Một số vấn đề về tác động của đập tới môi trường sinh thái ở đông nam á

MOT SO VAN OE VE TAC DONG CUA DAP TOI MOI TRUONG SINH THAI DONG NAM A HO THI THANH Khoa Dong Phuang hoc - Tru&ng DHKHXH&NV Khi ban tdi sinh thai bgc nhan van d Ddng Nam A, gidng nhu d hau bet cac khu vue khac tren the gidi, day ludn la mot van de rdng Idn, phiic tap va lien quan tdi mgi mat cude sdng ngudi Nd cd the la nhirng tac ddng ciia da't dai, nude, kbdng khi, hau ddi vdi cude sdng ngudi, va cung cd the la boat ddng ciia ngudi tao nen nhirng bien ddi tu nhien Ddi vdi cac nude Ddng Nam A hien nay, van de cdng nghiep boa va phat trien kinh te dang la mdi quan tam bang dau ciia mdi qude gia, nen cac nude deu ddn mgi nd lijfc cho nhiem vu Tuy nhien, qua trinh do, hau bet cac qude gia Ddng Nam A chua dii dieu kien de hudng tdi phat trien mot nen cdng nghiep ben vting, an loan ddi vdi mdi trudng sinh thai ndi chung va cho eugc sdng ngudi ndi rieng Nhi6u cdng trinh cdng nghiep, nha may, phuong tien eo gidi dang la tac nhan true tiep gay d nhi6m kbdng khi, dat, nude, lam chay va pha rirng, lam pha vd mdi trudng tu nhien va tir dd tac ddng nghiem trgng tdi siic khoe, cdng vice, va eugc sdng ngudi Trong vd so cac van de dd, tdi xin de cap den mot ehii de dang duge nhieu ngudi quan tam d Ddng Nam A: dd la van de "dap va phat trien" nhu ten ggi ciia mot chuong trinh qude te nghien ciiu ve viec xay dung cac dap va tac ddng ciia nd ddi vdi cude sdng ngudi Trong khudn khd budc dau tim hieu ve van de d Ddng Nam A, vdi su khd khan ve tai lieu, ngudi viet chi cd the de cap nhirng net eo ban nha't mdi lien quan giiia viec xay dung dap vdi sinh thai bgc nhan van, hay eu the hofn la 716 nhiing tac ddng tieu cue ciia nd ddi vdi mdi trudng sinh thai xa hdi Day chi cd the coi nhu mot su khdi dau cho mdi quan tam lau dai hon ciia ngudi viet ddi vdi van de xay dung dap ndi rieng cung nhu van de sinh thai bgc nhan van ndi chung d Ddng Nam A Dap va tac dong hai mat dol vdi cuoc song cu dan va mdi trudng sinh thai Ddng Nam A la mot khu vue cd kha nhieu ddng sdng Idn Tit xa xua, ngudi Ddng Nam A da biet sir dung cac ddng sdng lam thuy Igi Hg xay cac dap lam hd chu:a nude dung cho tudi tieu ndng nghiep, chdng lu va cho sinh boat Ngay nay, sd lugng cac dap d khu vue dugc xay dung them rat nhieu Ben canh nhiing muc dich thuy Igi tren, nhieu dap mdi dugc xay dung tren cac ddng sdng Idn de lam thuy dien, phat trien cdng nghiep va kinh te - xa hdi ciia cac qude gia khu vue Viec xay dung cac dap rd rang da tao nhiing Igi ich to Idn, gdp phan quan trgng vao su phat trien eugc sdng ngudi Tuy nhien, nhieu trudng hgp, cac dap da lam bien ddi va chuyen hudng chay ctia cac ddng sdng, lam hu hai rirng dau ngudn, pha huy he sinh thai dudi nude va tren bd xung quanh, tac ddng den quyen Igi va viec sit dung nude ciia cac cdng ddng eu dan cung nhu buy hoai kbdng gian eu trii cu ciia hg Nhirng tac ddng ay da dem tdi nhieu thiet hai cho cude sdng ngudi ma ddi cdn Idn hon nhiing Igi ich ma ehiing mang lai Do dd, viec xay dung cac dap Idn cd da tao nen nhiing mau thuan cho chinh su phat trien ciia ngudi dan Ddng Nam A NhCimg tac dong tieu ci/c cua viec xay dung dap doi vdi mdi tnrdng song cua ngirdi Khdng phai dap nao cung gay nen cac tac ddng tieu cue dang ke ddi vdi mdi trudng sdng cua eon ngudi Thong thudng, nhung dap gay nen su xao iron Idn mdi trudng sinh thai la nhiing dap Ion hoac nhiing dap ma xung quanh dd vd'n cd mot he sinh thai dac thii Khi xay dung dap ngudi ta da xet den tac ddng cua nd tdi mdi trudng 717 xung quanh nhung khdng phai liic nao cung ludng bet dugc nhiing rui ro Tham chi cd hau qua cua nd da dugc bao trude nhung vi xet den Igi ich can thiet hon ngudi ta van tien hanh xay dung dap Coi ngudi la mot loai sinh vat va dac biet la loai sinh vat trung tam mdi trudng sinh thai, chung ta se thay bat cir tac ddng tieu cue nao cua dap den mdi trudng cung chinh la tac ddng tdi cude sdng ciia ngudi Vi the, mot nhirng van de ma cbiing ta ndi den d day chinh la viec xay dung dap lam suy giam ngudn thuy san cac ddng sdng, ma cac ngudn thuy san tir lau vd'n da phuc vu cho cude sdng cua ngudi Con dap dau tien phai ke den sd cac dap d Ddng Nam A da gay rac rd'i cho nhirng ngudi ngu dan dia phuong la dap Pak Mun thudc luu vue sdng Mun-Mekong, Thai Lan Dap bat dau dugc xay dung vao nam 1991 vdi muc dich lam thuy dien va da dat yeu cau di ve cdng suat dien nang cho da't nude Nhung mot van de ndi com khac dugc dat la nd da lam thay ddi ludng di eu cua cac loai ca tren sdng Do bi dap chan lai, cac loai ca tir khu vue thugng luu sdng Me kdng khdng the di vao cac nhanh luu vue sdng Mun nhu trude Dieu lam bien ddi ddi sdng van boa va sinh sdng cua cdng ddng ngu dan tren luu vue sdng Nhan dan phai hudng sang cac nganh nghe khac vdi dieu kien sdng khd khan hon nhieu Tham chi, nhi6u nam trdi, eu dan d khu vue phai da'u tranh vdi chinh phii de ddi dugc hd trg, bii dap cho nhiing thiet hai ma hg phai ganh chiu tii dap dugc xay dung Tuong tu, viec xay dung dap Singkarak d Tay Sumatra (Inddnexia) hay dap Theun Hipboaun Lao cung gay nen nhirng tac ddng bat Igi nghiem trgng ddi vdi nghe danh bat ca d ngudn Mdi trudng sinh thai tu nhien bien ddi khien cu dan phai thay ddi phuong ke sinh sdng, nhieu day hg tdi tinh trang ddi ngheo Ben canh viec bi mat phuong tien sinh sdng, nhieu cdng ddng cir dan sdng khu vue xay dung dap cdn phai thay ddi mdi trudng cu tru cua minh De lay dien tich lam dap, hang tram, cd hang nghin gia dinh da bi di ddi Su di ddi gay nen su xao trgn Idn ddi vdi cude sdng cua ngudi vi hg se phai thay ddi mdi trudng sdng, thay 718 ddi cdng viec, nghe nghiep, xay dung mdi ehd d va keo theo nhieu va'n de khac Thai Lan, thdi ky 1960-1970, 15000 gia dinh ndng dan d viing Sirindhorn (mien Ddng Bdc) da bi roi vao tinh trang khdng cd da't hau qua cua viec xay dap Tucurui va ke hoach tai dinh cu that bai Hai muoi nam sau, dap Pak Mun bat d^u dugc xay dung (nam 1991), chinh phu udc tinh cd 241 gia dinh bi di ddi Nhung dap hoan thanh, sd gia dinh bi di ddi da len tdi 1459 hd (Theo Bao cao cua Uy ban The gidi ve dap, 2002, 108) Cdn vdi su xay dung ciia dap Kao Laem, nhiing ngudi thieu sd Karen cung phai rdi nha eira di tim noi cu trii khac Dieu dd chu:ng td mat ban che ciia viec xay dung dap vdi mdi trudng sinh thai nhan van, ma nd da tac ddrig true tiep nha't den khdng gian sinh sdng ciia ngudi Khi ngudi phai di ddi, thong thudng hg khdng de dang tim dugc nhiing vung dat mau mo de lam an sinh sdng nhu khu vue cu trii cii Nha't la d Ddng Nam A, noi cu dan sinh sdng chii yeu bang ndng nghiep thi cac viing da't ben luu vue sdng tir lau da la dia ban canh tac ly tudng cho hg O Hoa Binh (Viet Nam), Batang Ai (Malaysia), hay hau bet cac khu vue cd dap xay dung d Philippin, nha nude quyet dinh xay dung dap d day, nhieu hd ndng dan ngheo da phai ddi mat vdi viec chuyen cu sang sinh sdng d nhirng vung da't bac mau, ngheo nan khac Nhiing thiet hai nay, ddi vdi nhieu cdng ddng cu dan, ddi la qua Idn so vdi bat ky Igi ich nao ma dap mang lai Ngoai nhiing tac ddng tren, viec xay dung mot so dap d cac qude gia Ddng Nam A cdn lam anh hudng den chat lugng ngudn nude, cac canh rirng dau ngudn, hay he sinh thai dudi nude hoac xung quanh khu vue xay dung Nhirng tac ddng cd the khdng gay anh hudng lap tiic den cude sdng eon ngudi nhu nhirng tac ddng ve viec chuyen cu, ma't phuong tien sinh sdng chinh de khien du luan quan tam den nd mot each rdng rai, nhung nd se lam thay ddi dan he sinh thai ma den chiing ta nhan thi nhirng mat mat a'y da khdng gi la'y lai dugc Ddi vdi nhieu nude Ddng Nam A, dieu kien cude sdng ciia ngudi dan cdn chat vat, va't va, phai lo trude het den viec muu sinh thi va'n de giii gin su can bang, on dinh lau dai cho mdi trudng sinh thai 719 cang khdng dugc quan tam day dii Cd sau mot thdi gian dai sau cac dap dugc xay dung, ngudi ta mdi nhan va tie'e nudi nhiing canh rirng bi buy hoai anh hudng cua muc nude hd, hoac thay nhirng loai sinh vat quen thudc bi mat di, dat dai quanh khu vue dap bi bac mau, thoai boa Tir dd, nd mdi gdp phan lam gia tang cac lu quel, suy giam miia mang, xuat bien cac loai sau benh va tac ddng lau dai khdng chi tdi nhirng cdng ddng cu tru quanh khu vue ma cdn tdi ca mot viing rdng Idn Hon nua, canh quan sinh thai da dang ciia khu vue da bi thay ddi, su mat mat khdng chi dirng lai d the he chiing ta, ma quan trgng hon la d the he eon chau chiing ta, nhirng Idp ngudi sinh chi biet den hau qua ma khdng biet den sir phong phii, doe dao cua nhiing mdi trudng sinh thai quy gia vd'n da hang trieu nam tdn tai Tir nhiing van de tren, viec xay dung dap khu vue da dat cho chung ta bai loan ve su phat trien ben vtrng cho mdi trudng ndi chung va cung la cho cude sdng ciia chinh cac cdng ddng eu dan Ddng Nam A Van de phat trien ben vCrng xay dung dap chi la mot vd sd cac cdng trinh cdng nghiep ciia chiing ta Nd la tac pham ngudi tao va phuc vu cho eugc sdng ciia ngudi Van de dat cho chiing ta bien la phai xay dung cac dap d dau va nhu the nao de ban che' nhirng anh hudng tieu cue de'n mdi trudng sinh thai Dd cung la dieu ma Uy ban the gidi ve dap da khang dinh: bat cii du an nao ve dap deu phai dat den muc tieu mang lai Igi ich ben vtrng cho ngudi Trong xu the cac nude Ddng Nam A cang quan tam sau sac hon den van de phat trien kinh te va cdng nghiep boa, nhung tie'ng noi canh tinh tren ve mdi trudng va su phat trien ben vtrng ciia ngudi cang trd nen cd y nghia quan trgng Nhirng tieng ndi dd la nhirng nd lite ciia cac nha boat ddng sinh thai hgc nham bao ve cho hanh tinh va cu6c sdng ciia ngudi Dieu dd cho chiing ta tha'y tam quan trgng cua bg mdn sinh thai hgc nhan van va yeu cau chiing ta nen quan tam hon de'n nganh hgc va eting la quan tam de'n cude sdng cua chinh minh 720 Tai lieu tham khao G Olivier, 1992 Sinh thdi hgc nhdn van Nxb The gidi, Ha Ndi Pham Thi Ngge Tram, 1997 Mdi trudng sinh thdi: vd'n de vd gidi phdp Nxb Chinh tri Qude gia Ha Ndi Vien Khoa hgc Xa hdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh - Trung tam nghien citu Ddng Nam A, 1996: Mdi trudng nhdn vdn vd dd thi hod tqi Viet Nam, Ddng Nam A vd Nhdt Bdn Uy ban The gidi ve dap, 2002: Dap vd phdt trien Nxb Xay dung Ha Ndi 721 ... van ndi chung d Ddng Nam A Dap va tac dong hai mat dol vdi cuoc song cu dan va mdi trudng sinh thai Ddng Nam A la mot khu vue cd kha nhieu ddng sdng Idn Tit xa xua, ngudi Ddng Nam A da biet sir... thiet hon ngudi ta van tien hanh xay dung dap Coi ngudi la mot loai sinh vat va dac biet la loai sinh vat trung tam mdi trudng sinh thai, chung ta se thay bat cir tac ddng tieu cue nao cua dap... ca d ngudn Mdi trudng sinh thai tu nhien bien ddi khien cu dan phai thay ddi phuong ke sinh sdng, nhieu day hg tdi tinh trang ddi ngheo Ben canh viec bi mat phuong tien sinh sdng, nhieu cdng