Encyclopedia of world cultures 10 volume set 3 south asia (1992)

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III SOUTH AsIA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe) East and Southeast Asia Soviet Union (Eastern Europe and Russia) and China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Africa and the Middle East Bibliography The Encyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, is a not-for-profit consortium of twenty-three sponsoring members and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III SOUTH AsIA Paul Hockings Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company NEW YORK MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS When You Know Mufltply By To Find LENGTH Inches feet yards miles millimeters centimeters meters meters 2.54 30 0.9 1.6 0.04 0.4 3.3 1.1 centimeters centimeters meters kilometers inches Inches feet yards kilometers 0.6 miles AREA square feet square yards square miles acres hectares square meters square kilometers 0.09 0.8 2.6 0.4 2.5 1.2 0.4 square meters square meters square kibmeters hectares acres square yards square miles TEMPERATURE OC - (F - 32) x 555 F- ("Cx 1.8) + 32 1992 by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc First published in 1991 by G.K Hall & Co 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019,6785 All rights reserved All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher 10 or Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised for volume 3) Encyclopedia of world cultures Includes bibliographical references and indexes Filmography: v 1, p 407-415 Contents: v North America / Timothy J O'Leary, v South Asia / David Levinson, volume editors Paul Hockings, volume editor Ethnology Encyclopedias I Levinson, David, 194790-49123 306'.03 GN307.E53 1991 ISBN 0-81611-808-6 (alk paper) ISBN 0-81688-840-X (set : alk paper) ISBN 0-81611-812-4 (v : alk paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984 aTm MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xiii Introduction xix Maps South Asia xxviii Cultural Regions of South Asia xxix Major Languages of South Asia xxx Dominant Religious Groups of South Asia xxxi Cultural Groups of South Asia xxxii Cultures of South Asia Appendix: Additional Castes, Caste Clusters, and Tribes 309 Bibliography 342 Ethnonym Index to Appendix 349 Glossary 363 Filmography 367 Index 372 Bibliography 373 Directory of Distributors 373 Ethnonym Index 375 Editorial Board Project Staff Linda A Bennett Memphis State University Research Sara J Dick Jay DiMaggio Europe Nancy E Gratton Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City Middle America and the Caribbean Alliya S Elahi Sarwat S Elahi Fernando Camara Barbachano LeShon Kimble Saideh Moayed-Sanandaji Hugh R Page, Jr Angelito Palma Norma J Diamond University of Michigan China Editorial and Production Elly Dickason Eva Kitsos Abraham Maramba Victoria Crocco Elizabeth Holthaus Ara Salibian Paul Friedrich University of Chicago Soviet Union Terence E Hays Rhode Island College Oceania Paul Hockings University of Illinois at Chicago South and Southeast Asia Cartography Robert Sullivan Rhode Island College Robert V Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle America and the Caribbean Kazuko Matsuzawa National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka East Asia John H Middleton Yale University Africa Timothy J O'Leary Human Relations Area Files North America Amal Rassam Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University of California at Los Angeles South America vi Contributors Akbar S Ahmed Faculty of Oriental Studies University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Pathan Brenda Amunsen-Hill Office of Campus Program University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois United States Bhutanese; Sikkimese Marcus Banks Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology University of Oxford Oxford Jain United Kingdom N G Barrier Department of History University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri United States Sikh Helene Basu Institut ffir Ethnologie Berlin Germany Sidi Joseph C Berland Berland House Oxford United Kingdom Kanjar; Qalandar Gerald D Berreman Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley, California United States Pahari Peter J Bertocci Department of Sociology and Anthropology Oakland University Rochester, Michigan United States Bengali vii viii Contributors Nurit Bird-David Department of Sociology and Anthropology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Nayaka S K Biswas Indian Statistical Institute Calcutta, West Bengal India Bhuiya James Brow Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas United States Vedda Marine Carrin-Bouez Laboratoire d'Ethnologie et de Sociologie Comparative University de Paris X-Nanterre Nanterre France Santal Thomas Hylland Eriksen International Peace Research Institute Oslo Norway Mauritian James F Fisher Department of Anthropology Carleton College Northfield, Minnesota United States Brahman and Chhetri of Nepal Stephen Fuchs Institute of Indian Culture Bombay, Maharashtra India Gond Kamala Ganesh Bombay, Maharashtra India Veliala B B Goswami Anthropological Survey of India Calcutta, West Bengal India Mito John T Hitchcock Department of Anthropology University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin United States Magar Paul Hockings Department of Anthropology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois United States Anglo-Indian; Aryan; Badaga; Bihari; Brahman; Chinese of South Asia; Dard; Europeans in South Asia; Hill Tribes; Hindu; Indian Christian; Kalasha; Kanarese; Kashmiri; Kohistani; Kshatriya; Malayali; Muslim; Neo-Buddhist; Refugees in South Asia; Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; Sudra; Thug; Untouchables; Vaisya -ofnlTIVULOTiS Shigeru lijima Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan Thakali Hiroshi Ishii Newar Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Tokyo Japan K Ishwaran Department of Sociology York University North York, Ontario Canada Lingayat George Kurian Department of Sociology University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta Canada Syrian Christian of Kerala Murray Leaf University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, Texas United States Punjabi Frederic K Lehman Department of Anthropology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois United States Chin Nancy E Levine Department of Anthropology University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California United States Nyinba Owen M Lynch Department of Anthropology New York University New York, New York United States Jata, June McDaniel Department of Religious Studies College of Charleston Charleston, South Carolina United States Baul; Bengali Shakta; Bengali Vaishnawa Emestine McHugh Department of Anthropology University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California United States Gurung LX x Contributors Triloki Nath Madan Institute of Economic Growth University of Delhi Delhi India Pandit of Kashmir L K Mahapatra Sambalpur University Sambalpur, Orissa India Oriya Clarence Maloney Louis Berger, International, Inc New Delhi India Divehi; Tamil Joan P Mencher Department of Anthropology Herbert H Lehman College City University of New York Bronx, New York United States Nambudiri Brahman; Nayar W D Merchant Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences South Suburban College South Holland, Illinois United States Bania; Castes, Hindu; Maratha; Parsi Promode Kumar Misra Department of Anthropology North-Eastern Hill University Peripatetics Shillong, Meghalaya India Brian Morris Department of Social Anthropology Goldsmiths' College University of London London United Kingdom Hill Pandaram Nils Finn Munch-Petersen Louis Berger, International, Inc New Delhi India Divehi Serena Nanda Department of Anthropology John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York New York, New York United States Hijra William A Noble Department of Geography University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri United States IruLa Glossary 365 paan, pan The leaf of the betel vine (Piper betle), chewed after meals with slaked lime, catechu, and betel or areca nut, as a savory paddy The rice plant (Oryza sativa), grown either in irrigated fields (wet rice) or in rain-fed fields (dry rice) Rice is the staple food of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Kashmir, and Dravidian India Elsewhere wheat is more important panchayat Literally, a "council of five," but in fact a village or caste council of any size peepul, pipal The Indian fig tree (Ficus religious), much venerated by Hindus and very long-lived; called "Bo-tree" in Sri Lanka, where it is associated with Buddhist sites The tree produces a useful gum pir A Muslim saint, especially a Sufi master, whose tomb is often venerated by Muslims and Hindus alike Prakrit The common Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia in ancient times, as contrasted with Sanskrit puja Act of making an offering to a Hindu deity during worship pujari A Hindu priest See the appendix purdah Seclusion of women; mainly a Muslim custom in South Asia and Middle East See also zenana pyre The pile of logs on which a Hindu is cremated qadi, qazi A judge of Islamic law Quran, Koran Divinely inspired holy book of Islam, written down by the Prophet Mohammed at the dictation of the Angel Gabriel in about A.D 610-630 See also Islam; Mohammed ragi The thick-spiked eleusine (Eleusine coracana), grown in most parts of India except the northeast and northwest as a food staple Raj Government or rule, especially the period of British rule in much of South Asia Although the East India Company had been in existence since 1599, it was only after the eighteenth century that it directly administered vast conquered territories in the subcontinent, primarily the presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras From 1858 to 1947 India (which has since become India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) was ruled by a viceroy and council, and this was an extension of British government centered on London Much of the higher civil service consisted of British professionals India was never constitutionally a British colony, but it was proclaimed a separate empire by its first empress, Queen Victoria, in 1877 raja, rajah Hindu king or ruler, also called maharaja Ramadan, Ramazan Month of fasting during daylight observed by Muslims; it concludes with the festival of Id Ramayaga Epic Hindu poem whose hero is Rama, one of the incarnations of Vishnu Its date is variously placed between 500 B.c and A.D 200 rupee Standard unit of currency in South Asian countries since Mogul times It used to be made up of 16 annas, and now it consists of 100 paise Currently, the Indian rupee is worth about one U.S nickel sacred thread A continuous cotton thread worn across the right shoulder by males of the Brahman varna, once they have undergone initiation (upanayana) It should be worn at all times, and it is highly symbolic A sacred thread may also be worn by Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, but in these latter two cases it should be made of wool and linen, respectively See the articles Castes, Hindu; Brahman Sadhu A Hindu holy man See the article Sadhu sal A tree (Shorea robusta) found in the terai and lower Himalayas, as well as in central India The tree yields aromatic resin, its seeds are eaten, the bark is used as a dye, and the timber provides railroad sleepers Sannyasi A wandering ascetic See also Sadhu Sanskrit The sacerdotal Indo-Aryan language of South Asia in ancient times, as contrasted with the Prakrits or common speech Sanskrit is still used by Brahmans in their prayers, but otherwise is hardly spoken Sanskritization The emulation of the ritual behavior of higher-ranking castes, especially Brahmans, in an attempt to achieve higher social status It normally includes more attention to the universal deities of Hinduism, switching from praying in a vernacular to Sanskrit, adopting a vegetarian diet, abandoning blood sacrifices, and if possible engaging Brahman priests to perform the main religious ceremonies of a caste sari, saree Seamless length of cloth, generally worn by South Asian women draped over a bodice and petticoat Another style of dress, salwar and kamis, is usual among Muslim women Shaivism Following Shiva as the preeminent Hindu deity Shiva The Destroyer, who with Brahma and Vishnu forms the Hindu Trinity of gods slash-and-burn cultivation See swidden cultivation subcaste A section or major part of a caste or jati It is commonly endogamous Sufism Islamic mysticism See also pir swidden cultivation A form of horticulture in which plots of land (swiddens, jhums) are cleared and planted for a few years and then left to fallow for a number of years while other plots are used The system is now mostly used in certain tribal areas of central and northeastern India Also called shifting or slash-and-bum cultivation, or jhuming tahsil, taluk A subdivision of an administrative district in India, where in 1981 there were 412 districts divided into 3,342 taluks Reorganization had created 452 districts by 1989 tamarind A large evergreen tree (Tamarindus indica), yielding a fruit that is very popular in curries and chutneys and in ayurvedic medicine The leaves are used in dyeing terai Name for the low-lying tract of land along foothills of the Himalayas, bordering India and Nepal It has always been highly malarial and thus not heavily populated 366 Glossary terraced fields A technique of forming narrow but more or less level fields along steep hillsides Where the fields are for irrigated rice they have to be absolutely level to hold the water, but for other grain crops and potatoes they simply hold the soil to prevent erosion and allow access by the farmers and their equipment Tibeto-Burman A subfamily of languages found mainly in Tibet, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, and northeastern India The larger family is called Sino-Tibetan and also includes the Chinese languages toddy Palm wine, the fermented sap of the palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) and other palms, such as date, coconut, or sago universalization See Great Tradition, Little Tradition Vaishnavism Following Vishnu as the preeminent Hindu deity varna system See the article Castes, Hindu Vedas The four oldest documents of Hinduism, written in early Sanskrit in north India They are the Rig Veda (perhaps 1200-900 B.C.), the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Atharva Veda Collectively these books are known as "Samhitas." Vishnu The Preserver, who with Brahma and Shiva forms the Hindu Trinity of gods zenana Women's quarters or harem in a Muslim household See also purdah Zoroastrianism Monotheistic religion worshiping Ahura Mazda, which was formalized by the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in the sixth century B.C at the latest The modem followers include about 85,000 Parsis in western India and perhaps another 100,000 Zoroastrians in Iran and Tadzhikistan See the article Parsi Filmography Filmography The following list of films is not exhaustive, but it does represent what is currently (1992) available for rental in the United States The cultural groups or subjects are indicated in parentheses and noted in the index at the end of the list of films Included are a few feature films that have significant anthropological or historical interest In many cases, only a selection of distributors has been indicated, at most one on the West Coast, one in the Midwest, and one on the East Coast In most cases, too, there are also prints of these films available for sale, and not necessarily with the rental distributors indicated here (Abbreviations are indicated at the end of the filmography.) To find the appropriate sales organization, one should either approach a rental distributor or film librarian, or check for further details available in the references listed at the end of the filmography A wider range of films on South Asia is available in the United States than in any other country Unfortunately, the U.S distributors listed below not lend their films and videotapes overseas, not even to Mexico Users in the British Isles should inquire about the following film titles of the Film Librarian, Royal Anthropological Institute, 50 Fitzroy Street, London WIP 5HS Those in central Europe might inquire at the Institut fur den Wissenschaftlichen Film, 3400 Gottingen, Germany French readers may write to the Comite des Films de l'Homme, Musee de l'Homme, Place du Trocadero, 75116 Paris In Japan readers should contact the Managing Director, Nippon Audio-Visual Library, Eizo Kiroku Building, 6-27-27 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160; telefax numbers are 0462-480947 for the London office, and 3204-0117 for the Tokyo office About the Jews of India: Cochin (Cochin Jews) 1976 Johanna Spector Color, 30 minutes, 16mm JMS) About the Jews of India: Shanwar Telis or Bene Israel (Bene Israel) 1978 Johanna Spector Color, 40 minutes, 16mm (MS) Ahimsa, Non-Violence (ains) 1987 Marion Hunt, Michael Tobias Color, 58 minutes, 16mm (MnU) Ahmedabad: Life of a City in India (Gujarat) 1983 Howard Spodek Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, MoU, TxU) Ajuba Dance and Drama Company (Indian theater) 1979 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) Altar of Fire (Nambudiri Brahmans) 1975 Robert Gardner, Frits Staal Color, 45 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-Mat (IU, CU) Amir: An Afghan Refugee Musician's Life in Peshawar, Pakistan (Music in Pakistan) 1985 John Baily Color, 52 minutes, VHS (DER) Amjad Ali Khan (Music) 1973 Inter-Culture Associates Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (IU, MoU) Amra Dujon (Together) (Bangladesh) 1984 John Riber, Alamgir Kabir Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (DSR) 10 And Who Shall Feed This World? (Indian agriculture) 1975 Color, 54 minutes, 16mm (CU) 367 11 Aparajito (Bengali family) 1956 Satyajit Ray B&W, 108 minutes, 16mm (BF, FF, Fl) 12 An Appointment with the Astrologer: Personal Consultants in Hindu Society (Astrology, Varanasi) 1985 Color, 40 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 13 Asian Earth (Village life) 1954 J Michael Hagopian Color, 22 minutes, 16mm (IU, CLU, CtU) 14 The Avatar: Concept and Example (Hinduism) 1977 Robert A McDermott, Nuala O'Faolain Color, 25 minutes, 16mm, VHS (MG) 15 The Awakening (Neo-Hinduism) 1975 Anthony Hixon Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (LB) 16 Balasaraswathi (Dance) 1963 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (JFCAWU) 17 Banaras (Varanasi) 1970 Michael Camerini B&W, 22 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC, MoU, WaPS) 18 Bangladesh Nationhood: Symbols and Shadows (Bangladesh) 1975 Color, 49 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 19 Benares: Steps to Heaven (Varanasi) 1984 Richard Riddiford Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (Wombat) 20 Between Time: A Tibetan Village in Nepal (Tibetans) 1984 Ken and Ivory Levine Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (OrPS, TxU, WAU) 21 Bhimsen Joshi Sings Rag Miya Malhar (Music) 1971 Color, 29 minutes, 16mm (IU) 22 Bishmillah Khan (Music) 1967 James Beveridge, Tom Slevin B&W, 29 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU, WaU) 23 Bombay: Our City (Urban life) 1985 Anand Patwardhan Color, 82 or 57 minutes, 16mm, VHS, Beta (FRIF, MiU) 24 Calcutta (Urban life) 1968 Louis Malle Color; 13, 99, 105, or 115 minutes; 16mm (13 min.: CtU; 99 min.: WaU, MtU, CU; 105 min.: IU; 115 min.: BF, Swank) 25 Caste and Class (Caste) 1980 Color, 23 minutes, 16mm (OKentU) 26 Circles-Cycles: Kathak Dance (Dance) 1989 Robert S Gottlieb Color, 28 minutes, VHS, U-Mat (CU) 27 Classical Music of North India (Music) 1969 Color, 33 minutes, 16mm (WaU) 28 Consecration of a Temple (Hinduism) 1979 Fred Clothey Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, TxU) 29 A Contemporary Guru: Rajnish (Neo-Hinduism) 1975 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes, VHS (UWSAAC) 30 Courts and Councils: Dispute Settlement in India (Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra) 1981 Ron- Hess Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, PSt, TxU) 31 Courtship and Marriage (Arranged marriage) 1962 B&W, 60 minutes, 16mm (MnU, PSt, CoU) 32 Dadi and Her Family: A Rural Mother-in-Law in North India (Haryana joint family) 1979 James MacDonald, Michael Camerini Color, 45 minutes, 16mm, VHS (MoU, NhU, UWSAAC) 33 Dadi's Family (Haryana joint family) 1981 James MacDonald, Michael Camerini Color, 59 minutes, 16mm, VHS (Pst, TxU, WaU) 368 Filmography 34 The Dam at Nagarjunasagar (Modernization) 1972 Gene Searchinger Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (CU, MiU, PSt) 35 Death and Rebirth in Hinduism (Hinduism) 1975 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes, VHS (UWSAAC) 36 Devi (Bengali family) 1960 Satyajit Ray B&W, 96 minutes, 16mm (BF, Fl) 37 Dhrupad (Singing) 1974 V M Jain, Sheldon Rochlin Color, 50 minutes, 16mm (NK) 38 Discovering the Music of India (Music) 1969 Bernard Wilets Color, 22 minutes, 16mm (IU, WaPS, NSyU) 39 Distant Thunder (Bengali caste and family) 1973 Satyajit Ray Color, 100 minutes, 16mm (AC5) 40 Edge of Survival (India) 1982 Color, 58 minutes, 16mm (CU, WU, PSt) 41 Evolution of a Yogi (Neo-Hinduism) 1970 Elda Hartley Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU) 42 Family of India (Family) 1955 B&W, 13 minutes, 16mm (MnU, OKentU) 43 Floating in the Air, Followed by the Wind: Thai Pusam, a Hindu Festival (Hinduism in Malaysia) 1973 Gunther Pfaff, Ronald A Simons Color, 33 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU, PSt) 44 The Flute and the Arrow (Oraon) 1958 Arne Sucksdorf Color, 78 minutes, 16mm (Fl) 45 Forest of Bliss (Hinduism in Varanasi) 1987 Robert Gardner, Akos Ostor Color, 89 minutes, 16mm (AC) 46 Fountains of Paradise (Sri Lanka) 1985 Color, 57 minutes, VHS (CU, InU, PSt) 47 Four Families, Part 1: India and France (Family) 1959 Margaret Mead B&W, 30 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU, PSt) 48 Four Holy Men: Renunciation in Hindu Society (Hinduism) 1976 Mira Binford, Michael Camerini Color, 37 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, WaU) 49 Four Men of India (Modernization) c 1970 Color, 31 minutes, 16mm (mU, MnU, NSyU) 50 Four Religions, Part 1: Hinduism, Buddhism (Hinduism, Buddhism) 1961 James Beveridge, Arnold Toynbee B&W, 30 minutes, 16mm (QU, NSyU, MtU) 51 The Fourth Stage: A Hindu's Quest for Release (Sannyasi) 1985 Color, 40 minutes, 16mm, VHS (TVKC, UWSAAC) 52 The Fragile Mountain (Mountain ecology) 1982 Sandra Nichols Color, 55 minutes, 16mm (IU, MtU) 53 Freak Street to Goa: Immigrants on the Rajpath (Westernization) 1987 John Caldwell, John Pudaite Color, 60 minutes, 16mm (FL) 54 Frontiers of Peace: Jainism in India Gains) 1986 Color, 40 minutes, VHS (TVKC, UWSAAC) 55 Gandhi (Independence) 1959 Color and B&W, 25 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU, PSt) 56 Gandhi (Independence, British) 1983 Richard Attenborough Color, 188 minutes, VHS (WaPS, MiU, CoU) 57 Gandhi: A Profile in Power (Independence) 1977 Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (CU, MnU, NSyU) 58 Gandhi's India (Independence) 1969 B&W, 58 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU, MnU) 59 Ganges River (Geography, Hinduism) 1955 Edward Levonian Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (IU, WaPS, FTS) 60 Ganges-Sacred River (Hinduism) 1964 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU, PSt) 61 Gazipur (Village life) 1975 Bruce Holman Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (IB) 62 Given to Dance: India's Odissi Tradition (Orissan dance) 1985 Ron Hess Color, 57 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC) 63 Glory That Remains, No 4-Imminent Deities (Tamil Nadu temples) 1969 Color, 31 minutes, 16 mm (WaU, IU) 64 The Goddess Bhagavati: Art and Ritual in South India (Hinduism) 1976 Clifford Jones Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (SACCU) 65 God with a Green Face (Kathakali drama) 1972 Bruce Ward, Myron Emory Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (MoU) 66 Growing Up in Benares (Varanasi) 1970 Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (WU) 67 Gurkha Country (Gurkhas, Nepal) 1966 John and Patricia Hitchcock Color, 19 minutes, 16mm (CU, PSt, IFB) 68 Hail Mother Kali: A Tribute to the Traditions and Healing Arts Brought to Guyana by Indentured Madrasi Laborers (Hinduism in South America) 1988 Stephanos Stephanides Color, 60 minutes, 16mm (SSP) 69 Hajari Bhand of Rajasthan: Jester without Court (Rajasthan) 1985 John and Ulrike Emigh Color, 40 minutes, VHS (DER) 70 Hare Krishna People (Neo-Hinduism) 1974 John Griesser, Jean Papert Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (CU) 71 He Touched Me (Neo-Hinduism) Color, 45 minutes, super-8mm (KYR) 72 Himalayan Journey (Nepal) 1985 Color, 14 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU) 73 Himalayan Shaman of Northern Nepal (Shamanism) 1966 John and Patricia Hitchcock Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (CU, PSt, WU) 74 Himalayan Shaman of Southern Nepal (Magar, Shamanism) 1966 John and Patricia Hitchcock Color, 14 minutes, 16mm (CU, PSt, WU) 75 Hindu Devotions at Dawn (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaU, WU) 76 Hindu Family Celebration: 60th Birthday (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, minutes, 16mm (WaU) 77 Hinduism (Hinduism) 1962 B&W, 18 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU, PSt) 78 Hinduism and the Song of God (Hinduism) 1975 Elda Hartley Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (WaU, PSt, FTS) 79 Hinduism in South India (Hinduism) 1977 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes, VHS (UWSAAC, MoU) 80 Hinduism: Parts 1-3 (Hinduism) 1955, 1962 Huston Smith B&W, 30 minutes each part, 16mm (InU, OKentU) Filmography 81 Hinduism: The Many Paths to God (Hinduism) 1973 Howard Enders Color, 29 minutes, 16mm (IU, WaU) 81a Hindu Loaves and Fishes (Sadhus) 1985 Philip Singer, Bill Sharrette Color, 20 minutes, 16mm, VHS (SSP) 82 Hindu Procession to the Sea (Hinduism in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaPS) 83 The Hindu Ritual Sandhya (Hinduism in Maharashtra) 1973 Doris Srinivasan Color, 19 minutes, 16mm (CU, WU, PSt) 84 Hindu Sacrament of Surrender (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaU) 85 Hindu Sacrament of Thread Investiture (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, 14 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, IaU, WaU) 86 Hindu Sacraments of Childhood: The First Five Years (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WU, WaU) 87 Hindu Temple Rites: Bathing the Image of God (Brahmans in Madras) 1965 H Daniel Smith Color, 13 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WU, WaPS) 88 The Hindu World (Hinduism) 1963 Robert M Perry Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (IU) 89 How a Hindu Worships: At the Home Shrine (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WU, WaU) 90 India and the Infinite: The Soul of a People (Hinduism) 1979 Elda Hartley Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (MoU, MtU, PSt) 91 India: An Introduction (India) 1981 Michael Camerini, James MacDonald Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (CU, WU, PSt) 92 India Cabaret (Modem Bombay) 1986 Mira Nair Color, 60 minutes, 16mm, VHS (FL) 93 Indian Holy Men: Darshan (Hinduism) 1972 Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Florence Davey Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (Fl) 94 An Indian Pilgrimage: Kashi (Hinduism in Varanasi) 1976 Michael Camerini, Mira Binford Color, 29 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC, WaPS) 95 An Indian Pilgrimage: Ramdevra (Hinduism in Rajasthan) 1974 Michael Camerini, Mira Binford, Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, WaPS) 96 Indian Village Life-Two Villages in Orissa Province (Orissan villages) 1972 Julien Bryan Color, 16 minutes, 16mm (PSt, OrPS) 97 An Indian Worker: From Village to City (Urban migration) 1977 Michael Camerini, Mira Binford Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (CoU, InU) 98 India's Sacred Cow (Hinduism) 1980 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU) 99 Indira Gandhi of India (Indian politics) 1973 Color, 60 minutes, 16mm (MnU, WaU) 100 In India the Sun Rises in the East (Scenery) 1970 Color, 14 minutes, 16mm (WaU) 101 In Search of a Holy Man (Hinduism) 1988 Color, 30 minutes, VHS (PSt) 369 102 Iramudun (Sri Lankan shamanism) 1984 Barrie Machin Color, 45 minutes, VHS (PSt, WaPS) 103 Jhaoo Chowdhari: A Tongawallah from Delhi (Urban life, Delhi) 1975 Yavar Abbas Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (WaU) 104 Journey's Battle-Victory (Neo-Hinduism) 1977 Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (LB) 105 Juggernaut (Modernization) 1968 Eugene Boyko Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (IU, NSyU, WaU) 106 The Kalasha: Rites of Spring (Non-Muslim tribe in Pakistan) 1990 Peter Parkes Color, 52 minutes, VHS (Fl) 107 Kaleidoscope Orissa (Orissan arts) 1967 Robert Steele Color, 35 minutes, 16mm (CU, MiU, NSyU) 108 Kamala and Raji: Working Women of Ahmedabad (Gujarati women) 1990 Color, 46 minutes VHS (For sale only-UWSAAC) 109 Kamban Ramayana (Puppet drama) 1974 Clifford Jones B&W, 30 minutes, 16mm (SACCU) 110 Kanchenjungha (Westernized family) 1962 Satyajit Ray Color, 102 minutes, 16mm (Fl) 111 Kataragama (Sri Lankan Hinduism) 1987 Gananath Obeyesekere, Charlie Naime Color, 52 minutes, VHS (FL) 112 Kathputli: The Art of Rajasthani Puppeteers (Puppet theater) 1988 Color, 28 minutes, VHS (PSt) 113 Kheturni Bayo: North Indian Farm Women (Gujarati women) 1980 Sharon Wood Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (InU, PSt) 114 Krishnamurthi: A Dialogue with Huston Smith (NeoHinduism) 1971 Color, 63 minutes, 16mm (BI) 115 Kundalini (Yoga) 1973 Yale Medical School Color, 28 minutes 16mm (PSt) 116 Kuttiyattam: Sanskrit Drama in the Temples of Kerala (Kerala drama) 1974 Clifford Jones Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (SACCU) 117 Lady of Gingee: South Indian Draupadi Festivals (Tamil festival) 1988 Color, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 118 Land of the Indus (Pakistan) 1974 John Frank, John Herr Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (NBuU) 119 Living Yoga (Yoga) 1970s Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (HP) 120 The Long Search, Part 2-Three Hundred Thirty Million Gods (Hinduism) 1977 Peter Montagnon Color, 54 minutes, 16mm, VHS (CU, IU, PSt) 121 Loving Krishna (Bengali Hinduism) 1985 Robert Gardner, Akos Ostor Color, 37 minutes, 16mm (IU, NSyU) 122 Mahanagar (Urban Bengal) 1964 Satyajit Ray B&W, 122 minutes, 16mm (Fl) 123 Maharishi Mahesh: Jet-Age Yogi (Neo-Hinduism) 1960s Yavar Abbas Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (NYU) 124 Mahatma Gandhi: Silent Revolution (Independence) 1968 Color, 38 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaU, InTI) 125 Major Religions of the World-Development and Rituals (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) 1954 B&W and Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (IU, PSt, WaU) 126 Manifestations of Shiva (South Indian Hinduism) 1980 Malcolm Leigh Color, 61 minutes, 16mm (AS) 370 Filmography 127 Modem Brides: Arranged Marriage in South India (South Indian family) 1985 Happy Luchsinger Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC, WaU) 128 The Monk, the Village, and the Bo Tree (Sri Lankan Buddhism) 1987 Color, 28 minutes, VHS (CU, MiU) 129 Monthly Ancestral Offerings in Hinduism (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, minutes, 16mm (WaU) 130 Mother Teresa of Calcutta (Christians, Calcutta life) 1971 Malcolm Muggeridge Color, 50 minutes, VHS (UPB, WaPS) 131 Munni ("Little Girl"): Childhood and Art in Mithila (Bihari painting) 1983 Raymond Owens, Ron Hess Color, 29 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 132 The Muria (Gonds) 1982 Melissa Llewelyn-Davies Color, 55 minutes, 16mm, VHS (PSt, Fl) 133 A Musical Tradition in Banaras (Music) 1973 Roger Hartman Color, 40 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, WaPS) 134 A Nation Uprooted-Afghan Refugees in Pakistan (Pathans, Pakistan) 1986 Judith Mann, Debra Denker Color, 29 minutes, 16mm (OrPS) 135 Nehru: Man of Two Worlds (Indian politics) 1966 B&W, 24 minutes, 16mm (IU, NSyU, WaPS) 136 Non-Violence-Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King: The Teacher and the Pupil (Nonviolence) 1971 C Grinker, M Koplin Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (PFDC) 137 North Indian Village (Uttar Pradesh) 1959 John and Patricia Hitchcock Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU, NSyU) 138 Of Grace and Steel (American Sikhs) 1984 Phyllis Jeroslow Color, 20 minutes, VHS (CLU, MoU, PSt) 139 Our Asian Neighbours: India Series-The Village Econqmy (Village life) 1977 William V Mayer Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (PSt, TxU) 140 Padma, South Indian Dancer (Dance) 1976 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (TxU) 141 Pakistan: Mound of the Dead (Indus civilization) 1972 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (IU, FTS, WaPS) 142 Pandit Jasraj (Music) 1971 Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (IU) 143 Pankuni Uttaram: Festival of Marriage and Fertility (Festival in Tamil Nadu) 1970 Fred Clothey Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (DRSUP) 144 A Passage to India (British in India) 1984 David Lean Color, 163 minutes, 16mm, VHS (FL) 145 Patal Ganga: River of the Gods (Geography, Hinduism) Color, 24 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU, CtU) 146 Pather Panchali (Bengali family) 1955 Satyajit Ray B&W, 112 minutes, 16mm (BF) 147 Phantom India, Part 2: Things Seen in Madras (Daily life) 1967-1968 Louis Malle Color, 52 minutes, 16mm (NYF, MtU) 148 Phantom India, Part 3: The Indians and the Sacred (Hinduism) 1967-1968 Louis Malle Color, 52 minutes, 16mm (NYF) 149 Phantom India, Part 5: A Look at the Castes (Caste) 1967-1968 Louis Malle Color, 52 minutes, 16mm (NYF) 150 Phantom India, Part 6: On the Fringes of Indian Society (Jews, Christians, tribals) 1967-1968 Louis Malle Color, 52 minutes, 16mm (MtU, NYF) 151 Pilgrimage to a Hindu Temple (Brahmans in Madras) 1969 H Daniel Smith Color, 14 minutes, 16mm (WaU, MoU) 152 Pilgrimage to Pittsburgh (Temple festival) 1990 Color, 25 minutes, VHS (For sale only-UWSAAC) 153 Puppeteer (Udaipur, Rajasthan) 1976 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (TxU) 154 Radha's Day: Hindu Family Life (Women in Madras) 1965 H Daniel Smith Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaU) 155 Raga (Ravi Shankar's music) 1970 Howard Worth Color, 96 minutes, 16mm (Fl) 156 Raj Gonds (Gonds) 1982 Melissa Llewelyn-Davies Color, 55 minutes, 16mm, VHS (PSt, Fl) 157 Raju: A Guide from Rishikesh (Pilgrimage) 1960s Yavar Abbas Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (NYU) 158 Rich Man, Poor Man, no 3: Food (Sri Lankan farming, fishing) 1972 Color, 53 minutes, 16mm (IU, MnU) 159 The River (Ganges, British) 1952 Jean Renoir, Hari Das Gupta Color, 90 minutes, 16mm (BF, Fl) 160 Salaam Bombay! (Urban life, Bombay) 1988 Mira Nair Color, 114 minutes, 16mm (CEG) 161 Sectarian Hinduism: Lord Siva and His Worship (Hinduism) 1977 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes (WaU has VHS; MoU has Beta) 162 Sectarian Hinduism: Lord Vishnu and His Worship (Hinduism) 1977 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes (WaU has VHS; MoU has Beta) 163 Sectarian Hinduism: The Goddess and Her Worship (Hinduism) 1977 David Knipe Color, 30 minutes, Beta (MoU) 164 The Serpent Deities: Art and Ritual in South India (Kerala ritual) 1976 Clifford Jones Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (SACCU) 165 Serpent Mother (Mythology) 1986 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm, VHS (Centre) 166 Shakespeare Wallah (Westernization, Anglo-Indians) 1966 James Ivory, Ismael Merchant B&W, 115 minutes, 16mm (CF) 167 Shamans of the Blind Country (Nepali shamanism) 1980 Michael Oppitz Color, 224 minutes, 16mm, VHS (TxDas) 168 Shelter for the Homeless (Sri Lanka) 1987 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (CU, IU) 169 Sherpa (Sherpas) 1985 Robert Godfrey Color, 29 minutes, 16mm, VHS (IU, NSyU) 170 Sherpa High Country (Sherpas) 1977 Xenia Lisanovich Color, 20 minutes, 16mm, VHS (CU) 171 Sherpas (Sherpa family) 1977 Sherry Ortner, Leslie Woodhead Color, 52 minutes, VHS (Fl) 172 Sitala in Spring: Festival of the Bengali Goddess of Health and Illness (Bengali festival) 1986 B&W, 40 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 173 Skanda-Sasti: A Festival of Conquest (Festival in Tamil Nadu) 1970 Fred Clothey Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (WaU) 174 So Far from India (Gujaratis in New York) 1982 Mira Nair Color, 49 minutes, 16mm, VHS (FL) Filmography 175 Song of Ceylon (Sri Lankan Buddhism, British, modernization) 1934 Basil Wright B&W, 40 minutes, 16mm (CU, MiU, NSyU) 176 Sons of Shiva (Bengali Hinduism) 1985 Robert Gardner, Akos Ostor Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (IU) 177 Southern Asia: Problems of Transition (Sri Lankan politics) 1967 Color, 16 minutes, 16mm (NSyU) 178 Spark of Life (Science and Hinduism) Color, 24 minutes, 16mm (ISKCON) 179 The Spiritual Frontier (Neo-Hinduism) 1976 John Griesser, Jean Papert Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (ISKCON) 180 Sunseed (Neo-Hinduism) 1971 Frederick Cohn, Ralph H Silver Color, 87 minutes, 16mm (CoF) 181 Swami Karunananda: From Wallaroo, Australia (NeoHinduism) 1971 Yavar Abbas Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (NYU) 182 Swami Shyam (Neo-Hinduism) 1976 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (TxU) 183 The Sword and the Flute (Mughal painting) 1959 James Ivory Color, 24 minutes, 16mm (MnU, WaU) 184 Tantra (Tantric Hinduism) 1968 Nik Douglas, Robert Fraser, Mick Jagger Color, 26 minutes, 16mm (CoF) 185 The Tantric Universe (Nepalese tantrism) 1976 Mike Spera, Sheldon Rochlin Color, 22 minutes, 16mm (FlI) 186 Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India (Indian cloth) 1955 Paul Zils Color, 11 minutes, 16mm (InU, CU, NSyU) 187 Therayattam (Kerala dance) 1972 K T John Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (CLU) 188 Tibetan Buddhism: Cycles of Interdependence (Ritual in Ladakh) 1983 Edward W Bastian Color, 59 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC, WaU) 189 Tibetan Buddhism: Preserving the Monastic Tradition (Tibetans in Karnataka) 1982 Edward W Bastian Color, 29 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC, WaU) 190 Tibetan Heritage (Nepalese Buddhism) 1976 Mike Spera, Sheldon Rochlin Color, 19 minutes, 16mm (FII) 191 Tragada Bhavai: A Rural Theatre Troupe of Gujarat (Drama, Gujarat) 1981 Roger Sandall, Jayasinhji Jhala Color, 42 minutes, 16mm, VHS (DER) 192 Trip to Awareness: A Jain Pilgrimage to India (Jains) 1974 Color, 29 minutes, 16mm, VHS (PSt, WaU) 193 Two Daughters (Bengali family) 1961 Satyajit Ray B&W, 114 minutes, 16mm (FI) 194 Undala (Rajasthani village) 1967 Marek Jablonko Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU, PSt) 195 The Universal Flame (Theosophy) 1974 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (IU) 196 Vijay Raghav Rao (Flute) (Music) 1974 Color, 29 minutes, 16mm (IU) 197 The Village, A Village in Tanjore (Tamil family) 1976 Color, 16 minutes, 16mm (TxU, PSt) 371 198 Village in India: Fifty Miles from Poona (Maharashtra) 1963 Faili Bilimoria B&W, 20 minutes, 16mm (NSyU, WaU) 199 Village Man, City Man (Urban migration) 1975 Mira Binford, Michael Camerini Color, 38 minutes, 16mm (WU, WaU) 200 Viney (Hindu family) 1976 Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (TxU) 201 Vinoba Bhave: Walking Revolutionary (Landownership in India) 1970 Kirby Steele Color, 39 minutes, 16mm (IFB, MnU, WaU) 202 Vishnu's Maya (Hinduism) 1975 Thomas Ball Color, 30 minutes, 16mm (CU, InU) 203 Voices of the People: The Elections in India 1977 (Indian politics) 1978 Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (WaU, UWSAAC) 204 Vrndavan: Land of Krsna (Hinduism) 1978 Color, 24 minutes, 16mm, VHS (ISKCON) 205 The Wages of Action: Religion in a Hindu Village (Hinduism near Varanasi) 1979 David Thompson Color, 47 minutes, 16mm (UWSAAC, NhU) 206 Wedding of the Goddess (Parts I and 2) (Hinduism in Madurai) 1976 Mira Binford, Michael Camerini Color, 36 minutes (Pt 1) and 40 minutes (Pt 2), 16mm (UWSAAC, WaPS) 207 William Rivers: Everything Is Relatives (Toda, Torres Straits Is.) 1990 BBC Color, 52 minutes, 16mm, VHS, Beta, U-Mat (FFHS) 208 The Work of Gomis (Sri Lankan shamanism) 1972 Yvonne Hannemann Color, 48 minutes, 16mm (CLU, PSt) 209 The World of Apu (Apur Sansar) (Bengali family) 1959 Satyajit Ray Color and B&W, 104 minutes, 16mm (IdU, WaU) 210 The Worship of the Deity Ayyappan: Art and Ritual in South India (Hinduism in Kerala) 1976 Clifford Jones Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (SACCU) 211 Yakam-A Fire Ritual in South India (Festival in Tamil Nadu) 1970 Fred Clothey Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (WaU) 212 A Zenana: Scenes and Recollections (Rajputs) 1982 Roger Sandall, Jayasinhji Jhala Color, 36 minutes, 16mm, VHS (DER) ADDENDA 18a Being Muslim in India.(Islam in India) 1984 Color, 40 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 118a Life and Death of a Dynasty (Indian Politics) 1991 Anne and Robert Drew Color and B&W, 90 minutes, VHS (DC) 189a Tibetan Buddhism: The Wheel of Life (Buddhist philosophy) 1991 Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS (UWSAAC) 372 Filmography Index to Filmography Agriculture, 10, 158 Anglo-Indians, 166 Arranged marriage, 31, 127 Arts, 64, 107, 131, 164, 183, 186, 210 Astrology, 12 Bangladesh, 9, 18 Bene Israel, Bengal, 11, 24, 36, 39, 110, 121, 122, 130, 146, 172, 176, 193, 209 Biharis, 131 Bombay, 23, 92, 160 Brahmans, 6, 75, 76, 84-87, 89, 129, 151 British in India, 56, 144, 159, 175 Buddhism, 50, 125, 128, 175, 188-190 Calcutta, 24, 130 Caste, 25, 39, 149 Christians, 130, 150 Cloth, 186 Cochin Jews, Dance, 5, 16, 26, 62, 140, 187 Delhi, 103 Disputes, 30 Drama, 5, 65, 116, 191 Drama, puppet, 109, 112, 153 Ecology, 52 Family, 11, 32, 33, 36, 39, 42, 47, 110, 122, 127, 146, 171, 193, 197, 200, 209 Farming, 10, 158 Festival, 43, 117, 143, 152, 172, 173, 211 Fishing, 158 Gandhi, Indira, 99, 118a Gandhi, Mahatma, 55-58, 118a, 124, 136 Ganges, 59, 60, 145, 159 Geography, 52, 59, 100, 118, 145 Gonds, 132, 156 Gujarat, 4, 108, 113, 174, 191 Gurkhas, 67 Guyana, 68 Hare Krishna, 70 Haryana, 32, 33 Hinduism, 14, 15, 28, 29, 35, 41, 43, 45, 48, 50, 59, 60, 64, 68, 70, 71, 77-90, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 104, 111, 114, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 145, 148, 161-165, 176, 178182, 184-185, 200, 202, 204-206, 210 India, 10, 40, 91, 100, 201 Indian independence, 55-58, 124 Indus Civilization, 141 Islam, 18a, 125 Jains, 3, 54, 192 Jews, 1-2, 150 Joint family, 32, 33 Kalasha, 106 Kerala, 6, 116, 164, 187, 210 Krishnamurthi, Jiddu, 114 Kundalini, 115 Landownership in India, 201 Madras, 75, 76, 82, 84-87, 89, 127, 129, 147, 151, 154 Madurai, 206 Magar, 74 Maharashtra, 30, 83, 198 Mahesh, 123 Malaysia, 43 Marriage, 31, 127,143 Migration, 97, 199 Modernization, 34, 49, 105, 175 Mother Teresa, 130 Mountain ecology, 52 Muria Gond, 132 Music, 7, 8, 21, 22, 27, 37, 38, 133, 142, 155, 196 Mythology, 63-65, 165 Nambudiri Brahmans, Nehru, 118a, 135 Neo-Hinduism, 15,29,41,70,71,104,114,123,179-182 Nepal, 20, 52, 67, 72-74, 167, 185 New York, 174 Nonviolence, 136 Oraon, 44 Orissa, 62, 96, 107 Painting, Bihari, 131 Painting, Mughal, 183 Pakistan, 7, 106, 118, 134, 141 Panchayats, 30 Pathans, 134 Pilgrimage, 94, 95, 111, 151-152, 157, 192 Politics, 18, 55-58, 99, 118a, 135, 136, 177, 203 Puppet theater, 109, 112, 153 Rajasthan, 69, 95, 112, 153, 194 Rajputs, 212 Ravi Shankar, 155 Rivers, W.H.R., 207 Sadhus, 81a, 93, 101 Sannyasis, 51 Scenery, 52, 100 Science and Hinduism, 178 Shamanism, 73, 74, 102, 167, 208 Sherpas, 169-171 Sikhs, American, 138 Singing, 37 Sri Lanka, 46, 102, 111, 128, 158, 168, 175, 177, 208 Tamil Nadu, 63, 117, 143, 173, 197, 211 Tantrism, 184, 185 Temples, 28, 63, 87, 152 Theater, 5, 65, 116, 191 Theater, puppet, 109, 112, 153 Theosophy, 195 Tibetans, 20, 188-190 Todas, 207 Tribals, 44, 106, 132, 134, 150, 156, 207 Udaipur, 153 Urbanlife, 23, 24,92,97,103,122,130,147,160,174,199 Uttar Pradesh, 30, 137 Varanasi, 12, 17, 19, 45, 66, 94, 133, 205 Village life, 13, 61, 96, 137, 139, 194, 197-199 Vinoba Bhave, 201 Westernization, 53, 92, 110, 166 Women, 108, 113, 130, 154, 212 Yoga, 115, 119 Filmography 373 Bibliography DC DER Binford, Mira Reym (1971) Films for Study of India New Delhi: Educational Resources Centre DRSUP de Cunha, Uma (1973) India on Film New Delhi: Educational Resources Centre DSR Dell, David J., et al (1981) Focus on Hinduism: A Guide to Audio-Visual Resources for Teaching Religion 2nd ed Revised by H Daniel Smith and Robert A McDermott Chambersburg, Pa.: Anima Books Heider, Karl (1983) Films for Anthropological Teaching 7th ed American Anthropological Association Special Publication no 16 Washington FF FFHS Fl FlI FL FRIF FTS Directory of Distributors AC AC5 AS BF BI CEG Centre CF CLU CoF CoU CtU CU Arthur Cantor, Inc., 33 W 60th St., New York, NY 10023 Almi-Cinema 5, 1900 Broadway, New York, NY 10023 Asia Society, Inc., 725 Park Ave., New York, NY 10021 Budget Films, 4590 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90029 Blaisdell Institute, 143 E 10th St., Claremont, CA 91711 Cinecom Entertainment Group, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019 Centre, Barr Films, 12801 Schabarum Ave., P.O Box 7878, Irwindale, CA 91706-7878 Corinth Films, 34 Gansevoort St., New York, NY 10014 Instructional Media Library, Powell Library, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 Cornerstone Films, 12 W 27th St., New York, NY 10001 Colorado Media Collection, Stadium 360, University of Colorado, Box 379, Boulder, CO 80309 Center for Instructional Media and Technology, University of Connecticut, 249 Glenbrook Rd., Storrs, CT 06269 Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Ave., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 HP IaU IB IdU IFB InTl InU ISKCON lU JFCAWU JMS KYR LB MG MiU MnU Direct Cinema Ltd., P.O Box 10003, Santa Monica, CA 90410 Documentary Educational Resources, Bridge St., Watertown, MA 02172 Dept of Religious Studies, 2604 Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 DSR, Inc., P.O Box 281, Columbia, MD 21045 Festival Films, 2841 Irving Ave S., Minneapolis, MN 55408 Films for the Humanities and Sciences, P.O Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08540 Films, Inc., 5547 N Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 Focus International, Inc., 14 Oregon Dr., Huntington Station, NY 11746 Filmmakers Library, 124 E 40th St., New York, NY 10016 First Run/Icarus Films, 6th floor, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014 Film and Video Library, University of South Florida, 4202 Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620 Hartley Productions, Inc., Cat Rock Rd., Cos Cob, CT 06807 Audio-Visual Center, C-5 Seashore Hall, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Interbook, Inc., 131 Varick St., New York, NY 10013 Media Center, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 International Film Bureau, 332 S Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604 Audio-Visual Center, Stalker Hall, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47807 Audio-Visual Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Bhakti Vedanta Book Trust, 3764 Watseka Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034 Film Center, University of Illinois, 1325 S Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820 John Frazer Center for Arts, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457 Jewish Media Service, 15 E 26th St., New York, NY 10010 Kripalu Yoga Retreat, Box 120, Summit Station, PA 17979 Lewis Buchner, 455 Utah St., San Francisco, CA 94110 Media Guild, Suite E, 11722 Sorrento Valley Rd., San Diego, CA 92121 Film and Video Library, University of Michigan, 400 Fourth St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103 University Film and Video, University of Minnesota, Suite 108, 1313 Fifth St S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414 74 Filmography MoU MtU NBuU NhU NK NSyU NYF NYU OKentU OrPS PFDC PSt SACCU Film and Video Library, University of Missouri, 505 E Stewart St., Columbia, MO 65211 Instructional Media Services, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 Media Library, 24 Capen Hall, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 Dept of Media Services, Dimond Library, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Navin Kumar, Inc., 967 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10021 Film Rental Center, Syracuse University, 1455 E Colvin St., Syracuse, NY 13210 New Yorker Films, 16 W 61st St New York, NY 10023 Film Library, New York University, 26 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 Audio Visual Services, 330 Library Building, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 Continuing Education Film and Video Library, Portland State University, 1633 S.W Park, P.O Box 1383, Portland, OR 97207 Pictura Films Distribution Corp., 111 8th Ave., New York, NY 10011 Audio Visual Services, Special Services Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 South Asia Center, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 SSP Swank TVKC Singer-Sharrette Productions, 336 Main Street, P.O Box 68, Rochester, MN 48063 Swank Motion Pictures, Inc., 910 Riverside Dr., Elmhurst, IL 60126; or 350 Vanderbilt Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, NY 11787 TVKC, P.O Box 404, Mendham, NJ 07945 TxDas TxU UPB UWSAAC WaPS WaU Wombat WU Media Services, University of Texas at Dallas, P.O Box 830643, Richardson, TX 75083 Film Library, General Libraries, University of Texas, Box W, Austin, TX 78713 Audio-Visual Services, 101 Harvey Fletcher Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 Dept of South Asian Studies, 1269 Van Hise Hall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Instructional Media Services, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Instructional Media Services, 23 Kane Hall, DG-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Wombat Film & Video, Inc., Suite 2421, 250W 57thSt., NewYork, NY 10019 Bureau of Audio-Visual Instruction, University of Wisconsin, 1327 University Ave., P.O Box 2093, Madison, WI 53701 Ethnonym Index This index provides some of the alternative names and the names of major subgroups for cultures covered in this volume The culture names that are entry titles are in boldface Abor Abuit-Abor Achik-Garo Adi-Abor Adi-Dravida-Untouchables Adivasis-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Afghan-Pathan Agaria Agariya-Agaria Agarwal-Bania Agarwala-Bania Agarwal Marwadi-Bania Aggarwal-Bania Agharia-Agaria Agrawal-Bania Ahir Alu-Kurumbas-Kurumbas Anavil Brahman Andamanese Andhra-Telugu Angami-Nagas Anglo-Indian Ao-Nagas Arleng-Milir Aryan Ashing-Abor Assamese Assamese Muslims-Garia Asur-Munda Baba-Sadhu Baboo-Bengali Backward Classes-Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Badacar-Badaga Badaga Badager-Badaga Baddagher-Badaga Bahun-Brabman and Chhetri of Nepal Baiga Baluch-Baluchi Baluchi Bandarwili-Qalandar Bangali-Bengali Bangladeshi-Bengali Bani-Bania Bania Banik-Bania Banikar-Bania Baniya-Bania Banjig-Bania Barelas-Bhil Barnik-Bania Barthapalya-Nyinba Batta-Pandit of Kashmir Baul Bene Israel Bengalee-Bengali Bengali Bengali Shakta Bengali Vaishnava Beni Israel-Bene Israel Bergie-Badaga Betta-Kurumbas-Kurumbas Bhagalia-Bhil Bhaluwili-Qalandar Bhatta-Pandit of Kashmir Bhattadiripad-Nambudiri Brahman Bhil Bhilala-Bhil Bhil-Grasia Bhomia-Grasia Bhote-Bhutanese Bhotia-Bhutanese, Nyinba Bhui-Bhuiya Bhuihar-Bhuiya Bhuiya Bhuiya-Baiga Bhuiyar-Bhuiya Bhumanchi Reddi-Reddi Bhumia-Baiga, Bhuiya Bhumiaraja-Baiga Bhumij-Baiga, Munda Bhumija-Baiga Bhumijan-Baiga Bhumiya-Bhuiya Bhutanese Bhutia-Bhutanese, Nyinba Bihari Birhor-Munda 375 Black Jews-Cochin Jew Blan-Mauritian Bohora-Bohra Bohra Bokar-Abor Bondo Bondo Gadaba-Bondo Bori-Abor Brahman Brahman-Pandit of Kashmir Brahman and Chhetri of Nepal Brahui Budaga-Badaga Buddager-Badaga Buddagur-Badaga Bui-Bhuiya Burga-Badaga Burgher-Badaga Burum-Purum Burusho Canarese-Kanarese Cassia-Khasi Castee-Anglo-Indian Chakma Chamar-Jatav Chang-Nagas Changma-Chakma Chenchu Chhota Sahib-Europeans in South Asia Chin Chinbok-Chin Chinbon-Chin Chinese of South Asia Chini-Chinese of South Asia Chitpavan Brahman Christians of St Thomas-Syrian Christian of Kerala Cochin Jew Cochinis-Cochin Jew Cohatur-Kota Coorg Coorgi-Coorg Cossyah-Khasi Creoles-Mauritian 376 Ethnonym Index Creoles-Mauritian Dacoit-Thug Dacoo-Thug Dai-Chin Dard Dard-Kohistani Daudi Bohra-Bohra Depressed caste-Untouchables Dhamang-Tamang Dhangad-Oraon Dhangar-Oraon Dhankas-Bhil, Oraon Dholi-Bhil Divehi Divehin-Divehi Dives-Divehi Dorla-Koya Duberwal-Kohistani Dublas-Bbil Dungri-Bhil Dungri-Grasia-Grasia East Indian-Anglo-Indian Erilagaru-Imla Eunuch-Hra Eurasian-Anglo-Indian Europeans in South Asia External caste-Untouchables Ferangi-Europeans in South Asia Franco-Mauriciens-Mauritian Franco-Mauritians-Mauritian French of India French Tamils-French of India Gadaba-Munda Gajra-Ahir Gallong-Abor Gamit-Bhil Gangadikira Okkalu-Okkaliga Gaolan-Ahir Gaoli-Ahir Gara-Grasia Garasia-Bhil, Grasia Garia Garo Gataq-Munda Gens de couleur-Mauritian Gentoo-Hindu Gerala-Abir Girisia-Grasia Goala-Ahir Goanese-Anglo-Indian Golkar-Ahir Gond Gorum-Munda Grasia Great Andamanese-Andamanese Grhastha Brahman-Anavil Brahman Guguwili-Kanjar Gujar Gujarati Gujareta-Gujar Gujjar-Gujar Gujjara-Gujar Gurkha Gurkhali-Gurkha Gurung Gypsies-Peripatetics Khasiah-Khasi Khassia-Khasi Habshi-Sidi Harijan-Untouchables Hira Hill Kolis-Koli Hil Pandaram Hill Tribes Hindoo-Hindu Hindous-Mauritian Hindu Hindus-Mauritian Ho-Munda Khoja Khassu-Khasi Hor-Munda Hunzukuts-Burusho Indian Chinese-Chinese of South Asia Indian Christian Indo-Mauriciens-Mauritian Indo-Mauritians-Mauritian Iraligar-Irula hIula Irulan-Irula Jadav-Jatav Jain Jallad-Kanjar Jarwas-Andamanese Jat Jatav Jatava-Jatav Jatua-Jatav Jenu-Kurumbas-Kurumbas, Nayaka Jenu-Nayaka-Nayaka Jogi-Sadhu Juang-Munda Jungle people-Chenchu Kacha-Nagas Kalasha Kalash Kafir-Kalasha Kalyo-kengyu-Nagas Kanarese Kanbi Kanbi-Maratha Kandh-Kond Kanjar Kanjari-Kanjar Kannadiga-Kanarese Kapu-Reddi Karko-Abor Kasaba-Irula Kasava-Irula Kashmiri Kasia-Khasi Kassia-Khasi Kassya-Khasi Kasuba-Irula Kasya-Khasi Kattu Naikr-Nayaka Kattu Nayaka-Nayaka Keralite-Malayali Khinibad6sh-Kanjar, Qalandar Khand-Kond Kharia-Munda Khasi Khasia-Khasi Khond-Kond Khosia-Khasi Ki Khasi-Kbasi Killiwal-Kohistani Kil Reddi-Reddi Kiranti Kisan-Oraon 'kKxou-Chin Kodara-Coorg Kodikkalkaran-Labbai Kohatur-Kota Kohistani Koi-Gond, Koya Kol Kol-Munda Kolarian-Munda Koli Kond Kondl-Kond Konkanastha-Chitpavan Brahman Konyak-Nagas Kora-Munda Korku Korku-Munda Korwa-Munda Kota Kotar-Kota Koter-Kota Kothur-Kota Koya Kowo-Nayaka-Nayaka Kreol-Mauritian Kshatriya Kuda-Oraon Kui-Kond Kuku-Chin Kunbi-Maratha Kurubas-Kurunbas Kurukh-Oraon Kurumbas Kurunkh-Oraon Labbai Lai-Chin Laizo-Chin Lakher Lama-Tamang Landlord-Zamindar Lendien-Mauritian Lendu-Mauritian Lepcha Lhote-Nagas Lumbu Lingayat Lotia-Bohra Lushai-Mizo Magar Magha-Lakher Mahajan-Bania Mahakul-Ahir Mahar Mahatma-Sadhu Mahommedan-Muslim Ethnonym Index 377 Mahratta-Maratha Malabar Jews-Cochin Jew Malabari-Malayali Malai Pandaram-Hill Pandaramn Malapararam-Hill Pandaram Malayalee-Malayali Malayali Maldivians-Divehi Mankar-Bhil Mappila Mappilla-Mappila Mara-Chin, Lakher Marakkala-Moor of Sri Lanka Maratha Marwadi Bania-Bania Marwari-Bania Mauriciens-Mauridan Morisien-Mauritian Mauritian Mavchi-Bbil Mayan-Kohistani Mayr-Kohistani Mehtar-Mahar Memsahib-Europeans in South Asia Meo Mewasi-Bhil Mewiti-Meo Mhar-Mahar Mikir Milan-Abor Milat-Mauritian Mina-Meo Mina Meo-Meo Mincopie-Andamanese Minyong-Abor Mizilman-Mauritian Mizo Moghul-Mogul Mogul Mohammedan-Muslim Moor of Sri Lanka Moplah-Mappila Moslem-Muslim Motad Reddi-Reddi Mudaliar-Vellala Mudugas-Kurumbas Mugal-Mogul Mughal-Mogul Mulla-Kurumbas-Kurumbas Munda Muni-Sadhu Murmi-Tamang Musalman-Moor of Sri Lanka, Muslim Muslim Muslims-Mauritian Mustee-Anglo-Indian Musulmans-Mauritian Narnbudiri Brahman Nayaka Nayar Nazarani-Syrian Christian of Kerala Neo-Buddhist Nepalese-Nepali Nepali Newa-Newar Newar New Kuki-Thadou Nicobarese Nirle-Bhil n'Men-Chin Nonpastoral nomads-Peripatetics Nayaka Nyinba Odia-Oriya Odissi-Oriya Odiya-Oriya Okkaliga OX-Toda Onge-Andamanese Orao-Oraon Oraon Orissi-Oriya Oriya Oswal-Bania Padam-Abor Pahari Pailibo-Abor Pakhtun-Pathan Paknat Reddi-Reddi Palu-Kurumbas-Kurumbas Panchama-Untouchables Pandaram-Vellala Pandava Reddi-Reddi Pandit of Kashmir Pangi-Abor Pania-Paniyan Paniya-Paniyan Paniyan Panjabi-Punjabi Panta Reddi-Reddi Panya-Paniyan Paradesi Jews-Cochin Jew Pariah-Untouchables Parsee-Parsi Parsi Parwari-Mahar Pashtun-Pathan Pasi-Abor Patanwal-Kohistani Patel-Kanbi Patelia-Bhil Pathan Pathia-Bhil Nagala-Chin Naps Naicken-Nayaka Naiken-Nayaka Naikr-Nayaka Nair-Nayar Nakes Rengma-Nagas Namboodiri Brahman-Nambudiri Brahman Namboodiripad-Nambudiri Brahman Patidar-Kanbi Pavada-Bhil Pawra-Bhil Peripatetics Phanseegur-Thug Phansigar-Thug Pillaimar-Vellala Pondicheriens-French of India Pondicherry-French of India Poraja-Bondo Porja-Bondo Pukhtun-Pathan Punjabi Purum Qalandar Rai Raja Reddi-Reddi Raji-Rai Raiput Ramo-Abor Rathia-Bhil Rawal-Bhil Rawat-Ahir Reddi Refugees in South Asia Remo-Bondo Rengma-Nagas Rohilla-Pathan Sadhu Sahara-Sora Sahib-Europeans in South Asia Sahukar-Bania Sangtam-Nagas Sant-Sadhu Santal Santhal-Santal Sanyasi-Sadhu Saonta-Santal Saonthal-Santal Saora-Sora Saraswat-Pandit of Kashmir Sardarji-Sikh Sarnabanik-Bania Saunta-Santal Saura-Sora Savar-Sora Savara-Sora Sawar-Sora Sawara-Sora Sayyid Scheduled Caste-Untouchables Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Tribe-Hill Tribes Sea Kolis-Koli Sema-Nagas Sentinelese-Andamanese Seth-Bania, Zamindar Shaikh-Sheikh Shanwar-Bene Israel Shar pa-Sherpa Sheikh Shendu-Lakher Sherpa Shimong-Abor Shola-Nayaka-Nayaka Shoodra-Sudra Shudra-Sudra Sidi Sikh Sikkimese Sindhi Sindi-Sindhi *Singhalese-Sinhalese Sinhala-Sinhalese Sinhalese 378 Ethnonym Index Sino-Mauriciens-Mauritian Sino-Mauritians-Mauritian Sinwa-Mauritian Sola Nayaka-Nayaka Sonakar-Moor of Sri Lanka Sonar-Moor of Sri Lanka Sonarbania-Bania Son Kolis-Koli Sora Sora-Munda Sowcar-Bania Subarnbanik-Bania Sudra Sunbar-Sunwar Sunuwar-Sunwar Sunwar Sunwari-Sunwar Surdyani Christiani-Syrian Christian of Kerala Suryavanisa-Reddi Swami-Sdhu Syrian Christian of Kerala Tadvi-Bhil Tagore-Thakur Takara-Thakur Takur-Thakur Talavia-Bhil Tamang Tamang-Nyinba, Tlhsakli Tamil Tamilar-Tamil Tamilarkal-Tamil of Sri Lanka Tamilian-Tamil, Tamil of Sri Lanka Tamil of Sri Lanka Tamu-Thakali Tangam-Abor Tangin-Abor Tangkhul-Nagas Tani-Abor Tapasi-Sadu Tapsawi-Sadhu Taskara-Thakur Teli-Bene Israel Telugu Ten Vanniya-Irula Thadou Thadu-Thadou Thakali Thakara-Thkudr Thakkar-Thakur Thakkura-Thakur Thakoor-Thakur Thakur ThUru Thug Toda Todava-Toda Ton-Toda Travancorean-Malayali Tukomi-Nagas Tud-Munda Tutavar-Toda Untouchables Urali-Kurumbas-Kurumbas Uraon-Oraon Vadaca-Badaga Vadacar-Badaga Vadda-Vedda Vaddo-Vedda Vaishya-Vaisya Vaisya Vana Palli-Irula Vani-Bania Vania-Bania Vasava-Bhil Vasave-Bhil Vedda Veddah-Vedda Veddha-Vedda Vedic Indians-Aryan Velalar-Velala Vellala Villaya-Irula Virasaiva-Lingayat Vohora-Bobra Vokkaliga-Oklcaliga Vuddaghur-Badaga White Jews-Cochin Jew Wokkaliga-Oldcaliga Wuddghur-Badaga Yachumi-Nagas Yati-Sadhu Yogi-Sadhu Zamindar Zemindar-Zamindar Zo-Chin Zomi-Chin, Mizo Zoroastrian-Parsi The Editors Editor in Chief David Levinson (Ph.D., State University ofNew York at Buffalo) is vice-president of the Human Relations Area Files in New Haven, Connecticut He is a cultural anthropologist whose primary research interests are in social issues, worldwide comparative research, and social theory He has conducted research on homelessness, alcohol abuse, aggression, family relations, and ethnicity Among his dozens of publications are the award-winning text, Toward Explaining Human Culture (with Martin I Malone), The Tribal Living Book (with David Sherwood), and Family Violence in CrossCultural Perspective Dr Levinson also teaches anthropology at Albertus Magnus College in New Haven, Connecticut Volume Editor Paul Hockings (M.A., University of Toronto; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is also editor ofthe journal Visual Anthropology He is a professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois, Chicago Although primarily a cultural anthropologist and linguist, he has done archaeological and bibliographic work, and he also has made anthropological films Among those films is The Village, made in Ireland with Mark McCarty He has written or edited nine books and dozens of articles, most of them dealing with the Badagas and related South Indian peoples His most recent books are Blue Mountains: The Ethnography and Biogeography of a South Indian Region (written with several collaborators), and A Badaga-English Dictionary (with Christiane Pilot-Raichoor) Paul Hockings is a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and a life member of the American Anthropological Association 379 ... Languages of South Asia xxx Dominant Religious Groups of South Asia xxxi Cultural Groups of South Asia xxxii Cultures of South Asia Appendix: Additional Castes, Caste Clusters, and Tribes 30 9 Bibliography... 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III SOUTH AsIA Paul Hockings Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company NEW YORK... and Tribes 30 9 Bibliography 34 2 Ethnonym Index to Appendix 34 9 Glossary 36 3 Filmography 36 7 Index 37 2 Bibliography 37 3 Directory of Distributors 37 3 Ethnonym Index 37 5 Editorial Board Project