Haønh ñoäng xaûy ra taïi thôøi ñieåm trong quùa khöù (thöôøng coù 2 yeáu toá thôøi gian) Caùc traïng töø ñi vôùi thì QKÑ:.. Lieân töø ñi vôùi thì QTÑ: when / while.[r]
(1)1 Simple present: a) Động từ thường:
I, you, we, they → He, she, it → does Ex: The sun rises in the east
She doesn’t cook every day Do they often visit their aunt? b) Động từ “To BE” :
I → am
He, she, it → is You, we, they → are
Ex: English is the international language
She isn’t at home now
Where are you from? Dùng để diễn đạt:
thói quen
câu phát biểu tổng quát, thật hiển nhiên, chân lý cảm giác trạng thái
Các trạng từ thời gian với đơn:
Các động từ trạng thái cảm giác, cảm xúc, giác quan, sở hữu : KĐ: S + V1 (s /es)
PÑ: S + / does + not + V1 NV: Do / Does + S + V1 …?
KÑ: S + am / is /are + adj … PÑ: S + am /is / are + not + adj …
NV: Am / is / are + S + adj …?
- every (day/ week / month/ year) - always (luoân luoân)
- usually ( thường xuyên) - often (thường)
- sometimes = occasionally = at times (thỉnh thoảng) - seldom (ít khi)
- rarely (hiếm khi)
- normally (thông thường) - never (không bao giờ)
- all the time (luoân luoân) = at all times
feel * (cảm thấy) - seem ( dường như) - look * (trơng có vẻ)
be (thì ở) - think * (nghĩ là) - have (có) = possess (sở hữu) = own know (biết) - understand ( hiểu) - forget (quên)
(2)Ex: I think you are right (but: I’m thinking of this exercise) Your hands feel cold (but: I’m feeling cold)
At present he has three cars Present continuous:
Ex: She is studying English now They aren’t singing at present What are you doing now? Dùng để diễn đạt:
Hành động diễn Dự định tương lai
Các trạng từ thời gian với HTTD
Ex: They are visiting their aunt next month Simple past:
a) Động từ thường:
Ex: Columbus discovered South America in 1492 We saw him yesterday
The boy used to play football
b) Động từ “To be”
KÑ: S + am / is / are + Ving …
PÑ: S + am / is / are + not + Ving … NV: Am / Is ? Are + S + Ving …?
- now :
- right now : - at present :
- at the moment : lúc
- this week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm này - these days : ngày
KÑ: S + V2 …
PÑ: S + did not + V1 … NV: Did + S + V1 …?
(3)Ex: It was hot yesterday
They were on business last week Cách dùng:
hành độâng xảy thời gian rõ ràng khứ Thói quen khứ
Các trạng từ với QKĐ:
4 Past continuous:
Ex: She was cooking at pm yesterday Cách dùng:
Hành động xảy thời điểm qúa khứ (thường có yếu tố thời gian) Các trạng từ với QKĐ:
Liên từ với QTĐ: when / while
Ex: My aunt came when we were having dinner yesterday
They were watching TV while their mother was cooking in the kitchen Simple future:
Ex: We will go to the zoo tomorrow He won’t that again
Will he come back in 2010? Cách dùng:
hành động làm tương lai
Lời hứa, tâm, lời yêu cầu lịch sự, mong mỏi Các trạng từ với TLĐ:
- Yesterday : hôm qua
- last week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm trước - Two weeks ago : tuần cách
- In 1995 : năm 1995
KĐ: S + was /were + Ving …
PÑ: S + was / were + not + Ving … NV: Was / Were + S + Ving … ?
- at o’clock yesterday : vào lúc tám hôm qua
- this time last year : năm trước
KÑ: S + will / shall + V0
PÑ: S + will / shall + not + V0
NV: Will / Shall + S + V0 ?
- tomorrow : ngaøy mai
(4)Các liên từ với tương lai:
o TLÑ as soon as HTÑ / HTHT o TLÑ until HTÑ / HTHT
6 Future continuous
Ex: My mother will be going to market at o’clock tomorrow Cách dùng:
- hành độâng diễn thời điểm tương lai
- hành động xảy tương lai theo lệ thường Các trạng từ với TLTD:
Ex: This time tomorrow we shall be swimming at the beach He will be studying English tomorrow morning
7 Present Perfect:
Ex: Ms Mai has already finished the work We haven’t seen him recently
Have you ever been to Canada? Caùch duøng:
hành động xảy khứ kéo dài đến tại; tiếp diễn đến tương lai Hành động xảy khứ không rõ thời gian
Hành động vừa xảy
Các trạng từ giới từ với HTHT:
KĐ: S + will / shall + be + Ving PÑ: S + will / shall + not + be + Ving
NV: Will / Shall + S + be + Ving ?
- this time next year - at o’clock tomorrow
KÑ : S + has/have + V3
PÑ : S + has/have + not + V3
NV : Has/Have + S + V3 ?
- recently = lately : gần
- already :đã
- just : vừa
- until now = up to now = up to the present = so far: nay - (not) … yet : chưa
(5)8 Present perfect continuous :
Ex: I have been waiting for you for nearly an hour Giống HTHT nhấn mạnh tính liên tục
9 Past Perfect:
Ex: We had finished school before 1990
They had studied English before they began to go to work Caùch dùng:
hành đơng chấm dứt trước hành động khác khứ Hành động chấm dứt trước thới diểm khứ
Các từ với QKHT:
o QKHT + before + QKÑ o QKÑ + after + QKHT
o QKÑ + as soon as + QKÑ/ QKHT o QKÑ + until + QKÑ/ QKHT
Ex: He got a job after he had finished high school 10 Past perfect continuous :
Giống QKHT nhấn mạnh tính liên tục
Ex: The teacher had been teaching for 10 years before you entered this school 11 Future perfect :
KÑ : S + has/have + been + ving
PÑ : S + has/have not + been + ving NV : Has/Have + S + been + ving ?
KÑ : S + had + V3
PÑ : S + had not + V3
NV : Had + S + V3 ?
KÑ : S + had + been + Ving PÑ : S + had not + been + Ving NV : Had + S + been + Ving ?
KÑ : S + shall/will + have + V3
PÑ : S + shall/will not + have + V3
(6)Ex: He will have come back by the end of this month Cách dùng:
hành động xảy trước hành động khác tương lai Các từ với TLHT:
- TLHT + by the time / before + HTÑ
Ex: The boy will have finished his homework by tomorrow
My mother will have cooked dinner by the time we come back 12 Future perfect continuous :
Ex: They will have been living in this city for 10 years by next December Giống TLHT nhấn mạnh tính liên tục
13 Các biểu đồ sau diễn đạt nào:
14 Những cấu trúc cần ghi nhớ chia thì: A nguyên tắc vàng:
1 Will / Shall + V0
2 Be + V3 / Ving
3 Have + V3
- Sau “will” cho dù dạng nào, V0:
Thí duï : They will take me to the beach tomorrow I will be taken to the beach tomorrow
She will have finished her project by the end of this month b
1 a
X X X X X X X
X X X b a
X X
3 a b
X
4 b
X a
X
5 a
X X X
5 b
X b a
(7)- Sau “be” khơng thể có V1, V2
- Sau “have” khơng thể có V1, V2
B cần ghi nhớ: Đó là: Thì đơn, khứ đơn, hoàn thành, hồn thành tiếp diễn.
Từ ta suy khác theo biểu đồ sau (kết hợp với nguyên tắc vàng)
II Dùng biểu đồ để diễn đạt cách dùng thì:
Thí dụ: - I often watch television at night - I have studied English for eight years - I will go to university next year
- I will have left my high school by June II Caùc quy tắc:
1 Thêm s / es :
a) thêm es : động từ kết thúc có âm gió: ch, x, z , sh và phụ âm+ y / o
Ex: washes, glasses, watches, fizzes, studies, goes
V1 (s/es) am /is / are +
Ving Have / hasV3 + Have/ hasVing + been
+
Ving Ving + been
+ V3
will + will + will + will +
1
X X X X X X X X X
9 10 11 12
X X X X X X
5
X X X X X
(8)b) thêm s: động từ lại:
Ex: works, sees, hears, sings, pays
→ The spell:
2 Theâm ing :
a) động từ kết thúc là: phụ âm + e (câm): → bỏ e
Ex: hate → hating, come → coming, change → changing
b) động từ âm tiết kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm Ex: sit → sitting, run → running sip → sipping
c) động từ âm tiết, trọng âm vần 2 kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm Ex: begin → beginning prefer → preferring
d) động từ lại: thêm ing
Ex: meeting, missing, playing, talking, going c Qui tắc đọc ‘ed’:
- Các âm: k, p, tS, s, S, (x), f + ed → / t / - Các âm: t, d + ed → / id /
- Các âm lại: m, v, n, a, o, … + ed → / d / Ex: washed, stops, laughed, cooked
wanted, needed, hated
climbed, harmed, named, called, tried, played d Qui tắc đọc ‘s’:
- Các âm: p, k, t, f , H + s /s/ - Các âm lại : + s /z/
Ex: stops, cooks, laughs, months, hats, hates, learns, lives, plays, needs
(9)I SINGULAR SUBJECT:
Singular subject Examples
1 Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất định)
- anybody (any one), anything, anything, nobody (no one), nothing, everybody (everyone), everything.
- Something is under the armchair - Everyone wants to go home early 2 Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng, chất khí,
danh từ trừu tượng …
- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, … - ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass, … - steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen, … - rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, sugar, … - happiness, pollution, love, health, patience, … - work, homework, advice, information, time, … 3 Subjects, sport, languages, natural phenomena,
nations, diseases: (Môn học, thể thao, ngôn ngữ, tượng tư nhiên, tên quốc gia bệnh) - mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics, …… - swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, football, - Chinese, English, Spanish, German, …
- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, lightning, …
- Mathematics is a basic tool
- Many people take up gymnastics because it is good exercise
- English is an international language - The fog was very thick
4 Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian:
- - Ten kilometres is a long distance towalk
- Two million dollars is a large sum of money
- Eight hours of sleep is enough for me
5 Who/ what làm chủ ngữ: - Who uses English?
- What has happened to you? 6 That + Clause làm chủ ngữ:
“Wh” + clause làm chủ ngữ:
- That he is naughty makes his father sad
- What he says is unreliable 7 Some determiners: (Một số định từ )
- Each, every, one of,
- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, …
- Either , Neither,
- Each student has a pencil
- There is a little wine in the bottle - They gave a great deal of thought to their future job
- Neither student does homework
- Neither of the students is well prepared
8 The + N and + N: người kiêm chức vụ: - The assistant and secretary is very busy now
9 Hỗn hợp:
- bread and butter: bánh mì bơ - The horse and carriage : xe ngựa
- Bread and butter is my favourite food - The horse and carriage is coming round the corner
(10)
Plural subject Examples 1 The + adj :
- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind, - The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese, ……
- The poor need our help
- The Vietnamese are very brave
2 Danh từ dạng số nhiều:
- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, wares,
- The police are looking for the missing child
3 Some determiners: (một số định từ)
- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a great many, a good many, the majority…
III Các dạng hoà hợp chủ từ đơng từ:
1 Hồ hợp với danh từ sau:
Either ………… or ……… + V ……
Neither ……… nor ……… + V ……
Not only ……… but also …… + V ……
- Either I or John is going to the housework
- Not only the boy but also his friends like to play football
2 Hoà hợp với danh từ trước:
- N1 + along with + N2 + V … as well as
not
- Miss Hang, along with her friends, wants to meet the boss
- Nam, not Tam, has just come
IV Dạng danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc bất qui tắc:
NOUNS Examples
1 Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc: (thêm s/es)
- Danh từ kết thúcvới: (phụ âm) + y / o , ch, s, x, z, sh → thêm: es
- Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc lại: → thêm “s”
- potato → potatoes , study → studies
- watch → watches, fox → foxes
- pupil → pupils display → displays - language → languages
2 Danh từ số nhiều bất qui tắc: - oo → ee
- a → e - um → a - us → i
Danh từ số nhiều số khơng thay đổi: Sheep : cừu
Deer: nai
Fish: cá (fishes: loài cá)
- tooth → teeth goose → geese - man → men woman → women - bacterium → bacteria
(11)(12)I PRESENT AND FUTURE:
CONNECT-ORS
USAGE TENSES EXAMPLES
1
when
- Thói quen
taïi S Present + when + S Present
- She usually listens to music when she is stressed
- Hđ nối tiếp, S Future + when + S Present - They will send me a postcard when they arrive in Paris
- Nhấn mạnh hđ sau
when S Future + when + Pr Perfect - We will go when we have doneour homework
2
until
- Hđ làm
khi hđ sau xảy S Future + until + S Present
- We will wait until he comes - Nhấn mạnh mệnh
đề với until hoàn tất
S Future + until + Pr Perfect - I will come and see you as soon as I’ve finished my work
3
as soon as
- hđ S Future + as soon as + S Present
- Nam will go to university as soon as I graduate from high school
- nhấn mạnh hoàn tất mệnh đề với as soon as
S Future + as soon as + Pr Perfect
- The boy will buy a big dictionary as soon as he has saved enough money
4 after - Thoùi quen S Present + after + Pr Perfect - He often brushes his teeth after he has had lunch
5 by the time - Hđ hoàn tất trước hđ khác tương lai
Future Perfect + by the time + S Present
- I will have cooked dinner by the time he comes
II PAST and PAST PERFECT:
CONNECT-ORS
USAGE TENSES EXAMPLES
1
when
- Hđ hoàn tất trước
hđ khác P Perfect + when + S Past - When I arrived, John had goneaway ( I didn’t see John) - Hđ nối tiếp,
- Thói quen khứ
S Past + when + S Past When I arrived, John went away (John was angry with me, so he went away when he saw me) - She spent much money when she was young
(13)2 while - Hñ ngắn, hđ dài S Past + while + Past Cont - He came in while I was singing - hđ dài Past cont + while + Past Cont - My mother was reading a book
while we were playing football
3
until
- Hđ trước kéo dài hành đông mệnh đề sau
S Past + until + S Past - He read the book until he was dead tired
- Nhấn mạnh mệnh đề với until hoàn tất
S past + until + P Perfect - We went on working until we had finished the job
4
as soon as
- hđ S Past + as soon as + S Past - Mary told me the news as soon as she came to my flat
- nhấn mạnh hoàn tất mệnh đề với as soon as
S past + as soon as + P Perfect - A stranger walked into his room as soon as he had gone out
5
after
- Hđ trước, hđ sau S Past + after + P Perfect - He left after he had written the report
- After he had written the report, he left
6 before by the time
- Hđ sau, hđ trước P Perfect + before + S Past - The man had already finished the work before he came home
I General rule:
1 who:
We meet the man He is a professor We meet the man who is a professor
S whom:
She talked to the boy We met him in the zoo
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo
O
3 which
a He shouted at the dog It barked loudly He shouted at the dog which barked loudly
S
b The dog barked loudly He called it The dog which he called barked loudly
O
NGƯỜI VẬT
Subject WHO WHICH
Object WHOM WHICH
Possessive adjective
WHOSE WHOSE/ OF WHICH
(14)4 whose + N: thay cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )
a The teacher was angry The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry
O
b Do you know the woman? Her son has lost Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5 That: thay cho: Who, whom, which… (that theo sau dấu phẩy giới từ) The girl won the championship She was really talented
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship of which:
We should throw away the table The leg of the table was broken
We should throw away the table the leg of which / of which the leg was broken
whose leg
7 where: thay cho cụm giới từ nơi chốn “there” * N (place) + where + clause
a) This is the town I was born in the town Adv of place This is the town in which I was born This is the town where I was born
b) Do you know the village? He lived there Do you know the village where he lived? Ghi chú: trường hợp phải dùng “which”
Ex: This is the town I like it best O
→ This is the town which I like best
8 when: thay cho cụm danh từ thời gian “then”
National day is the day Our nation was completely liberated on that day National day is the day when our nation was completely liberated
9 why : thay cho cụm từ “ for the reason” Does he know the reason? He left for that reason Does he know the reason why he left?
10.It’s _ that / who + clause: (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh) a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who / that must clean the window b) Your dog bit the old man
It was your dog that bit the old man (không dùng which trường hợp này) c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured
(15)- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …
b) Tính từ dài: tính từ có hai âm trở lên: Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless… Types :
Equal S1 + V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux
S1 + negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux so
Comparative S1 + V + more + adj / adv(daøi) + than + S2 + aux
S1 + V + adj / adv(ngaén) + er + than + S2 + aux
Superlative S + V + the most + adj / adv(daøi)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngaén) +est
Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is) She isn’t so careful as her mother (is)
He drives more carefully than his friend (does) Tam studies the hardest in his class
My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam Who is the most beautiful in your class?
3 Special :
Less + adj / adv + than : hôn
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one Double comparison :
a)
The more + adj + S + V, (daøi)
the more + adj + S + V (daøi)
The + adj + er + S + V ,
(ngaén) the + adj + (ngaén) er + S + V Ex: The more beautiful she is, the happier she becomes
The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes b)
S + V twicethree times four times half
as + adj / adv + as …
as + much (N) as …
as + many ( N) as … Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do)
He earns half as much as his wife (does) c) More and more + adj (daøi) : nhiều
Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : …
Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful They work harder and harder
Tính từ bất qui tắc:
(16)1 bad/ badly worse worst Tệ, dở
2 good/ well better best Gioûi
3 much /many more most Nhieàu
4 little less least
5 far farther
further
farthest furthest
Xa (k.cách) Hơn (t tin)
6 old older
elder
oldest eldest
Lớn (chung) Lớn (anh ,chị) Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
My elder brother is years older than I
I General rule :
S + V + O + …
S + BE + V3 … by + O.
(chia theo câu chủ động)
Ex: - She usually takes my car → My car is usually taken by her
- He has sent his son to another school → His son has been sent to another school
II Active passive:
1 V1 am / is / are + V3
2 V2 was / were + V3
3 am/ is / are + Ving am/ is /are + being + V3 was / were + Ving was / were + being + V3 has / have + V3 has / have + been + V3
6 had + v3 had + been + v3
7 will / would
can / could + V0 may / might
must
will / would
can / could + be + V3
may / might (nguyên mẫu) must
8 be going to
have to + V0
used to like continue
be going to
have to + be + V3
used to (nguyên mẫu) like
continue
9 have + sb + V0 + sth have + sth + V3 + +(by +sb) 10 get + sb + to + V0 + sth
ask tell
(17)11 give bring
buy + sb + sth
lend show
given
brought
sb + be + bought + sth lent
shown
12 give bring
buy + sth + prep + sth
lend show
given
brought
sth + be + bought + prep +sth lent
shown
13 see
hear + O + Ving
smell
seen
s+ be + heard + Ving smelt
14 see
hear + O + V0
smell
seen
s + be + heard + to + V0 smelt
15 make + O + V0 s + be + made + to + V0 16 let + sb + v0 + sth sb + be + allowed + to + V0 17 sb + need + to +V0 + sth sth + need + ving
want
18 People + say + (that) + S’ + V … : nói think : nghó believe : tin
report : thơng báo rumour : đồn đại assume : thừa nhận It + be + said + (that) + S’ + V …
thought believed reported rumoured assumed
S’ + be + said + to + V0 (tương đồng, xảy sau)
thought to + have + V3 ( xảy trước) believed
reported rumoured assumed
Ex: - People say that he is a spy → It is said that he is a spy → He is said to be a spy - They think that Peter died → It is thought that Peter died → Peter is thought to have died
(18)I STATEMENT: Câu phát biểu (thuộc dạng câu khẳng định phủ định)
SAID
TOLD + O (THAT) + V (đổi thì)
Ex: - He said, “I like football.”
→ He said that he liked to play football
“Tom will fly to Paris next week,” said Miss Hoa
→ Miss Hoa said that Tom would fly to Paris the following week
II COMMANDS & REQUESTS: Câu yêu cầu (thuộc dạng mệnh lệnh yêu cầu) Imperative form: V0 + …… Request: Would you like ………… ? (mệnh lệnh) Don’t + V0 …… (yêu cầu) Could / Can you + V0 ……… ?
Why don’t you + V0 ………?
S TOLD
ASKED BEGGED ORDERED URGED ADVISED
O to + V0
not + to + V0
Ex: She said to him, “Come in, please” → She told him to come in
“Don’t make noise, Tom” said the mother → The mother asked Tom not to make noise III QUESTIONS: (Dạng câu hỏi)
S + ASKED + O
WONDERED
WANTED TO KNOW
if / whether
(yes/ no question) S + V (đổi thì)
“Wh” / how
(wh-question)
Ex: She said to me, “Will she come?” → She asked me if she came
“Where you live?” asked the foreigner → The foreigner asked me where I lived IV Các dạng khác:
1 Let’s + V0 … // Why don’t we + V1 … // What about + Ving ….→ S + suggested + Ving …… Ex: He said, “Let’s have a drink.” → He suggested having a drink
Timmy said, “ Why don’t we go on a picnic” → Timmy suggested going on a picnic Why don’t you + V1 ……… ? // S + should + V0 ………… → S + advised + O + to + V0 Ex: She said to him, “ Why don’t you go to the doctor?”
→ She advised him to go to the doctor Cấu trúc liên quan đến tường thuật:
- remind sb to sth : nhắc nhở làm - threaten to sth: đe dọa
- scold sb for (doing) sth : la rầy, trách mắng (nhất đối vói trẻ em) - reproach sb for (doing) sth: khiển trách
(19)Notes:
1 Converting tenses and adverbs of time, place:
DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT
- V1 (s/es) → V2 /ed - V2 → had + V3 - has/ have + V3 → had + V3
- am/ is/ are + Ving → was / were + Ving - can → could + V0
- will → would + V0 - may → might + V0 - must → (must) / have to - have to → had to
- had + V3 → had + V3
- yesterday → the previous day the day before - last night → the previous night the night before - two years ago → two years before - today → that day
- tonight → that night
- tomorrow → the following day the day after the next day - next year → the following year - this → the year after - these → those
- here → there - now → then Các trường hợp không đổi thì:
a) Khi động từ tường thuật tương:
Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.” → My mother tells me that I am her little pet
b) Câu trưc tiếp diễn đạt chân lý thật hiển nhiên: Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.” → Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun
c) Thì khứ đơn rõ thời gian:
Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.” → Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990 d) Câu điều kiện loại 2, cấu trúc “used to”:
Ex: “ If I had much money, I would have travel around the world.” Said the boy → The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world
I Động từ với gerund:
admit : thừa nhận * allow : cho phép
anticipate : liệu trước * advise : khuyên
appreciate : đánh giá cao
avoid : traùnh
be worth : đáng (được) can’t help : tránh complete : hoản thành
consider : xem xét, can nhắc
involve : bao gồm, liên quan keep : giữ
mention : đề cập miss : bỏ lở not mind : không ngại * permit : cho phép
(20)defer : hoãn lại
delay : trì hỗn
deny : phủ nhận
dislike / detest : không thích
dread : sợ
encourage : khuyến khích
enjoy : thích
escape : khỏi
fancy : thích
finish : hoàn thành
forgive : tha thou
encourage : khuyến khích imagine : tưởng tượng
risk : liều lĩnh spend : dùng, trãi qua suggest : gợi ý, đề nghị * teach : dạy
tolerate : chịu đưng, tha thou understand : hieåu
Ex: She admitted stealing his money This job involves meeting people
Do you enjoy going to the beach?
II Độâng từ theo sau Ving hay to-infinitive: (Không thay đổi nghĩa) begin / start : bắt đầu
can’t bear : chịu đựng can’t stand : chịu đựng continue : tiếp tục
dread : kinh sợ
hate : gheùt like : thích love : yêu neglect : lơ prefer : thích Ex: She began working / to work on the project
III Đông từ theo sau Ving to-infinitive: (thay đổi nghĩa)
Forget: quên Don’t forget to send me a postcard (quên để làm) I will never forget working with you (quên làm) Remember: nhớ Remember to your homework (nhớ để làm)
Do you remember meeting the president last year? (nhớ làm) Stop: ngưng He stopped to smoke when he was driving ( ngưng để làm) Try + to-inf : cố gắng
Try + Ving : thử
We tried to win the game, but we failed Have you ever tried windsurfing?
Mean + to-inf: muoán
Mean + Ving: nghóa I mean to take a trip to Canada.A trip to Da Lat means spending much money Regret + to-inf : tiếc
Regret + Ving : hối hận We regret to say that your application can’t be accepted.He regrets not going to her friend’s birthday party IV Động từ theo sau V0:
Make: khiến Let: cho phép Have: nhờ Help: giúp đỡ
My mother makes me study They let him go
I had him wash my car
(21)I Dạng phổ biến:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Possible future S + V1(s/es) S + will + V0
Untrue present S + V2 / were S + would + V0
Untrue past S + had + V3 S + would have + V3
Ex: If she takes a taxi, she will come on time If I were you, I would tell her the truth If he helped us, we would finish it on time
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam II Dạng đảo ngữ:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Possible future Should + S + V0 … S + will + V0 Untrue present Were + S + adj/ NP …
Were + S + to V0 …
S + would + V0 Untrue past Had +S + V3 … S + would have + V3
Ex: Should she take a taxi, she will come on time Were I you, I would tell her the truth
Were he to help us, we would finish it on time Had I studied hard, I would have passed the exam
III Dạng rút gọn:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Untrue present But for + NP
Without + NP S + would + V
0
Untrue past S + would have + V3
Ex: If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded → But for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded
Type (loại) Main clause Wish clause
Possible future S + wish(ed) S + would / could + V0
Untrue present S + V2 / were
S + were + Ving
Untrue past S + had + V3
(22)They wish they hadn’t stayed up late yesterday
5 Tính từ ngắn tính từ dài : c) Tính từ ngắn:
- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …
d) Tính từ dài: tính từ có hai âm trở lên: Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless… Types :
Equal S1 + V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux
S1 + negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux so
Comparative S1 + V + more + adj / adv(daøi) + than + S2 + aux
S1 + V + adj / adv(ngaén) + er + than + S2 + aux
Superlative S + V + the most + adj / adv(daøi)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngaén) +est
Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is) She isn’t so careful as her mother (is)
He drives more carefully than his friend (does) Tam studies the hardest in his class
My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam Who is the most beautiful in your class?
7 Special :
Less + adj / adv + than :
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one Double comparison :
a) So sánh đồng tiến: ( Càng … … ) The more + adj + S + V,
(daøi)
the more + adj + S + V (daøi)
The + adj + er + S + V ,
(ngaén) the + adj + (ngaén) er + S + V Ex: The more beautiful she is, the more modest she becomes
The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes b) So sánh gấp đôi, ba:
S + V twicethree times four times half
as + adj / adv + as …
as + much (N) as …
(23)Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do)
He earns half as much as his wife (does) c) So sánh lũy tiến: (ngày càng)
More and more + adj (dài) : nhiều Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : …
Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful They work harder and harder
Tính từ bất qui tắc:
SSB SSH SSN NGHÓA
1 bad/ badly worse worst Tệ, dở
2 good/ well better best Gioûi
3 much /many more most Nhiều
4 little less least
5 far farther
further
farthest furthest
Xa (k.cách) Hơn (t tin)
6 old older
elder oldesteldest Lớn (chung)Lớn (anh ,chị) Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
My elder brother is years older than I
NOTES:
1 No one / No + N + V + so / as + adj / adv + as + S2 S2 + negative V + the + most + adj / adv (dài)…
Adj / adv (ngắn) + est ……… Ex: No students in my class are so intelligent as Tam Tam is the most intelligent in my class
S1 + negative V + so + adj/adv as + S2 → S2 + V + more adj/ adv + than S1
Adj +er
1 Vị trí: Đứng truớc danh từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đó: Mạo từ: a / an / the
a Mạo từ: “a /an” gọi mạo từ bất định Ex: He is a good student
I saw an interesting film last night b Mạo từ “the”: gọi mạo từ bất định: Ex: I met a boy The boy is very lazy * Cách dùng:
(24)- tên sông , tên biển: the Long Binh River, the Thames, the Missouri River, the Panama Canal, the Black Sea, the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Indian, …
- tên dãy núi, đảo, quốc gia liên hợp: the Alps, the Himalayas, the British Islands, the United states, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, …
- Dùng truớc adj tập hợp người: the rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind, the old, the Vietnamese, the British, …
- trước tính từ so sánh nhất: the most beautiful girl, the earliest comer, …… - Cụm ngữ: The + N + of the/our +N
Ex: the date of the meeting
(25)COMMON STRUCTURE
1 So/ such … that: a Công thức:
S + V so adj / adv that S+ V
such (a / an) + adj + N
so many so few
(adj) + N số nhiều
so much so little
(adj) + N số
Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldn’t go out It was such cold weather that we couldn’t go out There are so many people that we can’t find Tom He ate so much meat that he got fat
There is so little water that people couldn’t leave here
b Đảo trang:
S + V + so adj + a/ an + N that S+ V
So + adj + be + S that S + V Ex: It is so expensive a carthat we can’t buy it
So expensive is the car that we can’t buy it
It + takes / took + (O ) + Ktg + to V0 : (ai) ktg để
S + spend / spent + Ktg + (in) + Ving … : trải qua ktg làm S + spend / spent + money + on + Sth : tiêu xài
Ex: It takes me hours to homework every day I spend hours doing homework every day
She spends much money on clothes
S + would rather + (not) + V0 (HT) : muốn, thích
S + would rather + V0 + than + V0 … (HT) : thích
S + would rather + S + V2 / were +… (HT) : muoán, thích
S + would rather + (not) + have + V3 (QK) : muốn, thích
S + would rather + S + had + V3+ … (QK) : muốn, thích
Ex: She would rather go to the cinema I would rather watch TV than go out I would rather he didn’t smoke here
4 We would rather not have told her about that
5 The boy would rather he had gone to the party yesterday - She would rather he had phoned her last week
(26)The last time + S + V2 … was + in + 1993 when S’+ V2 two years ago
Lần cuối … …
S + haven’t / hasn’t + V3 … since 1990 since S’ + V2 for two years
Đã không …
It is + KTG + since + S (last) + V2 Đã kể từ
Ex: The last time we met him was in 1990
We haven’t met him since 1990
2 The last time I talked to him was when I was at school
→ I haven’t talked to him since I was at school
3 The last time we played football was ten years ago
→ We haven’t played football for ten years → It’s ten years since we (last) played football
5
Speculating events in the past Dạng phán đoán (về khứ)
S + should have + V3 Đáng lẽ nên
S + would / could + have + V3 Có lẽ
S + might have + V3 Có lẽ
S + can’t have + V3 Không thể
Ex: I should have stayed up last night ( I stayed up last night and now I regret) The woman might have gone home
6 as if / as though : dường
S + V as if
as though
S + V2 (KT-HT)
S + had + V3 (KT-QK)
Ex: She talked as if she were my mother
She talked as though she had just met a ghost
Much Adj / Adv
as + S +V , S + V Mặc dù
though + S + V ,
Ex: Much as I admired him, she didn’t like his behavior Hard as he studied, he couldn’t pass the exam 8
Due to
+ Ving / NP
Nhờ,ø Do
Owing to Thanks to Because of
Ex: The train was late due to the storm
Owing to his help we managed to put out the fire Because of working hard, he passed all the exams
9
(27)It’s (high / about) time + S + V2 Ex: It’s time she went to bed It’s time for her to go to bed 10 ….thì, vừa …
a)
S + had no sooner + V3 + than + S + V2
hardly + V3 + when + S + V2
barely scarcely
Ex: He had no sooner come home than the boss rang him I had hardly locked the door when he came
b)
No sooner had + S + V3 than + S + V2
Hardly Barely Scarcely
had + S + V3 when + S + V2 Ex: No sooner had we gone out than it began to rain Hardly had he gone to bed when he heard a shot 11
a)
It + be + adj + (for O ) + to-inf …
Ving … + be + adj …
To-inf
Ex: It is important (for us) to study English To study English is important
Studying English is important b)
It’s + nice + of + sb + to-inf … :
polite kind
considerate rude
tử tế lịch tử tế chu đáo thô lỗ Ex: It is kindof you to help me with the homework c)
sb + be + nice to + sb / sth
polite kind
considerate rude
(28)You are a little rude to customers 12
friendly to sb thân thiện friendly with sb chơi thân Ex: I’m friendly with Huong
Everybody likes him because he is friendly to them 13 Extra object “it”:
S + find + it + adj / noun + to-inf … consider that + clause
make ‘Wh’
think
believe prove
: tìm thấy : xem : nhận định : nghĩ : tin : chứng tỏ
Ex: He finds it difficult to maths
My sister made it her duty to housework 14
S + prefer + Ving / sth + to + Ving / sth : thích
S + prefer + to-inf + than + to-inf … : thích Ex: They prefer swimming to playing football
I prefer to cook than (to) clean the floor 15
Would you mind + (not) + Ving ….? : phiền bạn/ ông
How about + Ving / NP ? : theá
What about + Ving / NP? :
Ex: Would you mind not smoking here? How about (having) some biscuits? 16
It is + obligatory that + S + (should) + V0 … important
urgent
necessary vital sensible …
: bắt buộc : quan trọng : cấp bách : cần thiết : sống : khôn ngoan, sáng suoát
Ex: It is important that he (should) study hard
It is urgent that the government (should) ban cars from the city center 17
There + be + N + left / available : có sẵn có, lại Ex: There is no tea left
(29)It was when + clause + that + clause
while
because
: lúc, Ex: It was while he was driving a car that he saw an UFO
19
S + learned /began / started + to V0 when + S + V2 học, bắt đầu … S + has /have + V3 … since + S + V2
Ex: He started to learn English when he was years old He has learned English since he was years old 20
It was not until + S + V2 + that + S’ + V2 … Mãi …
Not until + S + V2 + did + S’ + V1 …
Ex: It was not until he spoke that I realized him Not until he spoke did I realize him
21
S + not only + V … but + S’ + also + V’ … Không … mà
Not only + aux + S + V … but + S’ + also + V’ …
Ex: She not only speaks English fluently but she also writes well Not only doesshe speaks English fluently but she also writes well 22
Be about + to V0 …. : saép
Be on the point of + Ving Ex: Tom is about to leave
I wason the point of going to bed when you rang The company is on the point of collapse
23
It + be + no good + Ving no use
: vơ ích (để làm gì) Ex: It’s no use trying to persuade him to go
24
There is no point in + Ving : vô ích để Ex: There is no point in asking me for money 27
There is a ban on + sth : caám There is an increase in + sth
a rise
: gia tăng There is a decrease in + sth
a fall
(30)a decline
Ex: There is a fall in the price of gold There is a ban on selling weapons 28
Whatever + (N) + (S) + V , S’ + V’ cho dù
Whenever + S + V , S’ + V’
Wherever
bất nơi
However + (adj) + S + V , S’ + V’ cho dù Ex: Whatever difficulty you meet, we still help you
Whenever he meets me, he borrows me some money However hard he tries, he doesn’t get promotion 29
This is the first time + S + have/has + V3 S + have never + V3 + before.
Ex: This is the first time I have met him I have never met him before
30
S + should + Vo must had better
, or (else) + S + will + V0
otherwise
Nếu không (Don’t ) + V0
If + S + don’t/ doesn’t + V1 , S + will + V0 Ex: (You should) hurry up, or you will be late If you don’t hurry up, you will be late 31 COMMON NOUN COMPOUND:
1 N + N Postman, football, milkman, sunlight, salesman Adj + N Blackboard, grandparents, sweetheart
3 Ving + N Looking –glass, wrapping paper, writing desk, N + Verb + er/or Filmmaker, bus driver, shoemaker, art editor, N + Ving Man-eating, letter-writing, book-keeping 32 COMMON ADJ COMPOUND
1 Well / ill + V3 Ill-prepared, prepared, equipped, well-known, ill-educated,
2 Number + N Five-year, three-storey, ten-year-old, four-hour Noun + adj Seasick, homesick, snow-white, mile-wide, Adj + N First-class (ticket),
(31)33
BASIC NOUN PHRASES: consisting of noun heads and other words that can occur before them
35.
A
S + never + V + … hardly
seldom
rarely
no longer
→ Never + aux + S + V … Hardly
Seldom Rarely
No longer
B ….thì // vừa …
S + had no sooner + V3 + than + S + V2
hardly + V3 + when + S + V2
Ex: He had no sooner come home than the boss rang him
I had hardly locked the door when I realized that I had left the key inside →
No sooner had + S + V3 than + S + V2
Hardly had + S + V3 when + S + V2
Ex: No sooner had the boss got to the office than the rain began to fall
Hardly had he come home when he realized that someone had broken into his house C
S + only + V + with / by + NP
→ Only with / by + aux + S + V Ex: They can only finish their work with her help → Only with her help can they finish their work D
S1 + not only + V … but + S’ + also + V → Not only + aux + S1 + V but + S’ + also + V
Ex: They not only helped me but (they) also gave me some money Article
Determiner Possessive
numeral size quality age shape colour nationality material
Ving Ved
Noun head
Some small beautiful chairs
The first two new pink dresses
His curly brown hair
A pair of steel rackets
(32)Not only did they help me but they also gave me some money 36
I ARTICLE:
1 Vị trí: Đứng truớc danh từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đó: Mạo từ: a / an / the
a a /an : gọi mạo từ bất định
* Cách dùng: đề cập lần thứ nhất, dạng định nghĩa Ex: I saw an interesting film last night
Football is a good sport b the : gọi mạo từ xác định: Ex: I met a boy The boy is very lazy * Cách dùng:
- Dùng truớc vật nhất: the sun, the earth, the moon, …
- tên sông , tên biển: the Long Binh River, the Thames, the Missouri River, the Panama Canal, the Black Sea, the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Indian, …
- tên dãy núi, đảo, quốc gia liên hợp: the Alps, the Himalayas, the British Islands, the
United states, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, …
- Dùng truớc adj tập hợp người: the rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind, the old, the
Vietnamese, the British, …
- trước tính từ so sánh nhất: the most beautiful girl, the earliest comer, …… - Cụm ngữ: The + N + of the/our +N
Ex: the date of the meeting
the problems of overpopulation
II REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: (Đại từ phản thân)
1 I → myself : You → yourself : bạn he → himself : anh she → herself : cô it → itself :
6 we → ourselves :
7 you → yourselves : bạn
8 they → themselves : họ one → oneself :
* Dùng ĐTPT để nhấn mạnh cho danh từ đại từ (chủ ngữ tân ngữ) - Nhấn mạnh cho chủ ngữ: đứng sau chủ ngữ cuối câu
Ex: Ann herself opened the door Ann opened the door herself
- Nhấn mạnh cho tân ngữ: đứng trực tiếp sau tân ngữ Ex : I was given this book by the author herself
I saw the dog itself
(33)Ex: She only thinks about herself, never of the other I teach myself English
* Dùng : by + ĐTPT (ở cuối câu) → Ex: He can it by himself
He sat by himself (= alone)
III Reciprocal pronouns: (đại từ hỗ tương) Làm tân ngữ - each other : với (cho người/ vật)
- one another : với (cho người / vật trở lên) Ex: The two boys talk to each other
They help one another IV POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
1 my → mine : your → yours : của bạn his → his : anh her → hers : cô
5 its → its :
6 our → ours : your → yours : bạn their → theirs : họ
Ex: This is my book That is yours
I Giới từ thời gian:
1 IN: vào lúc, vòng Cách dùng: - năm, tháng
- mùa, khoảng thời gian in September
1990
the morning / afternoon / evening spring
the next few years the night
three weeks fifteen minutes AT: vào lúc
at 2 o’clock
night /noon / midnight weekend
that time lunch(time) present Christmas the moment the age of 18 ON: vào lúc
* Cụm thời gian khơng cần giới từ:
last night tomorrow morning
this week these days
next year nowadays
every day today yesterday tonight * có hoăc khơng có giới từ:
(on) that day
(in) the previous day (on) the following Sunday
II Giới từ nơi chốn:
1 in : in the room
the schoolyard London
the box (hoäp) the field
the corner of the room at : kế,
(34)* Cách dùng: - thứ, ngày,
on Tuesday 7th July
that day
Thursday afternoon The morning of the 8th
Christmas day holidays
4 From … to … : từ … đến …
5 during the show : buổi trình diễn for + ktg :
7 since 1998 : kể từ
8. by Friday : trước thứ sáu over eight years : tám năm
the table home school
sea (đi biển) the seaside
the corner of the street On: treân
on the floor the wall the ceiling table the farm
4 in front of my house: trước nhà
behind the park : đằng sau
opposite the bank : đối diện ngân hàng
above the picture : tranh
below the paragraph : duới đoạn văn
under the chair : ghế (đươc che, bao)
between Asia and America : (hai vật)
among the trees : (3 trở lên)
over the village : (chuyển động, bao phủ)
across the street : băng ngang qua đường PREPOSITION
1 BE + ADJ + PREP:
be afraid of : e sợ
be acceptable to sb : chấp nhận be accustomed to : quen với
be acquainted with : quen với
be agreeable to sth/sb : (được) chấp nhận
be ahead of : trước, sớm
be amazed at / by : ngạc nhiên be annoyed with sb at / about sth : bực
be absent from : vắng mặt
be available for sth ; to sb : sẳn có be aware of : nhận biết
be bored with : chán
be capable of : có khả be clever at : khéo léo, linh hoạt be confident of sth ; in sb : tin tưởng
be confused about : nhầm lẫn be contrary to : trái ngược
be crowded with : đông đúc
(35)be excited at / about : hứng thú be different from / to : khác
be difficult for : khó khăn
be famous for : tiếng
be fed up with : chaùn
be fond of : thích
be friendly with/ to : chơi thân/ thân thiện
be full of : đầy
be good/ bad at : giỏi
be harmful to : có hại
be interested in : say meâ
be involved in : lieân quan
be keen on : say meâ
be kind to : tử tế
be late for : trễ
be lucky for sb : may mắn
be open to : mở cửa cho
be perfect for : hòan hảo
be rich in : giàu có
be safe from : an tồn
be similar to : tương tự
be pleasant to sb : thân mật be popular with : phổ biến
be present at : có mặt
be proud of : tự hào
be quick at : nhanh nhạy
be responsible for sth : chịu trách nhiệm
to sb : chịu trách nhiệm báo cáo
be sad about : buồn
be satisfied with : thoả mãn be serious about : nghiêm túc
be short of : thieáu
be skilful at : kheùo leùo
be skilled at / in : kheùo leùo
be sorry for sb /sth ; about sth : tội nghiệp cho , xin lỗi be successful in : thành công
be surprised at / by : ngạc nhiên be tired -of : chaùn
from : mệt (kết quả)
be useful for : hữu dụng be worried about : lo lắng thank sb for + Ving : cám ơn vê apologize to sb for + Ving / sth : xin lôi
(36)get on (with sb / sth ) : tiếp tục
get up : thức dậy
look forward to + Ving / sth : mong moûi
look after : chăm sóc
look at : nhìn vào
pick sb / sth up : đón , nhặt prevent sb from + Ving / sth : ngăn chặn protect sb from / against sth : bảo vệ provide - sb with sth : cung cấp
sth for sb :
remind sb of + Ving / sth : gợi nhớ run out ( of sth) : cạn kiệt
stay up : thức khuya
take care of : chăm sóc
talk / speak to sb : noùi
tell sb (about) sth : báo, nói với
(be likely + to –inf; be lucky to sth / that + clause)
2 VERB + PREP:
accuse sb of ving / sth : tố cáo agree with sb about/ on sth : đồng ý
agree with sth : đồng ý ( với ý kiến)
apply for : noäp ñôn
arrive in /at : đến
Be about to –inf : saép
Be on the point of + Ving : saép
believe in : tin tưởng
belong to : thuộc
borrow sth from sb : mượn
break out : bùng nổ
call off : huỷ bỏ
complain (to sb) about sth : phàn nàn
concentrate on : taäp trung
congratulate sb (on sth) : chúc mừng consider sb as sth : xem xét
depend on : phụ thuộc
die of sth : chết
divide sth into … : chia thành
dream about / of : mơ
get rid of : vứt bỏ
give up : bỏ
go away : xa
go for a walk : dạo
(37)go out : tắt ( lửa , đèn)
go over : xem kyõ
go shopping / fishing / swimming : mua sắm/ câu cá/ bơi happen to sb / sth : xảy (với)
have (no / any ) difficulty + Ving : gặp khó khăn hear –of sth / sb : nghe nói
from sb : nhận tin từ
laugh at : cười nhạo leave (sw) for sw : rời … đến …
live on sth : sống nhờ vào
put off : trì hỗn
regard A as B : xem nhö search (sw) for sth : tìm, lục
suffer from : đau khổ
take part in : tham gia
take place : diễn
think of / about : nghó translate sth into sth : dịch … sang
turn on / off : mở/ tắt
wait for : chờ
3 VERB + VING
enjoy + Ving : thích
avoid : tránh
consider : xem xét
finish : hoàn thành
can’t help : nhịn can’t stand/ bear : chịu đựng
be worth : đáng
4 VERB + ADJ
seem + adj : dường
look : trông
feel : cảm thaáy
become : trở nên
get (turn) : trở nên
appear : trông
5 VERB + N + PREP:
catch sight of : bắt gặp, thấy
feel pity for : thương xót
feel regret for : hối tiếc, ân hận feel sympathy for : thông cảm
give birth to : sinh
(38)give way to nhượng bộ, chịu thua have a preference for : thích
have an effect on : ảnh hưởng have an influence on : ảnh hưởng keep correspondence with : liên hệ thư từ với keep pace with : sánh bước
keep up with : theo kòp
lose sight of : hút, không thấy lose touch with : liên lạc
lose track of : dấu
make a contributtion to : đóng góp make a decision on : định make a fuss over / about : làm ầm ĩ make allowance for : chiếu cố
make fun of : đùa cợt
make room for : dành chỗ cho
make up one’s mind : định
make use of : sử dụng, lợi dụng pay attention to : ý
put a stop to : chấm dứt
put an end to : kết thúc
set fire to : thiêu huỷ
take / have an interest in : say mê take / have pity on : thương xót
take account of : kể đến, tính đến take advantage of : lợi dụng, tận dụng
take care of : chăm sóc
take note of : ghi nhớ, ý
take notice of : chuù yù