Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta cần chú ý đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ hoặc tính từ sở hữu sao cho tương ứng với chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ của mệnh đề chính.(Một số sách c[r]
(1)PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC – ĐÀO TẠO VĨNH TƯỜNG TRƯỜNG THCS VĨNH TƯỜNG
CHUYÊN ĐỀ INDIRECT SPEECH Họ tên: Lê Minh Nguyệt
Chức vụ: giáo viên
Đơn vị công tác: Trường THCS Vĩnh Tường Đối tượng bồi dưỡng: học sinh lớp 8
Số tiết bồi dưỡng: 12 tiết 1 Định nghĩa.
Có hai cách để thuật lại mà người nói: Trực tiếp gián tiếp
- Lời nói trực tiếp lời lặp lại nguyên văn lời nói người nói đặt ngoặc kép
Ví dụ:
My father said to me, “I will give you a nice present’’
- Lời nói gián tiếp lời nhắc lại, thuật lại ý người nói theo cách diễn đạt
Ví dụ:
My father said to me that he would give me a nice present 2 Cách chuyển câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp.
Ta thấy khác hai câu nói trực tiếp gián tiếp Để biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, cần ý quy tắc đổi sau:
- Đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu - Đổi trạng từ
- Đổi động từ
- Đổi câu, có loại câu bản: + Câu trần thuật.(Statements)
+ Câu hỏi Yes/No.(Yes/No questions) + Câu hỏi với từ hỏi (Wh questions) + Câu mệnh lệnh(Command)
2.1 Đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu.
(2)mệnh đề khơng phải ngơi thứ 3) Chính vậy, ta cần phải ý dựa vào mệnh đề để đổi cho hợp lý
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
- Chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, đại từ, tính từ sở hữu ngơi thứ
Cùng với chủ ngữ mệnh đề
- Chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, đại từ, tính từ sở hữu ngơi thứ hai
ngơi với tân ngữ mệnh đề
- Chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, đại từ, tính
từ sở hữu thứ ba Không đổi Ví dụ 1:
- My father said to me, “I will give you a nice present’’ My father said to me that he would give me a nice present
Trong câu trên: chủ ngữ câu trực tiếp thứ nhất, chủ ngữ mệnh đề là(My father) ngơi thứ nên ta đổi “I” thành “He”(My father) Tân ngữ câu trực tiếp ngơi thứ 2, tân ngữ mệnh đề thứ nên ta đổi “you” thành “me”
Ví dụ 2:
- Mr John said to his wife that, “I miss you so much” Mr John said to his wife that he missed her so much
Ở câu này, ta đổi “you” thành “me/us” câu nói hồn tồn sai so với lời nói người nói Vì ta cần ý, tân ngữ mệnh đề “his wife” nên ta đổi theo tân ngữ mệnh đề phải “her”
2.2 Đổi trạng ngữ thời gian nơi chốn.
Direct speech Indirect speech
Time now
ago
Then, at that time, immediately before
today tonight
that day that night
(3)Tomorrow the next following day next week, month, the following week, month,
Place
Here there
This that
These those
Ví dụ: She said: "I have already seen Carol today."
She said (that) she had already seen Carol that day.
2.3 Đổi động từ
Khi động từ tường thuật khứ (said, told, ) phải lùi khứ
Direct speech(TT) Indirect speech(GT)
Present simple Past simple
Present progressive Past progressive
Past simple Past perfect
Past progressive Past perfect progressive Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
Past perfect Không đổi
Future and model verbs will
can may must have to ought to used to would could
would could might had to had to
(4)Direct speech(TT) Indirect speech(GT) should
had better …
Ví dụ:
“I have lived here for ten years” Mrs Nga said Mrs Nga said that she had live there for ten years * Lưu ý: Các trường hợp sau không lùi thì:
- Khi động từ tường thuật(mệnh đề chính) tương lai ta khơng thay đổi động từ câu gián tiếp
- Diễn tả chân lý, thật
- Trong câu có thời gian xác định - Thì q khứ hoàn thành
- Các câu thuộc cấu trúc giảm ( Sau: as if, as though, if only, wish, it's high time, would rather, câu điều kiện loại 2, )
Ví dụ:
1 “If I were you, I would help her” he said ? He said If he were me, he would help her
2 My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.” My mother tells me that I am her little pet
3 Tom said to me, “My grandfather died in 1990.” Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990 2.4 Đổi câu
2.4.1 Câu trần thuật
Khi đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta thực bước sau: Bước 1: Bỏ ngoặc, thêm “that” vào sau mệnh đề
Bước 2: Đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, trạng từ Bước 3: Lùi động từ
Form
S + said that S + V + O
Ví dụ:
(5) Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl.
2 Susan said: "My parents are clever scientists." Susan said (that) her parents were clever scientists 3 They said: "We went swimming with our friends."
They said (that) they had gone swimming with their friend. Exercise.
1: Change these sentences into Reported Speech: (statements) “We are very happy” They said
2 “You sing very nicely, Mary” Nga said “I like my dog, Spot” John said
4 “We have plenty of time to our work“ They said “I am going to the party with my brother” Hoa said “I will take you to my house” Mary said
7 “I am a pupil and I have learned English at school” Peter said “I have to go to the dentist tomorrow.” My brother said
9 “I am going shopping Can I get you something?” she said 10 “I want my room to look nice at the festival,” Hoa said Answer key
1 They said that they were happy
2 Nga said to Mary that she sang very nicely John said that he liked his dog, Spot
4 They said that they had plenty of tine to their homework Hoa said that she was going to the party with her brother Mary said to me that she would take me to her house
7 Peter said that he was a student and that he had learn English at school My brother said that he had to go to the dentist the next day
9 She said that she was going shopping and asked me whether she could get me something
10 Hoa said that she wanted her room to look nice at the festival 2.4.2 “Yes/No - question”
Ta thực bước sau:
(6)Bước Đổi câu hỏi thành câu trần thuật
Bước Đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, trạng từ (nếu có) Bước Lùi động từ
Form
S + asked + O If
S + V + O Whethe
r
Exercise: Change into reported speech ( Questions) “Have you worked before?” she said to him
2 “Can you work on Saturday before?” she said to him “May I open the window?” she asked
4 “Shall I have a day off tomorrow?” she said to her boss “May I borrow your tennis racket?” she asked him “Are you coming to the party tonight, Ha?” she asked “Can you borrow your pen please, Ha?” she asked
8 “Do you know where my tennis racquet is, Mum?” she asked her Mum “Was Ha at work yesterday?” she asked her secretary
10 “Did you read the article about Prince Diana?” she asked him Answer key.
1 She asked him if he had worked before
2 She asked him if he could work on Saturday before She asked me if she might open the window
4 She asked her boss if she would have a day off the next day She asked him if she might borrow his tennis racket
6 She asked Ha if he was coming to the party that night She asked Ha if he could borrow his pen
8 She asked her mum if she knew where her tennis racket was She asked her secretary if Ha had been at work the day before 10 She asked him if he had read the articke about Prince Diana 2.4.3 “Wh - questions”
Ta thực bước sau:
(7)Bước Đổi câu hỏi thành câu trần thuật
Bước Đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, trạng từ (nếu có) Bước Lùi động từ
Form
S + asked + O Wh + S + V + O Ví dụ:
1 “Where did you go last night, Ba?”, The father said The father asked Ba where he had gone the night before
The father wanted to know where Ba had gone the night before
Note: Đối với câu hỏi ta sử dụng động từ hỏi dung cụm động từ “wanted to know”
Exercise
1 What time you want to leave for the airport ?” Harry asked me “ Where will you come to see you this weekend ?” She asked me “ Where does your father work ?” the teacher asked me
4 “ Why you collect waste paper ?” She asked Ba “ How much does this dress cost ?” Lan asked Lien “ What kind of books you read ?” Thu asked Huong “Where does your son want to learn ?” the man told me
8 “What you usually in your free time ?” the examiner asked 2.4.4 Câu mệnh lệnh
Câu mệnh lệnh: Là loại câu yêu cầu người khác làm đó, cách nhận dạng câu * Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định
Bước Đổi động từ trần thuật thành động từ yêu cầu, đề nghị Bước Bỏ ngoặc, thêm “to” vào trước động từ hành động
Ví dụ:
1 “Do your homework before going to school.” Teacher said Teacher asked students to homework before going to school The teacher said: "Keep silent and look at the blackboard!" The teacher told us to keep silent and look at the blackboard
told
(8)* Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định
Bước Đổi động từ trần thuật thành động từ yêu cầu, đề nghị Bước Bỏ ngoặc, thêm “not to” vào trước động từ hành động Ví dụ:
1 John said: "Don't forget to call me when you get home, Anna!" John told Anna not to forget to call him when she got home
told
S + asked + sbd + not to V ordered
* Một số lưu ý đổi câu mệnh lệnh từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp - Động từ tường thuật động từ yêu cầu, mệnh lệnh
Said told/ ordered/ asked……
- Người nói đến phải đặt sau động từ mệnh lệnh S + V + sbd + to V/not to V
- Trong lời nói trực tiếp khơng có người thực hành động lời nói gián tiếp phải có.(Nếu khơng phải thêm vào đại từ danh từ)
Ví dụ:
He said, “Go away” He told me to go away Exercise
Change these derect speeches into indirect speech
1 Their mother said to them, “Don’t make so much noise.”
2 The traffic policeman said, “Show me your driving license, please.” Mrs Jackson said to Tim, “Could you give me a hand, please?” The lifeguard said, “Don’t swim out too far, boys.”
5 Nam said to the taxi driver, “Please turn left at the first traffic light.” She said to her son, “Go straight upstairs and get into bed.”
(9)8 Mary said to John, “Can you carry my suitcase, please?” Answer:
1 Their mother asked/ told them not to make so much noise
2 The traffic policeman asked/ told me to show him my driving license Mrs Jackson asked/ told Tim to give her a hand
4 The lifeguard asked/ told the boys not to swim out too far
5 Nam asked/ told the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic light She asked/ told her son to go straight upstairs and get into bed The policeman asked/ told people not to touch anything in the room Mary asked/ told John to carry her suitcase
3 Các dạng đặc biệt câu gián tiếp
Khi đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp có số loại câu không đổi dạng mà dạng câu có cách đổi khác
3.1 Câu gián tiếp với lời khuyên: Ví dụ:
1 The teacher said, “You should study harder, Mai” The teacher advised Mai to study harder
2 Mrs Vui said, “ You’d better get up early and morning exercise.” Mrs Vui advised me to get up early and morning exercise
3 “ Why don’t you go to school early? ”, said my mother My mother advised me to go to school early
4 My friend said to me, “ If I were you, I would met him” My friend advised me to meet him
Form:
Direct speech Indirect speech
S + had better S + should
Why don’t you… If I were you…
S + advised + sbd + to V/not to V + O
3.2 Câu gián tiếp với câu gợi ý (suggestion)
(10)Ví dụ:
- My friend said to me, “Let’s go out for a drink” My friend suggested going out for a drink
- My friend said ,” Why don’t we go out for a drink ? ” My friend suggested going out for a drink
Direct speech Indirect speech
Let’s…
Why don’t we… Shall we… How about …
(not)Ving + O
S + suggested + (that) + S + should + V + O (that) + S + shouldn’t + V + O
3.3 Câu gián tiếp với lời mời. Ví dụ:
- “Would you like to come to my party “ He invited me to come to his party
Direct speech Indirect speech
Would you like ….? S + invited + sbd + to V
3.4 Câu gián tiếp với câu cảm thán.
* Khi câu trực tiếp câu cảm than với How/ What ta chuyển sang gián tiếp cách dùng động từ tường thuật exclaim ( kêu lên , lên)
Ví dụ:
- “What a lovely dress !”
She exclaimed with delight that the dress was lovely - “Oh! I’ve cut myself” said the little boy
The little boy exclaimed with pain that he had cut himself Các danh từ thường dùng mẫu là:
Delight ( thích thú, vui sướng) Admiration ( ngưởng mộ ) Horror ( sợ hải)
(11)Surprise ( ngạc nhiên) Pain (đau đớn)
Regret (tiếc nuối)
Disappointment ( thất vọng) ……
3.5 Các dạng câu kép (có câu nói dấu ngoặc kép) :
Thông thường câu đề cho thường có câu, đơi em gặp câu đề cho câu Đối với trường hợp ta phải dùng liên từ để nối chúng lại; liên từ thường dùng :
* Nếu câu nguyên nhân, kết theo nghĩa mà dùng: Because/ So
Ví dụ:
- “Don’t tell me to that I don’t like it “
=> He asked me not to tell him to that because he did not like it
* Nếu câu khơng có liên quan nhân mà câu nói liên tiếp dùng:
And added that ( nói thêm rằng) Ví dụ:
“ I miss my mother I will visit her tomorrow.”
=> She said that she missed her mother and added that she would visit her the next day
* Nếu câu khác dạng tùy câu đầu làm bình thường sau thêm and động từ tường thuật riêng câu sau
Ví dụ:
- “This is my book Don’t take it away.” ( câu đầu dạng phát biểu, câu sau dạng mệnh lệnh)
She said that was her book and told me not to take it away
- “Tomorrow is my birthday Do you remember that?” ( câu đầu dạng phát biểu, câu sau dạng câu hỏi)
=> She said that the next day was her birthday and asked me if I remembered that
3.6 Một số dạng khác.
Đối với dạng câu trực tiếp câu có tính chất chúc mừng, xin lỗi , van xin… chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta có cấu trúc câu riêng lẻ cần nhớ sau:
(12)2 S + apologise + to sbd + for + N/Ving Xin lỗi việc
3 S + beg + sbd + to V Van xin, nài nỉ làm
4 S + blame + sbd + for + N/Ving Khiển trách việc S + congratulate + sbd + on + N/Ving Chúc mừng việc
6 S + insist + on + Ving Khăng khăng đòi làm
7 S + promise + to V + sth Hứa làm
8 S + refuse + to V + sth Từ chối làm
9 S + thank + sbd + for + N/Ving Cảm ơn việc 10 S + threaten + to V + sth Dọa, báo trước làm 11 S + warn + sbd + about/of + N/Ving Cảnh cáo việc
12 S + wish + to V Hứa làm
Ví dụ:
1 “I’m afraid I’ve lost the photo you gave me last week.” The boy said The boy admitted losing the photo I had given him the previous week He said to his boss, “I’m sorry for being late twice”
He apologised to his boss for being late twice
3 “Please don’t tell my parents about this” she said to me She begged me not to tell her parent about that
4 “It was your fault You didn’t tell the truth” she said She blamed me for not telling the truth
5 “Congratulations! You’ve passed the exam” He said He congratulated me on having passed the exam John said, “I really must have a break”
John insisted on having a break “I will come on time” she said She promised to come on time
8 “I’m afraid I can’t go to the cinema with you tonight” she said She refused to go to the cinema with me that night
9 I said to the poster, “thanks for carrying my luggage.” I thanked the poster for carrying my luggage
(13) The worker threatered to leave if I did that again 11 “Happy new year!”
She wished me a happy new year 4 Practice.
Exercise
Yesterday morning Mr Robinson was ill He went to the doctor and the doctor gave him some advice Report the doctor’s advice
Ex: “You should take a few days off.”
The doctor said he should take a few days off “You should stay in bed for a few days.”
2 “You should take these medicines every four hours.” “You ought to keep your body warm.”
4 “You shouldn’t drink alcohol or smoke.” “You ought not to eat fatty food.”
6 “You should take a little hot milk before sleeping.” Answer:
1 The doctor said he should stay in bed for a few days
2 The doctor said he should take those medicines every four hours The doctor said he ought to keep his body warm
4 The doctor said he shouldn’t drink alcohol or smoke The doctor said he ought not to eat fatty food
6 The doctor said he should take a little hot milk before sleeping Exercise 2: Turn these sentences into reported speech:
1 “You took the money”, he said.(accuse)
2 “I stole his bicycle”, he said to the police.(admit) He said to the police, “I didn’t steal the bike”.(deny) He said, “I’m sorry I’m late” (apologize)
5 “I’ll drive you to the airport I insist.”, John said to Linda.(insist)
6 “I’m happy to hear that you have passed the final exam Congratulations!”, Jim said to me (congratulate)
7 “It was nice of you to invite me to dinner Thank you.”, Miss White said to George (thank)
8 Don’t play with the matches.”, I said to Jack (warn… against)
9 “I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier.”, Margaret said to him.(apologize) 10 The student said , “I didn’t cheat in the exam.” (deny)
Answer
(14)3 He denied stealing the bike He apologized being late
5 John insisted on driving Linda to the airport
6 Jim congratulate me on having passed the final exam Miss White thanked George for inviting him to dinner I warned Jack not to play with the matches.\