Til do cd the thay: xu hudng va ban chat cua tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX la "tU tUdng triet hpc Khai sang; bdi "the trang cua tU duy triet hoc Viet Nam liic n[r]
(1)s i r H I N H T H A N H TlT T l T d N G MY H O C V I E T N A M D A U T H E KY XX
D VAN KHANG' Thuc chat eua my hoc Viet Nam dau the ky XX la my hoc Khai sang, chiu anh hudng eua Voltaire (1694 - 1778), cua Rousseau (1712 - 1778), cua Diderot (1713 - 1784) Vi vay, chiing ta da phai d^t my hoc vao cuoc hoi nhap vSn hoa the gi6i
Noi den hoi nhap van hoa the gi6i, chung ta phai thCra nhan r i n g Viet Nam da trai qua ba thdi ky:
- Thai ky thii nhat Tit 1861 den 1945 Day la Ian hoi nh£ip qua hanh lang cua van hoa Phap, chung toi lay cai moc tit sau Phap thau torn Nam Ky va cung la cai moc Phap cho xuat ban tit "Nam Ky Viln chinh cong bao" (Bullentin official de I'eepedition de la Cochinchine) Thong doe Phap liic lam ehu biit L i n hoi n h a p la bat buoc, liic dk\x chiing ta chong lai, sau la tu nguyen vi no hdp quy luat Mae va Anghen da noi ro dieu Tuyen ngon eua Dang Cong san: Khi giai cap t u san tim chau My, da di vong quanh the gidi, da tao lap kinh te thi trUdng, no se keo theo t&'t ca cac dan toe, ke ca dan toe da man n h a t len van minh
(2)- Thai ky thu hai tit 1945 den 1985: \kn hoi nhap nky \k hpi nhap phe xa hpi chii nghia tren cd sd ly tUdng cpng san
- Thai ky thu ba tit 1986 den nay: \k \kn hoi nh4p vAn hoa the gidi mot each toan dien tren cd sd vSn minh tin hoc Lan Hpi nhslp van hoa the gidi Ifin thii nh^'t cung \k liic xi hoi Viet Nam bude vao thdi ky c^n hien dai, my hoc cung c6 bude chuyen minh T\i my hoc Trung dai vdi quan ni^m: "Van di t a i dao", "Thi d l n g o n chi", my hoc Viet Nam dl nhanh chong hoa nhap vao dong chay cua my hoc the gidi c6 truyen thong tit Platon - Arixtot den Kant va Hegel, roi nhanh chong tiep thu va phat trien my hoc macxit cho tdi
O eong trinh chiing toi t£lp trung vao sU hinh th^nh tU tUdng my hoc Viet Nam t\X 1900 den 1930 va lay chat lieu trong tUu ly lu£ln va thuc tien vkn hoe, nghe thu^t nude nh^
Noi den tu tUdng my hoc la phai noi den:
- He thong ly lu^n mang tinh chat mpt h^ thong giai quyet van de moi quan he th^m my cd ban nhat cua ngUdi doi vdi thue tai thdi dai
- He thong ly luan c6 y nghlS phudng phap lu^n doi vdi sU phat trien eua van hoa th^m my Viet Nam dkc bi^t d ba phUdng dien: Khdch the thdm my, Chu the tham my vik van hoc nghe thuat
(3)My hoc theo xu hudng Khai sang g^n van hoc, nghe thuat vdi hien thUe, thUe tai O day eac nha ly luan thdi da gdn
cai dep vdi sit hieu biet ve cai mdi Trong Van minh Tan
hoc sdch (1904), tac pham eo ti'nh chat tuyen ngon cua phong trao Dong Kinh Nghia Thue, cac nha van hoa cua ta da chu trUdng: Muon kham pha cai dep mdi c^n md mang dan tri, e^n "Dung van t u nude nha", c^n "hieu dinh sach vd", c^n "Siia doi phep thi", can "co vu nhan tai"
Cai dep mdi la mot hien ti/cfng mdi cua lich si, ta can thay doi de n^m b i t dudc no Tac gia Trong Khiem cho r^ng: "Thdi dai hu van da hau qua, 16'i hoc thuc hanh da tan bo, cai tinh tinh, cai phong tuc cua ta cung theo ma khae trudc, cho nen each lam van, lam sach xua khong thich hdp vdi thdi buoi bay gid niia, t a t cung phai theo cai phong trao mdi ma thay doi"
- Trong cuon Viet Nam phong tuc (nam 1915), Phan Ke Binh viet: "Thiet tUdng van chudng dan theo loi nao mac long, giiip ho phai ta cho t h u c " \
V6 Lien Sdn gin nghe t h u a t vdi buon, vui cua xa hpi Ong viet: "Thi nhan va van hao eo cac day dan thSn linh ciing tay d^n nghe thuat gay nhiing cai vui cua xa hpi deu vui, cai
g\kn cua xa hpi deu gian, cai buon eua xa hpi deu buon, cai
yeu cua xa hpi deu yeu, cai muon cua xa hpi deu muon tim lo md dUdng hudng thUdng cho xa hpi ma th6i"l Van de noi dung hinh thijtc va tU tUdng nghe t h u a t cung dUdc my hpc
1 Phan Ke Binh: Viet Nam phong tuc, Nxb TP Ho Chi Mmh (tai ban ndm 1990) tr 224
(4)nghien cdu va tim each giai quyet moi tUdng quan giOa chiing Pham Quynh cho r^ng, noi dung, quan nhat la tU tUdng: "Tay, Nho lay van de dien dat tu tUdng ngUdi nao c6 tU tUdng tiic lam dUdc van ngUdi nao khong c6 tu tUdng thi d^u noi kheo den dau chang qua cung la idi hu van ca nhu the thi trudc lam vSn bung phai c6 tU tUdng gi, ma tU tUdng ay phai la tU tUdng hay "
Tan Da viet: "CU chinh ly m^ noi tu minh khong thUdng nUdc ma viet nhiing Idi quoc, tU minh v6 pham hanh m^ viet nhOng gipng luan thUdng, vay thdi de lUa gat D^u CO lixa gat dude ch^ng, at cung c6 bai 16"'
Trinh Dinh Ru viet tren bao Phu nCt Tan van so 42 ng^y 24-10-1929: V^n "phai eo y vi hay, c6 tu tUdng mdi Vi vfin chUdng la gi? La cai tu tUdng hien Idi le"
Phan Bpi Chau da eoi trpng cpi nguon site song cua nghe thuat Ong cho cpi nguon ndm d "Khi v^n", "Van chUdng goc d ndi mk ra, he ngUdi manh thi vdn chUdng thUdng h^u, he ngUdi hen thi v^n chudng thudng nhu nhUdc Vay nen ngUdi ta c6 cau: "Due hpc tac vin, tien tu diidng khi" nghia la: Muon lam vSn tat trUdc phai nuoi minh^
Tuy nhien, dac trUng quan trpng nhat cua van hpc nghe thuat la tinh th^m my eua no
Hpc gia Phan Ke Binh Viet Han van khdo cho thA'y, van nghe c6 cai hay cua nhieu mat Ong cho ring, cai hay trUdc het bieu hien d "tU tUdng cao", d "kien thdc rpng", "hay la hay d nhdi ban thau ly, hay \k hay d cau noi dat tinh
1 Tuyen tap Tan Da, Nxb Van hoc 1986 tr 429
2 Tuyen van phe binh van hoc Viet Nam, Nxb Vin hpc, 1997, t.2, lr.30
(5)Co cai hay ky co, eo cai hay kiet, c6 cai hay hon hau, c6 cai hay sang, c6 cai hay bong bay nhU vang giang dudi nUdc, nhu canh hoa gUdng, co cai hay man mac nhu gio ph^y mat nUde, n h u mpe tren gidi, co hay rUc rd nhu theu hoa, det gam, co cai hay quy bau n h u nha ngpc phun chau"\
Phan Khoi chu y den cai y vi rieng cua van nghe: "Cai y cua thd hay, sau ngam hay dpc, thay eo cai hau cua tra ngon, dam tham ma dam da, uo'ng vao co roi ma lUdi vSn muon nhap"
Quan niem gia tri my cam khong tach rdi chiic nang hoan thien ban tinh ngUdi la mot quan niem rat hay Tac gia Tr^n Tien Tich cho rang: "Ai doc mot bdi van hay khuyen sU
manh bao md chdng thay vui ve viec Idm Idnh? Hi ngitdi ndo chita mat hit tinh ngiidi thi cung co the vi vdn chucfng md cam hoa lay minh di/dc" Vo Liem Sdn cho rang: "Khuynh
hudng cua cac ngUdi muon lam nha van hpc mdi Mdi nhung khong mdi rieng vdi ngUdi minh ma eon phai mdi theo the gidi" Con dUdng phat trien cua nghe thuat phai la: "Van chudng dan dan xa hpi hoa, cai muc dich toi cao cua van hpc mdi dat duoc mot each hoan toan, ma van hpc ay mdi th^it CO gia tri chan chinh"
My hpc nhijtng nam dau the ky XX khong chi doi hoi doi mdi, hudng den cai dep cua van minh nhung phai cung trinh vdi the gidi ma eon g^n cai dep vdi cupe dau t r a n h giai phong dan toe
(6)Tac gia Trinh Dinh Ru cho rang: "Vdn chiiOng la hon nU&c
"Hon nitdc tinh dan thi vdn thd phai doi mdi"
Dac biet bai "Trd Idi ong H' 9-4-1925 tac gia Nguyen Ai Quoc gan van chudng vdi thUc te dan tpc " Mot loi van gian di, chinh xae hdn ban 161 van rUdm hoa my Mpt tac pham hanh van hay ma kho hieu thi chang co ich gi" Van de la phai "loi cuon dudc dong bao ta"'
Nguyen Ba Hpc khuyen Idp tre: "Ng^y hpc tro phai c6 tu tUdng cao dep, tap nghi luan cho rpng, phai dpc nhQng sach CO kinh luan xa hpi, phai ban den chuyen co quan he den nUdc nha, de sau co the dem hpc va'n suy v i ^ lam"
Nam 1920 Hoang Tich Chu da khang dinh: ".,,vdn chitOng
Id nguyen cua Quoc gia ngUdi viet van phai cho tit
nghiem, nghia chinh, liic nao ciing giii mot cai ton chi rA't cao thUdng" Ong keu gpi: "Hdi nha lam van, trudc muon vi^t gi hay tix tu ngpn biit ma hoi rang ta viet vdn hoa quoc hay
di ngu the"^
Y tUdng eoi nghe si la chien si tren mat tran nghe thuAt da dUdc Tan Da chu trUdng: "Cac bao quan da 1^ mot doi
quan tien phong tran tien thu xd hoi, thdi cac ngUdi viet vfin
trong bao gidi deu la mot ten linh d dpi tien phong" Nhin toan cue, tinh chat can ban cua cac tU tUdng my hpc Viet Nam nhQng nam dau the ky XX 1^ hudng den xay diing mot Ddi song tham my vi dan tpc Ddi song tham mf nky hudng den cai dep cua van minh, tien bp, loai bo hu tuc, lo^i
(7)bo nhiing hinh thiie khong eo ich cho sU khai dan md tri Coi van nghe la nguon sang soi vao cupe song Tu tUdng coi van nghe la ten linh tien phong, eo kha nang di trudc gUdm va khau sung trao luu van dong each mang cua dan tpc, vi van nghe la "Hon nude", la "Nguyen quoc gia" Nhflng tu tUdng da tien gan tdi van de my hoe eua sU cai tao ddi song
TU nhiing tu tudng my hpc, theo khuynh hudng Khai sang
nhiing nam dau the ky XX, my hpc da nhanh chong tiep can triet hpc Mac, dong thdi lai van dong dong chay cua cupe each mang dan tpc dUdi sU lanh dao cua Dang cpng san,
til 1945 cho den nay, my hpc Viet Nam da vut trUdng
va xay dung t h a n h cong mot nen my hpc tien tien dam da ban sac dan tpc, tao t h a n h mot trUdng phai my hpc ban the, hien thUe, each mang, co the sanh vai vdi my hpc the gidi
va'n de trpng tam cua Hpi thao khoa hpc lan la Tu tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam boi canh du nhap cac tU tUdng Dong - Tay niia dau the ky XX Toi muon dat cau hoi: Cai gi la chinh? Dong thi chiing ta qua quen thupe roi Tren cd sd ly thuyet "TrUdng anh hUdng", toi nghi, ca cac tU tUdng cua Dong liic nay, eo ngpn cd nao noi nhat cung phan phat bay la nhd c6 gio Tay thoi T\i e6 the thay:
Cac tu tUdng my hpc Viet Nam ma chiing toi vxia trinh bay 1^ mot bp p h a n nhay cam nhat, uyen chuyen nhat cua tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam niia d^u the ky XX
(8)Tac gia Trinh Dinh Ru cho rang: "Vdn chUOng Id hon nUdc
"Hon nitdc tinh dan thi vdn thaphai doi mdi"
Dac biet bai "Trd Idi ong H" 9-4-1925 tac gia Nguyen Ai Quoc gan van chUdng vdi thuc te dan tpc " Mpt loi van gian di, chinh xac hdn han loi van rUdm hoa my Mpt tac pham hanh van hay ma kho hieu thi chang eo ich gi" Va'n de la phai "loi cuon dUdc dong bao ta"'
Nguyen Ba Hpc khuyen Idp tre: "Ng^y hpc tro phai c6 tu tUdng cao dep, tap nghi luan cho rpng, phai dpc nhiing sach CO kinh luan xa hpi, phai ban den chuyen co quan he den nude nha, de sau co the dem hpc van suy v i ^ lam"
Nam 1920 Hoang Tich Chu da khang dinh: " vdn chuong
Id nguyen cua Quoc gia ngUdi viet van phai cho ttf
nghiem, nghia chinh, liic nao cung giO mpt cai ton chi rft't cao thUdng" Ong keu gpi: "Hdi nha lam van, trUdc muon viet gi hay til til ngpn biit m^ hoi rang ta viet vdn hoa quoc hay de ngu the"^
Y tUdng coi nghe si 1^ chien si tren mat tran ngh^ thuat da dUdc Tan Da chu trUdng: "Cac bao quan da 1^ mot doi
qudn tien phong tran tien thu xd hgi^ihbi cac ngUdi viet van
trong bao gidi deu la mpt ten linh d dpi tien phong" Nhin toan cue, tinh chat can ban cua cac tU tUdng my hpc Viet Nam nhiing nam dau the ky XX la hudng den xay dung mpt Ddi song tham my vi dan tpc Ddi song tham my hudng den cai dep cua van minh, tien bp, lo^i bo hu tuc, loai
(9)bo nhiing hinh thxic khong eo ich cho sU khai dan md tri Coi van nghe la nguon sang soi vao cupe song Tu tUdng coi van nghe la ten linh tien phong, co kha nang di trudc gtfdm va kh^u siing trao lUu van dong each mang cua dan tpc, vi van nghe la "Hon nude", la "Nguyen quoc gia" Nhiing tU tUdng da tien gan tdi va'n de my hpc cua sU cai tao ddi song
Ttt nhiing tU tudng my hpc, theo khuynh hudng Khai sang nhiing nam dau the ky XX, my hpc da n h a n h chong tiep can triet hpc Mac, dong thdi lai van dong dong chay eua cupe each mang dan tpc dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang cpng san,
til 1945 cho den nay, my hpc Viet Nam da vut trUdng
va xay dung th a n h cong mot nen my hpc tien tien dam da ban sac dan tpc, tao t h a n h mpt trUdng phai my hpc ban the, hien thUc, each mang, co the sanh vai vdi my hpc the gidi
Va'n de trpng tam eua Hpi thao khoa hpc llin n^y 1^ Tu tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam bo'i canh du nhap cac tU tUdng Dong - Tay niia dau the ky XX Toi muon dat cau hoi: Cai gi 1^ chinh? Dong thi chiing ta qua quen thupe roi Tren cd sd ly thuyet "TrUdng anh hUdng", toi nghi, ca cac tU tUdng eua Dong liic nay, eo ngpn cd nao noi nha't ciing phan phat bay la nhd co gid Tay thoi Tit c6 the thay:
Cac tu tUdng my hpc Viet Nam ma chiing toi vHa trinh bay I^ mpt bp phan nhay cam nhat, uyen chuyen nhat eua tU tUdng triet hpe Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX
(10)van la nhiing tU tUdng chiu anh hUdng cua *Trung tam phat song" t\X phUdng Tay - ma "Trung tam" lai dang phat song triet hpc da lam nen cupe each mang 1789
Til cd the thay: xu hudng va ban chat cua tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX la "tU tUdng triet hpc Khai sang; bdi "the trang cua tU triet hoc Viet Nam liic \k tu phan tich hien thUc thuc tai; doi tUOng ca ban cua nd la chinh cupe song khach quan vdi tat ca cac quan he cua n6;
muc dich eua triet hpc la kham pha nhiing dudng de
khai md dan tri, de lam cupe thay doi so phan dan tpc die biet la so phan cua "tang Idp thii ba" xa hpi
Tinh nhan van, tinh dan chu tinh hanh dong la cac pham chat quan trpng ciia eac tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam mia dau the ky XX; va do phat t h e n len, no bat gap chu nghia Mac; va chu nghia Mac ket hdp vdi chu nghia yeu nUdc Viet Nam tao tu tUdng Viet Nam hien dai