Lecture The management and control of quality - Chapter 10: Principles of six sigma

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Lecture The management and control of quality - Chapter 10: Principles of six sigma

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Six Sigma is one of the most important and popular developments in the quality field. It has saved huge amounts of money and improved the customer experience for a large number of organizations across the world, yet it is applied in an inconsistent and often reductive fashion in many companies.

Chapter 10 Principles of  Six Sigma   Key Idea Introduction Although we view quality improvement tools and  techniques from the perspective of Six Sigma, it  is important to understand that they are simply a  collection of methods that have been used  successfully in all types of quality management  and improvement initiatives, from generic TQM  efforts, to ISO 9000, and in Baldrige processes Six Sigma  A simple quality metric  An overall strategy to quality  improvement Six­Sigma Metrics    Defect – any mistake or error that is  passed on to a customer Defects per unit (DPU) = number of  defects discovered   number of units  produced Defects per million opportunities  (dpmo) = DPU   1,000,000    opportunities for error Six­Sigma Quality  Ensuring that process variation is half the  design tolerance (Cp = 2.0) while allowing  the mean to shift as much as 1.5 standard  deviations, resulting in at most 3.4 dpmo k­Sigma Quality Levels Six Sigma (Chapter 3)   Based on a statistical measure that  equates to 3.4 or fewer errors or  defects per million opportunities Pioneered by Motorola in the mid­ 1980s and popularized by the success  of General Electric Key Idea  (Chapter 3) Six Sigma can be described as a  business improvement approach that  seeks to find and eliminate causes of  defects and errors in manufacturing and  service processes by focusing on outputs  that are critical to customers and a clear  financial return for the organization Key Concepts of Six Sigma  (1 of 2) (Chapter 3)    Think in terms of key business processes,  customer requirements, and overall strategic  objectives Focus on corporate sponsors responsible for  championing projects, support team activities,  help to overcome resistance to change, and  obtaining resources Emphasize such quantifiable measures as  defects per million opportunities (dpmo) that  can be applied to all parts of an organization Key Concepts of Six Sigma  (2 of 2) (Chapter 3)     Ensure that appropriate metrics are identified early  and focus on business results, thereby providing  incentives and accountability Provide extensive training followed by project team  deployment  Create highly qualified process improvement  experts (“green belts,” “black belts,” and “master  black belts”) who can apply improvement tools and  lead teams Set stretch objectives for improvement Key Idea Problem Solving A structured problem­solving process provides  all employees with a common language and a  set of tools to communicate with each other,  particularly as members of cross­functional  teams DMAIC Methodology Define Measure Analyze Improve Control Define    Describe the problem in operational  terms Drill down to a specific problem  statement (project scoping) Identify customers and CTQs,  performance metrics, and  cost/revenue implications Measure  Key data collection questions – What questions are we trying to answer? – What type of data will we need to answer  the question? – Where can we find the data? – Who can provide the data? – How can we collect the data with  minimum effort and with minimum chance  of error? Analyze     Focus on why defects, errors, or  excessive variation occur Seek the root cause 5­Why technique Experimentation and verification Improve     Idea generation Brainstorming Evaluation and selection Implementation planning Control      Maintain improvements Standard operating procedures Training Checklist or reviews Statistical process control charts Tools for Six­Sigma and  Quality Improvement        Elementary statistics Advanced statistics Product design and reliability Measurement Process control Process improvement Implementation and teamwork Design for Six Sigma   Focus on optimizing product and process  performance Features – A high­level architectural view of the design – Use of CTQs with well­defined technical requirements – Application of statistical modeling and simulation  approaches – Predicting defects, avoiding defects, and performance  prediction using analysis methods – Examining the full range of product performance using  variation analysis of subsystems and components Six Sigma in Services and  Small Organizations  Six Sigma is equally applicable to  services. However, services have  some unique characteristics Key Idea Six Sigma in Services All Six Sigma projects have three key  characteristics: a problem to be solved, a  process in which the problem exists, and one  or more measures that quantify the gap to be  closed and can be used to monitor progress Key Six Sigma Metrics in  Services     Accuracy Cycle time Cost Customer satisfaction Lean Production and Six  Sigma         The 5S’s: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order),  seiso (shine), seiketsu (standardize), and  shitsuke (sustain).  Visual controls Efficient layout and standardized work Pull production Single minute exchange of dies (SMED) Total productive maintenance Source inspection Continuous improvement Traditional Economic Model of  Quality of Conformance Total cost Cost due to  nonconformance “optimal level” of quality Cost of  quality  assurance 100% Modern Economic Model of  Quality of Conformance Total cost Cost due to  nonconformance Cost of  quality  assurance 100% ... Traditional Economic Model? ?of? ? Quality? ?of? ?Conformance Total cost Cost due to  nonconformance “optimal level”? ?of? ?quality Cost? ?of? ? quality? ? assurance 100% Modern Economic Model? ?of? ? Quality? ?of? ?Conformance Total cost... successfully in all types? ?of? ?quality? ?management? ? and? ?improvement initiatives, from generic TQM  efforts, to ISO 9000,? ?and? ?in Baldrige processes Six? ?Sigma  A simple? ?quality? ?metric  An overall strategy to? ?quality? ?... 1980s? ?and? ?popularized by? ?the? ?success  of? ?General Electric Key Idea   (Chapter? ?3) Six? ?Sigma? ?can be described as a  business improvement approach that  seeks to find? ?and? ?eliminate causes? ?of? ? defects? ?and? ?errors in manufacturing? ?and? ?

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Mục lục

  • Chapter 10

  • Key Idea Introduction

  • Six Sigma

  • Six-Sigma Metrics

  • Slide 5

  • k-Sigma Quality Levels

  • Six Sigma (Chapter 3)

  • Key Idea (Chapter 3)

  • Key Concepts of Six Sigma (1 of 2) (Chapter 3)

  • Key Concepts of Six Sigma (2 of 2) (Chapter 3)

  • Key Idea

  • Projects as Value-Creation Processes

  • Six Sigma Project Teams

  • Key Idea Project Management

  • Project Life Cycle Management (1 of 2)

  • Project Life Cycle Management (2 of 2)

  • The Definition of a “Project”

  • Problem Solving

  • Quality Problem Types

  • Project Selection

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