Những chuyển biến trong chính sách của mỹ đối với myanmar từ sau chiến tranh lạnh đến năm 2013

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN LƯỜNG LÂM QUỲNH NHỮNG CHUYỂN BIẾN TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA MỸ ĐỐI VỚI MYANMAR TỪ SAU CHIẾN TRANH LẠNH ĐẾN NĂM 2013 Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử giới Mã Số: 60 22 03 11 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LỊCH SỬ Người hướng dẫn khoa học: TS Dương Văn Huy HÀ NỘI - 2014 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan công trình nghiên cứu riêng tơi chưa cơng bố Các tài liệu, số liệu trích dẫn luận văn trung thực, có nguồn gốc, xuất xứ rõ ràng TÁC GIẢ LUẬN VĂN Lường Lâm Quỳnh MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU 1 Lý chọn đề tài .1 Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu Mục tiêu nhiệm vụ luận văn Tình hình nghiên cứu .4 Hướng tiếp cận phương pháp nghiên cứu Nguồn tài liệu 7 Ý nghĩa khoa học đóng góp luận văn 8 Bố cục luận văn Chương 1: NHỮNG NHÂN TỐ TÁC ĐỘNG ĐẾN CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA MỸ ĐỐI VỚI MYANMAR .9 1.1 Những chuyển biến sách tồn cầu Mỹ từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh đến 1.1.1 Chính sách tồn cầu Mỹ từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh kết thúc 1.1.2 Những thay đổi sách tồn cầu Mỹ từ sau kiện 11/9 17 1.2 Sự trỗi dậy ngày mạnh mẽ Trung Quốc dần làm thay đổi cán cân lực lượng toàn cầu 21 1.3 ASEAN gia tăng liên kết khu vực thúc đẩy vai trò trung tâm hợp tác khu vực 26 1.4 Tiểu kết chương 30 Chương 2: THỰC TIỄN VÀ KẾT QUẢ THỰC HIỆN CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA MỸ ĐỐI VỚI MYANMAR TỪ SAU CHIẾN TRANH LẠNH ĐẾN NĂM 2013 31 2.1 Mỹ thực sách cấm vận Myanmar 31 2.1.1 Nguyên nhân Mỹ thực sách cấm vận với Myanmar 31 2.1.2 Mục tiêu nguyên tắc sách Mỹ Myanmar thời kỳ cấm vận 36 2.1.2.1 Mục tiêu 36 2.1.2.2 Nguyên tắc thực 37 2.1.3 Thực tiễn kết việc Mỹ triển khai sách sách cấm vận Myanmar 39 2.2 Chính sách “tiếp cận thực dụng” Mỹ Myanmar từ sau nước tiến hành cải cách dân chủ 43 2.2.1 Nguyên nhân Mỹ tiến hành sách “tiếp cận thực dụng” Myanmar 44 2.2.2 Mục tiêu nguyên tắc sách Mỹ Myanmar thời kỳ quyền Naypyidaw tiến hành cải cách dân chủ 55 2.2.2.1 Mục tiêu 55 2.2.2.2 Nguyên tắc thực 57 2.2.3 Thực tiễn kết việc Mỹ triển khai sách “tiếp cận thực dụng” phản ứng Myanmar 59 2.3 Đặc điểm sách Mỹ Myanmar 72 2.3.1 Giai đoạn Mỹ thực sách cấm vận 72 2.3.2 Giai đoạn Mỹ triển khai sách “tiếp cận thực dụng” 74 2.4 Tiểu kết chương 76 Chương 3: ĐÁNH GIÁ NHỮNG TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA TIẾN TRÌNH TRÊN ĐỐI VỚI CÁC CHỦ THỂ VÀ XU THẾ TRONG QUAN HỆ MỸ MYANMAR 77 3.1 Những tác động tiến trình chủ thể 77 3.1.1 Đối với Mỹ Myanmar 77 3.1.1.1 Đối với Myanmar 77 3.1.1.2 Những tác động Mỹ 84 3.1.2 Đối với chủ thể khác 94 3.1.2.1 Tác động Trung Quốc 94 3.1.2.2 Đối với ASEAN 99 3.1.2.3 Đối với nhân tố khác 104 3.2 Xu quan hệ Mỹ - Myanmar 110 3.3 Tiểu kết chương 111 KẾT LUẬN 113 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 116 PHỤ LỤC 129 DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT AC : Cộng đồng ASEAN ASEAN Community ADB : Ngân hàng Phát triển Châu Á The Asian Development Bank ARF : Diễn đàn khu vực ASEAN ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN : Hiệp hội quốc gia Đông Nam Á Association of Southeast Asian Nations EU : Liên minh Châu Âu European Union FDI : Đầu tư trực tiếp nước Foreign Direct Investment GDP : Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội Gross Domestic Product HDI : Chỉ số phát triển người Human Development Index IMF : Quỹ Tiền tệ Quốc tế International Monetary NLD : Liên đồn quốc gia dân chủ National League for Democracy NGO : Tổ chức phi Chính phủ Non – Governmental Organization USD : Đơ la Mỹ United states dollar USDP : Đảng Đoàn kết phát triển Liên bang The Union Solidarity and Development Party SPDC : Hội đồng Hịa bình Phát triển liên bang The Sate Peace and Development Coucil WHO : Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới World Health Organization WTO : Tổ chức Thương mại Thế giới World Trade Organization WB : Ngân hàng Thế giới World Bank TTXVN : Thông xã Việt Nam TLTKĐB : Tài liệu tham khảo đặc biệt TTKTG : Tin tham khảo Thế giới MỞ ĐẦU Lý chọn đề tài Sau Chiến tranh Lạnh kết thúc, Mỹ siêu cường giới kinh tế tiềm lực quân Để khẳng định vị sức mạnh kinh tế quân tiềm tàng mình, Mỹ tiến hành nhiều hoạt động can thiệp quân vào quốc gia khác, điều làm giảm uy tín Mỹ trường quốc tế Đến năm đầu kỉ XXI, Mỹ lợi dụng vị người bị hại dốc toàn lực vào gọi “cuộc chiến chống khủng bố”, điều tạo nên “khoảng trống quyền lực” khu vực Đông Nam Á Tận dụng thời chưa có lịch sử, Trung Quốc tích cực gia tăng ảnh hưởng tới khu vực với mục tiêu biến Đông Nam Á trở thành “sân sau” Trong đó, Myanmar điển hình cho gia tăng ảnh hưởng kiểm sốt khu vực Trung Quốc Trong đó, từ cuối năm 80 kỷ XX, Myanmar quyền lãnh đạo Chính phủ Quân sự, quốc gia bị Mỹ phương Tây thực biện pháp cấm vận Điều tác động không nhỏ tới tình hình đối nội đối ngoại Myanmar Quốc gia dường có quan hệ với bên ngồi, Trung Quốc trở thành đối tác chính, chủ yếu quan trọng Myanmar thời gian Bên cạnh đó, với tư cách quốc gia có vị trí địa – chiến lược quan trọng khu vực, Myanmar nằm kẹp hai quốc gia lớn Trung Quốc Ấn Độ Vị trí địa – chiến lược Myanmar nâng cao Trung Quốc gia tăng mở rộng phạm vi không gian ảnh hưởng, Ấn Độ thực sách “hướng Đơng” sách “xoay trục sang châu Á” Mỹ Và, Myanmar tuyên bố thực cải cách dân chủ từ đầu năm 2011 khiến cho Mỹ theo nước thuộc giới phương Tây điều chỉnh sách Naypyidaw, dỡ bỏ dần biện pháp cấm vận gia tăng tiếp xúc Từ đó, Myanmar trở thành phận quan trọng chiến lược “tái cân bằng” Mỹ Đơng Nam Á Chính vậy, quốc gia “chùa vàng” trở thành địa bàn quan trọng cạnh tranh chiến lược Washington Bắc Kinh Đồng thời, thay đổi chiến lược cách tiếp cận Mỹ Myanmar cách nhanh chóng nhằm phù hợp với biến đổi tình hình thực tế Myanmar khiến cho hiểu rõ đặc điểm sách đối ngoại Mỹ Những thay đổi sách Mỹ Myanmar có tác động nhiều không thân Myanmar mà khu vực, với ASEAN, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, nhiều chủ thể khác, có Việt Nam Việt Nam nước nằm tiểu vùng sông Mê Công, thành viên tổ chức ASEAN, có quan hệ chặt chẽ với Myanmar, việc nghiên cứu tìm hiểu Myanmar cần thiết, đặc biệt tìm hiểu chuyển biến sách Mỹ Myanmar từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh đến Để từ ta rút kinh nghiệm việc ứng xử nước khu vực, nước lớn, đặc biệt rút kinh nghiệm ứng xử chiến lược “xoay trục” Mỹ Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu chiến lược Mỹ tới quốc gia cụ thể Đơng Nam Á nói chung với Myanmar tác động nói riêng cịn tương đối khiên tốn, nghiên cứu mang tính hệ thống chuyển biến sách tác động tới cục diện địa – trị khu vực Xuất phát từ giá trị thực tiễn giá trị khoa học nêu định chọn vấn đề “Những chuyển biến sách Mỹ Myanmar từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh đến năm 2013” làm đề tài cho luận văn thạc sỹ Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu 2.1 Đối tượng nghiên cứu - Về mặt tổng quan, đối tượng nghiên cứu luận văn chuyển biến sách Mỹ Myanmar từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh năm 2013 - Cụ thể luận văn tập trung vào yếu tố sau: + Những yếu tố tác động đến chuyển biến sách Mỹ Myanmar; + Những nội dung cụ thể sách Mỹ Myanmar qua giai đoạn từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh tới nay; + Những tác động tạo từ sách Mỹ Myanmar giai đoạn 2.2 Phạm vi nghiên cứu - Phạm vi thời gian: Luận văn tập trung nghiên cứu biến chuyển sách mà Mỹ thực Myanmar từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh đến năm 2013, biểu cụ thể tác động sách mang lại cho Mỹ Myanmar - Phạm vi nội dung nghiên cứu: Luận văn tập trung sâu nghiên cứu, sau biểu tình đảo năm 1988 phủ quân lên nắm quyền, không công nhận kết bầu cử năm 1990 quyền Mỹ lệnh cấm vận tất công ty Mỹ không nhập hay xuất mặt hàng sang Myanmar ngược lại Tuy nhiên năm gần đặc biệt Myanmar bắt đầu thực cải cách từ năm 2011 Mỹ lại nới lỏng thay đổi sách với Myanmar, điều đem lại lợi ích chiến lược Mỹ Myanmar, qua thấy tác động Mỹ, Myanmar nước khác khu vực đặc biệt Trung Quốc, Việt Nam Mục tiêu nhiệm vụ luận văn 3.1 Mục tiêu - Đánh giá lợi ích chiến lược Mỹ Myanmar Mỹ thay đổi sách Myanmar - Đi sâu, làm rõ phân tích thay đổi sách Mỹ Myanmar từ sau chiến tranh lạnh đến năm 2013, đặc biệt thay đổi có tính chất bước ngoặt sau Myanmar tiến hành cải cách dân chủ năm 2011 - Luận văn sâu đánh giá tác động thay đổi sách Myanmar, Mỹ nước khu vực đặc biệt Trung Quốc, v.v - Luận văn cung cấp tư liệu có tính hệ thống công tác giảng dạy, học tập nghiên cứu quan hệ quốc tế - khu vực 3.2 Nhiệm vụ - Luận văn sâu phân tích yếu tố quốc tế, khu vực hai nước Mỹ Myanmar có ảnh hưởng đến việc Mỹ điều chỉnh sách Myanmar, sâu tìm hiểu lợi ích chiến lược mà hai nước Mỹ Myanmar có nào, đặc biệt lợi ích chiến lược Mỹ Mỹ định thay đổi sách Myanmar - Luận văn sâu nghiên cứu sách tồn cầu hóa khu vực hóa Mỹ, sau chiến tranh lạnh Mỹ khơng cịn siêu cường giới Mỹ bị “sa lầy” Chiến tranh vùng vịnh, chiến chống khủng bố Trung Đông, châu Phi, nên khu vực vốn trước thuộc ảnh hưởng truyền thống Mỹ có “nguy bị đi” “đối thủ” Trung Quốc, khu vực Đông Nam Á trường hợp ngoại lệ, Mỹ thay đổi sách Myanmar, qua chứng tỏ Myanmar có vị trí lớn chiến lược “tái cân bằng” Mỹ - Tiếp đến, luận văn sâu nghiên cứu đánh giá sách mà Mỹ thực Myanmar từ sau chiến tranh lạnh đến 2013 lĩnh vực cụ thể: ngoại giao – quân sự, an ninh – quốc phòng, kinh tế thương mại đầu tư, lĩnh vực khác… Qua thấy tác động chuyển biến Myanmar, Mỹ nước khu vực Tình hình nghiên cứu Nghiên cứu Myanmar giành quan tâm học giả nước Những nghiên cứu nước: Trong năm gần đây, vấn đề Myanmar nhiều học giả quan tâm nghiên cứu, kể đến số cơng trình nhà khoa học thuộc Viện Nghiên cứu Đông Nam Á – Viện Hàn Lâm KHXH Việt Nam Chẳng hạn như, Nguyễn Duy Dũng, Đánh giá nhanh tình hình Myanmar năm 2012 – Nhiệm vụ cấp Bộ năm 2012, Viện Nghiên cứu Đông Nam Á; Nguyễn Hồng Quang, Myanmar với việc thực hóa Cộng đồng ASEAN: Quan điểm, sách, thuận lợi khó khăn – Nhiệm vụ cấp Bộ 2012, Viện Nghiên cứu Đơng Nam Á Những cơng trình đưa đánh giá nhanh tình hình Myanmar năm gần đây, nhiên cơng trình lại chưa đưa đánh giá sâu sắc tình hình Myanmar sách đối ngoại Myanmar, sách đối ngoại nước lớn Myanmar Bên cạnh đó, học giả Việt Nam liên tục có nghiên cứu cập nhật liên quan đến Myanmar giai đoạn Các tác giả như: Vũ Quang Thiện (2005), Lịch sử Myanmar, NXb Khoa học Xã hội, sách tác giả cho độc giả biết tình hình Myanmar kể từ lập quốc PHỤ LỤC REMARKS BY PRESIDENT OBAMA AT THE UNIVERSITY OF YANGON The White House Office of the Press Secretary Remarks by President Obama at the University of Yangon THE WHITE HOUSE Office of the Press Secretary For Immediate Release November 19, 2012 REMARKS BY PRESIDENT OBAMA AT THE UNIVERSITY OF YANGON Rangoon, Burma 2:39 P.M MMT PRESIDENT OBAMA: Thank you (Applause.) Myanmar Naingan, Mingalaba! (Laughter and applause.) I am very honored to be here at this university and to be the first President of the United States of America to visit your country I came here because of the importance of your country You live at the crossroads of East and South Asia You border the most populated nations on the planet You have a history that reaches back thousands of years, and the ability to help determine the destiny of the fastest growing region of the world I came here because of the beauty and diversity of your country I have seen just earlier today the golden stupa of Shwedagon, and have been moved by the timeless idea of metta - the belief that our time on this Earth can be defined by tolerance and by love And I know this land reaches from the crowded neighborhoods of this old city to the homes of more than 60,000 villages; from the peaks of the Himalayas, the forests of Karen State, to the banks of the Irrawady River I came here because of my respect for this university It was here at this school where opposition to colonial rule first took hold It was here that Aung San edited a magazine before leading an independence movement It was here that U Thant learned the ways of the world before guiding it at the United Nations Here, scholarship thrived during the last century and students demanded their basic human rights Now, your Parliament has at last passed a resolution to revitalize this university and it must reclaim its greatness, because the future of this country will be determined by the education of its youth I came here because of the history between our two countries A century ago, American traders, merchants and missionaries came here to build bonds of faith and commerce and friendship And from within these borders in World War II, our pilots flew into China and many of our troops gave their lives Both of our nations emerged from the British Empire, and the United States was among the first countries to recognize an independent Union of Burma We were proud to found an American Center in Rangoon and to build exchanges with schools like this one And through decades of differences, Americans have been united in their affection for this country and its people Above all, I came here because of America’s belief in human dignity Over the last several decades, our two countries became strangers But today, I can tell you that we always remained hopeful about the people of this country, about you You gave us hope and we bore witness to your courage We saw the activists dressed in white visit the families of political prisoners on Sundays and monks dressed in saffron protesting peacefully in the streets We learned of ordinary people who organized relief teams to respond to a cyclone, and heard the voices of students and the beats of hip-hop artists projecting the sound of freedom We came to know exiles and refugees who never lost touch with their families or their ancestral home And we were inspired by the fierce dignity of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, as she proved that no human being can truly be imprisoned if hope burns in your heart When I took office as President, I sent a message to those governments who ruled by fear I said, in my inauguration address, “We will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.” And over the last year and a half, a dramatic transition has begun, as a dictatorship of five decades has loosened its grip Under President Thein Sein, the desire for change has been met by an agenda for reform A civilian now leads the government, and a parliament is asserting itself The once-outlawed National League for Democracy stood in an election, and Aung San Suu Kyi is a Member of Parliament Hundreds of prisoners of conscience have been released, and forced labor has been banned Preliminary cease-fires have been reached with ethnic armies, and new laws allow for a more open economy So today, I’ve come to keep my promise and extend the hand of friendship America now has an Ambassador in Rangoon, sanctions have been eased, and we will help rebuild an economy that can offer opportunity for its people, and serve as an engine of growth for the world But this remarkable journey has just begun, and has much further to go Reforms launched from the top of society must meet the aspirations of citizens who form its foundation The flickers of progress that we have seen must not be extinguished - they must be strengthened; they must become a shining North Star for all this nation’s people And your success in that effort is important to the United States, as well as to me Even though we come from different places, we share common dreams: to choose our leaders; to live together in peace; to get an education and make a good living; to love our families and our communities That’s why freedom is not an abstract idea; freedom is the very thing that makes human progress possible - not just at the ballot box, but in our daily lives One of our greatest Presidents in the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, understood this truth He defined America’s cause as more than the right to cast a ballot He understood democracy was not just voting He called upon the world to embrace four fundamental freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear These four freedoms reinforce one another, and you cannot fully realize one without realizing them all So that’s the future that we seek for ourselves, and for all people And that is what I want to speak to you about today First, we believe in the right of free expression so that the voices of ordinary people can be heard, and governments reflect their will - the people’s will In the United States, for more than two centuries, we have worked to keep this promise for all of our citizens - to win freedom for those who were enslaved; to extend the right to vote for women and African Americans; to protect the rights of workers to organize And we recognize no two nations achieve these rights in exactly the same way, but there is no question that your country will be stronger if it draws on the strength of all of its people That’s what allows nations to succeed That’s what reform has begun to Instead of being repressed, the right of people to assemble together must now be fully respected Instead of being stifled, the veil of media censorship must continue to be lifted And as you take these steps, you can draw on your progress Instead of being ignored, citizens who protested the construction of the Myitsone dam were heard Instead of being outlawed, political parties have been allowed to participate You can see progress being made As one voter said during the parliamentary elections here, “Our parents and grandparents waited for this, but never saw it.” And now you can see it You can taste freedom And to protect the freedom of all the voters, those in power must accept constraints That’s what our American system is designed to Now, America may have the strongest military in the world, but it must submit to civilian control I, as the President of the United States, make determinations that the military then carries out, not the other way around As President and Commander-In-Chief, I have that responsibility because I’m accountable to the people Now, on other hand, as President, I cannot just impose my will on Congress — the Congress of the United States - even though sometimes I wish I could The legislative branch has its own powers and its own prerogatives, and so they check my power and balance my power I appoint some of our judges, but I cannot tell them how to rule, because every person in America - from a child living in poverty to me, the President of the United States - is equal under the law And a judge can make a determination as to whether or not I am upholding the law or breaking the law And I am fully accountable to that law And I describe our system in the United States because that’s how you must reach for the future that you deserve - a future where a single prisoner of conscience is one too many You need to reach for a future where the law is stronger than any single leader, because it’s accountable to the people You need to reach for a future where no child is made to be a soldier and no woman is exploited, and where the laws protect them even if they’re vulnerable, even if they’re weak; a future where national security is strengthened by a military that serves under civilians and a Constitution that guarantees that only those who are elected by the people may govern On that journey, America will support you every step of the way - by using our assistance to empower civil society; by engaging your military to promote professionalism and human rights; and by partnering with you as you connect your progress towards democracy with economic development So advancing that journey will help you pursue a second freedom - the belief that all people should be free from want It’s not enough to trade a prison of powerlessness for the pain of an empty stomach But history shows that governments of the people and by the people and for the people are far more powerful in delivering prosperity And that’s the partnership we seek with you When ordinary people have a say in their own future, then your land can’t just be taken away from you And that’s why reforms must ensure that the people of this nation can have that most fundamental of possessions - the right to own the title to the land on which you live and on which you work When your talents are unleashed, then opportunity will be created for all people America is lifting our ban on companies doing business here, and your government has lifted restrictions on investment and taken steps to open up your economy And now, as more wealth flows into your borders, we hope and expect that it will lift up more people It can’t just help folks at the top It has to help everybody And that kind of economic growth, where everybody has opportunity - if you work hard, you can succeed - that’s what gets a nation moving rapidly when it comes to develop But that kind of growth can only be created if corruption is left behind For investment to lead to opportunity, reform must promote budgets that are transparent and industry that is privately owned To lead by example, America now insists that our companies meet high standards of openness and transparency if they’re doing business here And we’ll work with organizations like the World Bank to support small businesses and to promote an economy that allows entrepreneurs, small businesspeople to thrive and allows workers to keep what they earn And I very much welcome your government’s recent decision to join what we’ve called our Open Government Partnership, so that citizens can come to expect accountability and learn exactly how monies are spent and how your system of government operates Above all, when your voices are heard in government, it’s far more likely that your basic needs will be met And that’s why reform must reach the daily lives of those who are hungry and those who are ill, and those who live without electricity or water And here, too, America will our part in working with you Today, I was proud to reestablish our USAID mission in this country, which is our lead development agency And the United States wants to be a partner in helping this country, which used to be the rice bowl of Asia, to reestablish its capacity to feed its people and to care for its sick, and educate its children, and build its democratic institutions as you continue down the path of reform This country is famous for its natural resources, and they must be protected against exploitation And let us remember that in a global economy, a country’s greatest resource is its people So by investing in you, this nation can open the door for far more prosperity - because unlocking a nation’s potential depends on empowering all its people, especially its young people Just as education is the key to America’s future, it is going to the be the key to your future as well And so we look forward to working with you, as we have with many of your neighbors, to extend that opportunity and to deepen exchanges among our students We want students from this country to travel to the United States and learn from us, and we want U.S students to come here and learn from you And this truth leads me to the third freedom that I want to discuss: the freedom to worship - the freedom to worship as you please, and your right to basic human dignity This country, like my own country, is blessed with diversity Not everybody looks the same Not everybody comes from the same region Not everybody worships in the same way In your cities and towns, there are pagodas and temples, and mosques and churches standing side by side Well over a hundred ethnic groups have been a part of your story Yet within these borders, we’ve seen some of the world’s longest running insurgencies, which have cost countless lives, and torn families and communities apart, and stood in the way of development No process of reform will succeed without national reconciliation (Applause.) You now have a moment of remarkable opportunity to transform cease-fires into lasting settlements, and to pursue peace where conflicts still linger, including in Kachin State Those efforts must lead to a more just and lasting peace, including humanitarian access to those in need, and a chance for the displaced to return home Today, we look at the recent violence in Rakhine State that has caused so much suffering, and we see the danger of continued tensions there For too long, the people of this state, including ethnic Rakhine, have faced crushing poverty and persecution But there is no excuse for violence against innocent people And the Rohingya hold themselves - hold within themselves the same dignity as you do, and I National reconciliation will take time, but for the sake of our common humanity, and for the sake of this country’s future, it is necessary to stop incitement and to stop violence And I welcome the government’s commitment to address the issues of injustice and accountability, and humanitarian access and citizenship That’s a vision that the world will support as you move forward Every nation struggles to define citizenship America has had great debates about these issues, and those debates continue to this day, because we’re a nation of immigrants - people coming from every different part of the world But what we’ve learned in the United States is that there are certain principles that are universal, apply to everybody no matter what you look like, no matter where you come from, no matter what religion you practice The right of people to live without the threat that their families may be harmed or their homes may be burned simply because of who they are or where they come from Only the people of this country ultimately can define your union, can define what it means to be a citizen of this country But I have confidence that as you that you can draw on this diversity as a strength and not a weakness Your country will be stronger because of many different cultures, but you have to seize that opportunity You have to recognize that strength I say this because my own country and my own life have taught me the power of diversity The United States of America is a nation of Christians and Jews, and Muslims and Buddhists, and Hindus and non-believers Our story is shaped by every language; it’s enriched by every culture We have people from every corners of the world We’ve tasted the bitterness of civil war and segregation, but our history shows us that hatred in the human heart can recede; that the lines between races and tribes fade away And what’s left is a simple truth: e pluribus unum - that’s what we say in America Out of many, we are one nation and we are one people And that truth has, time and again, made our union stronger It has made our country stronger It’s part of what has made America great We amended our Constitution to extend the democratic principles that we hold dear And I stand before you today as President of the most powerful nation on Earth, but recognizing that once the color of my skin would have denied me the right to vote And so that should give you some sense that if our country can transcend its differences, then yours can, too Every human being within these borders is a part of your nation’s story, and you should embrace that That’s not a source of weakness, that’s a source of strength - if you recognize it And that brings me to the final freedom that I will discuss today, and that is the right of all people to live free from fear In many ways, fear is the force that stands between human beings and their dreams Fear of conflict and the weapons of war Fear of a future that is different from the past Fear of changes that are reordering our societies and economy Fear of people who look different, or come from a different place, or worship in a different way In some of her darkest moments, when Aung San Suu Kyi was imprisoned, she wrote an essay about freedom from fear She said fear of losing corrupts those who wield it - “Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it, and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.” That’s the fear that you can leave behind We see that chance in leaders who are beginning to understand that power comes from appealing to people’s hopes, not people’s fears We see it in citizens who insist that this time must be different, that this time change will come and will continue As Aung San Suu Kyi wrote: “Fear is not the natural state of civilized man.” I believe that And today, you are showing the world that fear does not have to be the natural state of life in this country That’s why I am here That’s why I came to Rangoon And that’s why what happens here is so important - not only to this region, but to the world Because you’re taking a journey that has the potential to inspire so many people This is a test of whether a country can transition to a better place The United States of America is a Pacific nation, and we see our future as bound to those nations and peoples to our West And as our economy recovers, this is where we believe we will find enormous growth As we have ended the wars that have dominated our foreign policy for a decade, this region will be a focus for our efforts to build a prosperous peace Here in Southeast Asia, we see the potential for integration among nations and people And as President, I have embraced ASEAN for reasons that go beyond the fact that I spent some of my childhood in this region, in Indonesia Because with ASEAN, we see nations that are on the move - nations that are growing, and democracies that are emerging; governments that are cooperating; progress that’s building on the diversity that spans oceans and islands and jungles and cities, peoples of every race and every religion This is what the 21st century should look like if we have the courage to put aside our differences and move forward with a sense of mutual interest and mutual respect And here in Rangoon, I want to send a message across Asia: We don’t need to be defined by the prisons of the past We need to look forward to the future To the leadership of North Korea, I have offered a choice: let go of your nuclear weapons and choose the path of peace and progress If you do, you will find an extended hand from the United States of America In 2012, we don’t need to cling to the divisions of East, West and North and South We welcome the peaceful rise of China, your neighbor to the North; and India, your neighbor to the West The United Nations - the United States will work with any nation, large or small, that will contribute to a world that is more peaceful and more prosperous, and more just and more free And the United States will be a friend to any nation that respects the rights of its citizens and the responsibilities of international law That’s the nation, that’s the world that you can start to build here in this historic city This nation that’s been so isolated can show the world the power of a new beginning, and demonstrate once again that the journey to democracy goes hand in hand with development I say this knowing that there are still countless people in this country who not enjoy the opportunities that many of you seated here There are tens of millions who have no electricity There are prisoners of conscience who still await release There are refugees and displaced peoples in camps where hope is still something that lies on the distant horizon Today, I say to you - and I say to everybody that can hear my voice - that the United States of America is with you, including those who have been forgotten, those who are dispossessed, those who are ostracized, those who are poor We carry your story in our heads and your hopes in our hearts, because in this 21st century with the spread of technology and the breaking down of barriers, the frontlines of freedom are within nations and individuals, not simply between them As one former prisoner put it in speaking to his fellow citizens, “Politics is your job It’s not only for [the] politicians.” And we have an expression in the United States that the most important office in a democracy is the office of citizen - not President, not Speaker, but citizen So as extraordinary and difficult and challenging and sometimes frustrating as this journey may seem, in the end, you, the citizens of this country, are the ones who must define what freedom means You’re the ones who are going to have to seize freedom, because a true revolution of the spirit begins in each of our hearts It requires the kind of courage that so many of your leaders have already displayed The road ahead will be marked by huge challenges, and there will be those who resist the forces of change But I stand here with confidence that something is happening in this country that cannot be reversed, and the will of the people can lift up this nation and set a great example for the world And you will have in the United States of America a partner on that long journey So, cezu tin bad de Thank you Nguồn: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/11/19/remarks-president-obamauniversity-yangon, truy cập ngày 30/9/2014 PHỤ LỤC REMARKS BY PRESIDENT OBAMA AND PRESIDENT THEIN SEIN OF MYANMAR AFTER BILATERAL MEETING PRESIDENT OBAMA: I want to welcome President Thein Sein to the United States of America and to the Oval Office Last year, I was proud to make a historic visit to Myanmar as the first U.S President ever to visit that country And now President Sein is able to return the favor by making a visit to the United States, and my understanding is that this is the first visit by a leader of Myanmar in almost 50 years Obviously, during this period in between there have been significant bilateral tensions between our countries But what has allowed this shift in relations is the leadership that President Sein has shown in moving Myanmar down a path of both political and economic reform Over the last two years, we’ve seen a steady process in which political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi, have been released and have been incorporated into the political process We’ve seen credible elections and a legislature that is continuing to make strides in the direction of more inclusivity and greater representation of all the various groups within Myanmar President Sein has also made genuine efforts to resolve longstanding ethnic conflicts within the country, and has recognized the need to establish laws that respect the rights of the people of Myanmar As a consequence of these changes in policy inside of Myanmar, the United States has been able to relax sanctions that had been placed on Myanmar, and many countries around the world have followed suit And this has also allowed the United States and other countries and international institutions to participate in engagement with the Myanmar government about how we can be helpful in spurring economic development that is broad-based and that produces concrete results for the people of Myanmar And that includes the prospect of increasing trade and investment in Myanmar, which can produce jobs and higher standards of living But as President Sein is the first to admit, this is a long journey and there is still much work to be done And during our discussions, President Sein shared with me the fact - the manner in which he intends to continue to move forward on releasing more political prisoners; making sure that the government of Myanmar institutionalizes some of the political reforms that have already taken place; how rule of law is codified so that it continues into the future; and the process whereby these ethnic conflicts that have existed are resolved not simply by a ceasefire but an actual incorporation of all these communities into the political process I also shared with President Sein our deep concern about communal violence that has been directed at Muslim communities inside of Myanmar The displacement of people, the violence directed towards them needs to stop, and we are prepared to work in any ways that we can with both the government of Myanmar and the international community to assure that people are getting the help that they need but, more importantly, that their rights and their dignity is recognized over the long term As I indicated to President Sein, countries that are successful are countries that tap into the talents of all people and respect the rights of all people And I’m confident that if Myanmar follows that recipe, that it will be not only a successful democracy but also a thriving economy We also discussed some very concrete projects that we’ve already initiated For example, USAID is already working to evaluate how we can improve agricultural productivity in Myanmar that can benefit farmers, increase incomes, and improve standards of living in a largely agricultural country And we’re also working, for example, on projects like improving the road that currently exists between Rangoon and Mandalay Finally, I want to thank President Sein for his participation in ASEAN and the East Asia Summit in which the United States is actively engaged in, all the countries in Southeast Asia, as part of our broader refocusing on the Asia Pacific region - a region of enormous growth and potential with which we want to continue to strengthen our bonds So, Mr President, welcome to the United States of America We very much appreciate your efforts and leadership in leading Myanmar in a new direction, and we want you to know that the United States will make every effort to assist you on what I know is a long, and sometimes difficult, but ultimately correct path to follow PRESIDENT SEIN: (As interpreted.) I would like to express my sincere thanks to President Obama for inviting me to come to the United States Indeed, this is my very first visit to Washington, D.C., as well as to the White House And I am also very pleased to have this opportunity to discuss about the democratization process and reform process undertaken in my country Our two countries established diplomatic relations since 1947, a year before our independence And since then we have been able to enjoy historically, our two countries have enjoyed cordial relations, and there were also exchange of - high-level exchange of visit between our two countries But I have to say that in the past there were difficulties in our bilateral relationship But now we are very pleased that our relations have been improved significantly, and I am very thankful that in 50 years I am repaying a visit to the United States at the invitation of President Obama And I am very grateful for extending an invitation to me to pay a visit to the United States Now that our country, Myanmar, has started to practice democratic system, so we can say that we have - both our countries have similar political system in our two countries As you all know, our government is just - our democratic government is just two years old And we have - within the short period of two years, our government has carried out political and economic reforms in our country Because we are in a very nascent stage of democratic a democratic stage, we still need a lot of democratic experience and practices to be learned And we have seen successes At the same time, we have been encountering obstacle and challenges along our democratization process - path The improvement in our relation is also in recognition - U.S government’s recognition of our democratization efforts and our genuine efforts for democratization process in our country And it is also due to - thanks to President Obama’s reengagement policy to reengage with our country so that we have seen improvement in our bilateral relation within a short period of time Myanmar, being a developing country, and as we are undertaking changes of our democratization reforms, it is a daunting task ahead of us We encounter many challenges, such as the present - our poverty rate in the country is quite high and we have very few job opportunity, and then as well as we have a - we not have much middle class in our country And then we - our people needs to be all familiar with democratic practice, democratic norms and values So we have a lot of challenges ahead of us, but we have to - thanks to the U.S government and the people support them for understanding that we will be able to encounter these challenges as we undertake the reform process in our country During my meeting with - our discussion with President, as he has already elaborated, we discussed about the rule of law in our country; the strengthening of judicial bodies; the providing assistance so that our police and military force become professional forces And then to reiterate, we also discussed what related to the poverty alleviation for the rural people and farmers, agriculture, development, as well as how uplifting the health and education sectors of our countries So we had a very fruitful discussion with President Obama, and then I must say that I am very pleased to have this opportunity to have a candid and frank discussion with President Obama And I believe that I have my visit to the United States is quite successful and meaningful So for democracy to flourish in our country, we will have to move forward and we will have to undertake reforms - political reforms and economic reforms in the years ahead We will also have to - we are trying our best with our own efforts to have political and economic reforms in our country But we will also need - along this path, we will also need the assistance and understanding from the international community, including the United States And what I want to say is that President Obama has frequently used the word “forward.” And I will take this opportunity to reiterate that Myanmar and I will continue to take the forward - move forward so that we will have - we can build a new democratic state - a new Myanmar, a new democratic state in our country I thank you all END 3:50 P.M EDT Nguồn: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/20/remarks-president-obama-andpresident-thein-sein-myanmar-after-bilateral, truy cập ngày 30/12/2013 ... 1: NHỮNG NHÂN TỐ TÁC ĐỘNG ĐẾN CHÍNH SÁCH CỦA MỸ ĐỐI VỚI MYANMAR .9 1.1 Những chuyển biến sách tồn cầu Mỹ từ sau Chiến tranh Lạnh đến 1.1.1 Chính sách tồn cầu Mỹ từ sau Chiến. .. 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