Md hinh nay phat huy dugc uu the lya chpn du Ijeh la nganh ^kinh te mui nhpn theo quan diem phat trie'n ciia Oang va Nha nudc Viet Nam theo hUdng hai hda, ben VUng vdi cac mat khac[r]
(1)NHUNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH
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Lira chon nao doi v6i phat trien ben vCrng trong Du ljch d Viet Nam?
Th.s Le Trung Kien
Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc ddn
Phat then ben vimg la nhung thuat ngUma It nhieu chung ta da tUng nhin, tifng nghe va tung dgc Cd tdi 24 trieu danh muc lien quan den thuat ngW'phat trien ben vifng -sustainable development" sif dijng tim^ kiern thuat ngUnay bing phin mem Google
Tham gia nghien cUu, tai trg ve phat then ben vUng phai ke den cac to chUc quoc te cd danh tieng nhu: OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development); WCED (World Commission on Enviroment and Development); WTO (World Travel Organization); UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organi-zation) So lugng ngudi^ va cac to chUc quan tam cang nhieu va khdng ngifng gia tang cho tha'y phat then ben vung la het sUc quan trgng Tren thuc te, phat trien ben vUng cd the lien quan tdi mgi ITnh vuc: mdi trudng, van hda, xa hdi, khoa hgc, kinh te, chinh tri hoac tren nhieu khia canh ciia mdt van de kmh doanh: nhan su, mar-keting, iai chinh, quan ly chien lugc Viet Nam la nudc dang phat then vdi lua chgn Du lich nhula mdt nganh kinh te mui nhgn Lua chgn cung khdng nim ngoai quy luat va xu the chung ciia the gidi la cin phai phat trien ben vung Tuy nhien, phat then ben vung Du lich cung cd nhieu guan diem khac nhau: phat then ben vung theo quan diem cUng rin hay theo quan diem nhugng bd la van de cin dugc lam rd de Du Itch Viet Nam cd can cUphat then
Bay viet se phin nao trinh bay ve lua chgn phii hgp cho phat then ben vimg trong Du lich o Viet Nam
1 Phat trien ben vufng Khai nhiem ben vCfng khdng phli g i n day mdi ed ma dupe hinh ti/the ky 18, ma gd la nguyen lieu chinh cac nganh cdng nghiep mang lai ldi ich kinh te: nhien lieu dot, lam nha xudng,^dd ndi that Khi dd, de danh ddi Ipi ich kinh te ma gd mang lai thi Ipi ieh mdi trudng bj mat mat, dd la dp pjiii xanh ciia ri/ng bi suy giam t r i m trpng Den nhufng nam ciia thap ky 1970, nhi/ng nghien ciiii ciia cac nha kinh te hpc cung nhu sinh thai hpc ve phat trien ben vufng da ddi Bd'i cinh eho t h i y phat trien kinh te la ed gidi han md'i lien ke't ehat ehe vdi bao ve mdi trudng
Theo thdi gian, nhufrig nghien ei/u ve phat trien ben vumg eho thay: khdng ehi kinh te va mdi trUdng la mau^thuan nhit phat then ben vUn_g ma cdn nhi/ng mau thuan d eae khia eanh khac: van hda (phcng tuc, tap quan
sinh heat truyen thd'ng trudc xu hudng phat trien hien dai), xa hdi (ed viee lam hay that nghiep, edng barig xa hdi), edng nghe (nghe thii edng truyen thdng trude cae tie'n bd khoa hoe ky thuat) va tham chi c l ve ehinh trj
Cd tdi hPn 100 khai niem khac lien quan den phat trien ben vu'ng Bai viet xin ehl mdt sd eae khai niem dupe nhieu ngudi c h i p nhan va si/dung
Theo Uy ban nghien ei/u mdi trudng va phat trien (World Commission on Envi-ronment and Development-WCED), 1987 thi: 'Phat then
ben vung la each thUc sirdung cac ngudn luc nham dap Ung nhu ciu cita ngudi khi van bao ve mdi trudng vdi muc dich khdng chi dap img nhirng nhu ciu ngudi d hien tai ma cdn phai cho the he tUdng lai"' Khai niem
ham y phat trie'n kinh te p h l i song hanh vdi b l e ve ehlt
lypng md'i quan he tUdng hd Dang sau dd chinh la mdi quan he giCfa ngudi vdi the gidi ty nhien Ben canh dd, khdng dUpc loai bd kha nang hudng thu eiia the he tUdng lai dupe hudng c h i t lUpng sdng td't, it nha't la b i n g vdi ehat lupng cudc sd'ng ma hien tai chiing ta dang hudng thu
Theo td chL/e b i o tdn thien nhien qud'c te (International Union for Conservation of Nature- lUCN).- "Phat then ben
vung la nhung quy dinh ma con ngudi phai tuan thit va chia se vdi de quan tam den trai dat Theo dd, ngudi khdng dUdc phep lay di tif tu nhien nhieu lign kha nang ma tu nhien cd the phue hdi"\ Ndi
each khae, eon ngudi phli ed hanh vi i/ng xi/ va chpn dudng phat trien tdn trpng cac gidi han ciia ty nhien Dieu cd the thye hien ma khdng bat bude ti/ bd eae Ipi ich ma khoa hpc cdng nghe hien dai mang lai mien la eae edng nghe
(2)^ H U M G NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH TC
Mo hinh 1: Tam giac can bang phat trien ben vung du ljch
(Nhu d u khach du ljch dupc thda man)
(Moi tri/dng tU nhien du'de
quan tam, bao ve) (LcJi ich cpng dong dan cU dja phuong)
phli nam cac gidi han ciia ty nhien
Theo td chi/c Du lich the gidi (WTO): That then'^ben vimg
dUdc hieu let cd sd cita viec bao tdn tai nguyen vdi muc dich phat then va md rdng mdt hoat ddng theo hudng td't hdn trong tUdng lai bing each dam bao ring cac ngudn tai nguyen se dugc ben vifng tren tat ca cac khia canh: sinh thai, kinh te, van hda va xa hdi"\
Theo quan diem nay, phat trien ben vCfng khdng chi xoay quanh quan he dd'i lap giCfa Ipi ich kinh te vdi Ipi ich mdi trudng ma cdn lien ddi sang cae khia canh khae nhu van hda, xa hdi Khai niem ddi hdi mdt phat trien ben vufng nhung toan dien tren nhieu khia canh
Nhin ^chung cac khai niem phat trien ben vCfng deu chi rang mdt the gidi bien ddng va khdng ngi/ng phat trien, nhu'ng quan he ddi khang ve mat Ipi ieh tren cac mat: kinh te, mdi trudng t y nhien, van hda, xa hdi dan dan xuat hien Nhung quan he ddi khang d n phai dupc giai quye't tren quan diem can bang giua cac lpi ich de d i m b i o phat trien nhUng van ben vufng
2 Phat trien ben vufng trong Du ljch
Phat trien ben vufng du ljch dupc coi la phd bien va L/U tien hang d i u tai mdi qude gia cd td chi/c hoat ddng du ljch Ne'u du ljch trudc day dupe coi la mdt hoat ddng xa xi va ton kem thi da trd nen la hoat
ddng phd bien va dai chiing Du ljch la mdt nganh kinh te tdng hpp, da nganh, da Imh vyc Hoat ddng du ljch lien quan tdi ta't ca cac nganh va ITnh vyc: van tai, djch vu luu trii, djch vu an udng, vien thdng, xay dyng, ndng nghiep, thii cdng nghiep, giao due Mpi thi/ ma khach du ljch cd the sif dung hoac mud'n tim hieu, kham pha deu cd the dUa vao hoat ddng du Ijeh de khai thac Tuy nhien, qua trinh phat trien du ljch, mdi qude gia deu khdng tranh khdi nhQ'ng mau thuan ve Ipi ich kinh te chinh hoat ddng du ljch mang lai vdi nhiirig Ipi ich ve tai nguyen ty nhien (mdi trudng quyen, mdi trudng nudc, he ddng thyc vat), ve van hda (ciia ngifdi dan dja phUdng), ve xa hdi (viec lam, phan biet
giau ngheo)
Cu the hon, nhu cau an chifa mdi kjiach du ljch la vd han Nhu d u nay, tnidc tien, ciia mdi ca nhan chi ddn gian la nhu d u tim hieu, xem de biet, tie'n tdi la dupc sd md va tiep theo la dupc sif dung, traJ nghiem Khi nhu d u ciia mdi ca nhan trd nhu d u ciia so Idn khach du ljch vdi sy xua't hien ciia hien tiidng "lay lan tam ly" thi nhi/ng nhu d u sir dung, trai nghiem trd Cau ciia nhufng ddi hdi vupt qua gidi han dap ifng cua Cung hoat ddng du ljch
Mdt rap chieu p h i m c d gidi han sd chd ngdi; mdi diem tham quan cd tai nguyen ty nhien hay nhan tao cd gidi han ve sifc chifa; khach san hay nha hang cd gidi han ve sd ngudi dupc phue vu; phUdng
Mo hinh 2: Du lich ben vCing moi quan he phat trien tong the
van hda ban dia / Chinh \ \ tri
f Kinh te \
f dja \ phuang
j
Giao due dia phuong
y f Viec lam \
Du ljch X ben vurig )
\ /Khong I gian my
j \ quan
/ Moi \ trudng ty ) y nhien /
(3)NHIJNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH m tien van ehuyen ed gidi han ve
so ngudi dupc luu hanh; van hda b i n dia cd gidi han ve k h i nang chju I n h hudng trude van hda ngoai nhap Tap hpp cac gidi han lien quan de'n hoat ddng du ljch neu tren ddi hdi phat trien du ljch mudn coi la ben vCrng p h l i xet tdng the va d i y dii cac gidi han chju dyng tren cac mat lien quan de'n hoat ddng du Ijeh
Md hinh la mdt nhCfng md hinh ddn g i i n nhat ma phat trien ben vi/ng du ljch dupc de cap
Phat trien ben vUng du ljch tai mdt dia phUdng la phat trien tdng the va can bang tren nhieu mat: kinh te dja phUdng, van hda ban dja, tinh trang viec lam, mdi trudng ty nhien, khdng gian my quan, giao due dja phUdng (Md hinh 2)
3 Lya, chon nao doi vdi phat trien ben viimg Du ljch d Viet Nam?
3.1 Nhurng quan diem khac doi vdi phat trien ben vung Du ljch
Mae du phat trien ben vufng du Ijeh la het sifc quan trpng, mang lai nhufng lpi ieh to Idn, nhUng viec thyc hien no met each toan dien khdng he de dang Cdng viee trd nen khd khan hdn nhu'ng xung dot lpi ieh n i y sinh va cd p h i n tram trpng hPn qua trinh phat trien du ljch Trong qua trinh thye hien, cd nhufng thdi diem hoac trudng hpp ma Ipi ich kinh te dja phifdng hay hoat ddng du Ijeh khdng the song hanh ciing vdi lpi ich b i o ve mdi trudng; van hda dia phUdng khdng cUdng ndi van hda ngoai lai khaeh du lich mang tdi
Viec dat dupe Ipi ich dudng nhii phai ed sy danh ddi bang sy m i t m i t eiia Ipi ich khac
Vi du tai Viet Nam:
- Pha ri/ng ngap man de nudi tdm (Phat trien kinh te, suy thoai tai nguyen)
- Xay dyng thiiy dien lam
mat dat, di dan (Phat trien kinh te, anh hudng xa hdi viec lam) - Lam dudng giac thdng qua ri/ng qud'c gia (Phat trien t i n g , suy thoai tai nguyen)
-Md rdng ri/ng qud'c gia (thay ddi sinh ke dja phUdng)
Mdt sd cac vi du dien hinh qua cac phUdng tien truyen thdng dai chiing:
- Xay dyng Khaeh san tai ddi Vpng Canh d Hue
- Khai thac than vdi bao tdn di san thien nhien tai Ha Long - Nudi nhd't hd tai Binh DUdng
Chinh nhufng van de tranh eai da dan den nhi/ng quan diem khac phat trien ben vufng ndi chung va du Ijeh ndi rieng
Quan diem cung ran Quan diem tap trung nhieu vao van de gin giuf va b i o ton eae gia trj thude ve truyen thd'ng (van hda, xa hdi) hay cac gia trj thudc ve thien nhien (thien nhien nguyen sP khdng cd sy can thiep bdi ban tay eon ngiidi)
Theo dd, lpi ich thudc ve dja phUdng ndi la diem den du ljch nhu mdi trUdng ty nhien, van hda, xa hdi, td chi/c chinh trj dupc eoi trpng va b i o ve he't si/c nghiem ngat Theo dd, cho dii thye hien hoat ddng du ljch theo phUdng thiic nae thi nhufng ldi ich phai dupe d i m b i o tuyet ddi theo hudng tich eye
Quan diem cifng ran ddi dupc cho la cd tinh bao thii nhiing nd dupc d i m b i o dya tren cac Ipi ich dja phUdng: gia trj van hda, mdi trudng b i n dja, gia tri xa hdi tdn tai lau dai
Quan diem khdng cho phep danh ddi cac gia trj ma dia phUPng vd'n dang ed vdi cac ipi ieh kinh te hay ehinh trj nao khac
Ban than quan diem eung dupe danh gia khae nhau:
- LTu diem: Quan diem ei/ng ran giiip b l e tdn gia trj dia
phUPng nhu mdi trudng ty nhien, van hda dja phUPng, dac biet nhu'ng ye'u td thude ve truyen thd'ng mdt each td'i da
- NhUdc diem: Khdng s i n sang chap nhan sy danh ddi, tie'p nhan nhdng yeu td ben ngoai, cho du dd cd nhi/ng ye'u td mang tinh tich cyc Chinh vi the, quan diem Cling ran phat trien du ljch ben vi/ng han che tham gia, can thiep ciia cac hoat ddng ed anh hudng ve mat vat ly hufu hinh hoac ea cac hoat ddng kinh te, van hda cd anh hu'dng tdi mdi trudng van hda, xa hdi, han che sy tham gia ciia cac nha dau tu kinh te ITnh vyc du ljch nhU: khaeh san, nha hang, vui chpi g i l i tri vi it nhieu, cac nha dau tu se p h l i xay dyng tang, phat trien djeh vu theo diing yeu d u ciia khaeh
Quan diem nhupng bo Quan diem nhupng bd hay cdn gpi la ed lya chpn tap trung vao viee den bu, bdi hoan cho cac the he tUdng lai ve viee da khai thac sif dtjng tai nguyen du Ijeh ty nhien va van hda de phue vu nhu d u khach du ljch hien tai
Theo quan die'm nay, de cd dupe nhu'ng ldi ich tren mdt sd khia canh n h i m thuc day hoat ddng du lich, phat trien kinh te dja phUPng, ddng thdi thda man nhi/ng nhu d u tim hieu eiia khach du ljch se ed mdt sy mat mat, hy sinh tren cac mat khac ve mdi trudng hay tham nhap van hda ngoai lai Nhufng ma't mat dupc danh gia, nghien ci/u va bii lai bang nhung Ipi ieh kinh te, edng nghe, ky thuat hoac chinh trj
Nhuvay, quan diem nhupng bd the hien mdt sy bdi hoan clio nhCfng gia tri bj mat mat dudi nhCrng gia tri ed Ipi khae eho dja phUPng
Quan diem nhupng bd eho t h i y mdt sd khd khan sau:
- Xae dinh thdi gian phue hdi tai nguyen ty nhien du lich
- Lupng hda kinh te gia trj ty
(4)^ H U N G NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH TC
nhien d n dugc bdi hoan bude phai danh ddi b i n g cac gia trj kinh te
- Viee nhupng bd ed the c h i p nhan va mang lai lpi ieh ehd mdt vai tDen tham gia nhung ehua c h l e da la tat ca cae ben tham gia
Mac dii vay, cd r i t nhieu nghien ci/u cung nhU eae dy an dupc thyc hien thdng qua cae hdi nghi^ hdi t h i o de cap de'n quan diem nhUdng bd de tim gili phap danh ddi giua eae gia trj nhUng van d i m bao nhCrng nguyen t i e ehinh eiia phat trien du lich ben virng Mdt cae dy an dupe bie't den la Dy an xiic tien b i o tdn bd'i c i n h xa hdi (Advancing Conservation in a Social Context- ACSC) cd sy tham gia eiia Trung tam nghien ei/u tai nguyen va mdi trudng thudc Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi Muc dich ciia ACSC la nang cao k h i nang eiia eae ben lien quan ehinh viec xae dinh, phan tieh va dam phan eae lya chpn (hoac danh ddi) gii/a b i o tdn va phat trien tUPng lai
Sau xet tdi dieu kien va bd'i d n h phat trien du lich d Viet Nam Dy an ACSC eho rang quan diem phat trien du Ijeh d Viet Nam se dya tren quan diem phat trien ben vu'ng ed nhupng bd Mdt each khac ma ACSC de cap tdi la: B i o
Quoc gia
Malaysia Singapore Thai Lan Viet Nam
Quy dinh &
Chinh sach 12 1 52 98
Quy djnh ve moi trudng
44 27 78 94
Nguon iuc
ngudi
22 1 65 84
Nhan thurc ve du ljch quoc gia
22 13 20 87
(Thif hang thap the hien vi th cang cao, xep hang tren 130 quoc gia diem den, nam 2008)
nang lUe canh tranh du Ijeh xe'p hang tren 130 qude gia diem den nam 2008, chiing ta deu thay Viet Nam ed ba mat manh tUPng ddi neu so sanh thi/ hang tUPng i/ng vdi cac nude khd'i ASEAN la: Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan, dd la:
Nhu'ng tieu chi dupc gpi la Ipi the eiia Viet Nam neu tren nhu: An ninh/ an toan; Canh tranh ve gia; Ngudn lyc t y nhien la nhi/ng yeu td de thu hilt khach du lich qud'c te den vdi Viet Nam
Tuy nhien, nhung tieu ehi dupe xac dinh la phii hpp va cd Ipi eho phat trien ben vCfng Du lich la nhCfng tieu ehi: Quy djnh & chinh saeh; Quy dinh ve mdi trudng; Ngudn lyc ngudi; Nhan thi/e ve du lich qude gia t u y nhien, xet theo tieu ehi thi Viet Nam dat vi tri bat Ipi so vdi eae nUdc lan can neu tren
Viec xac dinh phat trien ben vufng Du lich theo hudng
Quoc gia
Malaysia Singapore Thai Lan Viet Nam
An ninh/ an toan 26 8 115 51
Canh tranh ve gia ca 3
25 11 7
Nguon luc tu nhien 101 98 75 48
(Thif hang thap the hien vi th cang cao, xep hang tren 130 quae gia diem den, nam 2008)
tdn bd'i d n h xa hdi ed can nhle cac sy lya chpn
3.2 Lya chon nao dd'i vdi phat trien ben vung Du ljch d Viet Nam
Trong bai "Thir nhan dien Du ljch Viet Nam" ciia TS Nguyen Oinh Hda, xet theo
nao p h l i dya tren vj the hien tai ciia Viet Nam trdn trudng qud'c te va phu thudc yao muc tieu phat trien trude mat va lau dai ciia qud'c gia
Trudc tien, ehiing ta xae djnh Viet Nam la nude dang phat trien Neu muc tieu trudc
m i t coi du ljch la nganh kinh te mui nhpn phat trien kinh te qud'c gia va mtJc tieu lau dai phat trien kinh te b i n g dudng du Ijeh nhUng hai hda md'i quan he vdi phat trie'n ben vCrng tren cac mat khac thi viec lya chpn chi mdt hai quan diem ci/ng rIn hay nhupng bd deu gap phai nhUng khd khan
Chinh vi vay, chiing ta cd the sif ^dtjng md hinh phan viing de phat trien ben vUng du ljch d Viet Nam dudi day Day la md hinh phat trien ben vi/ng ke't hpp hai quan diem: ben vi/ng ci/ng ran va ben vCfng nhupng bd Md hinh nay phat huy dugc uu the lya chpn du Ijeh la nganh ^kinh te mui nhpn theo quan diem phat trie'n ciia Oang va Nha nudc Viet Nam theo hUdng hai hda, ben VUng vdi cac mat khac nhu van hda, xa hdi, mdi trudng sinh thai, chinh trj
Chiing ta md phdng theo md hinh dudi day bang mdt khu vyc ty nhien (ri/ng qude gia, khu b i o tdn thien nhien) hay khu vyc dan c u sinh sd'ng (bin lang dan tdc, khu sinh hoat cdng ddng) Theo md hinh nay, khu vyc nghien euli dugc chia cac vung cd ranh gidi phan each (Md hinh 3)
V u n g loi (core zone) la viing nam eiing, day la khu vyc dugc dac biet ton trpng, dugc ap dung phat trien ben vung Du lich theo quan diem ci/ng ran, khdng chap nhan bat cG mdt sy danh ddi nao Khu vyc gid'ng nhu cdi ngudn mang cac gia trj ty nhien, van hda, ljch si/, xa hdi ed tinh nguyen sP, truyen
(5)NHUNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH •
M6 hinh Vung loi
(Core Zone) Vung dem (Buffer Zone) Vung trao ddi (Interactive
Zone)
thdng dupc gin giti', b i o tdn Day la khu vyc nhay e l m nha't, d n dupc gin giCf, bao tdn trUde nhu'ng can thiep t i / ben ngoai
Vupt khdi viing Idi dupc ngan each bdi ranh gidi phan each la de'n vdi khu vpc vung dem (buffer zone) Vung dem la khu vyc mang nhieu gia trj ty nhien, van hda, Ijeh si/, xa hdi eiia viing Idi nhiung da it nhieu bj can thiep va lai tap qua trinh phat trien Ijeh sif Chinh vi vay, khu vyc ed the phii hpp cho phat trie'n cac hoat ddng du Ijeh ed lya chpn Nhu'ng bien phap, quy djnh phap ly chat ehe ia yeu d u d n thie't de thyc thi hoat ddng du ljch d khu vyc
Viing ngoai cung dUpc gpi la vung trao doi (interactive zone) Day la khu vyc ma hoat ddng du Ijeh cung nhU cac hoat ddng kinh te khac cd the phat then ty theo cP che thj trUdng nhung dudi sy quan ly ciia Nha nude Khu vyc la khu vyc dupc eoi la cd thieh ifng eao n h i t dd'i vdi tac ddng ciia mdi trudng qua trinh tUdng tac qua lai gii/a viing vdi mdi trudng xung quanh
Viec phan chia viing bdi eae ranh gidi the' hien viee phat trien hoat ddng du lich p h l i dupe lya chpn va sang Ipc tiiy thudc vae yeu e l u chp phep ciia mdi viing Cang gan vao vung Idi, yeu d u ddi vdi hoat
ddng du ljch cang khat khe va phai dupc kiem seat chat che Ndi tdm lai, phat trie'n ben vung Du lich hudng tdi:
- Dam b i o sir dung tai nguyen mdi trudng mdt each tdi Uu de nhung tai nguyen hinh mdt ye'u td quan trpng phat trie'n du ljch, tri nhirng qua trinh sinh thai thie't ye'u va hd trp eho viee b i o tdn tai nguyen thien nhiien va da dang sinh hpc
- Tdn trpng b i n s i c van hda xa hdi ciia cac cdng ddng d cac die'm den, bao tdn di s i n van hda va nhung gia trj truyen thd'ng cudc sd'ng ciia hp va tham gia vao qua trinh hieu biet va chap thuan cae nen van hda khac
- B i o dam nhung lpi ich kinh te, xa hdi dupc phan phd'i cdng bang va hpp ly cho ta't c l mpi vien tham gia: doanh nghiep, dan sd tai, chinh quyen dja phUdng
- Mang lai sy hai Idng, thda man tim hie'u, kham pha ciia khaeh du ljch
Viec lya chpn phat trien ben vi/ng Du Ijeh theo hydng nao cho ti/ng viing, mien p Viet Nam la tiiy thude vao hoan d n h kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, mdi trUdng ty nhien va ehinh trj Trong hoan ^ d n h hien tai, ke't hpp phat trien ben vufng Du lich theo d hai quan diem ei/ng ran va
nhupng bd la phii hpp vdi Viet Nam Cach thi/c dya tren md hinh phan viing da neu eho phep Viet Nam dat dupe c l hai miJC tieu tang trudng kinh te bang du Ijeh va phat trie'n ben vCfng hai hda vdi eae mat van hda, xa hdi, mdi trudng sinh thai, chinh trjB
1 World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED -1987), Our Common future, WCED publication
2 lUCN (International Union for Conservation of N a t u r e - lUCN) (Thang 4- 1998), Hoi thao ve phat then ben vuTig va du lich sinh thai cl Viet Nam, Ha Noi
3 WTO (World Travel Organiza-tion), Feb- 1997, Tourism 2000: Building a Sustainable Future of A s i a - Pacific, Final report from Asia Pacific ministers's conference on tourism and environment, Maldives
Tai lieu tham khao:
1 D u a n xuc tie'n bao ton boi canh xa hoi Trung tam nghien CL/U tai nguyen va moi trUdng (Advancing Conservation in a Social Context-ACSC) thuoc Dal hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi thirc hien (ORES), Ha Long, thang 7/ 2009, Bao cao Hpi thao Khung phan tich nghien eifu qua trinh quyet dinh ve danh ddi giiJa bao ton va phat trien
2 TS Nguyen Dlnh Hoa, "ThCr nhan dien Du lich Viet Nam" (thang 2/ 2009), Tap chi Kinh te & Phat then, so 140
3 WCED (World Commission on the Environment and Development), 1987, Our Common future, WCED publication
4 lUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature- lUCN) (Thang - 1998), Hpi thao ve phat trien ben virng va du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam, Ha Noi
5 WTO (World Travel Organiza-tion), Feb- 1997, Tourism 2000: Building a Sustainable Future of A s i a - Pacific, Final report from Asia Pacific ministers's conference on tourism and environment, Maldives