NGHIEN CQU VE VAI TRO CUA GIOI QUA TU LIEU KHAO CO HOC TS L a m Thi My D u n g Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV, DHQGHN L f THUYET VA PHU^ONG PHAP TifiP CAN Trong mot vai thap ky qua, dac biet vdi sU xuat hien cua trUdng phai "iC/ido CO hgc mdV\ van de gidi/gidi tinh the hien qua cac tai lieu khao CO hpc trd chii de nghien cijfu cua nhieu hpc gia (xem Sarah Milledge Nelson va Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, 2001; Kathleen M Bolen, 2004; Cheryl Claassen, 2004 ) Hang loat van de ve phudng phap luan, each tiep can diidc dat cung vdi nbiSng dinh de va phan de Triidng phai ''Khao co hgc mdi" ly luan rang khong the tim hieu cupe so'ng ngifdi qua khii neu chi dat van de mot each ddn gian Neu nhif nhiing nam 60, ngUdi ta chu trpng qua mite tdi cau true xa hoi ma dien hinh la nhuEng ndi cU tru hay mp dia, thi cac nha khao cd hpc cua nhiing thap ky 70, 80 mot each kien tri ben bi da giai gidi (de-gendered) va giai boa (de-cultured) qua khii Dai dien tieu bieu la Barbara Bender, ngUdi da nh^c chung ta tit nam 1985 (1985: 52) r^ng chung ta da loai bd "ca lich sxi rieng biet va ca nhiing cai chinh cua cau true xa hoi de ung ho cho mot m i u so sinh thai chung dUdc cho la dung" Dong thai chung cua nhiing boat dpng giai - gidi, tham chi giai - cU tru dUdc tien hanh bdi ba nguyen nhan; Gidi cua ca nhan difdc xem la khong quan trpng de nghien ciiu Su thiia nhan ve gidi xem khong c6 ly xac dang va NgUdi dieu tra nghien ciiu tin rang tat ca mpi (hay ca hai) gidi ciia xa hoi deu thUc hien boat dpng xa hoi nhU 335 TiLf goc dp phUdng phap luan cd hai van de ndi com Thuf nhat la sU hieu biet chung cua chung ta ve sii khac giiia khao c6 hpc ve gidi va khao cd hpc theo thuyet nam nii binh quyen, thii hai la mtic dp the hien rd rang xet tit gdc dp khao c6 hpc ve gidi Do'i vdi da so nhiing ngUdi theo thuyet nam nH binh quyen thi sU khao sat dia vi ciia gidi "nam" hay "nii" qua khv( dUdc xem la chii dao, van de gidi tinh - dieu kien sinh hpc, va gidi - dieu kien van boa (mot sU phan chia dUdc nhieu nha nhan hpc chap nhan xet tit khia canh khao cd hpc) thi cd nhi3ng mijfc dp khac ve tinh ro rang nhan biet Nghien ciiu ve gidi khao cd hpc ndi rieng va nhan hpc ndi chung xuat phat tit nhiing van de cd ban sau: Chiic nang xa hoi ciia gidi; vai trd xa hoi cua gidi; mdi quan he ciia gidi, phan cong lao dpng cua gidi va ly thuyet "dan ong-san b^t- ngUdi che tao cong cu", "dan bahai lUdm-ngUdi me" Su phctc tap va da dang cua van boa nhan loai da lam dao Ion nhieu ket luan va dinh de t t o g dUdc coi la kinh dien, dac biet la quan diem tho sd va rat rach rdi ve phan dinh gidi cho tat ca mpi xa hoi, g^n gidi/gidi tinh vdi t t o g boat dpng kinh te van boa vdi t t o g loai cong cu lao dpng va tii quan he lao dpng Su phat trien tren thUc te cUc ky pbiic tap, da dang, da tuyen, va khong the ap dung cho tat ca mot hoac vai mo hinh c t o g nhac, nhiing mo hinh dii diidc xem la ly tudng thUdng dan den hien tUdng thay cay ma khong thay r t o g hoac ngUdc lai Theo R.Lowie, nhiing nghien cdu so sanh nhan hpc cho thay sU phan cong lao dpng theo gidi tinh, mot chtog miic Idn mang tinh Udc le, nghia la no khong g^n chut nao vdi dac diem sinh ly cua hai gidi Tiiy vao nhiing quy tac hien hanh d cac bp lac (tham chi hai bp lac so'ng g&n cung rat khac va ngUdc lai) va luon luon c6 nhOngngoaile (Lowie 2001: 102-103) Tuy vay mot each khai quat vln cd the chap nhan la phu nii sang tao nghe lam vUdn, dan ong thuan boa gia sue Van de nhat ma ngudi ta can lUu y la sU phan cong theo quy Udc cac cong viec cho t t o g gidi Su phan cong phu thupc vao v6 sd cac yeu to khac nhu Idp tudi (ddi vdi nhiing ngUdi doc 336 than), theo tam ly, theo kha nang dac biet cua t t o g ca nhan cu the, theo niem tin, theo thdi quen, theo truyen thong Ciing the, doi ngUdi ta noi qua nhieu den vai trd cua kinh te ma khong hieu r^ng nhan to kinh te chi la mot nhiing nguyen nhan tac dpng ddi vdi cUdng vi gidi Ciing theo n h t o g nghien ciiu so sanh van boa (cross cultural researches), c6 nhiing bp tpc hoan toan khac biet lai cd chung nhiing quan niem gidng ve phu nuE Xa hoi loai ngUdi tii thdi nguyen thuy den khong phai la mot trang thai ddng nhat budn te, ma la mot kho'i da dang nhieu mau s^c Dong chay cua bade van dpng van boa, qua thuc, khong tiiy thupc vao mot yeu to' nhat, ma la tu: ca phiic he nhiing yeu to' g i n hen vdi va bdi vi nhiing yeu to khong phai la deu la mot, va khong the la nhu the biet rang sU khac biet cua n h t o g trung tam van boa, mot cd trUdc van dpng nao sinh, hau nhu khong tranh khoi d i n den nhuEng bien dang Nghien c t o ve gidi khao cd hpc sit dung nhieu each tiep can khac nhU tiep can so sanh dan tpc hpc, nghien c t o xUdng ciia mp tang, van ban c6, nghe thuat va buyen/tban thoai va nghien c t o so sanh sinh ly hpc va dpng vat hpc Moi each tiep can tren day deu c6 hai mat tich cUc va ban che va sxi phat trien ciia xa hoi loai ngUdi luon luon tdn tai n h t o g ngoai le Xet tii gdc dp hien vat khao cd hpc ma ndi, tren dai the riu va miii ten cd the gan vdi dan ong, lam go'm bang tay, det cd the lien quan chat che hdn vdi gidi nii NhUng khong phai ddn gian nhu vay, neu chung ta tinh den nhiing hoan canh bat binh thiidng nhU chien tranh chang ban thi cai binh thUdng se trd nen bat binh thUdng va ngUdc lai, theo kieu thdi binh dan ong cay rupng, dan ba cay hai, thdi chien dan ba se phai thUc hien mpi cong doan tii cay biia den cay hai Do vay cai cay khong chi la cong cu ciia nam theo tieu chuan phan cong lao dpng theo gidi Day la chua tinh den nhiing cong eu trung tinh dUde ca hai gidi va nhieu Idp tuoi sit dung nhu dao hay keo chang ban Doi cac nha khao cd hpc rat au tri ap dung tU hien dai de giai thich sU khac biet gidi ciia chu nhan mot so' mp tang qua so' lUdng va loai hinh trang site Trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, trang siic khong chi ddn 337 t h u i n de lam dep ma chung thUdng da chiic nang (trang sto, ma thuat, khac ngUdi ), chu yeu de the hien vi the xa hoi cua chu nhan Nhieu trUdng hdp, ngUdi nam dUdc chon theo nhieu trang sde ca ve so' lUdng va chat lUdng hdn ngUdi nii Se that sai lam neu ap dung mot each may mdc sU phan cong lao dpng theo gidi dUa vao kieu dang cong cu ddi vdi nhiing nghe nhan thu cong Trong trUdng hdp dac biet vai tro chung cua gidi tinh, sU khac biet tang Idp, hay tham chi nhiing linh vUc boat dpng chuyen biet, cbii khong phai sU khac ve gidi se la nhiing yeu to'quyet dinh Cach tiep can so sanh dan tpc hpc ddng vai tro quan trpng nghien cdu vai tro ciia gidi xa hoi qua kbii Tuy vay, cac xa hoi lai cUc ky da dang va moi xa hoi cung cd nhiing qui luat rieng biet Cd sU bien ddi rat Idn tii phUdng Dong sang phUdng Tay, tii xa hoi chan nuoi la nganh kinh te chii dao sang xa hoi ma hai ludm la boat dpng kinh te chinh, tu" nhiing xa hoi cong nghiep sang xa hoi nong nghiep, hay ca ben nhiing xa hoi ciing chung loai N h t o g tU lieu khao sat gan day nhat ciia chung toi tai thon Co Liiy, xa Nghia Phu, buyen Tu Nghia, tinh Quang Ngai, mot thon ciia song ven bien va cU dan cd nghe khai thae thuy/hai san so'ng d v t o g nUde Id quanh nam rat noi tieng la don va hen cho thay cd sU chuyen boa nhat dinh ca chi mot nganh danh bat/hai lUdm san vat tU nhien va vai tro nam giii kinh te gia dinh ciia phu nii Do dac diem ciia viec khai thac nen dan ong gan chat vdi cong cu nhiii don, dan ba thi di cao hen, ca hai loai cong cu lam bang chat lieu thuc vat deu dan ong dan lat Viec buon ban vay nam tay dan ba va nhU the bp di nhien ddng vai trd tay bom chia khoa gia dinh GlOl - QUA NGHIEN CtlU NGHE THUAT THC)I Tif N SLT Khai niem tien sd (prehistory) d t o g de chi mot thdi ky rat dai dien trinh van hda nhan loai chua c6 chii viet, bao gdm hai thdi dai da cii va da mdi tii each day vai trieu nam den khoang thien nien ky trUdc cong nguyen TrUdc Homo Sapiens va Nghe thuat xuat hien, loai ngUdi da trai qua trieu nam tien boa NhU vay nghe thuat mdi chi tdn tai 338 khoang 1% gan day ciia ky nguyen loai ngUdi Ngay tu: dau, c^n phai xua tan nhiing quan niem sai l^m ve nguon gdc cua nghe thuat Nghe thuat khong sinh tu! mot trUc cam bat chdt ma la ket qua cua sU phat trien dan t t o g bude cac nang lUc nhan thiic ciia ngUdi Ngudn gdc cua nghe thuat lai it nhieu t r t o g hdp vdi nhiing bieu hien dau tien cua mot so'nang lUc dac biet ciik ngUdi: tu t r t o tUdng va hinh tUdng hda, truyen tin, va y thiic ve ban than So vdi thuy to ciia ngUdi trUdc kia, day khong chi la mot sU tien hoa ma la mot cupe each mang thuc sU - cupe each mang nghe thuat, budc ngoat Idn tien hda tU ngUdi Mae dii c6 mot sd ngUdi da cd c h t o g minh rang loai va vUdn ngUdi deu c6 kha nang san sinh nghe thuat, song nhiing gia thuyet deu khong c6 can cii khoa hpc Su hinh cac ban sac Homo Sapiens cua loai ngUdi chiing ta theo cac nha nhan hpc ddi hoi phai cd dUdc toan bp nhiing chiic nang chuyen mon boa va nhiing thupc tinh rieng nhU: biet nbin, nghe va cam nhan vdi mot sU minh man va mot each thiic hoan toan dac biet cua nhiing sapiens (ngUdi tinh khon), tat nhien tri tue cua nhiing sapiens ciing da dUdc di truyen theo ky to tii phan bp ngUdi den ngUdi DUdng nhu ve mat tri tue, Homo Sapiens sinh da c6 nang lUc san sinh van boa va tii la dang dac biet cua van hda, tdc la nghe thuat Do vay mot so' ngUdi da de nghi thay khai niem Homo Sapiens, Homo Sapiens Sapiens (tto hai Ian tinh khon) Homo Cultural (con ngUdi van hda) hay Homo intelleetuahs (con ngUdi cd tri tue) cho chinh xac hdn Dac diem cua nghe thuat thdi tien sxi theo cac nha nghien ciiu la sU tho'ng nhat cua chu de va ky thuat vdi tinh da dang dang kinh ngac ve bieu tUdng nhiing nen van hda va thdi ky khac (Denis Vialou 1998: 17) Tinh thong nhat ve chu de va ky thuat cua cac nen nghe thuat tien sii da phan anh sU gid'ng tUdng ddi ciia nhfing 16'i song va cac nen kinh te tien sii hoan toan hudng ve thien nhien, nhien dieu khong the che lap tinh da dang tuyet dieu ve hinh tUdng Nghe thuat thdi tien sii cd mat hkn nhU d khip mpi viing tren Trai dat, tii mien nhiet ddi cho den B^c cUc, tren n h t o g dia hinh cUc 339 ky da dang, tii hang dpng dudi long dat cho den dinh nui cao Nghe thuat thdi g i n lien vdi ma thuat, tin ngUdng Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, nghe thuat thdi dai bang gia cudi c t o g phuc vu cho cac boat dpng ma thuat, g i n lien vdi san b i t va sinh san Sau thdi ky nghe t h u a t di theo dudng hUdng "nhan van" va cam hiing b i t ngudn tii mot quan niem than bi ve cac mdi quan he giiia ngUdi va thien nhien Viec giai thich y nghia bieu tUdng cua cac hinh tUdng nghe thuat thdi tien sii tren thUe te cUc ky phong phii da dang, hau nhU khong khac tinh hinh phe binh nghe thuat dUdng dai ma chiing ta gap sach bao hien Vi du ve nghe thuat hang dpng thdi da cii hau ky ching ban: Mot so' ngUdi g i n nen nghe thuat vdi ma thuat san bIn/bIt, so'khac cho r i n g day la mot p h i n ciia nghi le khai tam, ctog CO nha nghien c t o lai xac dinh la mot p h I n cua toan the the gidi ket hdp nhiing nguyen ly dUc cai, theo kieu nguyen ly am dUdng sau nay; d6 v i n tdn tai quan diem nhiing binh tUdng the hien vat to cua nhiing bp tpc va thu linh giau cd (B Hayden 1993: 8) Trong nghe thuat da cii, phd bien la nhiing hinh tUdng giong cai, hinh tUdng phu nii Da phIn cac dien giai truyen thong ve cac "Ve nii" nguyen thuy deu gan vdi phdn thUc, tinh due Tuy vay, cd the chap nhan quan diem hien rang hau bet cac "Ve nii" khong chi chuyen tai y nghia ve tinh due, ma hdp ly va bien chiing hdn la chtog the hien y tUdng cd ban ve sU sinh san, ve tinh lien tue ciia cupe so'ng, ngoai sU phd bien cua hinh tUdng d nhieu v t o g tren the gidi the hien quan diem cua ngUdi trUdc hien tUdng mang thai, sinh san, nuoi nhU mot hien tUdng tU nhien ky bi Theo Rice, nhiing "Ve nii" chau Au nguyen thuy the hien phu nii chu ky song ciia bp Hinh tUdng ngUdi nii - ngUdi me phdng chieu qua bdn nhom Idp tudi sinh san tiic mot dang "tai san xuat" theo trinh tU sau: Tien - Sinh san Sinh san va mang thai; Sinh san va khong mang thai; Hau - Sinh san (Ricel981) Hinh tUdng Ba Me - Dat phd bien k h i p the gidi nghe thuat thdi dai da mdi thUdng dUdc cho la lien quan den mau h e - m l u quyen mat khac gan bd chat che mot each h t o cd vdi tin ngUdng nong nghiep 340 dUdc hinh mot each da dang tii khdi dau ciia cupe each mang da mdi Nhiing hinh tUdng nii t h i n phd bien rpng k h I p ban dao Ban Cang thdi Da mdi dUdc dien giai nhu la nhiing hinh tUdng ve vi the quan trpng va quyen lUc cua ngUdi phu nut Tuy vay, lai c6 y kien phan bac dieu do, theo phai cd sU khong nhat quan giUa thUc te kinh te - xa hoi vdi nhiing de tai buyen thoai - ly tudng chinh Doi chinh nang lUc sinh san t h i n bi cua ngUdi va tU nhien quyet dinh n h t o g bieu tUdng van hda ma khong lien quan trUc tiep den vi the ciia bat cii mot gidi sinh hpc rach rdi nao Su vUdt trpi ve sd lUdng nii than lich sit trung dai Viet Nam cd le ciing can dUdc xem xet mot each can trpng hdn la each dien giai ddn gian ve sU tai bdi nguyen ly Me cua van hda Viet Nam ban dia THAY KfiT LUAN Tat ca nhiing dien giai ly thuyet va cu the ndi tren h l u nhU chua de cap den nhiing khac biet mang tinh sinh hpc bam sinh giiia nam va nii Theo cac nha sinh hpc xa hoi, sU khac biet gidi cd ban chien lUde sinh san va giao phoi mang tinh di truyen Trong cac nha khoa hpc xa hpi ngUdc lai, kha bi quan ve sU tdn tai ciia khac biet gidi di truyen, hp cho r i n g nhiing khac biet ve gidi hien tdn la ket qua tii n h t o g gia tri van boa Dii chap nhan hay chdi bd bat cii khuynh hudng nao ca hai khuynh hUdng ke tren, de giai quyet chung ta cin de ngd n h t o g dieu ndi tren cho n h t o g khao sat thuc nghiem va the nghiem Thien hUdng bam sinh cua mdi gidi cung can dUdc tinh den ciing vdi xu hudng chinh tri ciia moi xa hpi va lieu ngoai hai che dp m l u / phu he lich sii cd che dp thii ba trung gian nao khong va lieu chi hien chung ta mdi c6 phong trao ddi quyen binh dang nam nii hay khong Do la nhiing van de ma khao cd hpc e i n tham khao tU lieu cua nhieu cac nganh khoa hpc khac neu mudn dat dUdc ket qua khach quan (d m t o dp c6 the) Rieng ddi vdi khao cd hpc Viet Nam, cho tdi gidi ehua bao gid dUdc dat de nghien ciiu, tham chi chi d m t o dp diem qua ve ten gpi hay khai niem 341 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Sarah Milledge Nelson va Myriam Rosen-Ayalon 2001 In Pursuit of Gender: Worldwide Archaeological Approaches Gender and Archaeology Series Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press Kathleen M Bolen Mothering Html 2004 Prehistoric Construction of Cheryl Claassen 2004 Gender in Archaeology Html Lowie R 2001 Luan vexd hoi hgc nguyen thuy NXB DHQG Ha Noi Barbara Bender 1986 The Roots of Inequality Paper presented at the World Archaeology Conference Southampton, England Denis Vialou 1998 Nghe thuat cua bong tdi, nghe thuat cua dnh sang Tap chi NgUdi dUa tin UNESCO, s d B Hayden 1993 Archaeology-the science of once and things W.H Freeman and Company future Patricia Ricel981 Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood or Womanhood? Journal of Anthropological Research 37 342 ... se la nhiing yeu to'quyet dinh Cach tiep can so sanh dan tpc hpc ddng vai tro quan trpng nghien cdu vai tro ciia gidi xa hoi qua kbii Tuy vay, cac xa hoi lai cUc ky da dang va moi xa hoi cung cd... neu mudn dat dUdc ket qua khach quan (d m t o dp c6 the) Rieng ddi vdi khao cd hpc Viet Nam, cho tdi gidi ehua bao gid dUdc dat de nghien ciiu, tham chi chi d m t o dp diem qua ve ten gpi hay khai... nhan cu the, theo niem tin, theo thdi quen, theo truyen thong Ciing the, doi ngUdi ta noi qua nhieu den vai trd cua kinh te ma khong hieu r^ng nhan to kinh te chi la mot nhiing nguyen nhan tac