Tang eudng edng tdc tuyen truyin gido due ndng cao y thdc trdch nhiem cho cac td chirc ed lien quan d i n XDCB, ciio can bd va nhdn ddn nhan thUc sdu s i c v l t i m quan trpng ci[r]
(1)DPI M I QUAN LY
I imi mi
N G U Y E N H O N G C H l / d N G
Trong nhOmg nam qua, hda xu t h i ddi mdi va phat trien ciia n i n kinh t l , vdi su e l ging to Idn eiia Dkng, Nhk nudc, chinh quyin eae dja phUdng vk nhan dan ea nudc, cdng tac xay dung ed ban ed bude phat trien ea v l sd lupng, chit lupng, bien phap va ky thuat thi cdng, trang thilt bi^, dpi ngu can bd ky thuat xay dung Nhieu edng trinh Idn, ky thuat phirc tap chung ta ed kha nang thilt k l , thi cdng ma khdng phai cd su trd giup eiia nudc ngoai Nha nude da va dang d i u tu hang tram ngan ty ddng cho xay dung cp ban tren cae ITnh vuc nhir Cd sd ting giao thdng (bao gdm dudng bd, dudng sat, he thing c l u Idn nhd, cang bien, cang sdng, cang hang khdng ); Cdsd phuc vu eho ndng nghiep nhu cdng trinh thuy Ipi, he thdng elp thoat nude, cac trung tam phat trien ehan nudi trdng trpt Cac cdng trinh Idn phuc vu eho phat trien cdng nghiep nhu d i u khi, khai thac khoang san Cae khu cum edng nghiep trpng diem, hang tram khu dd thj, khu dan cu mdi dupe xay dung vdi nhumg edng trinh eao ting ky thuat phufc tap Dd la ehua ke eae cdng trinh Nha nudc va nhan dan cimg lam va cac cdng trinh dude cai tao nang clp Da lam thay ddi bd mat eua d i t nudc ndi chung va ciia timg dja phuong ndi rieng
Ben eanh nhumg k i t qua cd ban va to Idn dd, mdt v i n de dupe xa hdi h i t sufc quan tam dd la chit lupng xay dung, vl chit lupng xay dung 1^ y l u t l Cjuan trpng qua trinh xay dung, quylt djnh d i n bd mat dd thj, ndng thdn, cae khu cum cdng nghiep Cdng trinh xay dung khdng bao dam chit lupng se cd nguy hai d i n ddi sdng xa hpi eua mpi ngudi, khdng it edng trinh khdng bao dam chit lupng da liin nurt, tham chi sap dd m i t an toan gay chit ngudi, hang nam tren pham vi ca nudc d i u cd cac cdng trinh giao thdng thuy lpi, cdng trinh dan dung, cdn^ nghiep bj sap dd gay tai nan kha Idn, chat
lupng cdng trinh khdng bao dam cung gay mit my quan, giam dp ben vung ciia edng trinh, gay lang phi t i n kem, tham chi ed edng trinh phai pha dd de lam lai NhCmg dilu dd da anh hudng d i n uy tin nghi nghiep, d i n ddi sdng xa hdi, khiln eho du luan them biic xuc
Cimg vdi viee ehi dao chdng thit thoat d i u tu XDCB Dang va Nha nudc da quan tam chi dao van d l bao dam chit lupng cdng trinh xay dung tren cac mat, dd la: Tang cudng quan ly nha nude ve xay dung, tich cue d i u tu trang thilt bj ky thuat hien dai, ap dung eae tiln bd khoa hpc xay dung Nha nudc da ban hanh Luat Xay dung, Chinh phii da ed cac Nghj djnh, cac bp nganh lien quan da cd nhumg thdng tu hudng d i n , xay dung dupe eae bp don gid, dinh mirc, cae quy djnh v l quy ehuan, tieu chuan Thilt lap bd may qudn ly tham muu giup viec cho cdng tac quan ly nha nudc v l chat lupng xay dung nhu d Trung Udng cd Cue quan ly chit lupng xay dung, d cac tinh cd cac Trung tam Kiem djnh chit lupng Xay dung phap lenh tra, he thing tra xay dung tir Bd d i n cac tinh va huyen dupe kien toan bd tri s l p x l p lai d cac trung tam va doanh nghiep tu v i n thilt k l , kiem djnh dupc d i u tucae phdng thi nghiem kiem djnh, nhilu ndi dupc Bp xay dung edng nhan dat tieu chuan LAS Cdng tac dao tao b l i dudng can bp, phan elp quan ly d i u tu xay dung, c l p chumg chi hanh nghi, cai each thii tuc hanh ehinh xay dung cd nhilu ed ging da gdp phin dua cdng tac XDCB ndi ehung va chit lUdng xay dung ndi rieng timg budc vao n l nip Tuy nhien, chit lUdng edng trinh xay dung v i n dang la van d l burc xuc hang d i u , cdng trinh khdng bao dam chat lupng eung la nguyen nhan lam thit thoat d i u tu XDCB Trong nhilu eupe hdi thao cd nhilu y kiln eiia mpt sd dja phUdng va cac nganh, n l u coi thit thoat la 100% thi tham d, tham nhung, thit thoat khoang 60 d i n 70% cdn lai 30% d i n 40% la y l u t l thilt k l va to ehiic thi cdng cdng trinh Cung chua cd tdng k i t chinh xae v l v i n d l nay, song d nhilu cdng trinh Idn va d nhilu dia phUdng thi v i n d l neu tren la cd that vd c i n dupc tdng kit va cd bien phdp thao gd Dudi day chl xin neu
(2)CHAT H / J N G C O N R T R I N H ttf DUXG CCH BAN , hai van d l cd lien quan: VI chit lupng cdng trinh khdng bao
dam? Lam the nao de nang cao chit lupng cdng trinh vdi gde nhin ty nhieu phia?
I Vi chit lutfng cong trinh khong bao dam?
Cdng tac XDCB la mpt qua trinh ty chii truong d i u tu d i n lap dy an, tu v i n thilt k l dy toan, tham tra, tham dinh, d i u thiu, thi cdng xay lip, giam sat, tra kiem tra, nghiem thu, bao hanh bao tri cdng trinh Chit lupng cong trinh xay dung phu thupc vao chit lucng nhiing v i n d l neu tren, ngoai phu thudc y l u t l chii d i u tu va Ban quan ly du an Day la nhung v i n d l Idn lien quan d i n viec chl dao d t i m vT_mq d i n cdng viec d cd sd Trong pham vi bai viet chi neu mpt sd v i n de CP ban:
1- vi chil truvng diu tw Day la v i n d l quylt dinh d i n toan bp dy an, chii truong dau tu dung se mang lai hieu qua cao, chat lupng cong trinh tot, chii truong dau tusai se gay lang phi tdn kem khdng bao dam chat lupng, hau qua keo dai Trong nhiing nam qua viec dau tu xay dyng cdng trinh nhieu ton tai, nghien ciru khao sat chua t i t , chua tinh toan d l y dii dieu
kien xay dung cdng trinh, quy hoach xay dyng chua g i n vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh t l xa hpi, khong tinh toan dly dii y l u t l d i u vao va d i u ciia san pham nhat la nhiing cdng trinh sir dung vdn d i u tu cua Nha nudc, khong it cong trinh xay dung d Trung Udng va dia phuong cdn sai lam v l chii truong d i u tu: Nha rriay xay xong khdng cd nguyen lieu de san xult, phai di ddi d i n vung cd nguyen lieu hoac dd bo, hoac chuyen sang lam viec khae Chp xay xong khdng cd ngudi din hpp phai bd khdng, nha may dien xay xong da san xuat dupc dien niiung lai khong hda dien len mang ludi dien dupe Nhilu cdng trinh xay dyng xong khong dupc nghiem thu phai sira chCra nhilu hoac pha di lam lai gay lang phi t i n kem V i n d l gia ca vat tu, vat lieu, cude van tai thudng xuyen biln ddng theo xu hudng tang Khi lap dy toan, tu vdn thilt k l da dp gia theo quy dinh cua dia phudng tai thdi diem xdy dyng cdng trinh Sau ddu thiu xong, nhdn dupc cdng trinh nhd thdu dd thiy Id vl gid cd vdt tu vat lieu, cude van tdi tdng nhilu Do vdy da tim mpi each dua nhung vdt tu kem chit lupng, gia re vd tim cdch bdt xen riit rudt
cdng trinh, thi cdng sai lech vdi thiet ke nhdm bu d i p chi phi v l gid ca nen da anh hudng d i n chit lupng cdng trinh
2- vi tu vin thiit ki: Nguyen nhdn chit lupng cdng trinh khdng bdo dam, phdn Idn phu thudc vao viec khao sat thilt k l cdng trinh, nhilu cdng trinh tinh todn khdng ddy du cac y l u td theo quy dinh ddn tdi thilt k l sai phai dilu chlnh nhilu l l n Cd hai v i n d l ddng quan tdm Id: - _
- Thilt k l thudng vUdt qua yeu elu ciia dy todn ddu tu, sir dung cac loai vdt lieu d i t tiln de cd tdng mirc d i u tu cao tu dd cd thilt k l phi cao, tham djnh vd thi cdng cdng trinh yeu c l u ciia Tdng dy todn phai cdt bd mdt sd hang muc hoac chi tilt lai khdng dupc tinh todn ky dd dd anh hudng d i n chit lupng
- Thilt k l khd phd biln la khdng dung tieu chuan quy chuan, chl dua tren kit qua khdo sat sd sdi Nhilu trudng hpp chil d i u tu yeu c l u nen khao sdt cdn don gian, chua theo quy djnh, nhlt la phan mdng Khdo sat sai, d i n tdi thilt k l sai, chat lupng cdng trinh thip, nhumg hien tupng lun, nurt, thim, dot, sap dd thudng xay
Mat khdc nang luc ciia mpt s l doanh nghiep lam tu v i n thilt k l cdn thip, khdng it don vj tu v i n thilt k l tu nhan mdi dupc thdnh lap thieu cdn bd chuyen mdn, it kinh nghiem, phai chilu theo y ciia lanh dao, chii d i u tu, bdo lam vdy, thilu dpc lap suy nghT Mdt sd hien tupng chil d i u tu thay ddi quy md cdng trinh, nhung lai khdng c h l tdng mure du todn dupc duyet de d i n qud trinh thi cdng xin bd sung Do vay tuvdn thilt k l phdi gd ep cho du de cd thilt k l giao nop Cung vdi nhOmg v i n d l neu tren hien chit lupng cdn bd lam tu v i n thiet k l cdn y l u v l kiln thiic, ehua ndm vumg tieu chuan quy chuan, khdng dupc thudng xuyen tap huln ndng cao trinh dp, mpt sd cdn bd lam thilt k l nhung khdng cd chiing chi hdnh nghi nen co hien tupng mupn ngudi ky thay de co ban ye thilt k l , day cung Id nhumg v i n d l c i n phdi chin chinh
(3)Chd xay di/ng xong khong co ngudi vao buon ban
dupe tham dinh, thi cdng vdn phdi bd sung dilu ehinh da lam anh hudng d i n chit lupng cdng trinh
4- Cong tac diu thau ke ca hai hinh thiirc thiu hien Id chl dinh thdu va ddu thdu deu cd nhieu han che, edn ehay chpt, dut Idt de dupe chi djnh thiu, mdt sd ddn vi dUdc thiu edng trinh nang luc ehuyen mdn, khd nang thi cdng chua dap umg yeu c l u vdy thi edng lai phdi thue B khae vdo lam Khi d i u thiu nhilu doanh nghiep thudng bd gid thip (thip hdn gid sdn) nhung bipn phap thue hien lai khdng bao dam, chi elt duoe trung thiu, thi cdng lai tim cdch thuyit minh, chdng chl, tim each de phat sinh de xin bd sung phin thieu hut nhu thilt k l thilu, thay ddi ehiing loai vdt tu, gid trj nhdn edng da lam anh hudng khdng nhd d i n ehdt lupng cdng trinh
5- Khau thi cong xay lap: Tuy thdi gian qua cd nhieu don vj cd nang luc thi edng, trang thilt bj hien dai, thi cdng nhung cdng trinh Idn cdp qudc gia dat tieu chuan chit lupng thi cdn khdng it don vj nang luc yeu, trang thilt bj phuc vu cho thi cdng chua dap umg yeu c l u , dpi ngu cdn bd ky thudt, cdng nhdn cd tay nghi cao qua it, nen thi cdng khdng bdo dam tieu chuan Wy thudt, khdng bao dam an toan, chit lupng thip Trong dd nang lye gidm sdt rit mdng, cdn bd Idm cdng tdc giarn sdt nang lue y l u , thilu kinh nghiem, dilu dang ndi Id mdt sd gidm sat vien edn thdng ddng vdi nhd thiu rut rudt cdng trinh, thi cdng sai thilt k l , chip hdnh gid gilc ky cuong l<y ludt ehua nghiem Viee gidm sat ciia cdng ddng cdn han c h l Mat khae cdng tac tra, kiem tra chua dupe quan tdm chi dao sat sao, luc ludng va bd may tra cdn it ke ca can bd va trang thiet bj, dpi ngu can bd Idm cdng tdc tra cdn chip vd, nang luc han c h l , chua ehii ddng phdt hien dUdc nhung sai pham, phin Idn viec phdt hien nhung sai pham xdy dung la quin Chung nhan ddn hoac cdng nhan xdy dung phdt hien td gidc Bien phdp xur ly sau tra chua dupe kjp thdi, chu y l u Id x(l ly hanh chinh, chua dii sufc ran de nhumg sai pham, mdt sd cdng trinh chit lupng kem ehua dupc kjp thdi chin chlnh da gidm Idng tin cua can bd quin ehung vd nhan dan Cdng tde kiem djnh chit lupng thdi gian qua chua dupe chi dao chat ehe, phat trien nhilu don vj cd chire nang kiem djnh chit lupng nhung trang thilt bj chua dly dii, kit ludn kiem djnh thilu chinh xac Nhilu cdng trinh Idm cac thii tuc kiem dinh cdn
CHAT Ll/dNG CONG TRINH XAY Dl/NG Cd BAN
mang tinh hinh thuc, thii tuc de dupc xdy dung, mdt sd cdng trinh cd sued thi mdi thiy Id cdng tdc kiem djnh chit lupng cdn sd sai chua dupc chu y va coi trpng
6- Cong tac dao tao bdi dudng can bg da cd cd gdng, song chua tap trung eao ddo tao bdi dudng kiln thyc nghiep vu nhu: Qudn ly xdy dung, cdn bp Idm giam sat, tu vdn thilt kl Viec cap chimg chi hdnh nghi chua dupe chl dao chat.che, nhung hien tupng nhu mupn bdng elp, mupn chiing chi hdnh nghi edn dien cung dnh hudng Idn den chit lupng edng trinh
Viec phdn c l p qudn ly d i u tu xay dung Id mdt chii truong dung ddn, da phdt huy dupe vai trd ehii ddng sdng tao, ndng cao quyin han trdch nhiem ddi vdi Cdsd xdy dung, song dd nang lue trinh dp can bd nhlt Id d cd sd ehua ddp umg yeu c l u nhlt la v l ehuyen mdn nghiep vu Chu ddu t u d c d sd thudng khdng cd kiln thue XDCB nen qua trinh xdy dung phai hoan toan di thue tu tu v i n thilt ke d i n gidm sdt, nghiem thu nhieu sai pham ve ehdt lupng cdng trinh d ed sd, chu d i u tu thudng dd hit trdch nhiem eho nha thiu, t u v i n thilt k l , giam sat, thi cdng, mdt sd chil d i u tu rdt lung tiing chi dao, thudng y lai va dua vao nhd thiu, it cd ehinh kiln eiia minh Mat khdc edng tdc cdi cdch thu tuc hanh chinh vdn cdn rudm rd nen cung dnh hudng d i n tiln dp va chit lupng cdng trinh
II Mot sd bien phap nang cao chit lu'dng cong trinh xay dung cd ban
Tir rihumg v i n d l neu tren de nang
cao chit lupng xdy dung edng trinh c i n tap trung Idm tdt mdt sd v i n d l cd ban sau:
1 Tang eudng edng tdc tuyen truyin gido due ndng cao y thdc trdch nhiem cho cac td chirc ed lien quan d i n XDCB, ciio can bd va nhdn ddn nhan thUc sdu s i c v l t i m quan trpng ciia viec ndng cao chit lupng cdng trinh XDCB, nim vumg cdc luat nhu Ludt Xay dung, Ludt D i t dai, Ludt Thanh tra, cdc nghj djnh, thdng tu hudng d i n y l chit lupng xdy dyng, tao dupc su ddng thuan ve yeu c l u phai ndng cao chdt lupng XDCB, tang cudng gidm sat ciia cpng ddng xa hdi, bao darn ddn chii cdng khai nhdt Id cdng khai v l quy hoach XD, chu trudng ddu tu, edng tdc ddu thiu dua v i n de quan ly va ndng cao chit lupng xay
(4)CHAT I irriwfi rflMR TRJMH XAY Dlftlfi Ctf BAN.,
dung vdo n l nip
2 De khlc phuc tinh trang d i u tu dan trai, keo ddi, khdng cd hieu qua, chit lupng thip c i n cdng khai iida vdn ddu tu, bdo ddm su gidm sdt cua Qudc hpi, HDI^D cdc c l p vd nhan ddn v l chii truong d i u tu, sau dd tham gia gidm sat d i u thdu va thi cdng xay dung C i n cd Cd c h l chinh sach hd trp v l gia vat tu, vat lieu, cude van tai, gid thi trudng cao hon so vdi gia du todn, nhdt la ddi vdi nhung edng trinh d i u thiu trpn gdi Mat khdc, c i n quan tam bd tri kinh phi eho tu v i n phan bien de ddng gdp va phdt hien sai sdt v l chit lupng cdng trinh
3 Nang cao chit lupng tu v i n khdo sdt thilt k l vd gidm sat edng trinh xay dung
Ddy Id v i n d l h i t sifc quan trpng dnh hudng true tilp d i n chit lupng edng trinh C i n ed quy djnh rd hon de nang cao trdch nhiem ciia ed quan tu v i n lap du dn, khdo sat va thilt k l , phai kien quylt thuc hien viec xdc dinh trdch nhiern ciia ngudi khdo sat, tu v i n thilt k l ddi vdi nhung sai sdt cdng tac khao sdt thilt ke vd du todn gid trj cdng trinh, khlc phuc tinh trang khao sdt, thilt k l sd sdi qua loa, xa rdi thuc t l Tap trung d i u tu ndng cao ndng lue ciia cdc ddn vj tu v i n khdo sdt thilt k l v l eon ngudi va trang thilt bj, sodt lai cdc don vj cd nhiem vu tu v i n khdo sat thilt k l , nhumg td chiic va cd nhdn khdng dii tieu chuan thi kien quylt xit ly, trdnh hien tupng thue hodc mupn danh nghTa de khdo sdt thilt k l cdng trinh Ddi mdi ed c h l giam sat d i u tu XDCB ke cd chit lupng va gid xdy dung, de gidm sdt cd tinh khdeh quan phai bao ddm td chUc gidm sdt dde lap vdi td churc thi cdng xay lip, xit ly ngiiiem minh nhumg trudng hpp gidm sat kit hpp ydi ddn vj thi cdng xdy lip lam sai thilt k l , rut rudt cdng trinti Quan tdm chdm lo d i n edng tdc tra xdy dung, tang them quyin han trdch nhiem, d i u tu trang thiet bj lam tra bao dam eho tra phdi la cdng eu die lyc cd hieu qua v l ndng cao chit lupng xdy dyng cdng trinh
4 Nang cao chit lupng thi cdng xdy dung edng trinh
Trudc h i t de bdo ddm chit lupng phai lam tdt khdu tuyen chpn nhd thiu qua d i u thiu hoac chi dinh thiu, nha thiu phdi du ndng lyc, tin nhiem thyc hien dung thilt ke cdng trinh (ddi vdi
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Nha do' d dudng Huynh Thuc Khang - Ha Noi
nhumg edng trinh Idn phye tap c i n phai dupe tiiam tra va lly y kiln cua tu v i n phdn bien de ed phUdng an tdi uu) Trong thi cdng xdy dung cdng trinh phdi bao dam diing quy trinh quy pham, dung tien dp, an toan lao ddng Nang cao traeh nhiem eiia dom vj thi cdng xay dung cdng trinh, de xay mdt an todn khdng dam bdo chit IUdng thi chu d i u tu vd nha thiu thi cdng xay dung phdi ehju trdch nhiem la chinh, khdng dd ldi ca cho nhung dom vj va td ehufc cd lien quan
5 Ndng cao y thiifc trdch nhiem cua chu d i u tu va Ban qudn ly du dn BQL dU an vd ehii ddu tu phai la ngudi chii that su nen phdi CO dil trinh dp, edng tam khdeh quan, khdng ne nang vdi nha thiu phdt hien sai sdt Do vay phai dupe tuyen chpn that ky, dd phai Id nhumg ngudi cd dure, ed tai cd tac phong lam viec khoa hpc va ldnh manh Odng thdi Nha nudc cung phai cd c i i i dp dai ngd thich ddng, tang them thu nhap cho hp, cd kinh phi giao djch de thue hien nhiem vu, phai cd quy c h l lam viec ciia BQL du an, quy djnh rd chiic nang nhiem vu, mdi quan he vdi chil d i u tu, nha thiu va l l ldi lam viec Thudng xuyen kiem tra kiem sodt qud trinh xay dung Kliu BQL du an, chii d i u tU cd ndng luc y thufc trdch nhipm thi viec thue hien cac nhiem vu XDCB se thudn lpi hom, chit lUdng cdng trinh se bao dam t i t hon
6 Tang cudng cdng tac dao tao bdi dudng can bd
Xay dung vd hodn chinh he thing chuong trinh dao tao bdi dudng can bd ngdnh xdy dyng: Can bd quan ly, nghiep vu gidm sat, edng tdc tra, tu v i n thilt k l , thi cdng, chii ddu tu, nhlt Id can bd ldm cdng tdc xay dung d cd sd xa phudng thj trin tieh cue md cdc Idp bdi dudng, tap huln v l chit lupng xdy dung edng trinh tai cdc tinh Thue hien tdt viec cdp chimg chl hdnh nghi xdy dung, ngudi dupe c l p chdng ciii hanh nghi phdi qua cdc Idp bdi dudng phai dupc ddo tao cd ban va dUdc soat chat che v l nguyen tie, thii tuc bao dam dp tin cdy hanh nghe xdy dung Thuc hien tdt cong tdc cai each hanh chinh, gidm bdt nhumg thu tuc khdng c i n thilt d i u tu xdv duna
coban ' Thye hien t i t mdt sd bien phdp tren ddy, hy vpng chit lUdng
cdng trinh XDCB se dupc ndng len, han c h l dan nhumg tieu cue d i u tu X D C B •