nguyen vat lieu, nang lupng dau vao rat eao, khdng on djnh, lam eho gia san pha'm cao, sdc canh tranh thap NhU gia dau FO cao hon cae nUde khu vuc 20 - 30%, cd thdi diem
tao nudc 40 - 60%), dUa vat tu ngoai vao xay dung cdng trinh) Chu dau tu, nha quan ly cho rang edng trinh gia re, thdi gian thi cdng nhanh la dupc Ngudi ta khdng thay rang gia khdng re vi chat lupng cdng trinh thiet bj kem, tieu hao vat chat giai doan van hanh cao, chi thay Ipi fch trUde mat, khdng ngh?den Ipi fch lau dai, vi Ipi fch cue bd, khdng nhin Ipi fch toan cue
Nhieu doanh nghiep chUa chu dpng de dieu chinh cai tien san pha'm, gia tham nhap vao thj trudng
50% (thang 12/2008, gia dau FO Viet Nam la 468USD/T gia Singapore 237USD/T) Trong san xuat kinh, gia dau FO chiem 30% gia kfnh, lam eho gia ban kinh nUde eao hon gia kinh nhap
4 Chiing ta chUa phat huy het npi lue de triet de khai thae thj trudng ndi dja, de thj trUdng ndi dja cho nude ngoai chiem dan
Trong Luat Dau thau eo quy dinh nha thau nUde ngoai triing thau phai sd dung lUe lupng lao dpng dja phUOng, sd dung vat tU thiet bj nude cd NhUng sudt may nam qua nhieu dU an xi mang, nha may nhiet dien, khai khoang, tdng thau EPC nUde ngoai dUa toan bd lao ddng ngudi nude ngoai vao, td lao dpng phd thdng, cap dUdng, bao ve, edng nhan ky thuat, nhap 100% thiet bj (Ta cd chu trUdng phan dau che
III Mot s d giai phap de chdng suy giam kinh te, giur nhjp phat trien VLXD
1 Sd dung xi mang de lam dudng giao thdng; Mat dudng be tdng xi mang cd nhieu Uu die'm kinh te, ky thuat;
Mat dudng be tdng xi mang la loai mat dudng edng, eudng dp cao, thfch dng vdi cae loai xe, ke ea xe banh xieh, xe tai trpng Idn, eudng dp mat dudng khdng thay ddi theo nhiet dp Cd dp cdng Idn, phan bo deu tai trpng, chju va dap tdt, tudi thp cLia dudng be tdng xi mang eao, td 40 50 nam, gap -4 lan so vdi mat dudng be tdng nhua, ft tdn kem tu, bao dudng, Dudng be tdng xi mang rat d'n djnh vdi nude, chju dupe ngap lut lau Lam dudng be tdng xi mang la giai phap kich cau sd dung xi mang, vat lieu xay dung dja phuong, khdng phai nhap
kh^u nhua dudng, giam nhap sieu Ky thuat thi cdng da dang, thi cdng vdi thiet bj hien dai, vdi lUc lupng lao ddng xay dung thdng thudng, xd dung lao ddng ndng thdn dang thieu viec lam la giai phap phat huy ndi lUe hieu qua nhat Be tdng xi mang thi cdng theo phUPng phap trdn ngudi, khdng gay nhiem mdi trudng Dudng be tdng xi mang d cac nudc td 40-60%, d nUdc ta la dudi 2%
De phat huy xay dung tang ky thuat ben vung, de nghj Chinh phu cho ap dung rdng rai lam dudng be tdng xi mang Chinh phiJ cho SLf dung quy hd trp dau tU phat then tang ndng thdn 2500 ty de lam dUdng be tdng xi mang (khdng lam dudng nhua tham nhap chdng hdng)
Nam 2009 danh khoang 2500 ty ddng vdn dau tu phat trie'n tang ndng thdn de lam 10.000km dudng ndng thdn Cac nam sau tiep tuc dau tu de cai thien bd mat ndng thdn
2 Phat trien san xuat vat lieu xay dung khdng nung thay the VLXD dat set nung nham danh dat canh tac eho ndng dan cd ke sinh nhal, tao cdng an viec lam cho lao dpng ndng thdn, tao dieu kien cho nganh co nUdc phat tne'n Sd dung dupc phe thai edng nghiep, khdng tieu thu than gay nhiem mdi trUdng Nha nUdc can cd chinh saeh cho vay vdn Uu dai dau tu, mien giam thue VAT td -5%, giam thue doanh nghiep de phat trie'n san xuat betdng nhe, loai vat lieu mdi phuc vu xay nha cao tang, cdng nghiep hoa nganh xay dung
3 Sd dung nhiet thai cua Id nung Clinke xi mang de phat dien, tiet kiem gan 30% nang lupng cho cac nha may san xuat xi mang
Nganh edng nghiep xi mang, luyen kim, hoa chat, nhiet dien sd dung nhieu nang lupng dong thai thai khdi lupng rat Idn thai nhiet dp cao, d nhiem mdi trudng.^ Neu tan dung dupe nhiet thai de phat dien thi se thu hoi iL/png dien rat Idn, giam thieu nhiem mdi trudng Oe nung luyen mdt tan Clinke can nhiet lupng
(3)MdT S6 GiAl PHAP KiCH CAU
730.000 - SOO.OOOKcal, va thai khdi lupng Idn thai cd nhiet dd cao td 250 - 380°C Neu sd dung tdt, phat dien dupe 36 KWh Neu tat ea cac nha may xi mang dang san xuat c6 Id nung cd cdng suat td 2000 tan Clinke/ngay trd len deu xay dUng cae tram phat dien thi se cd tdng edng suat 160MW Va san lupng hang nam se dat 1,2 ti KWh Vdi gia 1,5 cen/KWh vd'n dau tu khoang 160 trieu USD, nam se thu hdi xong vd'n Dau tu Ipi nhuan hang nam tren 50 trieu USD gdp phan giam gia thanh, nang cao nang lUe canh tranh, tiet kiem 30% nang lupng dien dung cho nha may, giam thieu nhiem mdi trUdng, khf thai CO2, ban chi tieu theo co che phat trie'n saeh CDM theo nghj dmh thU KYOTO va thu ve moi nam khoang trieu USD
Oen nay, tat ca cac nha may xi mang Id quay cd cdng suat Idn d Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban deu ap
dung rat ed hieu qua nUde ta chi cd nha may xi mang Ha Tien 2, vdi vd'n ODA cua Nhat Ban da thuc hien thi diem dupc nam, hieu qua rat tdt
Oe nghj Chfnh phu chi thj cho cac cdng ty xi mang ap dung, kem theo chfnh saeh cho vay vdn uu dai dau tU
4, Oe chdng suy giam, tao dieu kien eho nganh kfnh xay dUng va Gdm sd xay dUng dCmg vung va phat trien, de nghj Chfnh phu xem xet cho giam thue VAT td 10% xudng cdn 5% Giam thue nhap kha'u dau FO de giam gia ban dau FO tuong duong vdi cac nUdc khu vUe Xem xet tang thue •
5CONG TY SAN XUAT KINH VA VAT LIEU
XAY Dl/NG L N N H A T THE Gi6i
DINH TUAN
Tren the gidi, dpi ngu eae edng ty san xuat vat lieu xay dung va kfnh xay dung hang dau CO cai ten thude tdp dau thudng dupe nh^c den vdi sU kinh la; Saint - Gobain, CRH, LAFARGE, HOLCIM, CEMEX Trong bang xep hang nam 2005, dai gia ddng dau the gidi dat tdng doanh sd hdn 100 ty USD vdi mdc binh quan mot cdng ty dat hpn 20 ty USD
Giu vj tri sd the gidi la cdng ty ddng dau nUdc Phap CO cai ten an tupng Saint-Gobain vdi doanh sd vupt trdi, hon 59 ty USD Tuy nhien, dudi gdc dp Ipi nhuan thi dai gia ehi dupc xep hang thd boi ty suat Ipi nhuan ehi dat khoang 3%
CRH, cong ty hang dau cua Ireland ,dupc xep d vj tri thd the gidi vdi doanh sd hon 28 ty USD Ve mat hieu qua, dai gia dupc xep thd4 vdi ty suat Ipi nhuan dat 7%
Giu vj tri thd nude Phap la dai gia Lafarge vdi doanh sd tren 24 ty USD Tren the gidi, edng ty
dugc xep d vj tri thd Vdi ty suat Ipi nhuan 11%,
dai gia cung giU vi trf sd bang xep hang
Thuy Sy, vdi ten chfnh thdc la Lien bang Thuy Sy (Swiss Confederation - Switzeland) eo dan sd khoang 7,2 trieu ngUdi, GDP hon 250 ty USD, GDP tinh theo dau ngudi la hon 37.000USD vdn ndi tie'ng the gidi ve phong canh tuoi dep, hoat dpng ngan hang eung edng nghiep san xuat dong ho thUpng thang Trong fTnh vuc san xuat vat lieu xay dung, Thuy Sy ndi bat vdi edng ty dupe xep vj tri thd the gidi la dai gia Holcim co doanh sd hon 22 ty USD song lai giU vj tri sd the gidi ve hieu qua vdi ty suat Ipi nhuan dat mdc an tupng 14% Mot qude gia chua tdi 10 trieu dan ma cd dupe mot doanh nghiep ddng dpi ngu eong ty san xuat vat lieu xay dung Idn nhat the gidi that dang ne trpng
Cemex - edng ty Idn nhat Me-hi-c6 giu vj tri sd the gidi vdi doanh sd hon 21 ty USD Oai gia dupc xep vj tri sd the gidi ve tfnh hieu qua vdi ty suat Ipi nhuan dat khoang 11%
Nhu vay, ITnh vuc san xuat kinh va vat lieu xay dung, c6 the' coi nude Phap la qude gia hang dau vdi sU gop mat cua eong ty tdp hang dau the gidi ca ve vj tri lan gia tri san lupng.•
(4)M6T S6 GIAI PHAP KICH CAU
nhap khau nhung mat hang kinh xay dUhg thdng qua eo che ap dung bien phap tu ve thuong mai theo quy djnh cua WTO De nghj Bp Xay dUng, Bp Khoa hpe Cdng nghe, Tdng cue Hai quan sdm xay dung thiet lap hang rao ky thuat de bao ve san xuat nude, bao ve thj trUdng ndi dja, chdng gian lan thuong mai, nhap khau tran lan
Can soat lai, xay dUng bd sung he thdng tieu chua'n quan ly chat lupng ddng bd, phii hpp vdi trinh dp cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa lam co sd de chdng lai hang nhap kha'u kem chat lupng, bao ve ngUdi tieu dimg, bao ve chat lupng edng trinh Tat ca cac hang hoa nhap kha'u deu phai kiem tra chat lupng, cd dat tieu chua'n cua nudc sd tai mdi eho nhap khau
6 Oe nghj Chinh phu nen xem xet lai chu trUOng chinh saeh, quy che thUe hien tdng thau nUde ngoai EPC de c6 quye't saeh phat huy ndi lUe, triet de sd dung lUe lupng lao dpng nUde, thiet ke, giam sat xay dung nUde, vat tuxay dung nudc, che tao 40 - 50% thiet bj nUde de tao cdng an vec lam eho ngUdi lao dpng dja phuong, thuc day phat then nganh cO khi, nganh cdng nghiep VLXD va nganh xay dUng Chdng lai viec "tdng thau EPC nUdc ngoai = nhap khau 100%, triet tieu dan npi lUc"
7 Dpi ngu chuyen gia, ky sU, cdng nhan ky thuat bae cao cua nude ta ndi chung va cua nganh edng nghiep xay dUng, vat lieu xay dUng ndi rieng edn thieu va yeu Oe nghj Chinh phu cd chinh saeh tao dieu kien de dao tao nhan lUe Trong bdi canh hien c6 hang van can bd edng nhan nUde thieu viec lam va lao dpng td nUdc ngoai ve De nghj Bd Lao ddng thuong binh xa hdi xem xet kien nghj Chinh phCi thiet lap mdt quy dao tao td quy hd trp eCia Chinh phCi, tao dieu kien eho eae edng ty, tdng edng ty, tap doan, td chdc cac trudng dao tao ed chat lupng, chua'n bj lUc lupng eho sau giai doan suy thoai kinh te the gidi Ngudn vd'n cac doanh nghiep se tra lai sd dung lUc lupng lao ddng dupe dao tao
8 Md rdng thi trUdng nUde ngoai, day manh xuat khau VLXD:
Xuait khau VLXD gdm sd xay dung, da dp lat ed gia trj xuat kha'u rat cao td 100 USD den 1000 USD cho mdt tan san pham (gia trj xuat khau cao gap nhieu lan so vdi xuat khau than, xuait khau dau thd)
Nudc ta cd tai nguyen phong phu, da dang, cd du lUc lupng lao ddng, thiet bj may mdc, vdn dau tu thap
Thj trudng nhap kha'u toan cau rat Idn Rieng mat hang da dp lat, nhap khau toan cau moi nam tren 10 ty USD Viet Nam mdi tham gia thi trUdng nay, nhUng vdi toe dp tang trudng nhanh, cd kha nang tang kim ngach xuat khau VLXD 500 trieu USD vao nam 2010 len ty USD vao nam 2015 va
1.5 - 1.8 ty USD vao nam 2020
De nghj Cue Xuc tien thuong mai, Bd Cdng thUPng dUa mat hang VLXD vao danh muc cac mat hang can quan tam, giup hd trp xuat khau, tao dieu kien de tie'p can thj trudng the gidi, tham gia hdi chp, then lam qudc te, tham gia showroom gidi thieu san pham d cac nudc
Oe nghj Bd Cdng thUPng phdi hdp cung Bp Xay dung to ehde cudc hpp vdi cac nha san xuat, nha xuat khau mat hang VLXD de hoaeh djnh chinh saeh, de cac giai phap tao dung nen sdc manh tdng hop, day manh xuat khau VLXD.a
^
PHAT TRIEN NHA d XA
HOI
{Tiep theo trang 4)
tieu chuan thiet ke Oieu 47 qua go bd cdng nhac Thach thdc tie'p theo la tu thj trudng cdn md nhat, tu bao cap cdn roi rdt Ching han tai khong dupc chuyen nhupng nha? Trong kinh te thj trudng ngudi ta thudng phai di chuyen kiem sd'ng, sd lupng vien gia dinh bien dpng, va nhieu ly khac khien ngudi ta can di chuyen cho P, eho nen khdng the cam doan dupc Hay nhu quy trinh "xin - cho" phien phdc nang ne, chac phai tdn kem chi phf giao djch
Chfnh saeh nha d xa hdi rat quan trpng nhung cung rait khd Chinh saeh nha d nudc ta trudc Ooi mdi thudc dang nha d cdng, ehda dung nhieu y tudng tdt dep nhung khdng may cdng Cac nha lam chfnh saeh bay gid can rut kinh nghiem ve viec Nhan day tdi xin neu vai y kien ngan nhu sau:
- Nha d cd hai thudc tfnh: thudc tinh kinh te, dd nen cd gang cung dng qua thj trudng; thudc tinh xa hdi, dd can cd chfnh saeh tao dieu kien cua Nha nudc;
- Odi tupng cua chinh saeh chi can c6 dieu kien la d dudi SmVngUdi va la cdng dan tdt;
- Tai chfnh nha d la khau then chdt; - Chu y nhieu hdn den tao dieu kien cho ben cau, vi uu dai cho ben cung khdng chac Ipi ich da den dUdc tdi ben cau Chu y tao dieu kien cho ben cung quan ly rui ro
- Nha d xa hpi, nha d gia tha'p cd the giup giai quyet tdt va nhanh van de tai dinh cU;
- Khdng nen qua lo xa ve thdi han thue mua dai Kha nang chi tra tien thue mua cua ngudi thu nhap tha'p Viet Nam se dupc nang cao kha nhanh vi cd mudi nam thi nen kinh te tang trudng gap ddi; - Hpp tac xa nha d nen la ddi tUdng tao dieu kien uu tien cua chinh saeh;