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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES LE THI THUONG THUONG TRAINING STUDENTS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION FOR SKILLS OF ORGANIZING SIMPLE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR CHILDREN AGED 5-6 Major: Theory and history of education Code: 9.14.01.02 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN EDUCATION SCIENCES Hanoi, 2020 THE THESIS WAS IMPLEMENTED IN THE VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES Proposed supervisor: Dr Tran Thi Ngoc Tram Dr Phan Thi Ngoc Anh Member of the thesis committee 1: Member of the thesis committee 2: Member of the thesis committee 3: The thesis is scheduled to be defended in front of the Institutional Examination Council at the Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences, 101 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi At … : …, ./ / The thesis can be found at: - The National Library of Vietnam - The Library of The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS [1] Le Thi Thuong Thuong, The reality of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing experiments, Vietnam Journal of Educational Science (Issue 19, July 2019) [2] Le Thi Thuong Thuong, The process of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple experiments through pedagogical modules, Journal of Education & Society (Special Issue, June/2019) [3] Le Thi Thuong Thuong, The process of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing experiments in teaching, Journal of Education & Society (2nd Special Issue, April 2019) [4] Le Thi Thuong Thuong, Skills of organizing simple experiments in scientific discovery for preschool children, Journal of Education & Society (1st Special Issue, May 2018) [5] Le Thi Thuong Thuong, Using experiments to promote the positivity in the awareness of children aged 5-6 years old in scientific discovery activities, Journal of Education (Special Issue, July 2013) INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the topic 1.1 Preschool education (PE) is the first level of education in the national education system that plays a particularly important role - laying the foundation for the comprehensive development of Vietnamese people with the goal “developing children comprehensively in terms of physical, emotional, intellectual, and aesthetical aspects; forming the first elements of personality, preparing children for the first grade” (Article 23 of the Law on Education 2019) Cognitive development is one of the main issues of intellectual education for preschool children, one of the main goals of PE and PE curriculum 1.2 With the advantagse of scientific discovery activities (SDA) in general and simple scientific experiments (SSE) in particular, well-organized simple scientific experiments in scientific research activities for preschool children (PC) aged 5-6 years old in preschool play an important role and have great implications for children's cognitive development In order for the organization of simple scientific experiments to be truly effective for the cognitive development of children, it would require preschool teachers (PT) to have professional qualifications and pedagogical skills, especially skills of organizing simple scientific experiments in scientific discovery activities for children in preschool Therefore, universities need to focus on training those skills for students in Preschool Education 1.3 In fact, the organization of simple scientific experiments in scientific discovery activities for children in preschool has not really brought into its effectiveness in education for children's cognitive development The main reason is that the training for those skills in the universities for preschool teachers has not been given adequate attention and there are neither effective measures nor suitable procedures for training 1.4 In recent years, there have been a number of scientific works on training general pedagogical skills and specific skills in organizing educational activities for students of Preschool Education However, as far as we concern, there are no indepth works on training students of PE for skills of organizing SSE for preschool children aged 5-6 years old Stemming from the above reasons, the topic: “Training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for preschool children aged 5-6 years old” was selected Objective On the basis of theoretical and practical research, propose the procedure for training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old to improve the quality of the organization of scientific discovery activities for children, contributing to improving the quality of training for students in Preschool Education in universities Object and subject of the study 3.1 Object of the study The procedure of training skills for students of Preschool Education 3.2 Subject of the study The procedure of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old Scientific hypothesis The procedure of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old still has a number of certain limitations, so it has not met the requirements of organizing this activity in kindergarten If the activity of training students of Preschool Education for of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old follows a scientific and reasonable procedure in the direction of ensuring that students can learn both theoretically and practically (being equipped with theories; practicing skills through subjects in universities and pedagogical field trips in preschools; evaluating the results of practicing skills); promoting the selfawareness, activeness, and creativity of students; creating a positive interaction between teachers and students, between themselves in each training period; forming close connections between training phases, then the skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old will be enhanced Research missions 5.1 Research on the theoretical basis of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old 5.2 Research on the situation of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old 5.3 Propose the procedure of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old and conduct pedagogical experiments to verify the scientific hypothesis of the thesis and test the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed procedure Research scope 6.1 The limit of research The process of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old is limited within the scope of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old through learning (theoretically, practically) the dominant modules in training those skills for students and through practical activities and pedagogical practice in preschools 6.2 Objects, location and time of the study * Objects of the study: + Survey the situation on the teachers, preschool teachers, 3rd year students and 4th year students of Preschool Education + Conduct pedagogical experiments on 4th year students of PE * Location and time of the study: + Survey the situation of skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old and the situation of training these skills for students of universities including: Thai Nguyen University of Education; Northwestern University; Hong Duc University; Vinh University; Ho Chi Minh City University of Education; Dong Thap University for the academic year 2017 - 2018 + Conduct pedagogical experiments at Thai Nguyen University of Education The first round was conducted in the academic year 2017– 2018 and the second one 2018 – 2019 Methodology and research methods 7.1 Methodology (1) Systematic approach; (2) Organizational approach; (3) Developmental approach 7.2 Methods (1) Group of theoretical methods; (2) Group of practical methods; (3) Group of supporting methods Main scientific theses to be defended 8.1 Skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old is a combination of actions and manipulations of students in order to effectively organize simple scientific experiments for children to achieve planned educational goals This skill group includes the following groups of basic skills: (1) The group of skills of preparing for the organization of simple scientific experiments for children; (2) The group of skills of developing a plan to organize simple scientific experiments for children; (3) The group of skills of implementing plans to organize simple scientific experiments for children; (4) The group of skills to evaluate the results of simple scientific experiments organization for children 8.2 The reality of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old and that of the training activity still have certain limitations These skills are improved through the process of training under the leading role of teachers, students are proactive, self-conscious, active, independent and creative to practice manipulations and actions to organize simple scientific experiments regularly 8.3 The training activities for students of Preschool Education to have skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old are carried out according to a scientific and reasonable procedure in the direction of ensuring that learning is accompanied by practicing; promoting the self-awareness, activeness and creativity of students; positive interaction between teachers, preschool teachers, and students, between students in each training period, close connection between training stages has a positive impact on the development of this skill of students Contributions of the thesis 9.1 Theoretical contributions + Contribute to enriching the theories of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged - years old and training these skills for students in Preschool Education + Clarify the concepts and the structure of these skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschool children aged - years old and the criteria for evaluating these for students in Preschool Education 9.2 Practical contributions + Detecting a number of problems of the current situation of skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in Preschool Education and those of training activity + Proposing the procedure of training for students of Preschool education skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old that may have a positive impact on the development of students’ skills 10 The structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion and recommendation, the thesis includes chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical background of training for students of Preschool Education skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Chapter 2: The reality of training for students of Preschool Education skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Chapter 3: The procedure of training for students of Preschool Education skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old and pedagogical experiments CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TRAINING FOR STUDENTS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SKILLS FOR ORGANIZING SIMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT FOR CHILDREN AGED - YEARS OLD 1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Studies on experiments and organizing simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged - years old Findings of works related to simple scientific experiments and the organization of scientific discovery activities, the organization of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in scientific discovery activities show that these studies have pointed out the purposes and meanings of organizing scientific discovery activities as well as simple scientific experiments, the role of preschool teachers in organizing scientific discovery activities and simple scientific experiments, the contents and methods of organizing general and particular simple scientific experiments The results of the above studies all clearly show the viewpoint of children-centered approach and experiential education in the field of cognitive development for preschool children and will be inherited and developed in this thesis 1.1.2 Studies on pedagogical skills and training those skills for students of Preschool Education The research results show that most of the above-mentioned works mainly focus on the contents and methods of training pedagogical skills and refer to the procedure of training pedagogical skills for students in general or a certain group of pedagogical skills There have also been studies to guide students and teachers to organize experiments for students at the high school level, but there are no works that have an in-depth research about the content and training procedure for students of Preschool Education to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old The works mentioned above are one of the scientific bases for this thesis 1.2 Organizing simple scientific experiments for preschool children aged - years old in scientific discovery activities 1.2.1 Scientific discovery activities of preschool children aged - years old Concepts of SDA of preschool children aged - years old; Cognitive features of preschool children aged - years old in SDA; Contents of SDA of preschool children aged - years old 1.2.2 Organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old The concept of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 56 years old; Meanings, contents, methods, formats and procedures for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 1.3 Preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 1.3.1 The concept of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old are a combination of manipulations and actions to effectively organize simple scientific experiments for children to achieve the planned educational goals 1.3.2 The structure of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Table 1.1 The structure of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Group of preparing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Determining general purpose and requirements when organizing experiments for 1.1 children 1.2 Determining the list of possible experiments for children 1.3 Selecting materials to organize experiments for children 1.4 Determining appropriate ways to conduct experiments for children 1.5 Determining how to evaluate the organization of experiments for children Group of planning skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2.1 Determining the purpose and requirements of the experiment Selecting experimental contents that are suitable for the purpose and requirements of 2.2 the experiment 2.3 Preparing materials for the experiment 2.4 Determining the appropriate ways for children to conduct experiments 2.5 Building hypothetical pedagogical situations and their solutions Group of implementing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Selecting and using a combination of educational methods while organizing 3.1 experiments 3.2 Creating a classroom atmosphere that draw children’s attention 3.3 Using appropriate prepared materials for the experiment Instructing children to observe and comment on the prepared materials before doing 3.4 the experiment 3.5 Encouraging children to predict the results before doing the experiment Conducting experiments for children to observe and guiding them to conduct 3.6 experiments 3.7 Observing children and handling pedagogical situations (if any) while conducting experiments Guiding children to discuss and comment on experiment results according to their 3.8 understanding Commenting and explaining experiment results in accordance with the purpose and 3.9 requirements of the experiment and understanding of the children Group of evaluating skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Evaluating the level of achievement according to the planned purpose and 4.1 requirements Evaluating the suitability of materials prepared for the experiment; the relevance of 4.2 the experiment content 4.3 Evaluating the children’s participation in the experiment 4.4 Adjusting the plan to organize the next experiment (if necessary) No 1.3.3 Criteria for assessing preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old Based on criteria for evaluating skills of Dang Thanh Hung (completeness; reasonableness; proficiency; flexibility; efficiency), especially based on the criteria to classify the skill level of Tran Thi Tuyet Oanh, Nguyen Dac Thanh, in this study, the criteria for evaluating the level of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old of students in Preschool Education are determined as follows: Table 1.2 Criteria for assessing preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old No Level Criteria - Not knowing clearly about the structure of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old Very - Conducting the experiments in an awkward and illogical way low - Making too many mistakes and manipulating too slowly - There are many errors in conducting the experiments, reaching less than 30% of efficiency compared to the requirement of that skill - Knowing the structure of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old - Conducting the experiments in an illogical way and some steps are missed Low - Making several mistakes and manipulating slowly - There are several errors in conducting the experiments, reaching from 30% to 50% of efficiency compared to the requirement of that skill - Knowing clearly about the structure of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old - Conducting the experiments in a logical, though sometimes unsuitable, way, the length of the experiment is reasonable Medium - Manipulating in a awkward way, but being flexible in choosing from a range of options - There are unnecessary manipulations - Reaching from 50% to 70% of efficiency compared to the requirement of that skill - Knowing clearly about the structure of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old - Conducting the experiments in a logical way and spending a suitable High amount of time on the experiment - Manipulating the experiment in a flexible way with effective options - There are nearly no errors in conducting the experiments, reaching from 70% to 85% of efficiency compared to the requirement of that skill - Knowing clearly about the structure of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for preschoolers aged 5-6 years old - Conducting the experiments in a logical way and spending a suitable Very amount of time on the experiment high - Manipulating the experiment in a flexible way with effective options - There are nearly no errors in conducting the experiments, reaching more than 85% of efficiency compared to the requirement of that skill 10 is considered as a way to implement the concepts of child-centered education and experimental education 1.2 Preschool students’ skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old are a combination of manipulations and actions to effectively organize activities to achieve the planned educational goals and they include groups of skills: (1) Group of preparing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old; (2) Group of planning skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old; (3) Group of implementing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old; (4) Group of implementing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old The first group of skills includes common skills is related to organizing simple scientific experiments and the remaining groups of skills are related to organizing a certain simple scientific experiment; 1.3 Training students in Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old is one of the key tasks to develop skills to organize educational activities to develop awareness for children of future preschool teachers Training students in Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old is a process through which, under the main role of teachers, students become active, self-conscious, proactive, independent and creative to regularly practice manipulations and activities to organize experiments for children to form and develop their own skills to organize experiments for children to meet the training objectives and tasks 1.4 Training students in Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments is implemented through many stages, from providing students with knowledge to practice and experience through learning process at university and through practical activities and pedagogical practice at preschools, and through many modules in the training program of Preschool Education 1.5 The procedure of training students in Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments in the training program at the university depends on the following main factors: University’s training program in Preschool Education; The capacity of teachers; Pedagogical practice foundation (Preschools); Consciousness and self-training ability of students These influencing factors should be taken into account in scientific research as well as organizing training students in Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments in universities 11 CHAPTER 2: THE REALITY OF TRAINING FOR STUDENTS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SKILLS OF ORGANIZING SIMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS FOR CHILDREN AGED 5-6 YEARS OLD 2.1 An overview of the survey 2.1.1 Purposes of the survey The survey about the current reality is aimed at finding out more about preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old; the training activities for students of Preschool Education in organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old, as a practical basis for proposing a training procedure for students of Preschool Education to improve their skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old 2.1.2 Subjects of the survey + 72 teachers at universities with training program in Preschool Education: Thai Nguyen University of Education, Northwestern University, Hong Duc University, Vinh University, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Dong Thap University + 64 preschool teachers at kindergartens in Thai Nguyen, Vinh, Dong Thap and Ho Chi Minh city + 560 students of Preschool Education at universities: Thai Nguyen University of Education, Vinh University, Dong Thap University and Ho Chi Minh City University of Education 2.1.3 Contents of the survey (1) The reality of students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old; (2) The reality of training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old; (3) The reality of the advantages and disadvantages in training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged years old 2.1.4 Methods of the survey: Observing; Indepth interviewing; Questionnaire 2.1.5 Time of the survey: The academic year 2017 – 2018 2.1.6 The tools and methods of data analysis: Observation sheet; Interview questions; Survey questionnaire with data processing convention Regarding the 4-level Likert scales, the data processing convention is as follows: 12 Average score Role Level of implementing Level of effectiveness Coding convention Never Ineffective 1,00 – 1,75 Not important 1,76 – 2,50 Not really important Sometimes Lowly effective 2,51 – 3,25 Important Infrequently Not really effective 3,26 – 4,00 Really important Frequently Highly effective Regarding the 5-level Likert scales, the data processing convention is as follows: Average score 1,00 – 1,80 1,81 – 2,60 Level of skills Really low Low Coding convention 2,61 – 3,40 Medium 3,41 – 4,20 4,21 – 5,00 High Really high 2.2 The results of the survey 2.2.1 The reality of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2.2.1.1 Awareness of lecturers, preschool teachers and preschool students about the role of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 70 57.8 60 50 54.3 44.4 42 41.7 40 32.8 30 20 13.9 10 0 9.4 3.8 0 Not important Not really important Lecturers Important Preschool teachers Really important Students Figure 2.1 Awareness about the role of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 13 2.2.1.2 Evaluation of lecturers, preschool teachers and preschool students about preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Table 2.2 Evaluation about preschool students’ groups of skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Subjects Preschool teachers Lecturers No Skill Average score Level of evaluation Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) Students Average Standard Ranking score deviation AS SD Rg AS SD Rg (Rg) (AS) (SD) 3.17 3.26 3.39 Medium Medium Medium 0.992 0.983 0.991 Table 2.3 Evaluation about the group of planning skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old No Skill Lecturers AS Average score Level of evaluation Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) SD 3.15 Rg Subjects Preschool teachers AS SD Rg AS 3.30 3.28 Students SD Medium Medium Medium 0.989 0.992 0.994 Rg Table 2.4 Evaluation about the group of implementing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Subjects Preschool No Skill Lecturers Students teachers AS SD Rg AS SD Rg AS SD Rg Average score 3.28 3.31 3.45 Level of evaluation Medium Medium High Reliability of the scale 0.987 0.993 0.989 (Cronbach's Alpha) 14 Table 2.5 Evaluation about the group of evaluating skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Subjects Preschool No Skill Lecturers Students teachers AS SD Rg AS SD Rg AS SD Rg Average score 2.68 3.01 3.24 Level of evaluation Medium Medium Medium Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) 0.992 0.989 0.984 Thus, through the results in Tables 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5, it can be seen that the system of preschool students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged - years old is mostly evaluated by the subjects as medium The reliability index (Cronbach's Alpha) of the survey for lecturers, preschool teachers and preschool students is between 0.983 and 0.992, which shows that the reliability of the scale is very high 2.2.2 The reality of training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2.2.2.1 Awareness about the role of training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 60 53.1 54.8 50 44.4 38.9 40 41.4 35.9 30 16.7 20 10.9 10 0 3.8 0 Not important Not really important Lecturers Important Preschool teachers Really important Students Figure 2.2 Awareness about the role of training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 15 2.2.2.2 Evaluation of lecturers, preschool lecturers, and preschool students about the training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Table 2.10 Summary of the evaluation of lecturers about training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Content Level of implementing Level of effectiveness Average score 2.60 2.63 Level of evaluation Infrequently Not really effective Reliability of the scale 0.994 0.993 (Cronbach's Alpha) Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) of the survey sheet on the evaluation of lecturers on the levels of implementing and effectiveness are 0.994 and 0.993 respectively, which shows that the reliability of the scale is very high Table 2.11 Summary of the evaluation of preschool teachers about training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Content Average score Level of evaluation Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) Level of implementing Level of effectiveness 1.99 2.96 Sometimes Not really effective 0.991 0.974 Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) of the survey sheet on the evaluation of preschool teachers on the levels of implementing and effectiveness are 0.991 and 0.974 respectively, which shows that the reliability of the scale is very high Table 2.12 Summary of the evaluation of preschool students about training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Content Level of implementing Level of effectiveness Average score 2.84 2.99 Level of evaluation Infrequently Not really effective Reliability of the scale 0.985 0.985 (Cronbach's Alpha) Reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha) of the survey sheet on the evaluation of preschool students on the levels of implementing and effectiveness are both 0.985, which shows that the reliability of the scale is very high 16 2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages in training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2.2.4 General assessment of the reality Conclusion for Chapter 2.1 Most of the lecturers, preschool teachers and preschool students are properly aware of the role of skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old and the procedure of training these skills for students However, there are still a number of lecturers, preschool teachers, and preschool students who are not fully aware of this issue 2.2 Survey of the current situation shows that students of Preschool Education have few opportunities to practice skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old According to the survey, the important skills of which the results were low or not high include: * skills in the group of planning: Determining the purpose and requirements of the experiment; Selecting experimental contents that are suitable for the purpose and requirements of the experiment; Determining the appropriate ways for children to conduct experiments * skills in the group of implementing: Instructing children to observe and comment on the prepared materials before doing the experiment; Encouraging children to predict the results before doing the experiment; Conducting experiments for children to observe and guiding them to conduct experiments; Guiding children to discuss and comment on experiment results according to their understanding; Commenting and explaining experiment results in accordance with the purpose and requirements of the experiment and understanding of the children * skills in the group of evaluating: Evaluating the level of achievement according to the planned purpose and requirements; Evaluating the suitability of materials prepared for the experiment; the relevance of the experiment content; Evaluating the children’s participation in the experiment The poorly performed skills of students will be studied in the next experimental part 2.3 The situation of training students of Preschool Education for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old has not been paid attention to and they are implemented regularly through teaching activities, professional training at universities, the process of pedagogical practice in the preschools of preschool teachers and through self-training activities of students The training program has few modules related to the organization of experiments, and students have little chance to practice the activities of organizing simple scientific experiments during lessons The training 17 activities of those skills are still limited and are not paid enough attention Preschool teachers have not paid much attention to guiding students to prepare, organize, and evaluate activities to organize simple scientific experiments for children Preschool teachers have not closely coordinated with the lecturers in charge in the process of instructing the organization of simple scientific experiments for children Therefore, the procedure of training this skill for students is not regular and ineffective 2.4 The process of training these skills for students has some advantages such as: Most of the preschool children love to participate in simple scientific experiments because these activities are very attractive, helping children discover many new and interesting things; The teachers appointed to guide students often have lots of experience and skills to guide the organization of educational activities; Students are enthusiastic, dynamic and eager to learn, actively complying with teachers' requirements However, this process faces many difficulties and challenges such as: Training programs related to experiments and these skills are not profound and diverse; Students’ background knowledge about experiments and organization of simple scientific experiments still weak; moreover, some students not have a correct and complete understanding of simple scientific experiments and the organization of simple scientific experiments in scientific discovery activities, so they are not bold and proactive in using and selecting experiments to organize for children during their pedagogical internship CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED PROCEDURE FOR TRAINING STUDENTS FOR SKILLS OF ORGANIZING SIMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS FOR CHILDREN AGED 5-6 AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE 3.1 Principles of building a training procedure for students of Preschool Education to form skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old Ensuring the targets; Ensuring the scientific characteristic; Ensuring uniformity; Ensuring feasibility and efficiency 3.2 Training procedure for university students in Preschool Education to form skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3.2.1 Providing students with theories about the organization of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3.2.1.1 Targets 3.2.1.2 Content and methods 18 1/Identifying the modules with objectives and contents which can provide students with theories about the organization of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2/Organizing training activities to develop students' awareness about the organization of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3/Evaluating students' awareness about SSE 3.2.2 Organize training activities for preschool students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old: Training through the learning process at university and practice through practical activities, pedagogical internships in preschools 3.2.2.1 Target 3.2.2.2 Content and methods a) Method 1: Organizing training activities for students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old through the process of learning dominant modules in training these skills for students in universities 1/ Determining the goals, contents and training methods for students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old within two modules: Organizing activities to explore the surrounding environment and Organizing experimental discovery activities for preschool children 2/ Organizing training activities for students to practice skills of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in a hypothetical environment (through practical teaching of the above modules) 3/ Evaluating and adjusting the practice of skill training through organizing the training of skills for students to organize the simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in a hypothetical environment b) Method 2: Organizing training activities for students to improve skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old through practical activities, pedagogical internships in preschools 1/ Asking students to make a plan to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2/ Establishing connection between universities and kindergartens to enable students to have field trips and practice pedagogy 3/ Organizing events for students to learn and research about specific schools in the actual environment 4/ Creating opportunities for students to practice organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in preschools 5/ Allowing students to evaluate and learn from experiences in organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old In addition to the two main methods as proposed above, training students in Preschool Education for skills to organize simple scientific experiments for 19 children aged 5-6 years old can also be implemented through the third one scientific research student activities (for students selecting topics in the field of organzing simple scientific experiments for preschool children) c) Method 3: Organizing training for students to practice skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old through scientific research activities 1/ Proposing and approving the system of topics related to organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old for students to choose from 2/ Lecturers instructing students to build proposals, study about theoretical bases and the current situation 3/ Lecturers instructing students to select/design experiments, design plans to organize experiments and implement plans to organize experiments in preschools 4/ Students writing the thesis; the thesis is evaluated by a council of commitees; Lecturers instructing students to complete the thesis according to the council's comments 3.2.3 Evaluating the results of training and developing/ adjusting training and development plans for students in Preschool Eduction to improve skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in the following period 3.2.3.1 Target 3.2.3.2 Content and methods 1/ Organizing discussion and evaluation of the entire plan for the process of implementing the task of training for students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 2/ Discussing, evaluating and proposing adjustments to perfect the skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3.3 Conditions for implementing the procedure As for the universities and the Faculty of Preschool Education; As for the lecturers in the Faculty of Preschool Education; As for the preschools and preschool teachers; As for the students of the Faculty of Preschool Education 3.4 Pedagogical experiment 3.4.1 The purposes of the experiment Pedagogical experiments is aimed at testing the scientific hypothesis of the thesis and the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed training procedure for preschool students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3.4.2 Experimental content Due to the research conditions, experiments are conducted according to the process proposed in Chapter in order to focus on training for higher education students in ECEC a number of skills to organize family economics experiments for 20 children aged 5-6 years old (focusing mainly on skills is important, but the survey results obtained in Chapter are still low or not high), including: * Group of planning skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old: (1) Determining the purpose and requirements of the experiment; (2) Selecting experimental contents that are suitable for the purpose and requirements of the experiment (3) Determining the appropriate ways for children to conduct experiments * Group of implementing skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old: (4) Instructing children to observe and comment on the prepared materials before doing the experiment; (5) Encouraging children to predict the results before doing the experiment; (6) Conducting experiments for children to observe and guiding them to conduct experiments; (7) Guiding children to discuss and comment on experiment results according to their understanding; (8) Commenting and explaining experiment results in accordance with the purpose and requirements of the experiment and understanding of the children * Group of evaluating skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old: (9) Evaluating the level of achievement according to the planned purpose and requirements; (10) Evaluating the suitability of materials prepared for the experiment; the relevance of the experiment content; (11) Evaluating the children’s participation in the experiment 3.4.3 Subjects, time and requirement of the pedagogical experiment 3.4.3.1 Subjects and time of the pedagogical experiment + First round experiment (exploration experiment): Exploration experiment was conducted on a narrow scope with the experimental group (EG1) including 15 students of class N01.TH1-MNK49, the control group (CG1), including 15 students of class N01.TH2-MNK49 in the academic year 2017 - 2018 + Second round experiment (official experiment): Official experiment was conducted on a wider scope with the experimental group (EG2) including 30 students of class N01.TH1-MNK50, the control group (CG2) including 30 students of class N01.TH2-MNK50 in the academic year 2018 - 2019 3.4.3.2 The requirements of the pedagogical experiment Select the subjects of experimental and control groups that are similar in terms of cognitive level and learning conditions; Lecturers and preschool teachers are trained on the purpose, content, and methods of assessing experiments; Prepare the necessary conditions and means for lecturers and preschool teachers to participate in assessing the experiments 3.4.4 Process and conditions for conducting pedagogical experiments 3.4.4.1 Experimental process 21 In both experimental rounds, we proceed with the following steps: Conducting input measurement; Conducting the impacts of pedagogical experiment; Conducting output measurement 3.4.4.2 Experimental conditions Pedagogical experiments are conducted in normal learning conditions of universities and schools The experimental groups and the control groups follow the current training program of Preschool Education, the content of learning and practicing of the control and experimental groups are the same Experimental conditions are held in a normal environment with no special intervention to optimize the training process 3.4.5 Methods of evaluating the pedagogical experiments 3.4.5.1 Tools and evaluation criteria + Evaluation tools: Evaluation sheets, measurement exercises + Evaluation criteria: See table 1.2, section 1.3.3 3.4.5.2 Evaluation methods Survey results were processed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software and Excel software Survey results are coded according to the table below: Table 3.1 Conventional coding of experimental data Average score Level of skills Coding convention 1,00 – 1,80 Very low 1,81 – 2,61 Low 2,62 – 3,42 Medium 3,43 – 4,23 High More than 4.23 Very high Experimental results are assessed on the basis of the following statistical indicators: mean, standard deviation, reliability of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha), correlation (Pearson), difference (T-test) and non-parametric regression test (Anova) The way to evaluate experiments is as follows: * Pre-experiment: Compare the results of the skills test between the experimental groups and the control groups by Pearson correlation If there is a positive correlation between the two groups, conduct the experiments * Post-experiment: Compare the results of the pre- and post-experiment skills levels of the control groups by T-test statistics to find the difference between before and after implementing the proposed training procedure according to the current training program Compare the results of the level of skills before and after the experiment of the experimental group by T-test statistics to find the difference between before and after implementing the proposed training procedure according to the current training program 22 3.4.6 Analyzing experimental results 3.4.6.1 Results of first round experiments 2.99 2.45 2.7 2.51 2.5 EG1 1.5 CG1 0.5 Pre-experiment Post-experiment Figure 3.1 Comparing the average score assessed between the CG1 group with the EG1 group before and after the experiment The results of comparing the statistical indicators of the first round experiment between the first control group and the first experimental group show that: There is a significant difference between the group following the current training program and the group following the proposed procedure about training for students in Preschool to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old 3.4.6.2 Results of second round experiments 3.37 3.5 2.44 2.51 2.59 2.5 EG2 1.5 CG2 0.5 Pre-experiment Post-experiment Figure 3.2 Comparing the average score assessed between the CG2 group with the TN2 group before and after the experiment The results of comparing the statistical indicators of the second round experiment between the second control group and the second experimental group show that: After the experiment, the evaluation results of the skills level of the 23 second experimental group were higher than those before, and also higher than those of the second control group Testing this difference of results by PairedSamples T-Test after the second round experiments also shows a significant difference between the second control group and the second experimental one Thus, through the analysis of the results of experimental rounds, and the monitoring of experiments, it can be seen that the proposed training process is feasible and effective for training students for skills of organizing SSE for children aged 5-6 years old Conclusion for Chapter 3.1 On the basis of theoretical research results and reality survey results, the training procedure for students in Preschool Education of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old is proposed in this study, including phases: + Stage 1: Provide students of Preschool Education with theories about the organization of simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old + Stage 2: Organize training activities for c students of Preschool Education to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old: Training through the process of studying at university and practice through practical activities and pedagogical practice at preschools + Stage 3: Organize the evaluation of training results and develop/adjust the training and development plan for the preschool students to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old again 3.2 Results of pedagogical experiments over rounds (round - exploration experiment, round - official experiment) initially showed that the proposed training procedure is feasible and has a positive effect on students’ skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old; at the same time, it shows that the scientific hypothesis of the thesis is correct 24 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion 1.1 Skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old are a combination of manipulations and actions of students to effectively organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old to achieve the planned educational goals Training for students of Preschool Students the skills for organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old is a process in which, under the leading role of lecturers, students are active, self-conscious, proactive, independent and creative to regularly practice manipulations and actions to organize experiments for children to form and develop skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 56 years old to meet the training objectives and tasks 1.2 Surveying the status of the level of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old of students in Preschool Education is mostly assessed at a medium level, including important skills and the results are low The reality of training for students of Preschool Education to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old is still superficial, has not been paid attention to and implemented regularly, so it is not effective This situation is an important practical basis for proposing a specific training procedure in order to provide students with the system of skills to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old to meet the requirements of comprehensive educational innovation and current training 1.3 The results of experimenting the proposed training procedure for the students of Preschool Education the skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5-6 years old in phases towards ensuring that learning and practicing are doing at the same time; promoting the self-awareness, activeness and creativity of students; Promoting positive interaction between lecturers, lecturers and students, between students in each training period, close connection between training stages and through experimental rounds initially affirms the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed procedure, and shows that the scientific hypothesis of the thesis is correct Recommendation 2.1 For the Ministry of Education and Training 2.2 For universities that train students in Preschool Education 2.3 For students of Preschool Education ... convention Never Ineffective 1,00 – 1, 75 Not important 1, 76 – 2 ,50 Not really important Sometimes Lowly effective 2 ,51 – 3, 25 Important Infrequently Not really effective 3, 26 – 4,00 Really important Frequently... students in Preschool to organize simple scientific experiments for children aged 5- 6 years old 3.4 .6. 2 Results of second round experiments 3.37 3 .5 2.44 2 .51 2 .59 2 .5 EG2 1 .5 CG2 0 .5 Pre-experiment... children aged 5- 6 years old 2.2.2.1 Awareness about the role of training preschool students for skills of organizing simple scientific experiments for children aged 5- 6 years old 60 53 .1 54 .8 50 44.4