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Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau: – Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng.. – Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu ([r]
(1)LANGUAGE FOCUS UNIT 6 + Adverbs of manner
+ Adjective + that clause
+ Adverb clause of reason ( because , since , as ) + Conditional sentences type
I/ ADVERBS OF MANNER(trạng từ thể cách- trả lời cho câu hỏi how)) 1- FORM:
ADJ + LY -> ADV Ví dụ:
Fluent -> fluently Beautiful -> beautifully Interesting -> interestingly Quick -> quickly
2 Chú ý thêm đuôi “ly”:
- Khi tính từ tận “le” ta bỏ “e” cộng thêm “y” Ví dụ:
Gentle -> gently Simple -> simply Terrible -> terribly Horrible -> horribly Probable -> probably
- Tính từ tận đuôi “ic” ta thêm “al” cộng thêm “ly” Ví dụ:
Economic -> economically Tragic -> tragically Dramatic -> dramatically Fantastic -> fantastically
- Tính từ tận “y” ta đổi “y” -> i + ly Ví dụ:
Easy -> easily Happy -> happily Angry -> angrily Busy -> busily
3 Tính từ biến đổi hồn toàn chuyển sang trạng từ: Good -> well
4 Một số tính từ biến đổi sang trạng từ giữ NGUYÊN Ví dụ:
Hard -> hard Fast -> fast Late -> late Early -> early Monthly -> monthly Daily -> daily
Near -> near Far -> far Right -> right Wrong -> wrong Straight -> straight Low -> low High -> high Ví dụ:
- This exercise is very hard (Bài tập khó.) Ta thấy câu “hard” đóng vai trị tính từ
- She works very hard (Cơ làm việc chăm chỉ.)
(2)- Ta có trạng từ “hardly”: có nghĩa là: khơng - Trạng từ “lately” có nghĩa gần
5 Cách thành lập khác
Đối với số TÍNH TỪ có tận “ly” -> ta thành lập CỤM TRẠNG TỪ theo cấu trúc: in a/an + adj-ly + way
Ví dụ:
Friendly -> in a friendly way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: friendlily Lovely -> in a lovely way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: lovelily Silly -> in a silly way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: sillily
**.Use:
+ Đứng sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ, diển tả mức độ hành động , bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường
Lan/ speaks/ English /very well S V O adv +Đứng trước tính từ hay trạng từ khác. She is extremely pleased +Đứng đầu câu bổ nghĩa cho câu
Luckily, she had enough time to finish her test on time. II.ADJECTIVES + THAT – CLAUSE : ( Tính từ đặt sau mệnh đề danh từ )
A/ Form: S + BE + Adjective + that + S + Verb
Ex : I am happy that you won the first prize in English speaking contest
B/ Use: thường theo sau số tính từ cảm giác (adjectives of emotion) như: afraid, angry, bad, certain, disappointed, glad, grateful, happy, helpful, hopeful, important, lucky, pleased, possible, sad, sorry, sure, thankful, true, wrong
III.ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON
1.Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý mệnh đề phụ thường bắt đầu liên từ: because, since, as (do; vì; bởi vì)
S1 + V (main clause) + because/ since/ as + S2 + V (adverb clause of reason) Ví dụ:
I turned the heating on because it was cold (Vì trời lạnh nên tơi mở lị sưởi.)
We watched TV all evening as we had nothing better to (Chúng tơi xem phim suốt buổi tối chúng tơi chẳng có hay để làm.)
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off (Vì anh khơng tốn hoá đơn, nên điện bị cắt.)
2.Cụm từ lí Because of:
S + V + because of + noun/ noun phrase Ví dụ:
We cancelled our flight because the weather was bad = We cancelled our flight because of the bad weather (Chúng tơi phải hủy chuyến bay thời tiết xấu.)
** Lưu ý:
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý đứng trước sau mệnh đê Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ đứng trước, hai mệnh đề có dấu phẩy (,)
Ví dụ:
Since/As/ Because he won't help me, I must the job myself (Vì anh khơng giúp tơi nên tơi phải tự làm việc đó.)
Joe started jogging because/ since/ as his doctor told him to (Joe bắt đầu chạy bác sỹ bảo làm thế.)
3.Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý sang cụm từ lý do a … because + đại từ + be + adj
→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N Ex: He failed the exam because he is lazy
(3)→ because of + the + adj + N
Ex: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather c …because + S + V + O
→ because of + V-ing + O (thường dùng chủ ngữ giống nhau) Ex: She got ill because she worked hard
She got ill because of working hard
IV.CONDITIONAL Type 1:đ ềi u ki n có th x y hi n t i ho c tệ ể ả ở ệ ạ ặ ương lai
If clause Main clause
If + S + V1 / V s(es) (don’t / doesn’t + V1) S + will / can/ may + V1 (won’t / can’t + V1) Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation
If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor BÀI TẬP
Bài 1: Từ tính từ sau biến đổi sang trạng từ tương ứng attractive -> ………
2 slow -> ……… difficult -> ……… lazy -> ……… far -> ……… quiet -> ……… sudden -> ……… frequent -> ……… 10 crazy -> ……… 11 light -> ……… 12 heavy -> ……… 13 terrific -> ……… 14 traditional -> ……… 15 lively -> ……… Bài 2: Chọn đáp án để điền vào chỗ trống: I didn’t the test yesterday
A good B well C goodly
2 My friend lives the station A nearly
B near
C in a near way
3 She can run very A in a fast way
B fastly C fast
4 The cost of goods is increasing A dramatically
B dramatic C dramaticly
5 She is lying on the grass A comfortablely
B comfortably
C in a comfortable way My friend made up A ugly
B uglily
C in an ugly way
(4)A monthly
B in a monthly way C monthlily
8 The plane flew in the air, then landed suddenly A highly
B high
C in a high way
9 My father often goes to work A early
B in early way C earlily
10 My brother is a hard worker He works very A hardly
B in a hardly way C hard
EXERCISE 3:Complete the sentences with adjectives given below.
a happy b disappointed c excited d sorry e pleased
f afraid g worried h delighted i amazed
j annoyed
1 I’m in a hurry I’m ……… that I can’t wait for you Sam didn’t study for the exam I’m ………… that he won’t pass it The student was ………… that he got good marks on the English test I’m ………… that the manager is out at the moment
5 We were ……… that the boy could lift the heavy rock He was ………… that the film was so boring
7 She is ……… that she hasn’t been invited to the party We are ……… that you always work hard
9 Paul was ………… that they offered him the job
10 The children are ………… That we are taking them to the zoo at weekend Bài Because or because of
1 We stopped playing tennis the rain He was angry ………… I broke his bike We had to hurry indoors it was raining I am late the traffic
5 We didn't arrive until seven o'clock the traffic was terrible She found the exam easy she had worked hard during the course He can't drive his illness
8 The restaurant closed down the recession
9 He found working in Japan very difficult the language problem 10 He's very difficult to understand his accent
Bài Combine each pair of the sentences by using BECAUSE : 1- The weather was lovely, so we spent the whole day in the garden
2- My homework is long and difficult I can’t finish it on time
3- He left school because of his hard life
4- She can’t work hard because of her age
5- I can’t buy this bike because of not having enough money
(5)Bài 1:
1 attractive -> attractively slow -> slowly difficult -> difficultly lazy -> lazily far -> far quiet -> quietly sudden -> suddenly frequent -> frequently 10 crazy -> crazily 11 light -> lightly 12 heavy -> heavily 13 terrific -> terrifically 14 traditional -> traditionally 15 lively -> in a lively way Bài 2:
1 B well B near C fast
4 A dramatically B comfortably C in an ugly way A monthly B high A early 10 C hard Bài 4.
1 We stopped playing tennis because of the rain 2 He was angry because I broke his bike We had to hurry indoors because it was raining I am late because of the traffic
5 We didn't arrive until seven o'clock because the traffic was terrible She found the exam easy because she had worked hard during the course He can't drive because of his illness
8 The restaurant closed down because of the recession
9 He found working in Japan very difficult because of the language problem 10 He's very difficult to understand because of his accent
Bài Combine each pair of the sentences by using BECAUSE :
1- Because the weather was lovely, we spent the whole day in the garden 2- Because my homework is long and difficult, I can’t finish it on time 3- He left school because his life was hard
4- She can’t work hard because she was old
5- I can’t buy this bike because I don’t have enough money
LANGUAGE FOCUS UNIT 7 + Connectives: ( and , but , because , or , so , therefore , however) + Phrasal verbs : turn off , turn on , look after , go on , look for , give up + Make suggestions : suggest + V-ing , suggest ( that ) +S + should + inf I.Connectives : ( Từ nối)
+ AND : nối thêm ý vào mệnh đề trước
+ BUT : đưa ý tương phản với mệnh đề trước
(6)+ SO : đề cập đến kết hành động mệnh đề trước Ex: - Lan is sick and she can not go to school
but she can go to school
for she was in the rain all day or she is not fine today
so she has to stay in bed
+ Moreover - Furthermore ( nữa): Dùng để thêm thông tin cho ý thứ Ex: This bike is very beautiful ; moreover , it wasn’t expensive
+ However - Nevertheless : ( , ) dùng để diển tả ý ngược với ý thứ Ex: The weather is very beautiful today ; however , I don’t like to go for a picnic + Therefore – Thus : ( vậy) nói lên kết ý thứ
Ex: the weather was too bad ; therefore, we decided not to go for a picnic *Lưu ý: sau Moreover - Furthermore ,However - Nevertheless ,Therefore – Thus có dấu phẩy II.Making Suggestion: ( câu đề nghị )
1 S + Suggest + V-ing
Ex: I suggest going to the restaurant
2 S + Suggest + that + S +( should ) + V ( Infinitive)/S + suggest + his/her/my … +Verb-ing Ex: I suggest that we should go to the restaurant
3 Why don’t we / Shall we + V ( infinitive) …? Ex: Why don’t we go to the restaurant ?
4 Let’s + V ( Infinitive )=- Shall we + Verb Inf …?
Ex:Let’s go to the restaurant.= Shall we go to the restaurant ? What about / How about + V- ing ?
Ex : What about going to the restaurant ? = How about going to the restaurant ? 6- Why not + + Verb Inf …?
Ex: Why not go to the restaurant ? 7.Shall we + Verb Inf …?
Ex: Shall we go to the restaurant ?
ex 1:I suggest going to the cinema (Tôi đề nghị xem phim)
I suggest (that) we should save money (Tôi đề nghị nên tiết kiệm tiền.) I suggest (that) we shouldn’t go there (Tôi đề nghị không nên đến đó.) We suggest his taking a rest (Chúng tơi đề nghị cậu nghỉ ngơi.)
He suggest my flying to New York to see him (Ông ta đề nghị bay sang New York để gặp ông ta.) I suggest we jog everyday (Tôi đề nghị bọ ngày.)
I suggest she no watch TV to much (Tôi đề nghị cô không xem tivi nhiều.) ex 2: I think we should go on a travel (Tôi nghĩ nên du lịch.)
ex 3: Let’s go swimming (Chúng ta bơi.)
ex 4: Shall we have some lunch? (chúng ta ăn chưa nhé?) ex 5: Why not stay for lunch? (Sao không lại ăn trưa nhỉ?)
ex 6: Why don’t we go now? (Sao không nhỉ?) ex 7: How about going out to dinner tonight? (Tối ăn tối nhé?) What about going out for a walk? (Ra dạo nhé.)
III.Some Phrasal verbs: Cụm động từ (phrasal verb) kết hợp động từ với trạng từ giới từ. ex:give up (từ bỏ), sit down (ngồi xuống), lock after (chăm sóc), come in (đi vào), look out (coi chừng), go on
(tiếp tục),put on (mặc vào), … Turn down >< turn up: vặn xuống/ lên Turn on >< turn off: mở/ tắt
Put on: mặc ( quần áo) / (giầy dép) Put off: hoãn
Put out:dập tắt ( đèn, lửa) Look after: trông nom Look up: tra cứu
Look at: nhìn chằm chằm Look in: kiểm tra
Run out of= to be shortage of: hêt/ thiếu
Give up: từ bỏ
Go up >< go down: lên / xuống Divide into: chia thành
Throw away:ném Wait for: đợi/chờ Pick up: đón (bằng xe ôtô) Bring about:dẫn đến, gây
Go on / continute+V-ing = Keen on+ V-ing: tiếp tục To be fond of + V-ing = enjoy + V-ing
(7)Bài 1- Choose the correct connectives in brackets :
1- I opened the door looked out (and / but) 2- I arrived 20 minutes early, I had time for a cup of tea (so / because) 3- We looked everywhere ., we could not find the keys (However / Therefore) 4- The bus fare is expensive ., I prefer to walk (However / Therefore) 5- There were many people at the concert, we couldn’t get seats (so / however) 6- I read the book, did not understand it (but / or) 7- We had to wait we arrived early (because / so) 8- I would like to go swimming ., I have too much work to (However / Therefore) 9- I go for a walk the sun is shining (because / so) 10- Do you know his address telephone number ? (but / or)
Bài Complete the sentence with the one word given below One word can be used for more than one sentence: for/ up/ after/ on/ off/ away/ in.
1 Who's going to look the children while you're away?
2 "Turn the TV for me, will you? I want to watch the cartoon She's looked her keys everywhere
4 Turn the radio I'm working
5 If we go littering, the environment will become seriously polluted Don't throw these newspapers
7 Could you fill this form?
8 Don't wake the baby Let him sleep
9 Don't believe her She's just made the story 10 Susan took her coat and put it on the sofa
LANGUAGE FOCUS UNIT – 9 + Relative clause: ( who , which , that)
+ adverb clause of concession. + defining and non-defining clause. I.ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONCESSION.
1.Form: [ Though/ although/ even though + S + V, + S + V ]
⇒Though/ although/ even though + S + V: adverb clause of concession
⇒S + V: main clause
ex:Although/ Though the cafe was crowded, we found a table (Mặc dù quán ăn đơng khách, chúng tơi tìm bàn.)
ex: We found a table, although the cafe was crowded NOTES:
[ In spite of/ despite + noun/ noun phrase + S + V ] [ In spite of/ despite + the fact that + S+V + S + V ]
ex:In spite of/ despite the heavy rain, we enjoyed our vacation (Mặc dù mưa lớn, chúng tơi có kỳ nghỉ thú vị.)
– In spite of/ despite the fact that he is rich, he is not happy (Mặc dù anh giàu có, anh khơng hạnh phúc.)
Lưu ý:
– Mệnh đề trạng ngữ tương phản sau mệnh đề – Trong câu có ‘although’ khơng dùng ‘but’
(8)
EXERCISES.
Bài 1.Chọn từ thích hợp sau để điền vào chỗ trống: although, in spite of/despite she is beautiful, everybody hates her
2 The children slept deeply the noise
3 earning a low salary, Sara helped her parents Jane rarely sees Alan they are neighbors
5 Kate did not well in the exam working very hard I was very hungry, I couldn’t eat
7 the difficulty, they managed to solve the math problem Liza never talked to him she loved him
9 it was cold, Marie didn’t put on her coat Bài 2.Rewrite
1 Although Nam is not an intelligent student, he can learn very fast => Despite / In spite of Although Hoa was sick, she went to school
=> Despite / In spite of _ Although the rain was so heavy, I could go to school
=> Despite / In spite of _ Athough there was an accident, He was on time
=> Despite / In spite of _ Đáp án
Bài 1
1 Although in spite of In spite of Although In spite of Although In spite of Although Although
Bài 2
1 => Despite / In spite of not being an intelligent student, he can learn very fast_ => Despite / In spite of Hoa’s sicknes, she went to school
3 => Despite / In spite of the heavy rain , I could go to school => Despite / In spite of an accident, he was on time
II.RELATIVE CLAUSE.
I Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ gì
- Mệnh đề (Clause) phần câu, bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc câu Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ danh từ đứng trước
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước Xét ví dụ sau:
- The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend
Trong câu phần viết chữ nghiêng gọi relative clause, đứng sau “the woman” dùng để xác định danh từ
(9)Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề xác định mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ không xác định không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful
(Defining relative clause)
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin người, vật việc xác định Mệnh đề không xác định mệnh đề khơng thiết phải có câu, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful (Non-defining relative clause)
Note: để biết dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý điểm sau: – Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ riêng
– Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their) – Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa la danh từ với this , that, these, those
-– Khi danh từ có bổ túc từ kèm.(the man with a black hat, the girl with a ponny tail,…) III PHÂN LOạI CÁC ĐạI Từ QUAN Hệ TRONG TIếNG ANH
* Who: [ … N (person) + WHO + V + O ]thay cho N đại từ người, làm chức S cho mệnh đề quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH sau N mà bổ nghĩa
EX: The man is my father He has just given you a book - The man who has just given you a book is her father * Whom: [ … N (person) + WHOM + S + V ]
thay cho N đại từ người, làm chức O cho mệnh đề quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH sau N mà bổ nghĩa
Ex: The woman is his mother You met her yesterday The woman (whom/that) you met yesterday is his mother
* Which: [ … N (thing) + WHICH + V + O ]/ [ … N (thing) + WHICH + S + V ]
thay cho N đại từ vật, làm chức S O cho mệnh đề quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH sau N mà bổ nghĩa
Ex: This is the book It is about wild animals - This is the book which is about wild animals This is the book I bought it yesterday
- This is the book which I bought yesterday
* THAT thay cho Who, Whom, Which mệnh đề xác định. - Làm tân ngữ cho động từ: which/that (Có thể bỏ đi)
Ex: The book (which/that) you gave me is on the table - Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ: which (Không dùng “that”) * Whose:.[ … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V … ]
thay cho tính từ sở hữu hay sở hữu cáchEg: This is the man His car was stolen Ex: This is the man whose car was stolen
IV CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:
1 WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason [ … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … ]
Ex: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school
2 WHERE: thay từ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there [ … N (place) + WHERE + S + V … ]
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed t that hotel → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean
3 WHEN: thay từ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then [ … N (time) + WHEN + S + V … ]
(10)Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day → Do you still remember the day when we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met? I don’t know the time She will come back then
→ I don’t know the time when she will come back V MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
1 Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ giới từ đặt trước sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom which.)
Ex: Mr Brown is a nice teacher We studied with him last year → Mr Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher → Mr Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher Có thể dùng which thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước
Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party That makes me sad → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad Ở vị trí túc từ, whom thay who
Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party
4 Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend
The book you lent me was very interesting
5 Các cụm từ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … dùng trước whom, which whose
Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her V CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm phân từ:
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that rút gọn thành cụm phân từ (V-ing) khứ phân từ (V3/ed)
* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề chủ động rút thành cụm phân từ (V-ing) Ex:
a/ The man who is standing over there is my father → The man standing over there is my father
b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors → The couple living next door to me are professors
* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề bị động rút thành cụm khứ phân từ (V3/ed) Ex:
a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important → The instructions given on the front page are very important
b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting → The book bought by my mother is interesting
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) trước đại từ quan hệ có cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hình thức so sánh bậc
Ex:
a/ John was the last person that got the news → John was the last person to get the news b/ He was the best player that we admire → He was the best player to be admired
c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way → He was the second man to be killed in this way
10 TRƯỜNG HỢP DÙNG ‘THAT’ KHƠNG DÙNG WHICH.
1 Phía trước “all, little, much, few, everything, none ” dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” Ex: There are few books that you can read in this book store
(Có vài sách mà bạn đọc tiệm sách này).
2 Từ thay phía trước vừa có người vừa có vật dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” Ex: He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited
(11)3 Từ thay phía trước có định ngữ tính từ cấp so sánh dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”
Ex: This is the best novel that I have ever read (Đây tiểu thuyết hay mà đọc).
4 Từ thay phía trước có định ngữ số thứ tự dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which” Ex: The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him
(Cảnh tượng Vạn lý trường thành đập vào mắt ơng gây ấn tượng khó qn với ơng).
5 Từ thay phía trước có định ngữ “the only, the very, the same, the right” dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which”
Ex: It is the only book that he bought himself
(Đó sách mà tự mua).
6 Từ thay phía trước có định ngữ “all, every, any, much, little, few, no” dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which”
Ex: You can take any room that you like
(Anh lấy phịng mà anh thích). – There is no clothes that fit you here
(Ở chẳng có quần áo phù hợp với bạn cả).
7 Trong câu hỏi (Mệnh đề chính) mở đầu “which” dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” làm từ nối Ex: Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
(Những sách có tranh ảnh đáng đọc khơng?)
8 Trong câu nhấn mạnh “It is … that …” dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which” làm từ nối Ex: It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago
(Cách hai mươi năm phịng ơng sinh ra).
9 Trong câu dùng cấu trúc “such (the same) … as …” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which” Ex: We need such materials as can bear high temperature
(Chúng tơi cần vật liệu chịu nhiệt độ cao này). 10 Diễn tả ý “giống như… ” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which” Ex: Mary was late again, as had been expected
(Mary lại muộn, dự kiến)
TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG DÙNG ‘THAT’: – Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định – Sau giới từ
EXERCISES I Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT: The men _ lives next-door are English
2 The dictionary _ you gave me is very good
3 Do you know the girls _ are standing outside the church?
4 The police are looking for the thieve _ got into my house last night The chocolate _ you like comes from the United States
6 I have lost the necklace _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _ go to the airport run every half hour
9 I can't find the key _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _ had many pictures
II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE: He arrived with a friend waited outside in the car The man mobile was ringing did not know what to The car the robbers escaped in was a BMW
4 The woman daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman works in the village is very old
6 The family car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy is wearing a red shirt looks very funny A bus is a big car carries lots of people
9 The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly 10 Children like music are often good at mathematics
(12)1 The first boy has just moved He knows the truth
2 I don't remember the man You said you met him at the canteen last week
3 The only thing is how to go home It make me worried
The most beautiful girl lives city I like her long hair very much He was Tom I met him at the bar yesterday
6 The children often go swimming on Sundays They have much free time then
7 They are looking for the man and his dog They have lost the way in the forest
8 The tree has lovely flowers The tree stands near the gate of my house My wife wants you to come to dinner You were speaking to my wife
10 The last man has just returned from the farm I want to talk to him at once
Đáp án
I Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT: The men _who _ lives next-door are English
2 The dictionary _which _ you gave me is very good
3 Do you know the girls _who _ are standing outside the church?
4 The police are looking for the thieve _who _ got into my house last night The chocolate _which _ you like comes from the United States
6 I have lost the necklace _which _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _that _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _that _ go to the airport run every half hour
9 I can't find the key _which _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _which _ had many pictures II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE: He arrived with a friend _who _ waited outside in the car The man _whose _ mobile was ringing did not know what to The car _which _ the robbers escaped in was a BMW
4 The woman _whose _ daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman _who _ works in the village is very old
6 The family _whose _ car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy _who _ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny A bus is a big car _which _ carries lots of people
9 The volunteers, _whose _ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly 10 Children _who _ like music are often good at mathematics
III Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns: The first boy who knows the truth has just moved
2 I don't remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week The only thing which make me worried is how to go home
4 The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom
6 The children often go swimming on Sundays when they have much free time They're looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers
9 My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner 10 I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm
(13)1.Form: S+ may/might + V(ìnf) Ex: You may be right (Có thể bạn đúng.)
She might not want to come with us (Có thể không muốn với chúng ta.) + May might động từ khiếm khuyết, không thêm s/es thứ số
Ex: She may be here tomorrow (Ngày mai ta đây.)[Not She mays be…]
+ Câu hỏi câu phủ định khơng mượn trợ động từ ‘ do’ mà đảo may/might trước Ex:May I help you? (Tơi giúp bạn?)[NOT I may help you?]
2.Use:
+ Suy đốn khả xảy tương lai Sự khác biệt might thường nói đến tình chắn
ex: I may go to London tomorrow (Có thể ngày mai London) ⇒ Cơ hội 50% John might come with me (Có thể John với tôi.) ⇒ Cơ hội 30%
– Khi diễn tả chắn hơn, ta dùng must + V (infinitive)
ex: What’s that? It must be a star (Cái thế? Chắc ngơi sao.) – Khi chắn điều khơng thể; ta dùng can’t couldn’t ex: It can’t be an eye (Nó khơng thể mắt.)
– Chúng ta dùng trạng từ perhaps, maybe probably thay cho may/ might. ex: Perhaps Tuan knows this = Tuan might know this (Tuan biết điều này.)
Maybe she’s sick now = She may be sick now (Có thể bị ốm.) She is probably French = She may be French (Có thể người Pháp.) II CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
1 Type 2:đ ềi u ki n có th x y hi n t i ho c tệ ể ả ở ệ ạ ặ ương lai.
If clause Main clause
If + S + V1 / V s(es) (don’t / doesn’t + V1) S + will / can/ may + V1 (won’t / can’t + V1) Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation
If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor 2 Type 2:đ ềi u ki n khơng có th t hi n t iệ ậ ệ ạ
If clause Main clause
If + S + V-ed / V2/ (didn’t + V1)/
To be: were / weren’t
S + would / could / should + V1 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1)
Ex: If I were you, I would tell the truth
If she knew your address, she would send you a letter Type 3: đ ềi u ki n khơng có th t q khệ ậ ứ
If clause Main clause
If + S + had + P.P
(hadn’t + P.P) S + would / could / should + have + P.P (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P) Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her
I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:
a Unless = If ….not
If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.
= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living
b Suppose / Supposing (giả sử như), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay khi, cho dù), as long as, so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)
Suppose the news is true, what will you do?
I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer In case I forget, please remind me of my promise
c Without: khơng có
(14)= If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist
d Mệnh đề câu điều kiện loại câu đề nghị lời mời If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book
If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me
5 Đổ ừi t if sang unless:
IF UNLESS
Khẳng định Khẳng định (động từ mệnh đề đổi sang phủ định) Phủ định Khẳng định (mệnh đề khơng thay đổi)
Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster
→ Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam
→ Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam 6.
Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause – If you don’t + V1, Clause
– If you aren’t + …, Clause
Ex: Go away or I will call the police → If you don’t go away, I will call the police Be careful or you will cut yourself → If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself
EXERCISES:
I Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Conditional sentence Type 1):
1 If I find it, I (give)……….you a call.
2 If you (like)………, I can get you a job in this company.
3 If he pays me tonight, I (have)……… enough money for the tickets. 4 If I (pass) …………the exam, I will go to the university next October.
5 If I tell the police the truth, I’m sure they (believe )……… you.
6 We (be)………able to walk across the river if the ice is thick enough. 7 If it (be)………fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a walk.
8 You can see my phone if yours (not work)………. 9 Unless I (hear)………… the alarm, I won’t wake up.
10 if you put these glasses into very hot water, they (crack)……….
II Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Conditional sentence Type 2):
1 If you ate less, you (not be)……… healthy enough 2.If you (have)………a typewriter, I would type it myself.
3 If he worked more slowly, he (not make)……….so many mistakes. 4 You could get a job easily if your degrees (be)………good.
5 He might get fat if he (stop)……….smoking.
6 You (not have)……….so much trouble if you had your car. 7 I would keep a horse if you (can)………afford it.