Encyclopedia of world cultures 10 volume set 7 south america (1994)

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VII SouTH AMERICA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe) East and Southeast Asia Russia and Eurasia / China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Africa and the Middle East Bibliography The Encyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, is a not-for-profit consortium of twenty-three sponsoring members and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VII SOUTH AMERICA Johannes Wilbert Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company An Imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan NEW YORK Prentice Hall International LONDON * MEXICO CITY * NEW DELHI * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TORONTO MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS When You Know Multiply By To Find LENGTH inches feet yards miles millimeters centimeters meters meters kilometers 2.54 30 0.9 1.6 0.04 0.4 3.3 1.1 0.6 centimeters centimeters meters kilometers inches inches feet yards miles AREA square feet square yards square miles acres hectares square meters square kilometers 0.09 0.8 2.6 0.4 2.5 1.2 0.4 square meters square meters square kilometers hectares acres square yards square miles TEMPERATURE OC = (OF - 32) 1.8 'F = (0C x 1.8) + 32 © 1994 by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc First published 1994 by G.K Hall & Co., an imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019-6785 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher Figures 1-7 in the Introduction were taken from Gordon R Willey, An Introduction to American Archaeology, vol 2, South America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971) and have been reprinted here by permission of the Publisher Figure was originally published in Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century, edited and translated by Janice H Hopper (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Cross-Cultural Research, 1967) 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for volume 7) Encyclopedia of world cultures Includes bibliographical references, filmographies, and indexes Contents: v North America / Timothy J O'Leary, David Levinson, volume editors -v South Asia / Paul Hockings, volume editor -[etc.}-v South America / Johannes Wilbert, volume editor Ethnology-Encyclopedias I Levinson, David, 1947306 GN307.E53 1991 90-49123 ISBN 0-8161-1840-X (set: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1808-6 (v 1: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1812-4 (v 3: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1814-0 (v 5: alk paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 0-8161-1813-2 (v : alk paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984 i)M MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Editorial Board Project Staff Research Linda A Bennett Memphis State University Europe Patricia D Andreucci Timothy J O'Leary Daniel Strouthes Fernando Ca'mara Barbachano Instituto Nacional de Antropologia Mexico City Middle America and the Caribbean Editorial and Production Victoria Crocco Elly Dickason Eva Kitsos Abraham Maramba Ara Salibian L C Salibian e Historia, J Diamond University of Michigan Norma China Paul Friedrich University of Chicago Russia and Eurasia Cartography Robert Sullivan Rhode Island College Terence E Hays Rhode Island College Oceania Paul Hockings University of Illinois at Chicago South, East and Southeast Asia Robert V Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle America and the Caribbean John H Middleton Yale University Africa Timothy J O'Leary Human Relations Area Files North America Amal Rassarn Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University of California South America Vi at Los Angeles Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xvii Introduction xxiii Maps South America li North and Northwest South America liii Brazil and Uruguay Iv Southern South America lvii Legends: Maps 2-4 lix Cultures of South America Appendix: Additional South American Indian Cultures 397 Ethnonym Index to Appendix 403 Glossary 407 Filmography 413 Index to Filmography 415 Bibliography 416 Directory of Distributors 416 Ethnonym Index 419 The Editors 426 v Contributors Kathleen J Adams Center for Population Studies Barama River Carib Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts United States Jan-Ake Alvarsson Mataco Department of Cultural Anthropology University of Uppsala Uppsala Sweden Bernard Arcand Faculty des Sciences Sociales University Laval Quebec Canada Cuwa Kaj Arhem Department of Anthropology University of Uppsala Uppsala Sweden Macuna Expedito Arnaud Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Belim, Pari Brazil Anambn; Palikur Rinaldo Arruda Sio Paulo Brazil Rikbaktsa Stephen Grant Baines Universidade de Brasilia Brasilia Brazil Waimiri-Atroai Silvia Balzano Department of Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California United States Chacobo vii viii Contributors Joseph W Bastien Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Caflahuaya Stephen Beckerman Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Bari Clifford A Behrens Latin American Center University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California United States Shipibo Patrice Bidou Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Paris France Tatuy0 Luiz Boglir Revista Indigenista Latinoamericana Nambicuara United States United States Budapest Hungary Jos6 Braunstein MaLc& Centro del Hombre Antiguo Chaquefio, Las Lomitas Provincia de Formosa Argentina Steve Brian Burkhalter Mundunwuu Department of Anthropology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida United States Mario Califano, Centro Argentino de Etnologia Americana Buenos Aires Ayoreo; Mashco; SIrIOW' Argentina Robert L Camneiro, Anthropology Department Kuikuru Fernanda Carvalho Sio, Paulo Brazil Terenaz Eduardo Viveiros de Castro AT.aweti American Museum of Natural History New York, New York United States Departamento, de Antropologia Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Contributors ix Benhur Cer6n Awia Kwaiker Departamento de Geograffa Universidad de Narifio Pasto Colombia Miguel Chase-Sardi Centro de Estudios Antropol6gicos Universidad Cat6lica "Nuestra Sefiora de la Asunci6n' Asuncion Paraguay Nivacli Janet M Chernela Department of Sociology and Anthropology Florida International University North Miami, Florida United States Wanano Audrey J Butt Colson Upper Througham The Camp, Near Stroud Gloucestershire England Akawaio Edgardo Jorge Cordeu Facultad de Filosoffa y Letras Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Chamacoco Francois Correa Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Cubeo; Ka'wiari Bogota Colombia Maria Heloisa Fenelon Costa Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Karaja William H Crocker Department of Anthropology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C United States Canola Lydia Nakashima Degarrod Department of Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California United States Araucanians Edson Soares Diniz Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciencias Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus de Manlia Manlia Brazil Makushi x Contributors Gertrude E Dole Anthropology Department American Museum of Natural History New York, New York United States Amahuaca Anani Dzidzienyo Department of Afro-American Studies Brown University Providence, Rhode Island United States Afro-Brazilians Gloria Miriam Fajardo Reyes Departamento de Antropologia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia Ticuna Ruthbeth Finerman Department of Anthropology Memphis State University Memphis, Tennessee United States Saraguro Nancy M Flowers Department of Anthropology Hunter College New York, New York United States Asurini; Campa; Cashibo; Chimila; Chiquitano; Choco; Cocama; Emerillon; Gorotire; Guarayu; Jaminrawa; Jebero; Mayoruna; Noanama; Pai-Tavytera; Paresi; Piapoco; Puinave; Saliva; Shavante; Sherente; Tanimuka; Tapirapi; Witoto Nancy Fried Foster The Spencer Foundation Chicago, Illinois United States Wapisiana Ted L Gragson Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania United States Pume Thomas Gregor Department of Anthropology Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee United States Mehinaku Fransoise Grenand Institut Fransaise de Recherche Scientifique Developpement en Cooperation Paris France Pierre Grenand Institut Francaise de Recherche Scientifique Developpement Paris France en Cooperation Wayapi pour Wayapi pour Filmography Elstein for Thames Television International Color, 29 minutes, 16mm MEDIAG (PS) 12 Brazil: The Gathering Millions (Brazil) 1965 Produced by N~ET B&W, 30 minutes, 16mm IU (PS) 13 Brazil: The Vanishing Negro (Brazil) 1965 Produced by NET B&W, 30 minutes, 16mm IU (PS) The following list of films is not exhaustive but does reflect what is readily available for rental in North America The subjects are indicated in parentheses Listing a film or video here does not constitute an endorsement by the volume editor nor the summary authors; nor does the absence of a flim from the list represent any sort of nonendorsement Abbreviations for distributors are provided at the end of each citation The full name and address may be found in the directory of distributors that follows the filmography Many of these films are also available through the Extension Media Center of the University of California at Berkeley and/or the Audio-Visual Services of the Pennsylvania State University, as indicated by (EMC) or (PS) at the end of the citation (EMC) 14 Bride Service (Yanomam6) 1975 N Chagnon Color, minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 15 Children Know (Bolivia; Ethnic relations) 1975 Color, 33 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 16 Children's Magical Death (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) (EMC) 17 Civilizations of Ancient America (Inca) 1972 Directed by Howard Campbell Color, 22 minutes, 16mm FI (PS) 18 Climbing the Peach Palm (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 19 Continent Crucified-Brazil (Brazil; Catholic church) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 20 Continent Crucified-Ecuador (Ecuador; Catholic church) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 21 Craftsmen (Makiritare) n.d Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 16mm 1FF (PS) 22 Cuzco In the Valley of the Incas (Inca) 1975 Directed and produced by Thomas Schroeppel Color, 20 minutes, 16mm PS 23 Delicate Giant (Amazon) 1985 Color, 11 minutes, 16mm UN (EMC) 24 Discovering the Moche (Moche) 1976 Created by Christopher B Donnan, Richard Cowan, and William B Lee Color, 25 minutes, 16mm EMC, PS 25 Doctora (Bolivia; Health) 1983 Color, 52 minutes, 16mm NATAZ (EMC) 26 Early American Civilizations (Mayan, Aztec Incan) (Inca) 1957 Color, 14 minutes, 16mm CORF Amahuaca: A Tropical Forest Society in Southeastern Peru (Amahuaca) 1973 Directed by Gertrude Dole Color, 24 minutes, U-mat PSUPCR (PS) Americas in Transition (Politics) 1981 Directed and produced by Obie Benz Color, 29 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) (EMC) Andean Women (Aymara) 1975 Color, 19 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) Arrow Game (Yanomam6) 1975 Color, minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) Ax Fight (Yanomam8) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 30 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) (EMC) Bahia: Africa in the Americas (African-Brazilians) 1988 Produced by Geovanni and Michael Brewer Color, 58 minutes, VHS EMC, PS A Better Maiiana (Colombia) 1987 Produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 60 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) Blood of the Condor (Bolivia; Quechua) 1969 Directed by Jorge Sanjines B&W, 71 minutes, 16mm UNIFIL (PS) Blowgun (Makiritare) n.d Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 16mm 1FF 10 Botanic Man: 1-Green Print for Life (Amazon) 1978 Produced by Thames Television International Color, 27 minutes, 16mm MEDIAG (PS) 11 Brazil Children of the Miracle (Brazil) 1979 Directed by Martin Smith and produced by David (PS) 27 The Earth Is Our Mother (Arhuaco; Motilon) 1987 Written, directed, and produced by Peter Elsass Color, 52 minutes, VHS PS 28 Edge of Survival (Brazil; Health) 1982 Color, 58 minutes, 16mm WHARTON (EMC) 413 414 Filmography 29 Embera-The End of the Road (Ember6) 1971 Color, 51 minutes, VHS IFF 30 Evil Wind, Evil Air (Ecuadorian Andes) 1985 Produced by the Archaeological Museum of the Central Bank of Ecuador and Lauris McKee Color, 22 minutes, VHS, U-mat PSUPCR (PS) 31 A Father Washes His Children (Yanomamb) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 13 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 32 The Feast (Yanomam6) 1968 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 29 minutes, 16mm USNAC (PS) (EMC) 33 Firewood (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 10 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 34 Folk Art in Latin America (Folk art) 1971 Color, 17 minutes, 16mm BFA (EMC) 35 Food Gathering (Makiritare) 1972 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 11 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 36 Frustrated Colossus-From Peron to Present (Argentina) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 37 Handmade (Bolivia; Folk art) 1988 Produced by Kurt Buser and Ken Schneider Color, 19 minutes, VHS FLMLIB 38 Heaven, Hell, and Eldorado-Brazil (Brazil; Development) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 39 Heaven, Hell, and Eldorado-Peru (Peru; Development) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 40 Highland Indians of Peru (Peru) 1969 Color, 18 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 41 Homage to the Yahgans: The Last Indians of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn (Yahgan) 1990 By Anne Chapman and CNRS-Audiovisual Color, 40 minutes, 16mm DER 42 Hoti (Venezuela) 1976 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm ICAS 43 Am Pablo Neruda (Poetry) 1967 28 minutes, 16mm FLMHUM (EMC) 44 lawo: Initiation in a Gege-Nago Temple (Bahia Brazil) 1978 Directed by Geraldo Sarno Color, 41 minutes, 16mm CINGLD (PS) 45 Inca Cola-Lima Peru Today (Inca; Peru) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 46 Inca Cola-The Incas and Their History (Inca) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 30 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 47 In Search of the Lost World (Inca) 1972 Color, 50 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 48 Jaguar and the Revenge of the Twins as Told by Daramasiwa (Yanomam6) 1976 N Chagnon Color, 23 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 49 Journey to Chinale (Marake; Oyanas) 1969 Willard Baldwin Color, 25 minutes, 16mm PS 50 Journey to the Makiritare (Makiritare) 1972 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 51 Juan Felix Sinchez (Folk art) 1983 Calogero Salvo Color, 27 minutes, VHS, U-mat EMC 52 Jungle Farming (Makiritare) 1972 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 10 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 53 The Kayapo (Kayapo) 1987 Color, 57 minutes, VHS IF 54 The Kayapo: Out of the Forest (Kayapo) 1989 Color, 52 minutes, VHS IFF 55 Kings for a Day (Brazil; Religion) 1987 Produced by Australian Broadcasting Corp., with Jack Pizzey Color, 60 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 56 The Last of the Cuiva (Cuiva) 1972 Produced by Brian Moser Color, 68 minutes, 16mm ISHI (PS) 57 Last of the Incas (Inca) 1979 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm JF (EMC) 58 Latin America, Part 1: Its Countries (Latin America) 1964 26 minutes, 16mm NFBC (EMC) 59 Latin America, Part 2: Its History, Economy, and Politics (Latin America) 1964 33 minutes, 16mm NFBC (EMC) 60 Life and Death in Rio (Brazil) 1987 Color, 25 minutes, VHS MEDIAG (EMC) 61 Macumba, Trance and Spirit Healing (Religion) 1984 Produced by Madeleine Richeport Color, 44 minutes, 16mm FLMLIB (PS) 62 Magical Death (Yanomamo) 1973 N Chagnon Color, 28 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) (EMC) 63 Magic and Catholicism (Aymara; Religion) 1975 Color, 34 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 64 A Man and His Wife Make a Hammock (Yanomamo) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 65 A Man Called 'Bee': Studying the Yanomamo (Yanomamo) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 43 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) (EMC) 66 Manioc Bread (Makiritare) 1972 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 11 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 67 Martin Chambi and the Heirs of the Incas (Inca; Peru) 1986 Directed and produced by Paul Yule and Andy Harries Color, 55 minutes, 16mm CGUILD (PS) 68 Master Weavers of the Andes (Peru; Weavers) 1978 Color, 15 minutes, 16mm EBEC (EMC) (PS) 69 The Mehinacu (Mehinacu) 1974 Color, 52 minutes, VHS Fl 70 Miners of Bolivia (Bolivia; Mining) 1969 Color, 15 minutes, 16mm Fl (EMC) 71 Moonblood: A Yanomamo Creation Myth as Told by Dedehheiwa (Yanomamo) 1975 N Chagnon Color, 13 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 72 Mosori Monika (Warao) 1971 Produced by Chick Strand Color, 20 minutes, 16mm CHICS (EMC) 73 Mr Ludwig's Tropical Dreamland (Amazon) 1979 Produced by the BBC and WGBH for the Nova series Color, 57 minutes, 16mm PS 74 New Tribes Mission (Yanomamo) 1975 N Chagnon Color, 12 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 75 Nomads of the Rainforest (Waorani) 1984 Color, 59 minutes, VHS EMC, PS Filmography 76 Ocamo Is My Town (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 22 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 77 Our God Is the Condor (Andes; Peru) n.d Paul Yule and Andy Harries Color, 30 minutes, 16mm FLMLIB 78 Peru: Literacy for Social Change (Peru) 1978 Color, 30 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) 79 Potato Planters (Aymara) 1975 Color, 19 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 80 Qeros: The Shape of Survival (Qeros) 1979 Written, directed, and produced by John Cohen Color, 50 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 81 The Quechua (Quechua) 1974 Color, 51 minutes, VHS FL 82 A Samba-Opera: Creation of the Universe (Africans) n.d Directed by Vera de Figueiredo Color, 56 minutes, VHS CINGLD (PS) 83 Scenes from Travel in Colombia (Colombia) 1978 Produced by Daniel Smith Color, 25 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) 84 Shelter for the Homeless (Brazil; Homelessness) 1987 UN production Color, 28 minutes, 16mm UN (EMC) 85 Sky Chief (Amazon; Ethnic relations) 1972 Color, 26 minutes, VHS, U-mat EMC 86 So That Men Are Free (Vicos) 1963 Produced by CBS B&W, 25 minutes, 16mm CBSNEW (PS) 87 South America: A New Look (South America) 1985 Produced by Sam Bryan Color, 25 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 88 Spirit Possession of Alejandro Mamani (Aymara; Religion) 1975 Directed by Hubert Smith and produced by the American Universities Field Staff Color, 27 minutes, 16mm FLMLIB (PS) 89 Tapir Distribution (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 12 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) Index to Filmography African-Brazilians, Africans, 82 Amahuaca, Amazon, 10, 23, 73, 85 Andes, 77 Argentina, 36 Arhuaco, 27 Aymara, 3, 63, 79, 88, 95 415 90 The Treasure Within (Cultural resources) 1981 UN production Color, 27 minutes, 16mm UN (EMC) 91 Tribe That Hides from Man (Kreen-Akrore) 1973 Color, 62 minutes, 16mm ISHI (EMC) 92 Tug-of-War (Yanomam6) 1975 N Chagnon Color, minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 93 Tupamaros (Ethnic relations) 1972 Color, 50 minutes, 16mm UNIFIL (EMC) 94 Village Life (Makiritare) 1972 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 12 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 95 Viracocha (Aymara; Quechua) 1974 Directed by Hubert Smith and produced by the American Universities Field Staff Color, 30 minutes, 16mm PS, EMC 96 The Warao (Warao) 1978 Color, 57 minutes, VHS, U-mat EMC 97 The War of the Gods (Barasana; Maku; Religion) 1971 Color, 52 minutes, VHS Fl 98 Weeding the Garden (Yanomam6) 1975 T Asch and N Chagnon Color, 14 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 99 Woodwinds and Dance (Makiritare) n.d Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 10 minutes, 16mm IFF 100 The Xinguana: Aborigines of South America (Xinguana) 1971 Color, 29 minutes, 16mm McGH (EMC) 101 Yanomamo: A Multi-Disciplinary Study (Yanomam6) 1970 T Asch, N Chagnon, and J Neel Color, 45 minutes, 16mm USNAC (PS) (EMC) 102 Yanomam5 Myth of Naro as Told by Dedeheiwa (Yanomamo) 1975 N Chagnon Color, 24 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 103 Yanomamo Myth of Naro as Told by Kaobawa (Yanomamo) 1975 N Chagnon Color, 21 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) Bahia Brazil, 44 Barasana, 97 Bolivia, 8, 15, 25, 37, 70 Brazil, 11-13, 19, 28, 38, 55, 60, 84 Catholic church, 19, 20 Colombia, 7, 83 Cuiva, 56 Cultural resources, 90 Development, 38, 39 Ecuador, 20 Ecuadorian Andes, 30 Emberi, 29 Ethnic relations, 15, 85, 93 416 Filmography Folk art, 34, 37, 51 Health, 25, 28 Homelessness, 84 Inca, 17, 22, 26, 45-47, 57, 67 Kayapo, 53, 54 Kreen-Akore, 91 Latin America, 58, 59 Makiritare, 9, 21, 35, 50, 52, 66, 94, 99 Maku, 97 Marake, 49 Mehinacu, 69 Mining, 70 Moche, 24 Motilon, 27 Oyanas, 49 Peru, 39, 40, 45, 67, 68, 77, 78 Poetry, 43 Politics, Quechua, 8, 81, 95 Qeros, 80 Religion, 55, 61, 63, 88, 97 South America, 87 Venezuela, 42 Vicos, 86 Waorani, 75 Warao, 72, 96 Weavers, 68 Xinguana, 100 Yahgan, 41 Yanomam6, 4, 5, 14, 16, 18, 31-33, 48, 62, 64, 65, 71, 74, 76, 89, 92, 98, 101-103 Bibliography Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela (National Library of Venezuela) and Comit6 Latinoamericano de Cine de Pueblos Indigenas (Latin American Films Committee of Indigenous Peoples) (In preparation) Video and Film Catalogue of Latin American Indigenous Peoples Caracas: Directory of Distributors BFA CBSNEW CHICS CINGLD Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela CORF Coppens, Walter (1983) Inventario de peliculas realizadas en las zonas indigenas de Venezuela hasta 1980 Instituto Aut6nomo Biblioteca Nacional y de Servicios de Bibliotecas Caracas: Miguel Angel Garcia Hijo Impresores DER EBEC EMC Fl FIELDF FLMHUM FLMLIB ICARUS IFF ISHI IU JF See PHENIX CBS News, New York, NY Chick Strand Cinema Guild, 1697 Broadway, Room 802, New York, NY 10019 Coronet Films, 3771 Victoria Park Ave., Scarborough, ON M1W 2P9, Canada Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse St., Watertown, MA 02172 Encyclopedia Brittanica Educational Coporation, Division of Encyclopedia Brittanica, 425 N Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611 University of California Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704 Films Incorporated, Subsidiary of PMI, 5547 N Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 Fieldstaff Films Films for the Humanities, 743 Alexander Road, Princeton, NJ 08540 Filmakers Library, Inc., 124 E 40th St., New York, NY 10016 Icarus Films, 6th Floor, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014 International Film Foundation, 155 W 72nd St., Room 306, New York, NY 10023 Institute for Study of Human Issues Indiana University, A-V Center, Bloomington, IN 47405 Journal Films, 930 Pitner Ave., Evanston, IL 60202 Filmography 417 LANDMK MCGH MEDIAG NATAZ NFBC PHENIX Landmark Films McGraw-Hill Films, 11 W 19th St., New York, NY 10011 Media Guild, Suite E, 11722 Sorrento Valley Rd., San Diego, CA 92121 Natazumi Productions National Film Board of Canada, Box 6100, Station A, Montreal, PQ H3C 3A5, Canada Phoenix/BFA Films and Video, Inc., 468 Park Ave S., New York, NY 10016 USNAC Pennsylvania State University, Audio-Visual Services, Special Services Building, University Park, PA 16802 Pennsylvania State University, Psych Cinema Register, Willard Building, University Park, PA 16802 United Nations, New York, NY Unifilm International, 1741 N Ivar St., Suite 102, Hollywood, CA 90026 United States National Audiovisual WHARTON Center Wharton International Films PS PSUPCR UN UNIFIL Ethnonym Index This index provides some of the alternative names and the names of major subgroups for cultures covered in the main body of this volume The culture names that are entry titles are in boldface Aaingang-Kaingang Acaguayo-Akawaio Acauayo-Akawaio Acawai-Akawaio Accawai-Akawaio Ache Achumano-Chimane Acquewyen-Akawaio Adole-Piaroa Aents-Aguaruna; Jivaro African Negroes-Afro-South Americans Afro-Americans-Afro-South Americans Afro-Bolivians Afro-Brazilians Afro-Colombianos-Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Afro-Colornbians Afro-Ecuatorianos-Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Afro-South Americans Afro-Venezolanos-Afro-Venezuelans Afro-Venezuelans Agah've-Yawalapiti Agouti-Marinahua Aguahun-Aguaruna Aguajun-Aguaruna Aguaruna Aguti-Marinahua Ahuahun-Aguaruna Ajaju-Karihona Akawai-Akawaio Akawaio Akawoio-Akawaio Akuawa-Asurini-Asurini Akwaya-Asurini Akwe-Sherente Akwen-Shavante Akwe-Shavante-Shavante Alama-Canelos Quichua Alcojolados-Paraujano Aliles-Paraujano Amage-Amuesha Amaguaca-Amahuaca Arnahuaca Amajo-Amnuesha Amajuaca-Amahuaca Amanaye-AnambW Amawaka-Amahuaca Am6kebeit-Mocovi Amueixa-Anuesha Amuesha Amuetamo-Amuesha Anabaptists-Mennonites Anambe-Anarnb Anambe Ancutere-Siona-Secoya Ande-Campa Angaite Angate-Angaite Angotero-Siona-Secoya Angutero-Siona-Secoya And-Campa; Matsigenka Aniu-Paraujano Anuu-Paraujano Apalai Apalakiri-Kalapalo Apalaquiri-Kalapalo Aparahya-Apalai Aparai-Apalai Aparay-Apalai Apiaki Appareille-Apalai Appiroi-Appalai Araibayba-Guarayu; Pauserna Araucanians Arauira-Bororo Arawate Arecuna-Pemon Arekuna-Pemon Assurini-Asurini Atonox6-Maxakali Atrato-Choc6 Atroahi-Waimiri-Atroari Atroahy-Waimiri-Atroari Atrohai-Waimiri-Atroari Atruahi-Waimiri-Atroari Ature-Piaroa Auca-Waorani Aukuyene-Palikur Aura-Wauri Ava-Chiriguano; Pai-Tavytera Awa-Awa Kwaiker Awi Cuaiquer-Awa Kwaiker Awa Kwaiker Awaruna-Aguaruna A'we-Shavante Aweikoma-Kaingang; Xokleng Axe-Ache Aymara Ayoreo Ayoreode-Ayoreo Baatpetamae-Cinta Larga Bacaed-Bakairi Bacaery-Bakairi Bacairi-Bakairi Bacayri-Bakairi Bahia Brazilians-Afro-South Americans BEi Cieguaje-Siona-Secoya Bakaeri-Bakairi Bakaery-Bakairi Bakaire-Bakairi Bakairi Balsapuertino-Chayahuita Aricours-Palkur Arid-Paresi Arouaques-Kaggaba-Kogi Ashaninca-Campa Ashaninka-Matsigenrka Ashlushlai-Nivacle Asians in South America Asiaticos-Asians in South America Asurini 419 Baniwa-Curripaco-Wakuenai Barama River Carib Bad-Bari Bari Badda-Bari Barnari-Wayapi Baure Bedea-Choc6 Beicos de Pau-Suya 420 Ethnonym Index BWdW-Arawati Black Brazilians-Afro-Brazilians Black Indians-Afro-South Americans Blacks-Afro-South Americans Boanari-Waimiri-Atroari Boe-Bororo Bonari-Waimiri-Atroari Bororo Botocudos-Xokleng Brazilian Negroes-Afro-Brazilians Bugre-Xokleng Bushenege-Afro-South Amerians Bush Negroes-Afro-South Americans; Saramaka Caagua-Pai-Tavytera Cabiyari-Ka'wiari Cacataibo-Cashibo Caca Weranos-Chimila Cachibo-Cashibo Cacibo-Cashibo Cadiguebo-Kadiweu Cadioeo-Kadiweu Caduveo-Kadiweu Caduveo-Kadiweu Caduvi-Kadiweu Cafucos-Afro-South Americans Cigaba-Kogi Caguachi-Yagua Cahivo-Cashibo Cahuapa-Chayahuita Cahunari-Yagua Caiap6-Gorotire Cainging-Kaingang Caingang of Santa CatarinaXokleng Caingua-Pai-Tavytera Caiwa-Pai-Tavytera Callagaes-Toba Caflahuaya Callawaya-Callahuaya Camaragoto-Pemon Camba-Campa Campa Campa del Alto Perene-Campa Campa del Pichis-Campa Campiti-Campa Candoshi Canela Canella-Canela Canelo-Canelos Quichua Canelos-Canelos Quichua Canelos Quichua Canoeiro-Rikbaktsa Capapacho-Cashibo Capiekrans-Canela Capohn-Akawaio Caposh6-Maxakali Capuruchano-Pume Caquinte-Campa Carabere-Guarayu; Pauserna Caracaty-Krikati/Pukobye Caraja-Karaja Carib-Barama River Carib; Carilia Caribe-Carina Carijona-Karihona Carinia Carinfia-Maroni Carib Carinya-Cariia Camij6-Fulnio Cashibo Cashinahua-Kashinawa Casibo-Cashibo Catio-Choc6 Catio-Emberi Caumari-Yagua Cauwachi-Yagua Cavachi-Yagua Caxibo-Cashibo Cayap6-Gorotire Cayapo del Sur-Xokling Cayua-Kadiweu Cerracuna-Cuna Chacobo Chakes-Yukpa Chama-Shipibo Chamacoco Chamano-Chimane Chami-Emberi Chamila-Chimila Chanco-Choc6; Noanama Chapara-Candoshi Chapra-Candoshi Chascoso-Campa Chavante-Shavante Chawi-Chayahuita Chayabita-Chayahuita Chayahuita Chayavita-Chayahuita Chayawita-Chayahuita Chayhuita-Chayahuita Chebero-Jebero Chenanesma-Angaiti Cherente-Sherente Chicana-Hoti Chicano-Hoti Chicri-Xikrin Chikano-Hoti Chikito-Chiquitano Chimane Chimanis-Chimane Chimanisa-Chimane Chimere-Saliva Chimero-Saliva Chirila Chimile-Chimila Chimnisin-Chimane Chinese-Asians in South America Chipaya Chipeo-Shipibo Chuncho-Campa; Huarayo; Mashco Churapa-Chiquitano Churumatas-Mataco Churupi-Nivacle Ciawani-Warao Cikitano-Chiquitano Cinta Larga Citara-Emberi Coaiquer-Awa Kwaiker Cocama Cochaboth-Maka Cogi-Kogi Cogui-Kogi Colorado Conibo-Shipibo Conis-Yuracare Coroado-Kainging Coroados-Kainging Coroasos-Kaingang Coronados-Mataco Costefios-Afro-Colombians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Cotopaxi Quichua Covari-Tunebo Coyaviti-Angaiuti Craho Cra5-Craho Creoles-Afro-South Americans Crichanas-Waimiri-Atroari Criollos-Afro-Venezuelans Crisca-Shavante Crixa-Shavante Cuaiquer-Awi Kwaiker Cubeo Cuchis-Yuracare Cuiba-Cuiva; Guahibo-Sikuani Cuibos-Cuiva Cuicutl-Kuikuru Cuicuru-Kuikuru Cuipoco-Piapoco Cuiva Culina Cumanasho-Maxakali Cuna Cuna-Cuna-Cuna Cuna Tule-Cuna Cunibo-Shipibo Cunimia-Guahibo-Sikuani Curripcao-Baniwa-CurripacoWakuenai Cuybas-Cuiva Chiquimitica-Baure Chiquitano Chiricoa-Guahibo-Sikuani Chiriguano Chiriguano-Guarayu Chivari-Jivaro Chiwaro-Jivaro Chocama-Choc6; Noanama Choco Choc6-Emberi Cholo-Choc6; Emberi Chori-Sirion6; Yuqui Chorote Choroti-Chorote Chulupi-Nivacle Chumano-Chimane Darien-Choc6 Dariena-Choc6 Datsana-Desana De'arua-Piaroa Dearuwa-Piaroa De'ath-Nha-Piaroa Deja-Piapoco Desana Desina-Desana Desano-Desana Diore-Xikrin Dobocubi-Bari Drio-Trio Dzase-Piapoco Dzaze-Piapoco Ethnonym Index 421 Eastern Timbira-Candoehi Ebera-Choco Ebera-Choco Eceeje-Huarayo Ece'je-Huarayo Echoja-Huarayo Ecuadorian Quichua-Cotopaxi Quichua Embena-Choco Emberi Embera-Choco Emberak-Choco Emerefion-Emerillon Emeriflon Emerilon-Emerillon Emerion-Emerillon Emireke Pinz Makfi-Tatuyo Empera-Choco Enagua-Piapoco Encabellado-Siona-Secoya Enelhit-Lengua Enenslet-Angaite E'fiepa-Panare Enetes-Yuracare Enimaca-Maka Enimaga-Maki Enlhit-Lengua Enlit-Angaite Enslet-Angaite Epera-Choco Epined-Puinave Ese Ejas-Huarayo Ese Ejja-Huarayo Ese-Exa-Huarayo Etabosle-Maka Etalena-Terena Etheleni-Terena Etone-Terena Europeans in South America Eyabida-Choco Fitita-Witoto Fornio-Fulnio Frentones-Mocovi; Toba Fulni6 Fumi6-Fulnio Galibi-Maroni Carib Galibi-Carinia Gavioes-Krikati/Pukobye Gente de Color-Afro-Colombians Gente Morenas-Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Gente Negra-Afro-Colombians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia Gibari-Jivaro Givari-Jivaro Givaro-Jivaro Goajivo-Guahibo-Sikuani Goroti-Gorotire Gorotire Gradah6-Gorotire Gradau-Gorotire Guahibo-Guahibo-Sikuani Guahibo-Sikuani Guaiapi-Wayapi Guaica-Akawaio; Yanomamo Guaipujinave-Puinave Guaipufio-Puinave Guajajara Guajaribo-Yanomamo Guajiro Guambiano Guanano-Wanano Guaque-Karihona Guaraniete-Guarayu Guarasug'we-Pauserna Guaraunos-Warao Guarayo-Guarayu; Huarayo Guarayu Guarayu-ta-Pauserna Guayabero-Guahibo-Sikuani Guayagui-Ache Guayaki-Ache Guayana-Kaingang Guayba-Guahibo-Sikuani Guayca-Akawaio Guazazara-Guajajara Guentuse-Nivacle Guicuru-Kuikuru Guitoto-Witoto Iten-More Itene-More Iteneo-More Itenez-More Itonama Izocenio-Chiriguano Jlambinahua-jaminiwa jlaminaua-Jaminiwa jaminawa jaminawi-Jaminiwa Japanese-Asians in South America jauaperi-Waimiri-Atroari Jaunas-Ticuna Javae-Karaji Javahe-Karaja Jawa-Yagua Jebero Jews of South America Jibaro-jivaro Jivara-Jivaro Jivaro Jivira-Jivaro Jiwi-Guahibo-Sikuani Haarat-Tupari Hagueti-Cashibo Haliti-Paresi Harakmbet-Mashco Hepetineri-Amahuaca Heruriwa-Yukuna Jodi-Hoti Hevero-Jebero Kadiveu-Kadiweu Kadiweu-Kadiweu Kadiweu Kaduveo-Kadiw&u Kagaba-Kogi Kagwahiv Kaiapo-Gorotire Hiaupiri-Waimiri-Atroari Hibaro-Jivaro Hitnu-Guahibo-Sikuani Hitote-Witoto Horunahua-Marinahua Hod Huaorani-Waorani Huaque-Karihona Huarayo Huaugrani-Waorani Huilliche-Araucanians Huitata-Witoto Huito-Witoto Huitoto-Witoto Huo-Piaroa Hurini-Asurini Hurumi-Yukuna Juries-Toba Kaa'wa-Pai-Tavytera Kabillary-Ka'wiari Kabiyari-Ka'wiari Kaingang Kaingangue-Kaing Kaingua-Pai-Tavytera Kaiowa-Pai-Tavytera Kaiwa-Pai-Tavytera Kaiwa-Kadiweu Kalapalo Kalapalu-Kalapalo Kalinya-Cariina Kallawaya-Caflahuaya Kamarakoto-Pemon Kameheya-Yukuna laminawa-jaminiwa Kampa-Campa late-Fulnio laualapiti-Yawalapiti Icaguate-Siona-Secoya Ignacio-Mojo Imacas-Maka Imike-Yukuna Indigenas-Saraguro Indigenas de Otavalo-Otavalo Ingain-Kaingang Ingarico-Akawaio Inimaca-Maka Inkariko-Akawaio Ipetinere-Amahuaca Irobmkateye-Krikati/Pukobye Ishir-Chamacoco Issei-Asians in South America Itatin-Guarayu; Pauserna Kandoazi-Candoshi Kanela-Canela Kapohn-Akawaio Kapon-Akawaio Kapong-Akawaio Kaposh6-Maxakali Karalb-Maroni Carib Karaja Karihona Karifia-Carinia Karinya-Carina Karipna-Palik-r-Palikur Kamij6-Fulnio Kashibo-Cashibo Kashinawa Katio-Choc6 Kauguia-Kogi 422 Ethnonym Index Kauiyari-Ka'wiari Ka'wiari Kawillary-Ka'wiari Kaxinaua-Kashinawa Kaxinawa-Kashinawa Kayapo del Sur-Kaingang; Xokleng Kayapo-Gorotire-Gorotire Kayova-Pai-Tavytera Kobewa-Cubeo Kogapakori-Matsigenka Koggaba-Kogi Kogi Kokama-Cocama Komparia-Campa Koreans-Asians in South America Kotitia-Wanano Krah6-Craho Kraho-Craho Krao-Craho Krikateye-Krikati/Pukobye Knrkati-Krikati/Pukobye Krikati/Pukobye Krixana-Waimiri-Atroari Kuaiquer-Awa Kwaiker Kuiba-Cuiva Kuikuro-Kuikuru Kuikuru Kulina-Culina Kurukwa-Yuqui Kuruparia-Campa Kwaiker-Awa Kwaiker Kyoma-Angaite Lafquenche-Araucanians L'afiagashik-Toba Latechelechi-Maiceros-Nivacd Lengua Lengua-Maka Lengua-Maskoi-Lengua Lengua-Sur-Lengua Libres-Afro-Colombians; Afr-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia; Afro-South Americans Llawa-Yagua Lorenzano-Mojo Lorenzo-Amuesha Luna-Tunebo Maatpeamae-Cinta Larga Macaguaje-Siona-Secoya Macaguane-Guahibo-Sikuani Macca-Maka Machiguenga-Mataigenka Machoto-Itonama Macoushi-Makushi Macuchi-Makushi Macuna Macuni-Maxakali Macusari-Jivaro Macusi-Makushi Macuxi-Makushi Madiha-Culina Madija-Culina Mahibarez-Narnbicuara Mainu-Jivaro Maki Mak'a-Maka Makiritare-Yekuana Makka-Maka Mako-Piaroa Makuschi-Makushi Makushi Makuxi-Makushi Mambyuara-Nambicuara Managua-Cashibo Manare-Tunebo Manasi-Chiquitano Mapuche-Araucanians Marinahua Marinawa-Marinalmua Maroni Carib Maroons-Afro-South Americans Marubo Mar6bo-Marubo Mashacali-Maxakali Mashacari-Maxakali Mashakali-Maxali Mashco Maspo-Amahuaca Mataco Mataco-Giuisnay-Mataco Mataco-Noctenes-Mataco Mataco-Vejoz-Mataco Mataguayo-Mataco Matheli-Nivacle Matisana-Wapisiana Matses-Mayoruna Matsigenka Mauaua-Waimiri-Atroari Maure-Baure Mawawa-Waimiri-Atroari Maxakali Maxirona-Mayoruna Mayiruna-Mayoruna Mayo-Mayoruna Mayoruna Mbaya-Guaikuru-Kadiweu Mbia-Yuqui Mbocobi-Mocovi Mebengokre-Gorotire Mehinaco-Mehinaku Mehinacu-Mehinaku Mehinaku Meinaco-Mehinaku Meinacu-Mehinaku Mekinseji-Suya Meme-Embera Mennists-Mennonites Mennonites Mereo-Emerillon Mereyo-Emeriflon Mesaya-Karihona Mia-Sirion6 Mocobi-Mocovi Mocovi Mogosnae-Mocovi Mojeno-Baure Mojo Mokoit-Mocovi Monaxo-Maxakali Monoch6-Maxakali Montese-Pai-Tavytera Moperequoa-Guarayu More Morenos-Afro-Bolivians; Afro-Colombians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia; Afro-South Americans; Afro-Venezuelans Moro-Ayoreo Morochos-Afro-Colombians Morunahwa-Marinahua Mosobiae-Mocovi Moterequoa-Pauserna Motilones-Yukpa Motilones Bravos-Bari Motilones del Sur-Bari Movima Movina-Movima Moxa-Baure Moxo-Baure; Moj Mulatos (Mullatos)-Afro-Bolivians; Afro-Colombians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia; Afro-South Americans; Afro-Venezuelans Mundurucu Munduruku-Mundurucu Murcielagos-Karihona Murui Huitoto-Witoto Nahukwa-Kalapalo Namaka-Maka Nambicuara Nambikwara-Nambicuara Nambiquara-Nambicuara Nawazi-Monitji-Chimane Negres-Afro-South Americans Negritos-Afro-Bolivians Negro Brazilians-Afro-Brazilians Negroes-Afro-South Americans Negros-Afro-Bolivians; Afro-Colombians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia; Afro-Venezuelans Nengres-Afro-South Americans Nihanwo-Yagua Nimaqa-Maki Niose-Sirion6 Nipo-Brasileiros-Asians in South America Nipo-Latinos-Asians in South America Nissei-Asians in South America Nivacle Njimaqa-Maka Njomaqa-Maki Noanama Noanama-Choc6 Noenama-Choco; Noanama Noires-Afro-South Americans Nomatsigenka-Mataco Nomatsiguenga-Campa Nonama-Choc6; Noanama Northern Embera-Choco Ntocoit-Toba Nyandeva-Guarayu Occowyes-Akawaio Ockotikana-Wanano Okodyiua-Wanano Omage-Amuesha Omaua-Karihona Onicoin-Marinahua; Sharanahua Onotos-Paraujano Opaina-Tanimuka Ethnonym Index 423 Oreva-Guarayu Orientales-Asians in South America Orientas-Asians in South America Otavalenios-Otavalo Otavalo Ouayampis-Wayipi Ouayeoue-Waiwai Oyampi-Wayapi Oyampik-Wayapi Oyampiques-Wayipi Pacaguara-Chicobo Pacaguara de Ivon-Chicobo Pachuara-Chicobo Paez-Piez Paez Pil-Siona-Sceoya Pai-Pai-Tavytera Paica-Chiquitano PaW-Cayua-Pai-Tavytera Paicoges-Krikati/Pukobye Paingua-Pai-Tavytera PaiTavytera PaW-Tavytera-Pai-Tavytera Paiter-Surui Pajonalino-Campa Palatola-Cuna Palikur Pampadeque-Cocama Pamwa Mahi-Tatuyo Pan-Pai-Tavytera Panama Embera-Choc6 Panare Pandabequeo-Cocama Panumapa-Wanano Papuri-uara-Desana Parahujano-Paraujano Paranapura-Chayahuita Paraogwan-Paraujano Paraokan-Paraujano Paraqgwan-Paraujano Parauano-Paraujano Paraujano Parawkan-Paraujano Pardos-Afro-Brazilians; Afro-South Americans; Afro-Venezuelans Pareci-Paresi Paresi Paressi-Paresi Pareti-Paresi Parhowka-Paraujano Paricura-Palikur Paricuri-Palikur Parikwene-Palikur Parintintin-Kagwahiv Parucuria-Palikur Pastaza Quichua-Canelos Quichua Pastaza Runa-Canelos Quichua Pau Cerna-Pauserna Paumuca-Chiquitano Pauserna Pausema-Guarasug'we-Pauserna Peba-Yagua Pebo-Kogi Pehua-Yagua Pehuenche-Araucanians Pemon Penoquiquia-Chiquitano Peva-Yagua Piadoco-Piapoco Piapoco Piap6ko-Piapoco Piaroa Picunche-Araucanians Pifioca-Chiquitano Pioche-Siona-Secoya Piocobgiz-Krikati/Pukobye Pioji-Siona-Secoya Pirataguari-Guarayu Piro Pisquibo-Shipibo Piyoti-Yukuna Plain People-Mennonites Pokateye-Krikati/Pukobye Poke-Terena Popeykateye-Krikati/Pukobye Pretos-Afro-Brazilians; Afro-South Americans Promaucae-Araucanians Puinabe-Puinave Puinabi-Puinave Puinabo-Puinave Puinahua-Puinave Puinave Pume Puquina-Chipaya Purukarot-Xikrin Qollahuaya-Caflahuaya Qollawaya-Callahuaya Qom-Toba Qoml'ek-Toba Qompi-Toba Quechua Quijos-Canelos Quichua Quiva-Cuiva Qurungua-Sirion6 Ramano-Chimane Ramk6kamekra-Canela Rikbaktsa Runa de Otavalo-Otavalo Runapura-Canelos Quichua Runas-Saraguro Salasaca Saliba-Saliva Saliua-Saliva Saliva San Jorge-Chimila Sansei-Asians in South America Sansei-neto-Asians in South America Santa Maria-Siona-Secoya Saraguro Saramacca-Saramaka Saramaka Saramaka Bush Negroes-Saramaka Saramaka Maroons-Saramaka Saramo-Itonama Saranahua-Sharanahua Saruro-Pume Sayaco-Amahuaca Schiripuno-Waorani Secoya-Siona-Secoya Sekoya-Siona-Secoya Seregong-Akawaio Serekon-Akawaio Serekong-Akawaio Serente-Sherente Serracong-Akawaio Serrakong-Akawaio Setebo-Shipibo Shambioa-Karaja Shapra-Candoshi Sharanahua Sharanahua-Sharanahua Shavante Shayabit-Chayahuita Sherente Shidishana-Yanomamo Shikana-Hoti Shimizya-Chimila Shipibo Shipiwo-Shipibo Shiriana-Yanomamo Shiwila-Jebero Shokleng-Xokleng Shok6-Xokleng Shori-Yanomamo Shuar-Jivaro Shuara-Jivaro Sikuani-Guahibo-Sikuani Silvefios-Guambiano Simba-Chiriguano Simiza-Chimila Simza-Chimila Sinamaicas-Paraujano Siona-Siona-Secoya SionaSecoya Sioni-SionaSecoya Sipibo-Shipibo Sirion6 Siwaro-Jivaro Socre-Xokleng Soloti-Chorote Sotirgaik-Nivacli Soto-Yekuana Southern Cayapo-Xokleng Southern Kayapo-Kainging; Xokleng South Koreans-Asians in South America Ssabela-Waorani Ssipipo-Shipibo Suhin-Nivacle Suia-Suya Suias-Suya Surini-Asurini Suris-Toba Surui Suya Suya-Suya Tacana Tahami-Emberi Taiwanese-Asians in South America Takana-Tacana Takshik-Toba Tamacoci-Chiquitano Tame-Tunebo Tampa-Campa Tanimboka-Tanimuka Tanimuco-Tanimuka Tanimuka 424 Ethnonym Index Tanimuko-Tanimuka Tao-Chiquitano Tapacua-Shavante Tapayuna-Suya Uanano-Wanano Uassahy-Waimiri-Atroari Uaura-Waura Ucayali-Cocama Woyawai-Wiiwai Tapirape Tapui-Chiriguano Tarapecosi-Chiquitano Tareno-Trio Ucayalino-Campa Xambioi-Karaji Tatchila-Colorado Tatuyo Taulipang-Pemon Taurepan-Pemon Tavytera-Pai-Tavytera TawaLaj Law6s-Maka Teco-Emerillon Tekuna-TiLcuna Tembeta-Chiriguano Tenetehar-Guyajara Tenetehira-Guajajara Terena Terenoai-Terena Terenos-Terena Terenue-Terena Thampa-Campa Thihi-Piaroa Tiatinagua-Huarayo Ticuna Tihuakuna-Waorani Tikuna-licuna Tipituni-Waorani Tipuna-Ticuna Tirini-Sitrion Tirio-Trio Tiriyo-Trio Tiriy6-Trio Tidyo-Trio Tiuitiuas-Warao Toas-Paraujano Toba Tocunas-Ticuna Tokuna-Ticuna TowoLi-Maka Triguenios-Afro-South Americans Ufaina-Tanimuka Umaua-Karihona Uni-Cashibo Urini-Asurini Uru-Chipaya Uua-Tunebo U'wa-Tunebo Uwaiwa-Guahibo-Sikuani Uwotjuja-Piaroa Vapidiana-Wapisiana Wuaiamares-Waimiri-Atroari Xakleng-Xokleng Xavante-Shavante Xebero-Jebero Xerente-Sherente Xevero-Jebero Xibitaona-Cocama Xikrin Xihuila-Jebero Xipibo-Shipibo Xiriana-Yanomamo Xivari-Jivaro Xivaro-Jivaro Xogleng-Xokleng Xokling Wacawaio-Akawaio Wagrani-Waorani Wahoya Pii-Siona-Secoya Waiapi-Wayapi Waica-Akawaio; Yanomam6 Xokrtng-Xokling Waika-Yanomamo Waimiri-Atroari Yagua Waimirys-Waimiri-Atroari Waiwa-Guahbo-Sikuani Waiwai Waiwe-Waiwai Wakarau-Tupari Wakawai-Akawaio Wakuenai-Baniwa-CurripacoWakuenai Walipi-Wayapi Walatola-Cuna Wampi-misamera-Guambiano Wanano Wao-Waorani Waodani-Waorani Waog-Waorani Waograni-Waorani Waorani Wapishana-Wapisiana Wapisiana Wapixana-Wapisiana Warani-Waorani Warao Waraweete-Warao Waunana-Choco; Noanatna Xokre-Xokleng Xolota-Chorote Xonkleng-Xok1lng Yaguaperi-Waimiri-Atroari Yahua-Yagua Yahuna-Tanimuka Yalatola-Cuna Yamanawa-Jaininawa Yaminihua-Jaminiwa Yaminaua-Jaminiwa Yaminawa-Jaminawa Yande-Sirion6 Yanesha-Amuesha Yanoama-Yanomamo Yanomama-Yanomamo Yanomami-Yanomamo Yanomamo Yapaco-Piapoco Yaruro-Pume Yate-Fulnio Yauaperi-Waimiri-Atroari Yauaperi-Waimiri-A~troari Wayipi Yaulna-Tanimuka Yawalap'h-Yawalapiti Yawalapiti Yawaraveresha-Yawalapiti Yawarawiti-Yawalapiti Yayuna-Tanimuka Ycahuate-Siona-Secoya Yekuana Yekwana-Yekuana Tucuna-Ticuna Wayca-Akawaio Yofuaha-Chorote Tukuna-licuna Tule-Cuna Tunebo Tunevo-Tunebo Wayuu-Guajiro Yowana-Hoti Yowuxua-Chorote Yoxuaxa-Chorote Yuana-Hoti Yuapin-Pume Yuki-Yuqui Yuko-Yukpa Yukpa Yukuna Yumbo-Canelos Quichua Trinitario-Mojo Trio Tsaichela-Colorado Tsase-Piapoco Tsatchela-Colorado Tshaahui-Chayahuita Tsirakaua-Ayoreo Tsoloti-Chorote Ttoja-Piaroa Tupari Tupy-Kaingang Waura Wauru-Warua Wayampi-Wayapi Wena-Desana Wenhayek wikyi'-Mataco Wentusij-Nivacl Wichi-Mataco Turiwara-Anambe Wikye'-Miataco Winave-Puinave Wira-Desana U-ah-miri-Waimiri-Atroari Uaimeris-Waimiri-Atroari Wiri-pora-Desana Witoto Uaimirys-Waimiri-Atroari Uaipi-Puinave Uaiuai-Waiwai Uajibo-Guahibo-Sikuani Uamerys-Waimiri-Atroari Wocowaio-Akawaio Yuminawa-Jaminiwa Wath hi-Piaroa W6thuha-Piaroa Wounaan-Choc6; Noanami Woun Meu-Choc6; Noanama Yupa-Yukpa Yu'pa-Yukpa Yuqui Yuracare Ethnonym Index 425 Zambos-Afro-Bolivians; Afro-Hispanic Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and Colombia; Afro-South Americans; Afro-Venezuelans Zamuco-Ayoreo; Mojo Zaparas-Paraujano Zaruro-Pume Zatchila-Colorado Zawa-Yagua Zibaro-Jivaro Z6baca-Chiquitano Zumbagua/Guangaje-Cotopaxi Quichua The Editors Editor in Chief David Levinson (Ph.D., State University of New York at Buffalo) is vice-president of the Human Relations Area Files in New Haven, Connecticut He is a cultural anthropologist whose primary research interests are in social issues, worldwide comparative research, and social theory He has conducted research on homelessness, alcohol abuse, aggression, family relations, and ethnicity Among his dozens of publications are the award-winning text Toward Explaining Human Culture (with Martin J Malone), The Tribal Living Book (with David Sherwood), and Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective Dr Levinson also teaches anthropology at Albertus Magnus College in New Haven, Connecticut Volume Editor Johannes Wilbert was born in Cologne, Germany, and educated at the Albertus Magnus University of his home town (Ph.D in anthropology) Aided by a Fulbright Fellowship, he undertook graduate studies in anthropology at Yale University For almost six years he lived in South America and conducted extensive field research among aboriginal societies of Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana A specialist in Indian populations of lowland South America, he has written numerous articles and several books, including Survivors of Eldorado, Tobacco and Shamanism in South America, and Mystic Endowment: Religious Ethnography of the Warao Indians He is co-editor, with Karen Simoneau, of a twenty-four-volume series, Folk Literature of South American Indians He has taught repeatedly as a guest professor at the University of Vienna and for twenty-nine years, until his retirement, as a professor of anthropology at the Universtiy of California, Los Angeles For twenty years of his tenure at UCLA he served as the director of the Latin American Center 426 ... million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VII SOUTH AMERICA Johannes Wilbert Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company An Imprint of Simon & Schuster... Maps South America li North and Northwest South America liii Brazil and Uruguay Iv Southern South America lvii Legends: Maps 2-4 lix Cultures of South America Appendix: Additional South American... glossary This volume addresses the cultures of South America south of Panama As the fourth-largest continent and the southernmost part of the New World land masses, South America encompasses 17, 814,435