\ ^ o dau the ky XX viec sua sang mdt sd kien tnie cung dinh, xay dung lang Khai Dinh da thanh mdt co hgi cho nhirng ngudi nghe nhan kham sanh sir phat huy dugc tai nang ciia minh tre[r]
(1)BONGT TRONG
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X I'^tf'-iV'^l^ • =,« f V i =
ham sanh su' lii mdt nhiing chat lieu quan trgng trang tri cung dinh va dan gian dHue, vdi nhihig gia tri bieu cam kien true, phan anh xu hudng tham my cung dinh, nhimg sac thai van hda, tam linh ciia ca mdt thdi dai phong kien Mat khac tiredi ngudn dan gian, nghe thuat kham sanh suda cd mat va trudng tdn ddng nghe thuat chinh thdng Nghe thuat kham sanh sii ed mat hau het d cae cum khdng gian kien triic nhu Dien Thai Hda, ciia Hien Nhan, eiia Chuong Due, Trieu Mieu, cung Dien Thg cungTrudng Sanh, cung An Dinh, Thai Binh lau, binh lang BaLeThienAnh, lang Kien Thai Vuong, ndi that lang Khai Dinh Ky thuat kham ghep, xii ly chat lieu kham sanh sir Hue cho thay cac ky thuiit dan gian truyen thdng dii dugc nang cao bang sir tim tdi siing tao ciia nhiing nghe nhan tai hoa thdi Nguyen Nha bac hgc Le Quy Ddn da md ta Phii Xuan vao dau the ky XVIII va cho biet chit lieu khiim sir dii dugc sii dung: "'vuirn sau thi mii gid san
U TJ!J5
Phan Thanh Binh
dd qui, ao vudng hd quanh, cdu vdng thuy tg, tiedng trong tiedng ngodi diu xdy ddy mdy thudc, Idy voi vd manh sdnh sie ddp thdnh hinh Rdng phugng, Idn hoed hod'' [2.32] Nam 1802 vuong trieu Nguyen dugc
hinh thanh, viec xay dung kinh dd mdi dugc dat khan thiet, tao dieu kien cho nghe thuat trang tri -hdi hga - dieu khIe va the loai kham sii phat trien Trudc yeu cau to ldn ciia viec xay dung kinh mdi, nhaNguyen da trung tap nhieu thg gidi khIp nudc ve kinh dd, dd cd nhiing ngudi thgne kham dugc ggi tir xir Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Thanh Hda, Ha Nam va ve sau hg dugc tap hgp lai Ni ngod
tieg-ng cue va lam nen nhieu cdng trinh kham sii rue
ra, nhieu ngudi sd hg dugc trieu dinh ban tang pham ham cao
Dudi thdi vua Minh Mang (1820 - 1840), Thieu Tri (1841 - 1847) nghe thuat kham sii dugc tiep tuc trang tri eac phii de quan lai va gia tdc Nguyen, den thdi vuaTuDiie (1848-1883), kham sanh sii da trd mdt chat lieu quan trgng trang tri lang tam, dat biet la d cae binh phong, cira buu thanh, bac dien hinh la d lang ba Le Thien Anh quan the lang Tu Diie Tiep den la giai doan phat trien manh cua chat lieu dudi thdi vua Dong Khanh (1885-1888), Khai Dinh (1916 - 1925), hang loat cdng trinh kham sii hoanh trang xuat hien nhu trang tri kham sii d cung An Dinh, ciia Hien Nhan, Chuong Due, dien Hdn Chen, Thai Binh lau, dien Kien Trung, cung Trudng Sanh, Trieu mieu va lang Khai Dinh - cdng trinh kham sir dac sac nhat my thuat Nguyen Chu Quang Trir da danh gia: ""Nghe
(2)^ .-s*?
nhdn da lai dung dugc mau men vd mau hoa vdn ciia manh sdnh su vdi nhifng thuy tinh mdu sudt, tao sir tuang phdn giira cdi trdm, danh vdi cdi dng d, treo vd dugc ldm phong phii siephdn quang qua lai, ldm cho cdc hinh da dep a net vd mdng lai dep a mdu nifa Nd thuc su Id mdt log! tranh nghi thuat, mdt dgc sdc ciia Hui" [1.56]
Nghe thuat kham sanh sii ed cdi ngudn tir ddi sdng binh dan, tir xa xua ngudi dan d cac lang que da dung nhirng manh sanh sir tir eac binh gdm va de trang tri kham ghep Trong eac chat lieu tao hinh trang tri kien true cung dinh Hue, kham sanh sii la chat lieu mang tinh binh dan hon ca, tir nhiing phe lieu gdm sii, gdm thd, manh sanh va sau manh chai Ig v.v deu ed the la vat lieu tao chat, tao mang, tao mau va hinh tugng cho mdt ehii de trang tri kien true, cdng nha, dau hdi, bd mai,cac biic dai tu, binh phong, non bd, chau cay canh Tir chd chi la nhiing trang tri cd gidi han va don gian d cae nha dan, kham sanh sii trd chit lieu cao sang hon d trang tri nha ciia ciia cac dien chii va nhirng nha giau cd lang xa Cuoi eiing nhung cum trang tri sii mau cd mat cac cdng den , am mieu, chiia dinh d nhieu thdn que, bay gid vat lieu sanh sir la dan lang dong gdp, nSu thieu thi huy ddng "siic dan" hien nhirng dd sanh su de gdp them cho viec hieu nghTa ciia lang Vi vay ta it tim thay nhihig hoa van, mau sac, chat men da dang, phong phu ciia nhihig chiec binh gom qui cac manh sanh su hien dang nam tren nhimg trang tri tren kien triic dan gian
Khi nhu ciu xay dung kinh dd thdi Nguyen ddi hdi su tap trung nhan tai tri luc va ciia cai vat chat ciia mgi mien dat nude, thi da cd nhieu phudng ne, kham sanh sirduge trung tap ve kinh de xay dung trang tri Nghe thuat kham sanh sir phat trien, mang tinh phd bien siiu rgng dan gian da
dugc trieu dinh chii y, chiing tham nhap vao ca nhiing cdng trinh kien T^ ;!^
tfiie quan trgng bac nhat ciia trieu dinnUfcung xuat hien d lang tam, cung dien, ICiy, cae cdng Idn ciia Dai Ndi tao mgt ve dep long lay ma binh di, day chat dan gian \ ^ o dau the ky XX viec sua sang mdt sd kien tnie cung dinh, xay dung lang Khai Dinh da mdt co hgi cho nhirng ngudi nghe nhan kham sanh sir phat huy dugc tai nang ciia minh tren CO sd cdt loi truyen thong va manh dan sii dung, cai bien nhirng chat lieu kham mdi nhu thiiy tinh mau thiiy tinh dp tren ne mau Trong mdt chimg muc nhat dinh, su phong phii da diing ciia vat lieu -manh sanh sii - cung la mdt nhihig dieu kien de cac nghe nhan phat trien dugc y sang tao ciia minh va tao tao nen nhung tac phiim trang tri kham sanh sir song ddng rue va co gia tri nghe thuat cao Nhin qua ciic vat lieu dugc chon de trang tri cira Chuang Due vdi nhirng vat lieu trang tri ciic dinh, chua lang ven Hue ta cung nhan ro su each biet chat sanh sir phan Idn ddinh chiia lang manh sir tir nhung vat re tien, phd bien vat dung ciia ngudi dan nhu bat, dTa, Ig vdi mau men, chat men, hoa van trang tri don gian, edn d trang tri cung dinh dat biet d lang Khai Dinh thi co vd sd chat mau men ky ao,
(3)A
VAN HOA - NGHE THUAT
ling cho viec the hien eiia nghe nhan
Pham chit ciia chat lieu ciing cd the phan anh dugc mdi trudng van hda, tinh chat, ehiie nang va vi tri ciia moi cdng trinh kien triic cung nhu dieu kien, hoan canh ddi va tdn tai ciia nd Tai lang ba Le Thien Anh ta thIy rd nhung dau tich ciia kham sanh sii thdi trudc cdn lai cd nhirng tiet dien manh sii, mau rat khac vdi vat lieu sanh sii dugc phuc che sau Nhiing canh la, hoa qua, dudi eac eon chim cac bd tranh Tii thdi d ngi that lang Khai Dinh lai dugc chgn tir nhung manh sanh sii, thiiy tinh mau rat chi tiet ky cang, cat ggt chinh xac, ty my va dugc ghep theo Idp mdt each chinh xac va tai nghe, vi vay eac hinh tugng trd nen day sire sdng va dem lai mdt su cam nhan day dii ve sac thai thien nhien, cay cd, lam ta nhu quen di chiing dugc tao dung tir nhiing vat lieu het siic ddi thudng Day eiing la mdt thach thiic, la nhiing mau muc ddi vdi eac nghe nhan hien hg phai phuc che nhung tac pham kham sanh sir kien true cung dinh Hue
Tu than vat lieu dii day dii va phong phii, tdt den dau cung chua phai la yeu td quyet dinh cdng eiia mdt cum trang tri kham sanh sir Nhung neu chi cd mgt vai vat lieu sanh sii, thiiy tinh don gian thi cung khd Idng thiet ke dugc mdt tac pham ghep manh hoan hao Bing eon mat va ban tay, tri de eiia minh ngudi nghe nhan la chii the nhat cd the thdi sire sdng vao timg manh sii, timg miing ghep va de tai ciia tranh kham sir Cd nhieu trudng hgp ta thay hieu qua nghe thuat dugc nang len rat ro nghe nhan xii ly mdt manh, cum sii mau hgp ly, chgn Igc Dien hinh la d mat chim phung tren binh phong d cung Trudng Sanh, chi mdt manh sir mau vdi cham hoa van den dugc ghep cheo gdc da lam hien mdt mat chim phung sinh ddng va lam linh boat ca mdt quan the trang tri Nhieu chi tiet khac d lang Khai Dinh, lang ba Le Thien Anh, lang Kien Thai Vuong dugc the hien sac sao, tinh te ciing qua su day cdng cat ggt, tim tdi, chgn lua nhiing manh gdm sir thich hgp vdi tiet dien trang tri, ket eau hinh the va sac mau chii dao ciia trang tri Dieu thay rd qua xii ly trang tri hoa thi, hoa sen, hoa eiie, dau rdng, diu phung, ca chep, bat quai Trong nhieu mang ghep, eac manh cdn dugc dat theo ddng chat hoac ddi lap ve chat, tir mdi hinh the se dam nhan mdt chiic nang trang tri ciia chiing va chira dung nhung y nghTa, ngii nghTa tam linh hay tinh than ngudi dugc giii gim qua
chung Thdng thudng cac nghe nhan thdi Nguyen sii dung ddng chat va ddi lap chat ciia vat lieu qua sac men - mau men va cudng tiep sang cua timg loai sii mau khac Tren hinh the cac rong trang tri bang sanh sii d dien Thai Hda, nghe nhan da tao su tuong hd rat nghe thuat giira chat sir mau dng anh, phan sang cao vdi nhirng manh gdm dat nung don mau, it chiu sang, giiia chiing da cd su ddi lap ve chat bieu cam ben ngoai va ea sir lien tudng ky thii giira net sang trgng, tinh nha ciia men su vdi su binh di, thd mdc ciia cac vat lieu dat nung Vi vay rdng viia thue vua hu ao, rat cao sang ma ciing rat ddi thudng, ehiing nhu vuon len, uon lugn tir Idng dat de rdi hda minh vao trdi xanh vdi nhiing bieu tugng thieng lieng ciia chung
^ ^ ^ P h f ^ ;.:4 ::-k^'
m^ii : ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ '
Cd nhieu ky thuat va each xii ly chat lieu ghep manh sanh su len be mat eiia kien tnie nod can trang tri Trong dac trung tdn tai tu than, kham sanh sii co quan he chat che hinh thirc - ndi dung va ky thuat vdi chat lieu ne vira Tren nhirng khung hinh hoc d ciia Chuang Diic (Dai Ndi), lang Kien Thai Vuong ed nhieu vet vo, siit, gay, nhung nhirng manh sii edn lai van giii ben ve mau, ben ve tinh nang vat lieu rat cao, nhung maeh ghep ndi, lien ket vat lieu van rat sat va ed ket dinh chac chan chiing trd mdt ket cau be mat day bieu cam va nghe thuat eiia kien tnic.Hln nhien chiing ta tim thay hdn hgp chat lieu tir dan gian, viec dung vdi hau trdn vdi cat, giay dd va mat da tao mdt thir viia quanh deo, ben chac, chiu dugc nang mua lau dai Mdt sd nha nghien cuu khac cdn cho biet them chat ket dinh edn cd ca la va nhira cay bdi ldi, giay dd, ram cgng vang, bdng hoa can, day to hong Ty le giiia cac chat ket hgp phu thudc vao
(4)VAN HOA- NGHETHUAT
kinh nghiem cua eac Idp nghe nhan ciic phudng thg, nhien vdi la chat lieu chu dao vi vay viec lam vdi lgc vdi va ty le ciia chung tdng hgp cac phu gia the nao la bi quyet cua timg phudng thg Ngoiii ra, tiiy theo de tai, loai vat lieu, vi tri can trang tri ma nghe nhan dieu che cdng thirc, ty le chit k^t dinh cho hgp ly Su xu ly ky thuat chat lieu d Ciic mat phang dung se khac vdi nhimg mat phing nghieng, vdm cong hay eac gd mai, cac d hoc kien true Ngudi nghe nhan gidi khdng chi d su tinh xao ciia biin tay mil cdn xu ly chat lieu - dac biet la chat ket dinh va chgn lua sanh sii cho dat dugc hieu qua tham my cao nhat Trong nhieu trudng hgp cac nghe nhan da ghep mdt manh sii Idn va In dap cho chiing va tu nhien, tao nhung vet ran rIt tinh va cd su
rung cam thuc su ciia ngdn ngii trang tri tao hinh Tuy nhien trudc dd chiing phai dugc cat rat phii hgp vdi mang mieng yeu cau trang tri, mat khac ky thuat chat lieu cung chi phii hgp hon ea la d mat phIng, noi ma viec dat vao mdt manh sir Idn va an dap se tao dugc mdt tiet mang chii khong can phai lap di lap lai den nhieu lan mdi tao dugc chiing Mdt sd vat lieu sanh sii, thudng chi diing trang tri lan can bac them \ i chat men va mau sac khdng phii hgp vdi cac yeu cau ciia trang tri co tinh md ta vdi ky thuat thdng dung la ghep manh sanh su thang vao ne viia cdn udt
Ky thuat ciit ggt ciing phu thudc kha nhieu vao yeu cau tao hinh vii de tai thi cat ggt dap ling cho tao hinh ciia mdt hga tiet cu the nhu lii diiu quii ciinh hoa hoac cham miit mot linh thii mit re dudi chim nhimg vet ciit ggt dugc the hien can va phiin iinh ky thuiit xii ly chiit lieu riit cao, bill ban tinh luyen ciia cac nghe nhiin Nhung
ky thuat xii ly chat lieu bac cao vdi chinh xiic d timg chi tiet the hien qua nhieu hga tiet trang tri siinh sii- thiiy tinh mau ngi thit lang Khai Dinh chinh tam cd mot birc kham sanh su tren cdt ne vira dugc treo tren tran chiing " n i " xuong het sue tu nhien nhu mgt biiu tan bang chat lieu vai theu Toan bg ket cau luc trgng lugng dugc thiet ke chic chin \a kham sanh sir da ddng giir vai tro bieu cam chinh tao cam giac nhe nhang, dau di tinh vat chat nang ca tan bang ne viia Moi hga tiet trang tri, su chuyen ddng net mau phu hgp vdi muc dich bieu hien ciia vat the vdi tu each la mgt tac pham kham sinh su tinh xao va nghe thuat Tai cac biic tranh Tir thdi nhiing manh sanh sii thiiy tinh cat ggt chinh xac cac tao hinh cua quat la cay dudi chim, canh hoa tao nhiing an tugng tang tang Idp lap sir thiiy tinh mau dan xen nhau, chiing khdng chi dat den bieu cam manh cua chat lieu, ciia nghe thuat dien ta tinh tudng tai hoa ma cdn cho thay ky thuat chat lieu, sir ung xir tham my tinh te, sau sac ciia nhirng nghe nhan kham sanh sii-thdi Nguyen Ngudi nghe nhiin khiim Siinh sir luon luon \ira lam thg \ua sang tao, hg khong chi tinh thong nghe nc cat got vat lieu nhanh nhiiy cam chgn miiu vii xir ly ciic de tai mgt each chan xac, kheo leo ma hieu qua ma cdn phiii truyen vao moi hinh thirc sire sdng chan thuc va tinh cam ciia minh Tren nhiing riia dgi biit quai, sen hoa rua riia ngiim bgt bien ngam hoa, riia chd cd vat deu phai co nhiing budc chuan bi vat lieu -chat lieu that ky cang, cac manh sir Idn nhd khiic mau sac chat men khiic de khiim vao timg hga tiet nhat dinh da dugc xiic lap trudc qua hinh ve Tuy nhien su sdng ddng ciia mdi riia la su man cam, tinh te ciia moi nghe nhan nhieu ta gap ca nhiing hinh ne - kham sir het sire phong tung tao nha d nhung riia d khu vuc thd linh thieng la Hung mieu - The mieu
Tai lang Khai Dinh cho thay sir md rong cua bang miiu kham sanh sir Do co nhiing dieu kien mdi ve vat lieu ma viec trang tri ndi that lang Khai Dinh dii tiep can dugc kha nhieu chat mau mdi va lam chiing tdn tai hai hda, thich nghi vdi yeu cau thuc te ciia trang tri theo tinh than tham my mdi ciia thdi dai ma chinh ong vua tre cilng am hieu va de cao Mac dii da CO nhieu sir chuyen dich \ e mau, md rdng ciic he mau kham siinh sir suot cii mot thai ky dai tir hau ky eac chiia Nguyen cho den cuoi the ky \ l \
(5)VAN HOA-NGHE THUAT
nhung bang mau van bi han che va vi the dudng nhu cd su ddng dieu, cd dinh nhiing hda sac nhat dinh Den dau the ky XX, vdi su tham nhap ciia nhieu vat lieu sir, thiiy tinh mau phuong Tay, kham sanh sii da dugc bd sung them nhieu mau mdi, tu than mdi mau su, thuy tinh mau Tay phuang mdt chiit xa la nao dd ehiing tdn tai vdi tu each la mdt vat lieu trang tri kham ghep Nhung dat chiing vao nhiing hinh trang tri thi nghe nhan da thuc su nhao nan, sap xep theo my cam ciia minh va Phuang Ddng hda chiing bang mau quen thudc, vi vay mau sic phong phii, da dang hon rat nhieu Ciing nhu mgi chat lieu - ky thuat khac liic dau khdng phai td hgp mau nao ciing cd the de dang dugc chap nhan, nhien cudi cung tinh cd hiiu bi pha va va cac nghe nhan khdng nhiing manh dan sii dung cac chat lieu mdi du nhap ma edn tan dung triet de, khai thac cac tinh nang ciia chat lieu de lam nen nhirng trang tri mdi dac sac va hien dai Xem nhirng mang mau dien ta phan nen cua cac pano tranh tai lang Khai Dinh, ta thay anh sang phan chieu tir guong, kinh mau da lam lung linh hon eac chat mau va tao dugc cam giac chieu sau khdng gian manh ban chat mau tren sir Khi xiic dinh hinh trang tri chinh phu, ban nhien ve mat tao hinh lien quan den dam nhat, ndng lanh ciia mau sac Chi mdt la sen lat da phiii tao mdt xanh dam khac khac vdi phan dien tiep nhan anh sang true tiep, vi vay hinh cae la sen hire sen (mua ha) da dugc dien ta rat thue, sinh ddng bang chat lieu kham sanh sii, chiing bdc Id kha sau sac chat thien nhien va tam hon phdng khoang, yeu ddi ciia ngudi nghe nhan dan gian Mdt tiet dien khac cung cho thay vai trd quan trgng ciia ngudi nghe nhan the hien mdt trang tri mang tinh chat nen, dudng diem, dd la cac phan dien ta phan trang tri phia dudi cae bd tudng, be thd va egt, chii yeu phan nen la hoa van mai riia vdi mau den nhan manh phan chia deu dan hinh trang tri bat giac va cac ndi hinh thoi, phan tam la dda hoa mai nam canh nd deu bang su mau trIng nga, giira dda hoa la cham sii mau vang dat, phan nen ciia moi d bat giac la mau ghi xam Vdi loi tao hinh va dat mau nhu vay cd cam giac mau nhin manh dugc ben vihig ciia kien triic, phan dudi mau sii dam, chiic danh khde khoan va len cang cao thi mau nhe dan di tinh niiiu trung hda cao tao mgt cam giiic ky bi linh thieng ciia mgt khdng gian tudng
niem ranh gidi trdi dat da khdng cdn phan ro, nhu cai chet la mdt su chuyen dich vao coi vTnh hang Su cdng ciia chat lieu kham sanh sir d lang Khai Dinh edn nhd ed su chuan bi dugc eac chat lieu nhap cang tir Phap, Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, vi vay mau vat lieu cd nhung mau rat qui vi mau deu d cudng bieu hien rat cao, thuan chat nhu mau cam luc, mau xanh nggc, ghi xam, nau dd, dd bor-deaux chiing gdp phan lam trang trgng va thieng lieng cho cac cdng trinh kien true va ciing la mot minh ehiing cho su giao thoa hai hda tu tudng tham my cung dinh va dan gian tren cai nen nghe thuat cung dinh chat che Trong bai Nghe thuat kham sanh sii Hue, tac gia Nguyen Ba Van da viet: "'Sir dot khdi,
ndi troi ciia nghi thuat khdm sdnh su trang tri npi thdt Idng Khdi Dinh dd ldm cho mgi ngudi ngudng mo nghi thuat ddn tdc phdi sieng sdt, ngd ngang trudc ky thuat vd nghi thuiit the hiin tranh ghep manh ciia ta vi cdch sie dung chdt lieu, mdu sdc tuoi vui rue rd, hdi hda ddy gai cdm rdt phu hgp vdi tdm hdn tinh cdm cua ddn tdc" [3.20]
Mau sac ciia sanh sii la mdt nhimg yeu to dem lai hieu qua nghe thuat rat cao cho cac hga tiet trang tri kien true Cung vdi su van ddng ciia net, mau sac da lam long lay hon cho cae cdng trinh kien tnie Trong bdi canh lich sir cda dat nude Viet nam cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX, trudc su du nhap, tan cdng manh me ciia nghe thuat phuang Tay, thi sir xuat hien nghe thuat tranh ghep manh sanh su d Hue vdi cac de tai truyen thdng da phan anh siic manh tinh than y thiic dan tdc cua cae nghe nhan, nhiing ngudi xuat than tir eac lang que va ludn y thiic dugc viec giu gin ban sic van hda dan tdc, chinh hg da giiiu lai mai mai bdng thdi gian ciia nghe thuat truyen thdng tren nhirng tranh.•
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 NGUYEN TIEN CANH chu bien( 1992) My thuat Hud Vien My thuat & Trung tam Bao ton di tich Co Do Hui .Hui
2.LE QUY DON (1997).Phu bien tap luc NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi
3.NGUYEN BA VAN.(1988) "Nghe thuat kham sant)
sa Hui "
Tap chi My thuat - So
ANH MINH HOA TRONG BAI:
Anh chup lang An Thai VUdng va lang Gia Long, Hui NgUdi cung cip: Phan Thanh Binh